Journal of Energy and Power Engineering 7 (2013) 2227-2236

DAVID

PUBLISHING

Limiting Use of Potential Energy Storage Compared to Batteries for a Lebanese Hybrid Wind/PV System
Mostafa Al Masri1 and Nazih Moubayed2
1. Doctorate School, Saint Joseph University, Mansourieh 1107, Beirut, Lebanon 2. Faculty of Engineering 1, Lebanese University, El Kobbeh, Tripoli, Lebanon

Received: April 17, 2013 / Accepted: July 22, 2013 / Published: December 31, 2013. Abstract: In Lebanon, hybrid wind/PV systems are used to provide electricity when the public electricity is cut off. This paper treats the storage problems of electrical energy generated by the used renewable sources. A theoretical study on two types of electrical energy storage systems is given. These systems are the electrochemical energy storage devices (batteries) and the potential (or hydraulic) energy storage system. In order to find the limiting case of use between these two energy storage systems, economical study and comparison between them are discussed and analyzed. Key words: Renewable energy, solar energy, wind turbine, energy storage systems, batteries, potential energy storage system.

Nomenclature
Notation EOL PV DC PWT Pd Nhw Pc Nhs NSP NSP_P NSP_S Pinv(t) Pmax-inv inv IBat Pp Vub h Ed Qmax PT S Description Electricity of Lebanon Photovoltaic Direct current Power of a wind turbine Daily needed power Average hours of daily wind turbine functioning Consumption power Average hours of daily solar panels functioning Number of solar panel Number of solar panel in parallel Number of solar panel in series Instantaneous power Maximum power Inverter efficiency Battery current Pump power Volume of used basins Potential altitude Daily consumption energy Maximum water flow Turbine power Valve section Water speed

1. Introduction
The need to reduce fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gases through the introduction of green renewable energy sources is motivated by economic viability and environmental concerns. The shift to clean fuel technology and efficient renewable energy utilization can help reduce greenhouse gases and reduce global warming as well as reduce heavy reliance on hydro-carbon fossil fuel sources [1-5]. Moreover, in Lebanon, the EOL (Electricity of Lebanon) is the public company which is responsible of supplying current to all users [6, 7]. In Akkar, there are two daily current cut off periods of 4 h to 6 h each. Thus, in order to have 24 h of electricity per day, it was necessary for users to subscribe to private companies. These companies use diesel generators to satisfy the subscribers demand and provide electricity when the EOL current is cut off. To cancel or reduce the subscriptions to these private companies, a solution results in using the green energy sources. Thus, some users install solar panels on the roofs of their buildings and/or small wind turbine in

Corresponding author: Nazih Moubayed, professor, research fields: renewable energy, solar, wind and fuel cell system and energy storage. E-mail: nmoubayed@ieee.org.

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Limiting Use of Potential Energy Storage Compared to Batteries for a Lebanese Hybrid Wind/PV System

their gardens [8-11]. As the produced energy depends on the meteorological parameters (temperature, wind speed, etc.), energy storage systems are connected to the power sources in order to store the produced energy [12, 13]. This paper is composed of eight sections. The system under consideration is presented in Section 2. Sizing the proposed renewable hybrid system is discussed in Section 3. A brief review on the energy storage systems is given in Section 4. The electrochemical and potential energy storage systems are developed in Sections 5 and 6, respectively. Economical study and comparison between these two types of energy storage systems are analyzed in Section 7. Finally, conclusions are given in Section 8.

wind speed, etc.. To cancel the subscriptions to the private companies and replace the non renewable sources by renewable and non pollutant sources, it is suggested to install a hybrid wind/PV system for each of the studied load systems. Fig. 1 illustrates the power generation strategy for these load systems. The DC bus is of 48 V.

3. Sizing the Renewable Energy Hybrid System

3.1 Wind Turbine System The energy that can be extracted from wind and transformed into electricity constitutes an interesting supplement to the basis energy provided by the thermal power stations. Because of the mass and of speed of air in movement, wind possesses kinetic energy. This energy in the wind can be harnessed by slowing down the mass of air with the help of any device. It is exactly the role of a wind turbine to capture this mechanical energy and transform it into electrical one by a generator coupled to the turbine axis. The choice of a wind turbine depends on its power, then on the required size for its implementation and the zone where it should be installed. The efficiency of a wind turbine is function of the regularity and the power of the wind speed. Practically, the power of a wind turbine (PWT) is calculated from the following equation [23]: PWT = Pd / Nhw (1)

2. System under Consideration

Three different load systems are suggested to be studied: Load system 1: traditional Lebanese house of one floor with a rated consumption power of 3 kVA; Load system 2: traditional Lebanese house of three floors with a rated consumption power of 6 kVA; Load system 3: traditional Lebanese building of five floors with a rated consumption power of 10 kVA. These three load systems are supplied by the EOL and by private companies providing electricity from diesel generators when the public electricity is cut off. The shortage periods are estimated to 10 h. Due to the fossil fuel crisis and the increase of greenhouse gases emissions (especially CO2), there are many researches done to focus on the new alternative clean and green renewable sources of energy such as solar, wind, hydrogen, geothermal, etc. [14, 15]. Power division strategy, applied on the converters-machines sets [16-18], can also be applied on power generation to form hybrid power sources [19, 20]. Solar panels and wind turbines are increasingly introduced in the Lebanese market [21, 22]. In addition, the generated power from renewable sources depends on the metrological parameters as temperature and

Fig. 1 System under consideration.

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where Pd is the daily needed power for the shortage periods (10 h), and Nhw designs the average of the daily number of hours for which the wind turbine is functioning. According to an annual survey of the wind speed variation where the wind turbine will be installed in Akkar, it was estimated that Nhw is closed to 6 h [24]. Table 1 gives the power calculations of the required wind turbine for each of the three load systems. It should be noted that the output voltage of each wind turbine is 48 V. It is necessary to use a rectifier, AC-DC converter, in order to connect the wind turbine to the 48 V DC bus (Fig. 1). 3.2 PV Solar System The phenomenon named photovoltaic effect consists mainly in transforming the solar light in electric energy by means of the semiconductor devices named photovoltaic cells. The solar panel, or photovoltaic generator, is itself constituted of an association of series and parallel of the necessary number of modules to reply to the requisite energy. The power of the required solar panels (PSP) is calculated by using the following formula [25]: PSP = Pd / Nhs (2) with Nhs is the average of the daily number of hours for which the solar panels are functioning. During one year, the variations of the temperature and the luminosity in the proposed region are studied [26]. Therefore, Nhs is estimated equal to 9 h [27]. The selected solar panels are of power equal to 200 W, 24 V each. For each load system, the number of solar panels and their connection types (series and parallel) are given in Table 2. In addition, the proposed panels are connected to DC-DC converters with a maximum power point tracking algorithm. These converters are connected directly to the 48 V DC bus (Fig. 1). 3.3 Sizing of the Inverter The choice of the most suitable inverter, which converts the storage energy from the DC state to the

Table 1 Load system 1 2 3 Table 2 Load system 1 2 3

Wind turbine power for each load system. Consumption Daily power power Pc (kW) Pd (kWh) 3 30 6 60 10 100 Wind turbine power PWT (kW) 5 10 20

Number of solar panel for each load system. Daily power Pd (kWh) 30 60 100 Solar panels power PSP (kW) 3,400 6,800 11,200 NSP_P parallel 9 17 28 NSP_S series 2 2 2 NSP 18 34 56

AC one and supplies the load demand, has a primary criterion depending on the load consumption (Fig. 1). Therefore, it is essential to have some notions on the power consumption and its calculation [28]. The inverter is characterized by its instantaneous power, Pinv(t), its maximum power, Pmax-inv, and its efficiency, inv. The calculation of Pmax-inv is based on the maximum power absorbed by the load. Based on the proposed strategy in supplying the three load systems, the power of the required inverter for each load system, which is connected to the 48 V DC bus is calculated and given in Table 3. These calculations are taking into account the efficiency of the used inverters which is equal to 0.8.

4. Brief Review on Energy Storage Systems

The fundamental idea of the energy storage is to transfer the power produced by the power plant during the weak load periods to the peak periods. Initially, electricity must be transformed into another form of storable energy (chemical, mechanical, electrical or potential energy) and to be transformed back when needed [29-33]. The stored energy should be quickly converted on demand and used in a wide variety of electric applications and load sizes. There exist different ESS (energy storage system) technologies. Some of them are well studied and developed, while others are just emerging [34]. Electrical energy can be stored in different ways. The major electric storage technologies are: batteries;

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Limiting Use of Potential Energy Storage Compared to Batteries for a Lebanese Hybrid Wind/PV System Inverter power for each load system. Consumption power Pc (kW) 3 6 10 Inverter power Pinv (kVA) 4 8 14

Table 3 Load system 1 2 3

4.3 SMES (Super Conducting Magnetic Energy Storage) A SMES device is a super conducting coil that energy could be stored in its magnetic field. The coil must be kept at a very low temperature to maintain its super conducting capabilities. SMES energy devices are able to provide high power, very fast (few seconds). These technologies are only used for power quality applications [37]. 4.4 Super Capacitors Super capacitors store energy by physically separating negative and positive charges like traditional electric capacitors. They can charge and discharge a large amount of power in a very short time. Self-discharge rate of super capacitors (10% per day) is the main reason for being less suitable for long term storage [38]. 4.5 Hydrogen Storage In a hydrogen storage device, hydrogen is being gained and is stored in a gas tank. The fuel cell can use the stored hydrogen to produce electricity when required. During the process of electricity generation, just pure water is produced. This technology is among the most pure types and the device is able to store large amount of power. Its efficiency is low that is about 25% [39]. Fig. 2 resumes the fields of application of the different storage techniques according to energy needs.

pump hydro power; CAES (compress air energy storage); flywheels; SMES (super conducting magnetic energy storage); super capacitors; hydrogen storage. The first two energy storage devices and technologies are treated and developed separately in Sections 5 and 6. In fact, it is considered that the load systems can be supplied from energy stored in batteries or as potential energy when the EOL is cut off. 4.1 CAES (Compress Air Energy Storage) The CAES can store compressed air inside a tank in order to use it during low wind speed or to smooth up power fluctuation. CAES is an electromechanical storage system which is designed to store high pressure air during off peak and used during on peak. The stored energy can then be converted back to electricity by withdrawing the compressed air and using it in a turbine coupled to an alternator [35]. 4.2 Flywheels A rotating mass, rotor, spinning at a very high velocity and an integrated motor-generator are the two main components of the flywheel storage device. The motor-generator operates as motor to turn the flywheel and store energy or as a generator to produce power. The discharge rate of flywheel make it not suitable to be used for long periods but its long life time, high energy density, large maximum power output, short access time, high efficiency and small environmental impacts make it to be considered as an applicable device for improving the range, performance and efficiency of electric vehicles and other applications [36].

5. Electrical Energy Storage as Chemical Energy

5.1 Principle The chemical energy is the most common form for storing electrical energy. In fact, the batteries are subjected to chemical reactions taking place to store electrical energy as chemical one. To reproduce the electricity, there are reversed chemical reactions. The most common in the market are the lead acid batteries which, due to several improvements, are the most competitive [40]. An advantage of batteries is that they

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6. Electrical Energy Storage as Hydraulic Energy

6.1 Principle It consists in using dual basins of water. The water of the upper basin, which is located on an elevated zone near the workshop, is converted into electricity by using a generator connected to a turbine in order to be consumed during peak hours. Then, it is collected by the lower basin. Water is therefore pumped during times of low consumption to the upper basin forming a closed loop and to be used by the turbine another time. In the case of a pump-wind/PV connection, water is rising with the excess of the intermittent energy [25]. 6.2 Sizing the Hydraulic Energy Storage System To find the limiting case that separate the use of the potential energy storage system from the use of batteries, the different components of the first system should be calculated. In fact, when the EOL is on, the produced energy from the hybrid wind/PV system is used to pump the water from the lower basin to the upper one. Thus, the pump power, the daily consumed energy and the size of the upper and the lower basins should be calculated. Pump power: Based on the existed wind/PV hybrid system and the consumed power, the pump power (Pp) is supposed equal to 1/4 of the consumption power (Pc) given in Table 1. If the efficiency of this pump is about 80%, thus, its reel power should be: PPump,reel = Pc/[4(0.8)] (4) Daily consumed energy: This energy (Ed) is calculated from the daily consumed power (Pd) given in Table 1 by using the conversion base, 1 Wh = 3,600 J. Upper and lower basins sizes: The daily consumed energy (Ed) should be delivered by the hybrid wind/PV system. In order to obtain continuity in supplying the different load systems, we suppose that, for one day, an absence of wind speed and important sun temperature and luminosity occurred. Thus, daily consumed energy is stored in the upper

Fig. 2 Fiels of application of the different storage techniques according to energy needs [12].

are available for a wide range of power ratings from few watts up to several MW, when grouped, and can be used in wide variety of applications 5.2 Sizing of the Accumulators Despite their limited number of cycles, the electrochemical accumulators represent the solution which seems offering the best compromise between cost and performance for this application. In fact, an electrochemical accumulator is characterized by its maximum storage capacity, its efficiency, its peak power that can be provided or received and its availability. As the DC bus voltage is fixed to 48 V, the required Ah for the power consumption is: IBat = Pd / VDC (3) Thus, for a 200 Ah accumulator of 12 V output voltage with four batteries connected in series to obtain a 48 V DC voltage, the number of the needed parallel lines and the total number of batteries are given in Table 4. It is assumed that the efficiency of these batteries is about 80%.
Table 4 Number of batteries for each load system. Battery current IBat (Ah) 781.25 1,562.5 2,604 Lines in parallel 4 8 13 Number of batteries 16 32 52

Load system 1 2 3

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Limiting Use of Potential Energy Storage Compared to Batteries for a Lebanese Hybrid Wind/PV System

basin as potential energy. It can be expressed as: Ed = mgh = (Vub)gh where:

(5)

m is the masse of the water, designs its density (1,000 kg/m3) and Vub represents the volume of the upper basin; g is known as the gravitational acceleration, g = 9.81 m/s2; h is the potential altitude (or potential height) of the upper basin from the turbine, h = 20 m. Thus, the volume of the upper basin is deduced from Eq. (5): Vub = Ed / (gh) (6) For each load systems, Table 5 indicates the consumption power (Pc), the pump power (Pp), the daily consumption power (Pd), the daily consumption energy (Ed), the suggested volume for the used basins (Vub). In reality, the upper basin can be composed of multiple reservoirs connected in series between them. For each load system, the number of these reservoirs and their dimensions are also presented in Table 5. Concerning the lower basin, it should have at minimum the same volume like the upper one. In other hand, when the EOL is cut off, the stored energy is used to supply the load demand. Thus, the water flow, the valve size, the turbine and the generator powers should be calculated. Water flow: taking into account the consumption power (Pc), the maximum water flow is expressed as: (7) Qmax = Pc / (gh) Valve size: the dimension and the size of the valve depend on the flow and the height of the upper basin. Thus, the area of the valve is expressed and equal to: S = Qmax / [k (h)1/2]
Table 5 Load system 1 2 3

with k is a constant equal to 3 [25]. The conversion base from cm to inch is: 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Turbine and generator powers: Considering that the speed of a point A on the periphery of the turbine is equal to the water speed, then it can be deduced that: A = water = (2gh)1/2 (9) The mechanical power received by the turbine is: (10) PT = F = ( Qmax ) This power becomes maximum when = A/2: PT = Qmax (A / 2)2 (11) Taking into account the efficiency of the turbine, which is equal to 70%, its reel power becomes: PT,reel = PT / 0.7 (12) The selected power rating for the generator is equal to that calculated for the turbine. Therefore, during the shortage periods and for the proposed load systems, the water flow, the selected valve sections, the turbines and generators rated powers are given in Table 6.

7. Economical Aspect and Comparative Survey

In this section, a comparative survey between the two studied types of energy storage techniques is discussed: the electrochemical energy and the potential energy. This comparison treats the economical aspect of each type taking into account the device or the system installation cost, its maintenance over 20 years of functioning and the costs of the batteries and all the components forming the hydraulic energy storage system studied for the different load systems to find the limiting case. Concerning the electrochemical energy storage system and based on the results obtained in Table 7, the latter is containing different batteries of 200 Ah for a cost of 250$ each.

(8)

Consumption power/energy, pump power, upper/lower basin volume and reservoirs dimensions. Consumption Daily Pump power Daily consumption power consumption Pp (hp) energy Ed (MJ) Pc (kW) power Pd (kWh) 3 6 10 1.5 2.5 4.0 30 60 100 108 216 360 Upper basin Number of volume reservoirs 3 Vub (m ) 600 1,200 1,800 1 2 3 Reservoirs dimensions Deep Wide Long (m) (m) (m) 6 10 10 6 10 10 6 10 10

Journal of Energy and Power Engineering 7 (2013) 2227-2236 Table 6 Consumption power, flow rate, valve section and turbine/generator power. Consumption Load power system Pc (kW) 1 3 2 6 3 10 Water flow Qmax (L/s) 16 31 51 Valve section S (inch) 5 10 15 Turbine/generator power PT,reel ; PG,reel (kW) 3 5 8

For the different load systems, and regarding the used pumps, their installation cost is 300$ and their maintenance cost is 700$ supposing that one replaces each one every 5 years. From the first point of view, this comparison illustrates that the electrochemical energy storage system is more economical regarding its attractive cost, its occupied place and its volume. Thus, the batteries play an important role for low energy storage applications. Their inconvenient reside in their recycling which is very pollutant. Contrarily, for high energy storage applications, the used number of batteries is very important in a way that the potential energy becomes more economical, efficient and non pollutant. Therefore, the limiting value for the use of batteries is 6 kW of consumption power as analyzed in this paper. In addition, it should be noted that, this limit can becomes lower than 6 kW if the potential altitude has an important value, which implies a decrease in the water flow, the valve size, the turbine and the generator powers, and especially, in the basin dimensions. Following are some other advantages of the potential energy storage technique: This technique is mature and reliable, simple and of relatively long life span. After using, it is easy to destroy the materials, make a recycling of the components and rehabilitate the site; The storage in the enclosed basins and in a closed circuit can be installed everywhere, even distant from the rivers; The realization of this technique coupled to renewable energy sources permits the introduction of these technologies and increase the electricity rate produced by renewable energy. The environmental inconveniences of such system are mainly due to the visual and auditory impacts of the hydromechanics and basins installations. It should be noted that the noise due to the working of the pumps and turbines can be decreased while using an insulator.

Table 7 Cost of storage systems using batteries for a period of 20 years. Load system 1 2 3 Batteries cost ($) 20,000 40,000 65,000 Inverter cost ($) 8,000 16,000 28,000 Installation Maintenance cost ($) cost ($) 1,000 1,000 2,000 3,000 3,000 5,000 Total cost ($) 30,000 61,000 101,000

For the turbine-generator system, its installation and maintenance costs are respectively 500$ and 2,000$. The length of the used pipes or hoses is about 50 m with an installation cost of 1,200$ and their maintenance cost is 300$. Table 8 resumes the cost of each element composing the hydraulic system, their installation and maintenance costs, and in particularly the total cost. Therefore, the economical comparison between the two energy storage techniques is dressed in Table 9 and illustrated in Fig. 3. Based on Table 4, these batteries are supposed to be changed five times in 20 years. The cost of the proposed inverters in Table 3 is 1$/VA [25]. These inverters will be changed after 10 years of use. Concerning the potential energy storage system, this one contains several components. First, the upper and the lower basins are made of sheet metal of steel. In fact, the size of one standard 3.8 mm steel sheet metal is 2 m of length and 1 m of width. The cost of each sheet is 70$ [25]. Based on the basins dimensions given in Table 5, the number of used sheets for each load system is calculated. Table 10 resumes the number of sheets, their backing cost, their soldering cost and the total cost for the upper and the lower basins. The used pump is placed near the sea (or a river), thus, only the cost of the upper basin will be taken into consideration in the comparative study.

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Limiting Use of Potential Energy Storage Compared to Batteries for a Lebanese Hybrid Wind/PV System Costs of the hydraulic system and its components for a period of 20 years. Pump cost ($) 650 1,000 1,800 Turbine & generator cost ($) 5,000 10,000 15,000 Pipes cost ($) 700 1,300 2,200 Installation cost ($) 2,000 2,000 2,000 Manitenance cost ($) 3,000 3,000 3,000 Basin cost ($) 24,000 44,000 64,000 Total cost ($) 35,350 61,300 88,000

Table 8 Load system 1 2 3 Table 9

Costs of the two energy storage techniques for a period of 20 years. Consumption power Pc (kW) 3 6 10 Cost of the electrochemical storage system ($) 30,000 61,000 101,000 Cost of the potential energy storage system ($) 35,350 61,300 88,000

Load system 1 2 3 Table 10

Number and cost of sheets, backing and soldering costs, upper and lower basins costs. Number of steel sheets 220 440 660 Steel sheets costs ($) 16,000 32,000 48,000 Backing cost ($) 4,000 6,000 8,000 Soldering cost ($) 4,000 6,000 8,000 Upper basin cost ($) 24,000 44,000 64,000 Upper & lower basins cost ($) 48,000 88,000 128,000

Load system 1 2 3

Fig. 3 Costs of the two storage techniques function of the consumption power for the three load systems.

8. Conclusions
In this paper, the authors are interested in studying two techniques of storing the produced electrical energy: the electrochemical energy and the potential energy. These techniques concern the decentralized systems of electricity production which can be coupled or not to the grid. These systems are formed by a hybrid wind/PV source. However, the safety that offers this unit of production, thanks to the presence of the devices of energy storage, returns the hybrid systems economically viable. Three different load systems connected to the grid and a hybrid wind/PV sources are

conceived and treated. First, the choice of such sources is studied. Secondly, two electrical energy storage techniques are calculated. Finally, an economical comparative survey between the electrochemical and the hydraulic storage techniques are presented. For the load system 1, the hydraulic energy storage is more expensive than using batteries, and for the load system 3, the hydraulic energy storage is less expensive than using batteries. The limiting power for the use of the potential energy storage system compared to the electrochemical one is about 6 kW of consumption power. Thus, it is recommended to use batteries to store the produced energy in low power applications (less than 6 kW), else, the potential energy storage system becomes more required for use in high power applications.

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