Key Terms: Argument (L of predicate), monovalent, dummy subjects Transitive: 2nd arg. is the O. Ditransitive: IO precedes the O.

Oblique: intr. By preps, follows O. Intransitive: S-V Transitive: S-V-O Ditransitive: S-V-IO-O Ditransitive (X): S-V-O-X

Gramm. Rel :word order position or case

Case Marker: added morpheme indicating S, O etc. (pref, suff, or suppletive form) ((ENGL: I + me) Nom/Acc: subject/everything but (O): I/me Ergative/Absolutive: intransitive S + transitive O/transitive S Dative: IO. Null: / no pronounced marker (Russ. Nom case) Split Ergative System Person Agreement: w/V (ENGL: 3rd person singular S present tense s/he/it/ sews) Full paradigm of agreement: All S forms, all tenses, trigger agreement marker on V Unexpressed Subject: recover info on S from V agreement Gender agreement: of S S+O agreement: V agree w/ both S+O in transitive sentences (unexpressed subject applies) Subject agreement table: Syntactic Alternations: Voice: Passive: suppress agent of event. Makes diff. NP, active S X intr. by prep by (Changes gramm. rel.) Q Formation: gramm. rel. preserved, word order altered. Wh- words appear @ L edge of clause. Synt. Movement. Movement: In Q + in Passive Syntactic Categories: Lexical Categories: N, V, Adj, Adv. Functional Categories: P, Art/Det, Aux ( will, should, must), Conj. Identification Via Syntax: Nouns: introduced by determiners, modified by adjectives Verbs: Introduced by Aux, modified by adverbs (i) Det ____ e.g. the apple! (i) Aux _____ I will walk (ii) Adjective ____ e.g. big apple! (ii) ____ Adv or Adv ____ I walked slowly/usually walk (iii) ___-Plural e.g. apple-s (iii) ____ -tense I walk ed Adj: N modifiers, modified by some Adv, can occur w/ V be (i) Determiner ____ noun, e.g. the tall tree! (ii) Adverb ___ e.g. really tall! (iii) SUBJECT + be + _____, e.g. The rat is smart! (iv) __ -est e.g. tall-est! (v) ___-er e.g. tall-er! Constituent: group of elements behaving as a unit i) subject NP ii) object NP (if present) iii) VP: V + object NP (if present) iv) PP: P + NP Syntactic constituents can be replaced and _______ did too test Movement test: Synt. Const. can be moved Coordination test: Synt. Const. of same category can be joined The wolves (VP stopped) and (VP rested) ** The wolves (VP stopped) and (AP exhausted) Conclusion: Syntax is not linear (words side by side not necessarily related more closely than distant words), but hierarchical. Adv: Verb modifiers, Adj modifiers, Adv modifiers (i) V ____ walked slowly (ii) (Aux) ____ V (will) never surrender (iii) ____ Adj extremely happy (iv) ____ Adv extremely quickly (v) VP ____ Mary did too

Phonology: cognitive organization of speech sounds. Onset Preference Principle Nucleus of syllable is sonorants (V, m n n l r) Onset + Coda Simplification: CC C Metathesis (reordering) C1C2 C2VC1

Syllable: unit of sound must contain 1 V, optional C before or after (CV)

Rhyming: similarity between 2 words. Transposition Phonotactic constraints Sonorants: sounds loud, periodic, easily perceptible, syllable nucleus (V, liquids, nasals, glides) Sonority Scale: 4(V: a i u), 3(Glides: w j), 2(liquids: l r), 1(Nasals: m n), 0(obstruents/stops/affricates/fricatives: t d s z) Sonority principle: sonority rises towards nucleus, falls after nucleus (violable: stick) S- stray/extrametrical Phoneme: Smallest unit of sound that distinguishes meaning between words /./ Allophone: different phonetic forms of a phoneme, occur in diff. positions within words and syllables. Does not distinguish meaning. Phoneme? Contrast: interchanging 2 sounds changes words meaning. Both phonemes. Minimal Difference/ minimal pairs Phonemic theory: sound meaning correspondence: arbitrary joining of sounds and meaning Allophone? Complementary Dist.: 2 sounds are in C.D. if never occur in the same position in word. ELSEWHERE CASE Elsewhere case not predictable therefore the stored phoneme Phonetic Similarity: t /t/ t(h) Free Variation: cat merit Canadian rule: raising then flapping. /aw aj/ -- (Aw Aj)/ ____(voiceless) /d t/-- ( r )/ V__V Morpheme: smallest unit with meaning or functional info. Bound (cran-, -d, re-) Free (berry, score, do) Simple words: 1 morpheme. Complex words: 2 + morphemes (beat-able) Allomorphy: Allomorphs = spelling (a cookie, an apple) Allomorph / spelling: plural s (s) (z) (ez) Lexical morphemes: inherent content (N, V, Adj) form open class Functional Morphemes: no IC (Conj, Prep, Art, Pro) Closed class Inflectional morphemes: Add gramm. meaning without changing core meaning. (plural, P.T) Nouns: plural s, articles must occur w/, adj must modify Verbs: P.T. ed only attach Derivation: new word w/ new meaning +/or lexical category Compounding: change meaning (endocentric, exocentric) Right-hand head rule: (X Y) Y : Rightmost member of compound determines category of whole. Affixes: pfx, sfx Derivational Morphemes: attach to stem, new word, category + meaning (-ness, -ify, -able, -er) Inflectional morphemes: attach to stem, indicate aspects of gramm. function (-s, -ed, -en, -est) Derivation Before Inflection Infixes: ENGL swearing Reduplication: salad salad Diachronic: concerning historical development Synchronic: current mental representation Ablaut: Vowel alternation marking gramm. contrast (drink drank drunk)(make made)(goose geese) Zero affixation ; moose Suppletion: new form: (go went) Attach to N Plural -s lions Possessive s Beths Attach to V Present, 3sg -s He bleeds Past Tense -ed paved Present Participle Is paving Past Participle -en fallen Attach to Adj Superlative -est tallest Comparative -er taller coinage borrowing compounding blending Clipping/truncation backformation acronyms conversion derivation asprin, nylon croissant doorknob smog fax, gas donate, emote CD, VCR bottle discover, recoverable