Chapter-5

Vat dye

Vat dyes so named: The word Vat means Vessel. The dye takes their generic name from vatting. The vat dyes are naturally obtained colouring matter from the ancient time and kept into wooden vat and make solubilise in vat by the process of fermentationso it is called vat dye. The vat dyes are insoluble and cannot be used directly and requires vatting. Among all the dyes it has the best fastness properties. Properties of vat dyes: Vat dye is water insoluble and cant be applied directly on te!tile mtl. "ainly use for cellulose fibre dyeing but in protein fibre dyeing # $ should be controlled. %ubbing fastness is not good Various shade is found. &yeing process is difficult. 'ostly.

(ashing fastness of vat dye is very good with rating )*+. Classifacation of vat dyes: ,n the basis of 'hemical structure mainly two types of vat dyes-

"ainly two types of Vat dyes.. /ndigoids'ontain the following 'hromophore group* O C O C

/ndigoids are subdivided into two classes* O O a. /ndigotinC ' '1' N 0 H

O ' 3. Anthraquinone' O

O b. ThioindigoC '1' S

O C 2

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Stages OR Chemistry OR Mechanism of dyeing with vat dyes: The application of vat dyes to cellulosic materials occurs in following stagesI !"#$eo$s dispersion: The insoluble vat dyes in this stage is dispersed in water. II !Vatting: /n this stage insoluble vat dye is reduced to produce weak acidic leuco form. 2odium hydro sulphite used as a reducing agent. Again salt formation by neutrali4ing their hydro!ide to give a water soluble product. 2odium $ydro!ide is used as a solubilsing agent. The reaction of vatting is given bellow0a323,) 5 3 $3, O C N H '1' O C 5 3 7$8 0 H N H 30a$2,6 5 3 7$8 OH C '*' OH C 0 H /nsoluable 5 0a,$ ONa C N H '*' ONa C 0 H 2oluable

III9. %ye a&sorption: The vatted dye* molecules are substantive to the cellulose material. To achieve adequate e!haustion an electrolyte is added to the dye liquor and temp may be

increased from 3:: to ;::'. /n this stage the te!tile material must be immersed in dye liquor to prevent o!idation of leuco compound. IV !Reo'idation of vat dye - /n this stage the leuco form of vat dye is o!idi4ed and converted to its original colour and insoluble form. This o!idation is brought about by atmospheric o!ygen. The reaction as followsONa C '*' N H 0 H 2oluable ONa ' 5 7,8 N H O C '1' 0 H /nsoluable O '

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V !Soaping of vat dye: &uring the previous stage some insoluble vat dye may be deposited on the surface of the te!tile material. This has to be removed to prevent poor rub*fastness as well as shade changing. <y soaping off this surface dye can be removed. (eneral Method of dyeing: =enerally vat dyes are dyed by the following methods* /9. //9. ///9. /V9.
I

/0 >0ormal dyeing group9 /(> (orm dyeing group9 /? >'old dyeing group9 /0 special >2pecial dyeing group9

Method C : (hen much density alkali require in such vat dyes /n that case this method is used. /n this method e!haustion is good and no need of electrolyte. &yeing starts at 6: :' and dyeing occurs at ;:*@::'. Method-C : (hen moderate amount of alkali requires in vat dyes. This method is used. /n this
II

method dyeing starts at 6::' and dyeing is performed at +:*;::'. 2mall amount of salt is used for perfect dye absorption. Method C : /n this method lower density alkali requires for dyeing. Though dyeing starts at
III

+::'. dying is performed at 6:*3::'. Anough electrolyte requires for complete dye absorption. Special Method: This method is used in special cases. A!ample requires in dyeing of black dye. $ere much density alkali needs. &yeing starts at ;: :' and is completed at @: :'. 0o need of electrolyte for dye absorption. Vatting and dyeing condition in different Method:

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=roup

Vatting temp.> : '9

&yeing temp. >: '9 +:*;:: ):*+:: 3:*6:: %equire

2odium hydro!ide>gmED9 ..+*.: :.)*:.)+ :.)*6 /ndividual

2odium

hydro 'ommon salt >gmED9 0o 6*3+ ;.3+*+:

sulphite >gmED9 ..+*.: :.)*;.3+ :.)*).+ Treatment

/0 /( /? /0 special

+:*;:: ):*+:: +:: &yes

Common Method of application of vat dye: .. 'onventional or reduced vat color method. 3. #igmentation or #igment padding 2ystem. /. #ad Big //. #ad steam. )! II ! Cotton fa&ric dyeing with vat dyes &y pad-steam Method: Or Contin$o$s Method: Recipe: &yestuff********3*6C &ispersing agent***.*3C =um*****************.*3C 'austic soda*******.*3C 2odium hydro sulphite***3*6C Temperature*******;::' &yeing chamber temp****++*;+:' 2team fi!ation***6:*;:s at .:3*.:+:' "-D***.-3: Process:

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#ad steam process

is

continuous process of vat dyeing. #ad steam method is applied when large quantity of fabric is to be dyed by vat dye. /n this method the fabric is at first pigment padded. Then it is dried and then again padded with sodium hydro!ide and hydrosulphite. $ere dye is reduced by solubilising. Then for the fi!ation of dye on fabric the fabric is passed through the steam chamber for about 6:*;:s The fabric is applied soap wash ringing and dry wash one after another.

)! I Cotton fa&ric dyeing with vat dyes &y pad-*ig method: #adding %ecipe- &yestuff F 3*6C owf T. % oil F :..*:.3C =um F .*3C

(ater F As required Gi!ation %ecipe2odium $ydro 2ulphite F 3*6C 'austic 2oda F .*3C Process:

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#ad Big method is a semi*continuous method of fabric dyeing. At first the fabric is padded in a suspension of vat dye and padding is carried out up to @: yds per minute. ,ne or more runs through the pad at ;: :' are often given followed by @ to .: ends on a Bigger in caustic soda or hydrose liquor at +:*@: :' the deposited fabric pigment of is reduced by soap wash. Then the fabric is o!idi4ed to make the soluble vat dye insoluble again. Then the fabric is washed by soap and rinsed with water. At last the fabric is hydro e!tracted and dried.

"pplication of vat color on cotton goods: Recipe: &yestuff F 6C 'austic 2oda F .6C T.% oil F 6C 2odium $ydro 2ulphite F @C Vatting temperature * ;:: ' &rying chamber temp. F H:: ' "-D F .-6: Time F )+*;: min. Proced$re: This dye is insoluble in water. This dye for dissolving in water is converted into leuco compound. /f vat dye is in liquid form can directly be converted into leuco compound.

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Gor powder form T.%. ,il and required hot water are mi!ed as recipe. /n this condition the solution should be stirred gently and forms a paste. Then addition of required sodium hydrosulphite and caustic soda leuco compound will be formed. As a result vat dissolves in water and fabric can absorb dye. /n this condition 2olution kept un movement and if not precipitated solution is formed. /f precipitate leuco*compound will not be formed uniformly and again should be prepare leuco*compound and then is taken to dye bath. /n the dye bath rest of water is mi!ed with the solution perfectly and is closed the dye bath by cover so that not come to contact with air. Then it is heated for )+*;: min at ;: :'. Then fabric is rinsed from dye bath and should be washed with acetic acid so that remove of alkali. Then the fabric is kept in air by washing with pure water. &ye become stale by treatment with o!ygen of air and sulpher in dye. Then the dyed fabric is done o!idation.

0a*2ulphite

'austic soda

&ye stuff

T.%. ,il

2ample ;::'

H::'

.:*.+ "in

Ca$ses of poor R$&&ing +astness: "- D %atio- Darge quantity dye molecules in small water.

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"ore vatting time. 0ot proper reduction during dyeing i.e. /nsoluble at last. 0ot proper soap washing after dyeing. Ises of $ard water. #erforms in /ron vessel.

+a$lts fo$nd in vat dyeing: Dight spots- this fault founds if faults in pretreatment of fabric i.e. bleaching merceri4ing desi4ing. &eep spots- &eep spots happen due to uneven o!idation and reducing which can be removed by stripping method. Ineven colour- Gaulty weaving uneven tension of warp and weft and faulty merceri4ing creates uneven colour. Over red$ction of Vat dyes: The most important reaction which arises from over reduction is the formation of the anthrone or e!anthrone. The reaction may be e!plained by Anthra quinone itself
OH H OH H2

OH Anthraquinone

O A!anthrone

O Anthrone

OH Anthranol O $32,) >%educing chemical9 OH 0a,$ ONa

OH

ONa 2oluable

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,rade name of vat dye: Vat dye name Arte! vat "eta Vat 'alcoloid 'ibanone 'aledon #aradone /ndan threm Tina Preparation of Sol$&ilised Vat dyes: /f vat dye is converted into soluble form this vat dye is called solubilised vat dye or soluble vat dye. The steps of solubilised vat dye preparation as followsO $ydrose OH OSO3H 0a,$ OSO3Na

Co$ntry /ndia /ndia I.2.A. 2wit4erland I.?. I.?. =ermany 2wit4erland

O Vat dye

OH Deuco Vat

OSO3H OSO3Na 2ulphonic ester of 2odium salt of leuco Vat dye sulphonic ester of leuco vat dye.

2olubilise vat dye founds as powder form and prepare colorless solution by dissolving in water. /n this form of 2EV is applied to the material and is converted into original vat dye. Properties of sol$&ilised vat dye: /9. //9. ///9. /V9. 2oluble in water Affinity for te!tile mtl. Affinity increase with the increase of temp. 2ensitive to o!idation and development.

Classification of Sol$&ilised Vat dyes:

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I. According to substantivily=roup*/- Dow substantivity. =roup*//*/V- "edium substantivity. =roup*V- $igh substantivity. ). According to &evelopment'lass*/- easy to development at 3::'. 'lass*//- "oderate to development at H:*J::' with high conc. 'lass*///- Very difficult to development. Method of dyeing cotton with sol$&le vat dyes: Recipe: &yestaff****.C 'ommon salt.:C "- D*****.-.: Temp****;::' Time****6:*)+min. Proced$re: At first dye is dissolved in small amount of water. Then in dye bath taken &ye solution and salt cotton is dyed at +:*;: :' for 6:*): min. After that development. %evelopment &ath recipe: 0a0, F .C
3

dyed cotton is taken to 3 nd bath after cold wash and squee4ed for

$32,) F .*3C "-D (ater F .-.+ Temp. F ):*+:: ' 0a0, is dissolved in required water. This solution is added to the 3 nd bath cotton is treated at
3

):*+::' for .+ min and colour of cotton will be developed. Then after squee4ing. 'otton is washed with 3C soap and 3C soda and then dried.

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Preca$tion: "ust careful not to contact with air. #$ 2hould be controlled. 0ot iron vessel. Temp should be controlled. ,ld colour for deep shade and new dye for light shade 2olubilised vat dye used ; months. %ifferentiate &etween sol$&le - Insol$&le vat dyes: Insol$&le vat dye .. /t is insoluble in water 3. /nsoluble vat dye is obtained directly. Sol$&le vat dye .. /t is soluble in water 3. /t is obtained from insoluble vat dye by reacting with 2ulphonic ester. 6. /t primarily have no affinity to te!tile mtls. ). ,!idation of insoluble vat dye is easy. 6. /t has affinity to te!tile mtls. ). ,!idation of soluble vat dye is difficult.

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