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Explain the concept of Processing of the Data and analyze in detail the different stages in the Data Processing.
Ans1. Points of the answer: 1.1) 1.2) 1.3) Concept of the Data and the Types of the Data. Introduction to the Processing of the Data. Various Stages in the Processing of the Data. a) Editing. b) Coding. c) Classification. d) Tabulation. e) Transcription. f) Graphical Representation. 1.1) Concept of Data and Types of Data:
Data plays a very important role in the research activity. Facts, information or the premises systematically collected and presented properly for the purpose of drawing the information is called as the data. Statistical information collected compiled and then presented for the purpose of establishing relationship between the two variables can be included in the data. Data can be collected from the primary and the secondary sources. Primary sources refer to the information obtained first hand by the researcher on the variables of the interest for
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In any research project collection of the data is followed by the processing of the data and also the analysis of the data. The Processing and the analysis of the data involves the
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The processing of the data is the process of Editing, Coding, Classifying, Tabulation, Transcription and Graphical Representation of the Data for the purpose of the Data analysis. The data analysis is needed to draw some conclusions and recommendations. The following gives us a brief description of the various stages in the data processing. Stages in the Data Processing. 1) Editing. 2) Coding. 3) Classification. 4) Tabulation. 1) Editing: This is the first stage in the processing of the data. This is the process in which the errors if any are located and they are tried to be omitted and if they are found then the corrections are made. Editing is needed when there is some inconsistency in the responses which is entered in the questionnaire and also when the questionnaire contains some partial or the vague answers which is given by the respondents.
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2) Coding:
Coding is the process of assigning the codes or the symbols which may be numbers, alphabets, alpha-numerical to the categories or the responses. Coding is necessary for the tabulation and the analysis of the data. It is required especially when the sample size is large and there is large number of the responses. Coding can be considered as an important element of the classification. Coding involves the following steps: 1) Specify the categories or the classes into which responses are to be classified. 2) Allocate the individual codes to each category.
3) Classification:
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4) Tabulation:
It involves of the sorting of the data into the different categories and also involves the counting the number of the cases/responses that belong to the each category. The tabulation can be universe or bi-variate / multivariate. If only one variable is involved in the tabulation viz Boys then it is called as the univariate tabulation e.g 10 out of 20 boys (50%) have responded to a particular question.
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Project Topic: Processing of the Data Chapter 2: Transcription and Graphical Representation. Q.2. Enumerate in Representation.
Ans.2. Points of the answer: 2.1) 2.2) 2.3) 2.4) 2.5) Concept of Transcription. Methods of Tabulation. Concept of Graphical Representation. Types of Graphs. General Rules in Graphical Representation.
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Concept of Transcription:
The tabulation can directly be made from the schedules if there are very few schedules to be tabulated and are to be processed. On the other hand the direct tabulation from the edited scheduled/questionnaires is very difficult if the nimber of the schedules and the number of the responses are very large. Suppose an interview schedule contains 180 responses requiring tabulation to be done and 210 simple and cross tables are to be constructed then each schedule has to be handled at least 210 times for the tabulation. This will always result in the mutilation of the schedule and the omissions and the commissions of the may easily occur in the tabulations . In order to avoid these drawbacks data contained in the schedules/questions are transferred to another material for the purpose of the tabulation. This intermediary process is called as the transcription.
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Chapter 3: Analysis of the Data. Q.3. What is Analysis of the Data? Discuss in detail its purpose, Characteristics, and the various types of the analysis of the Data.
Ans.3. 3.1.) 3.2.) Points of the answer: Concept of the Data Analysis. Definition of the Processing of the Data and Analysis of the Data.
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3.1.) Concept of the Data Analysis: The analysis of the data is the most skilled task in the research process. It is dependent upon the researchers own judgment and the skill. Analysis means a critical examination of the assembled and the grouped data for the studying the characteristics of the object under the study and for the determining the patterns of the relationships among the variables relating to it. Both the quantitative and the nonquantitative methods are used. The Analysis of the data is the most skilled task of all the stages of the research work. It is the task which demands the researchers own judgment and the skill. It should be done by the researcher himself always. A correct analysis needs familiarity with the background of the survey and all the stages of the research. The analysis does not necessarily be the statistical one. Quantitative and the non-quantitative methods of the analysis can be done. The steps followed in the analysis of the data will vary on the basis of the type of the study. A part of the analysis is a matter of the working out the statistical distribution, constructing diagrams, calculating simple measurements like the averages, measures
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1. Descriptive Analysis: It is the study of the distribution of one or the more variable. Such study provides us with the profiles of the business group, work group, persons or the other subjects on any of a multitude of the characteristics such as the size, composition, efficiency or the preferences. The various measures that show the size and the shape of the distribution along with the study of measuring the relationship between two or more variables are available in the analysis. 2. Inferential Analysis: It is concerned with the various tests of the significance for the testing the hypothesis in order to determine with what validity the data can indicate some conclusions. It is also concerned with the estimation of the population values. It is mainly on the basis of the inferential analysis that the task of the interpretation is performed. 3. Correlation Analysis: It studies the joint variation of the two or more variables for the determining the amount of the correlation between the two or the more variables. 4. Casual Analysis:
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Project Topic: Processing of the Data Q.4. How will you do the Interpretation of the Data? Suggest the essentials of the data interpretations. Enumerate the importance of the
interpretations of the data and recommend in detail the various forms of the interpretations of the data.
Ans4: Points of the answer: 4.1) 4.2) 4.3) 4.1) Concept and Essentials of the Data Interpretation. Importance of Data Interpretations. Forms of the Data Interpretations. Concept and Essentials of the Data Interpretation.
Interpretation of the Data involves drawing inferences by the analyzing the data. The analysis and the interpretation of the data are closely interlinked. The analysis of the data often includes simultaneous interpretation of the results. The following are the guidelines for the Data Interpretations: 1) Homogenous Data: 2) Proper Processing of the Data. 3) Adequacy of the Data. 4) Accuracy of the Data. 5) Suitability of the Data. 6) Reliability of the Data.
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Chapter5: Tabulation Methods, Significance of Data Processing, Role of the Computers in Data Processing, Need for the Statistical Techniques in the Research Analysis. Q.5. What are the various methods of the Tabulation and explain the significance of the processing of the data. Discuss the role of the computer in the data processing and the analysis. Explain the need for the statistical techniques in the field of research analysis.
Ans.5. Points of the answer: 5.1.) 5.2.) 5.3.) Various Methods of the Tabulation. Significance of the Processing of the Data. Role of the Computers in the Data Processing.
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5.1.) Various Methods of the Tabulations: There are various Methods of the Tabulations: 1) Hand/ Manual Tabulation. 2) Machine Tabulation. 1) Hand Tabulation Method: Hand Tabulation is a traditional and a very old method of the tabulation in which the work of the sorting, numbering, and the counting of the questionnaire is done by the hands only. It is suitable to tabulate data on a small scale i.e the size of the sample survey, the numbers of the respondents and the questions asked the small, say less than 500. Hand Tabulation is very easy and very simple to follow and execute. Procedure for the Hand Tabulation. The researcher first prepares a plan for the tabulation for the purpose. The plan is prepared with the help of a number of the responses, principles of the classification, the object of the research. Afterwards duly completed questionnaires are numbered serially. After numbering the response sheets are sorted out and are grouped into the specific categories. For e.g after numbering say 100 respondents then they can be classified and grouped into the male and the female category. Afterwards counting of the individual answers is taken up. Counting is often done in the sets of the five tally marks thus which makes the totaling work very easy and very quick.
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5.3.) Role of the Computers in the Data Processing: Computers are used in the data processing and the analysis. Computer data processing is any process that a computer program does to enter the data and summarize, analyze or otherwise convert the data into the usable information. The process may be automated and run on the computer. It involves recording, analyzing, sorting summarizing, calculating disseminating and sorting the data. Because data are most useful when it is well presented and actually informative, data processing, systems are often referred to as information systems. Nevertheless the terms are roughly synonymous, performing similar conversions, data processing systems typically manipulate raw data into information and likewise information systems typically take the new data in input to produce information as output. Data Processing and Analysis: Data processing usually involves a great deal of the computation upon a relatively small amount of the input data, resulting in a small volume of the output. In the early days of the computers the emphasis was laid upon scientific data processing. This refers to a class of the programs that organize and manipulate the data, usually large amounts of the numeric data. The programs or the software packages run on the computer and saves us
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Chapter 6: Summary.
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Chapter 7: Conclusions.
1) Research is a very important activity for any project. Without this activity the project will be incomplete. For that purpose we have to collect data. This data is available to us in the Primary form and in the secondary form.
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Chapter 8: Bibliography/ References. 1) Name of the Book: Author: Publisher: 2) Name of the Book: Research Methodology Methods and Techniques C.R.Kothari. New Age International (P) Ltd. Research Methodology for the Business
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