1

NETWORK THEORY
CHAPTER 1: NETWORK THEORY
Basic Circuit Analysis and KVL/KCL
Resistance: It is the property of a resistor to oppose current.
Case-I:
R
i
V
+
Conventional current flow fromhigh to low potential.
Case-II:
R I
+

Electron current flow from low to high potential

In both case I and case II:
V iR =
Where resistance of Resistor:
l
R
A

=
where l =length of conductor, A =Area of conductor, =resistivity of conductor. .
So
RA
l
=
and conductivity =
1
Resistivity

1
o =

Current:
-
The phenomenon of transferring charge fromone point in a circuit to another is described by the term
electric current.
-
An electric current may be defined as the time rate of net motion of electric charge across a cross-
sectional boundary
dq
i
dt
=
q =Coulombs, t =sec, i =Amp
Voltage:
-
To move the electrons fromone point to other point in particular direction external force is required.
In analytical circuit external force is provided by emf and it is given by
dW
V
dq
=
where a differential amount of charge dq is given a differential increase in energy dW.
Voltage =Energy per unit charge =Work per unit charge
-
A voltage can exist between a pair of electrical terminal whether a current is flowing or not. An
automobile battery, for example, has a voltage of 12V across its terminals even if nothing whatsoever
is connected to the terminal.
Ohms Law:
-
At constant temperature, the potential difference V across the terminals of a resistor R as show below,
is directly proportional to the current i flowing through it. That is
V i V iR =
R
+
V
i
Ohms law can also be expressed in terms of conductance G as
1
i GV G
R
= =
G =Conductance [mho or Siemens]
2
NETWORK THEORY
Field Interpretation of Ohms Law:

At constant temperature current density is directly proportional to electric field intensity.

a
I
l

J E

J E = o J ........... Current density (A/m

2
), o........... Conductivity
1
[( ) ] m

O
E ........... Electric field intensity (V/m)
Linearly test of Resistor:
-
When resistive element obeys ohms law then the element is called as linear resistor otherwise it is
a non-linear resistor.
Power Dissipation in a Resistor:
2 2
2 2
( )
V I
P Vi iR i i R V G
R G
= = = = = =
Practical Voltage Sources: It delivers energy at specified (V) which depends on current delivers by
sources.
R
s
V
s
i
V(t)
DC
R
s
Vs(t)
I
AC
i
V
( ) V t Vs IRs =
Current Sources: Ideal current source delivers energy at a specified (I), which is independent on voltage
across the source. Internal resistance of ideal current source =

.
I
s
I
V
DC
I (t)
s
i(t)
AC
ideal
I
V
Practical Current Sources: Practical current sources delivers energy at specified current I, which is dependent
on voltage across the source. In real time systemcurrent source does not exist.
I
s
I
V
DC
I (t)
s
i(t)
AC
V
I
R
1
+

3
NETWORK THEORY
Capacitance: It is the property of capacitor to hold charge q to confined electric field.
EA
C
d
=

+

V
V
d
I

1
V idt
C
+

=
}
d =distance between plates, A =Area of cross section of each conducting plates
Note: When the capacitance of capacitor is independent of current is called as linear capacitor.
|Constant
Q
C
V
=

Q
V
I
dV
dt

dV
i c
dt
=
So under steady state i.e. at
t
0 i =
Capacitor acts as open circuit:
Inductance:
-
If the current i flowing in an element of figure below changes with time, the magnetic flux |
produced by the current also changed which causes a voltage to be induced in the circuit, equal to
the rate of flux linkage that is
d
V
dt
|
=

dt
V
dt

i.e.
di
V L
dt
=
where, L is constant of proportionality and is called self inductance.
i(t)
+
|(t)
v(t)

(a)
|
G
S
AB
i(t)
(b)
Inductive circuit Mutually coupled circuit
Therefore, there is an induced emf in coil B, which is equal to
d
e N
dt
| | |
=
|
\ .
or
di
e L
dt
| |
=
|
\ .
-
As (di/dt) is directly proportional to ( / ) d dt | . Comparison of these two equation gives
N Li | =
4
NETWORK THEORY
From above it may noted that an inductor is a device, while inductance is the quantity L.
N
L
i
|
=
-
As
di
V L
dt
=
, so in steady state i.e.
t
0 V =
And circuit behaves like shots circuit.
Active Element: When an element is capable of delivering energy for infinite period of time is called as active
element.
Example: Voltage, source, current source.
Passive Element: When an element is not able to deliver energy for infinite time period is called as passive
element.
Example: Resistor, inductor and capacitor
Active Elements:
Voltage Source: Ideal voltage source delivers energy at a specified V. Internal resistance of ideal voltage
source is zero.
Voltage Divider Rule:
1
1
1 2
s
R
V V
R R
| |
=
|
+
\ .
,
2
2
1 2
s
R
V V
R R
| |
=
|
+
\ .

~ V
s
V
1
R
1
V
2
R
2
Current Division Rule:
~
I
I
1
R
1
I
2
R
2

eq 1 2
1 1 1
R R R
= +

2 1
1 2
1 2 1 2
,
R R
I I I I
R R R R
| | | |
= =
| |
+ +
\ . \ .
-
Same for Inductor:
~
I
1
I I
2
L
2
L
1

1 2
1 1 1
eq
L L L
= +

2 1
1 2
1 2 1 2
;
L L
I I I I
L L L L
| | | |
= =
| |
+ +
\ . \ .
5
NETWORK THEORY
-
For capacitor:
~
I
I
1
C
1
I
2
C
2

1 2 eq
C C C = +
1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
,
C C
I I I I
C C C C
= =
+ +
Kirchoffs Voltage Law (KVL):
It states that algebraic sumof all voltages in a closed loop is equal to zero. It is based on conservation
of energy.

+
V
s1
V
s2
V
2
R
2

+
R
1
V
1

+
I
Applying KVL:
1 2 1 2
0
s s
V V V V + =
1 2 1 2 s s
V V V V + = +
Q. Calculate values of V
1
and V
2
across
4O
and 5O resistor by KVL.
6V
1V 5V
3V
2V
5O
V
2
+

I
V
1
+

4O
2O
Soln. Applying KVL
6 +3 +1 5 4I 2I 2 5I =0
3 =11I,
3
I
11
= Amp
V
1
=4I =4
3
11

12
V
11
= volt
V
2
=5I =5
3
11
=
15
11

volt
Q. Calculate V
AB
in the given circuit
5V
2O
A
4O
X
2V
Y
10V
B
2O
5O
I
2
I
1
6
NETWORK THEORY
Soln. KVL at loop 1: (Left loop)
4I
1
2I
1
+5 =0, I
1
=5/6 Amp
KVL at loop 2: (Right loop)
10 2I
2
5I
2
=0
I
2
=
10
7
Amp, V V
AB
=V
AX
+V
XY
+V
YB
=
5 10
4 2 2
6 7
+ +
=
20 20
2
6 7
+ +
=
32
21
1.53Volt
AB
V =
Q. The value of I
1
in the circuit is

+
3A
8V
7O
I
1
2V
9O
5A
5O
Soln. The circuit can be redrawn in the form of voltage source as [Current voltage source]

+
15V
45V
2V
7O
+
5O
+

9O
+

I
1
8V
Applying KVL
8 7I 15 5I +45 9I 2V =0
53 17 21 I =0, I =
36
21
I 1.71 =
Kirchoff Current Law (KCL)
(i) KCL states that algebraic sum of all current meeting at a point is equal to zero.
0
c
i =

(ii) KCL worked on principle of law of conservation of charge.

I
1
I
5
I
4
I
3
I
2 I
1
+I
2
+I
3
I
4
I
5
=0
1 2 3 4 5
I +I +I =I +I
7
NETWORK THEORY
Q. Calculate the values of V
1
and V
2
by KCL:
6A
1O 3O
3V
5O V
1
2O V
2
1O
Soln. Applying KCL at node 1: 6 =
1 1 2
1 2
V V V
+
... (1)
KCL at node (2) :
2 2 2 1
3
1 3 2
V V V V
= +
... (2)
By solving equation (1) and (2);
We get V
1
=5V and V
2
=3V
Limitations of KVL and KCL:
-
KCL and KVL will fail for the high frequency circuit.
-
KVL and KCL will fail in distributed elements since in distributed element it is not possible to separate
effect of R, L, C.
Source Transformation:
R
V
I V/R
R
-
Series Combination of Batteries:
R R
V
2
V V
1 2
2R
V
1
-
Parallel combination of current sources:
I
1
R
1 I
2
R
2 I +I
1 2
R || R
1 2
Q. Obtain single current source for network shown

+
5O
6O
10V
18V
A
Soln. 2.73O 3A
6O
2A
5O
5A
8
NETWORK THEORY
Q. Convert given circuit into a single voltage source
12A
8A
4O
6O
X
Y
Soln.

+
6O
4O
32V
72V
X
Y

+
104V
10O
Linear and non-linear Elements:
A linear network shows linear characteristics of voltage versus current. For a non-linear element the
current passing through it does not change linearly with the linear change in applied voltage at a
particular frequency. Semiconductor devices are usually examples of non-linear element.
In V.I. relation if output is zero for zero input and relation is linear then it is called linear network or
element obeys ohms law.
V =ki linear V =ki
2
Non-linear
V =2i +3 Non-linear V =i
n
Non-linear
I
V
Linear
i
V
Non-Linear
Simple resistors inductors and print at end capacitors are linear elements and their resistance inductance
and capacitances do not change with a change in applied voltage on the circuit current .
Active and Passive Elements:
If a circuit element has the capability of enhancing the energy level of a signal passing through it then
it is called an active element. Vacuumtubes and semiconductor devices are active elements on the
other hand resistors, inductors, capacitors, thermistors etc. are passive elements as they do not have
any intrinsic mean of signal boosting.
In V-I relation if any portion has V-I value as negative then it is active network.
Bilateral and Unilateral Element:
If the magnitude of the current passing through an element is affected due to change in polarity of
polarity of the applied voltage then element is called unilateral element. On the other hand if current
magnitude remains the same even if the applied voltages polarity is changed then it is called a bilateral
elements.
If by changing variable relation between both dependent variable and independent variable remains
same then it is called bilateral network otherwise unilateral network.
9
NETWORK THEORY
Mesh Analysis:
Mesh is a property of a planner circuit and is undefined for a non-planner circuit.
We define a mesh as A loop that does not contain any other loops within it.

+
Fig. (a) Fig. (b)
[Planner] [Non-Planner]
No branch passes over or under any other branch
Network Theorem:
Superposition Theorem:
-
The statement of superposition theorem follows as below:
In any linear bilateral network having more than one source, response in any one of the branches
is equal to algebraic sumof the response caused by individual source while rest of the sources are
replaced by their internal impedances.
Note:

The principle of superposition is useful for linearly test of the system.

This is not valid for power relationship.

Sources can be made inoperative by

(a) Shot circuiting the voltage sources
(b) Open circuiting the current sources

A linear network comprises independent sources, linear dependent source and linear passive elements
like resistor, inductor, capacitor and transformer. Moreover, the components may either be time
varying or time invariant.
Other Definition: The superposition principle states that the voltage across (or current through) on element
in a linear circuit is the algebraic sumof the voltage across (or current through) that element dueto
each independent source acting alone.
Q. Calculate value of V for the given circuit by using superposition theorem.

+
6V 3
4O
V
+

8O
Soln. At one time only effect of one source is considered. Voltage source is short circuited and current
source is open circuited.
Since there are two sources, So, V =V
1
+V
2
10
NETWORK THEORY
Let V
1
is the voltage across 4 ohm due to 6V voltage source alone (in this case current source is
open circuited).

+
6V
4O
V
1
+

8O

1
6
4
8 4
V =
+
,
1
6
4 2V
12
V = =
Let V
2
is the voltage due to 3A current source alone (in this case voltage source is short circuited).
3A
4O
V
2
+

8O
3 =
2 2
4 8
V V
+
, 3 =
2
{2 1}
8
V
+

2
8volts V =
So total voltage V is V =V
1
+V
2
=2 +8 =10 volt
Q. Calculate the value of V
0
by use of superposition theorem.
3O

+
5O
20V
8A
2O V
0
+

Soln. Since there are two sources so total voltage due to both sources will be
0 1 2
V V V = +
Let V
1
is the voltage only due to 8A current source, (In this case 20V source is short circuited)
3O 5O
8A 2O V
1
+

3O 5O
2O V
0
+

+
20V
1
8 5
4
3 2 5
i A

= =
+ +
, V
1
=2 4 =8 volt
Let V
2
is voltage due to 20V source alone
2
20
2
10
V =
, V
2
=4 volt, V
0
=V
1
+V
2
=8 +4
0
12volt V =
Thevenins Theorem:
Any two terminal linear bilateral network can be replaced by a voltage source in series with impedance.
N/W
A
B

+
A
B
V
th
Z
th
11
NETWORK THEORY
Calculation of Thevenins equivalent for independent source:
For Calculation of R
th
: All independent current sources are open circuited and all independent voltage
sources are short circuited.
For Calculation of V
th
: Voltage across open circuit terminal.
Calculation of Thevenins equivalent for dependent source:
For calculation of V
th
: Voltage is calculated across open circuited terminal by assuming current zero in that
terminal.
For calculation of R
th
: First Ise is calculated by assuming short-circuited terminal and then R
th
is calculated
by /
Th Th Sc
R V I =
Q. For the given circuit calculate the power loss in the 1 ohm resistor by use of thevenins theorem.

+
1O 5O
10O
10V
X
Y
2A
Soln. For calculation of V
th
branch XY terminal is assumed as open circuited and let voltage is V
th
-

+
10O
10V
X
Y
2A
I
1
I
2
5O
+

V
y
V
x
2 =I
1
+I
2
, 2 =
10
10 5
x x
V V
+ , 2 =
1 1
1
10 5
x
V

+
`
)
,
3
3
10
x
V

=
`
)
10
x
V Volts = , 5 2 10
x y
V V = = 10
Th
V Volt =
For Calculation of R
Th
: (If dependent source is present) 2A current source is open circuited and 10V
source is short circuited and let resistance is R
Th
:
R
Th 5O 10O

10 5
10 5
Th
R

=
+
,
10
3.3
3
Th
R = = O
,
10
2.31A
3.33 I
Th
Th
Th L
V
I
R R
= = =
+ +
Q. Find the current through the
5O
resistor in the circuit by use of Thevenins theorem.
2A
1O 5O
5V
2O

+
12
NETWORK THEORY
Soln. For calculation of V
Th
=5 ohm resistor is open circuited and so current in 5 ohm will be zero.
5
Th ab
V V V = =
2A
1O
5V
2O

+
a
b
For Calculating R
Th
: 2A current source is open circuited and 5V source is short circuited.
1O
2O
a
b
R
Th
=
0 3
0
3 0

=
+
,
5
1
5 10
Th
L
Th L
V
I A
R R
= = =
+ +
Nortons Theorem: Any two terminal linear bilateral network containing active and passive element can be
replaced by an equivalent current source in parallel to an equivalent impedance current source.
N/W
A
B
A
B
I
N
Z
N

N Th
Z Z =
Note:

+
V
Th
R
Th
(a) Thevenin's equivalent circuit
R
N
(b) Norton's equivalent circuit
I
N
-
Both of the above circuits are convertible to each other with the relations given as below:
,
Th N Th N N N Th
R R V I R I R = = =
Q. Find the Nortons equivalent circuit across a-b for the network shown in figure:
5A
5O
2V
2O
a
b
Soln.
5A
5O
2V
I
sc
13
NETWORK THEORY
2 +5(5 +I
sc
) =0, I
sc
=
2
5
5
=0.4 5 4.6
sc
I A =
2 5 10
1.43
2 5 7
Th Th
R R

= = O =
+
Q. Find Nortons equivalent to the right of a-b terminal (across 3V source)

+
5O
10O
a
3V
b
i =1A
0
Soln. The equivalent circuit after shorting ab terminal.

+
5O
10O
I
sc
V
i
1
i =1A
0
(a)
5O
10O
(b)
[To calculate R ]
Th
i
0
=i
1
+I
sc
, I =i
1
+
10
V
I =
5 10
V V
+
, I =
3
10
V
, V =
10
3
and I
sc
=
1
3
=0.33A 10 5 15
Th
R = + = O
Reciprocity Theorem:
-
A linear network is said to be reciprocal or bilateral if it remains invariant due to the interchange of
position of cause and effect in the network.
-
For verification of the reciprocity theoremfollowing conditions must be satisfied.

Circuit should consist of linear, time-invariant bilateral element.

Circuit should consist of only a single independent sources.

When circuit consist dependent source, reciprocity theorem can not be verified.
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem: Maximum power transferred from source to load is only possible
when
(i) Source impedance =Load impedance
(ii) Thevenin impedance =Load impedance
For DC Circuits:
DC
Source
Network
X
Y
R
L
I

+
V
Th
I
R
L
X
Y
R
Th
(Load connected to the do source network) (Equivalent source network and load)
14
NETWORK THEORY
Th
Th L
V
I
R R
=
+
while the power delivered to the resistance load is
2
2 0
L L L
Th L
V
P I R R
R R
| |
= =
|
+
\ .
.... (i)
Differentiating equation (i) with respect to R
L
and equating to zero. We get
L Th
R R =
Hence, it has been provided that power transfer from a dc source network to a resistance network
is maximum when the internal resistance of the dc source network is equal to the load resistance.
Again value of that maximum power is,
2 2
max 2
( ) 4
Th Th Th
Th Th Th
V R V
P
R R R
= =
+
or
2
max
4
Th
L
V
P
R
=

2
[ ]
Th
R R =
The total power supplied is thus:
2
2
4
Th
Th
V
P
R
=

2
2
Th
Th
V
P
R
=
During maximumpower transfer the efficiency q becomes,
max
100%
P
P
q =

2
2
4
100%
2
Th
Th
Th
Th
V
R
V
R
q = 50% q =
So that efficiency in this case is 50% i.e. half of the total power is transferred to the load R
L
.
[Maximum Power Transfer Theoremfor ac circuits]
-
Consider the Thevenins equivalent circuit for an ac network as shown below:
~
Z
Th
Z
L
V
Th
Here, ,
Th Th Th L L L
Z R JX Z R JX = + = +

-
Now let us consider different cases for maximum power transfer.
Case-1: Both R
L
and X
L
are variable
-
When both R
L
and X
L
are variable then maximumpower fromsource to load will be transferred if
load impedances is complex conjugate of internal impedance of the network.
i.e.
*
L Th
Z Z =
-
In this case maximum power (active) will be calculated as
2
max
4
Th
L
V
P
R
=
15
NETWORK THEORY
-
Also during maximumpower transfer efficiency will be 50%.
Case-2: R
L
is variable but X
L
is constant.
-
In this case maximum power will be transferred when, | |
L Th L
R Z JX = +

or
2 2
( )
L Th Th L
R R X X = + +
-
Efficiency can be calculated as
100 %
L
Th L
R
R R
| |
q =
|
+
\ .
-
Efficiency comes out to be greater than 50% 50% q >
Case-3: Load impedance is purely resistive.
-
In this case maximum power will be transferred when, | |
L Th
R Z =
-
Efficiency comes out to be greater than 50%.
Case-4: R
L
and X
L
are variable but the impedance angle is constant i.e.
L L L
Z R JX = +

and
1
tan Constant
L
X
Q
R

| |
= =
|
\ .
In this case maximum power will be transferred when,
L Th
Z Z =
Q. Calculate value of R in circuit such that maximum power transfer takes place and also calculate
amount of this power.

+
+
6V
4V
1O 5O
2O 1O
R
Soln. Above circuit can be solved by Thevenins theorem:
V
Th
R
R
Th
To find R
Th

1O 5O
2O 1O R
Th
| | (2||1) 5 ||1
Th
R = + 0.85
Th
R =
To find V
Th
open load R
1O 5O
2O 1O V
Th

+
4V
6.4
Th
V V =
16
NETWORK THEORY
Maximum Power =
2 2
(6.4)
12W
4 4 0.85
Th
Th
V
R
= =

Q. Assuming maximum power transfer from source to load R calculate the value of R and maximum
value of power transferred.
+
1O
50V
1O 5O
10O R
3O
Y
X
Soln. V
Th
across XY =
100
3
V, R
Th
across XY =
25
3
O
P
max
=
2 2
(100/ 3) 100
25
4 3
4
3
Th
Th
V
R
= =

Watt
17
NETWORK THEORY
Assignment - Network Theory
1. A segment of a circuit is shown in figure V
R
=5V, V
C
=4 sin 2t. The voltage V
L
is given by
Q
2A
P
5O
1A
+

1F
+

V
c
R
V
L
2H
+

S
V
R
(a) 3 8 cos 2t (b) 32 sin 2t (c) 16 sin 2t (d) 16 cos 2t
2. In the circuit of figure, the magnitudes of V
L
and V
C
are twice that of V
R
. Given that f =50 Hz, the
inductance of coil is
V
C
C
V
R
5O
~ 5<0
V
L
L
(a) 2.14 mH (b) 5.30 H (c) 31.8 mH (d) 1.32 H
3. In the figure value of R is
RO
14O 1O
2O
5A
10A

+
100V

+
40V
(a) 10O (b) 18O (c) 24O (d) 12O
4. In figure, the potential difference between points P and Q is
2O
~
2A
4O R
10V
8O 6O
P Q
(a) 12V (b) 10V (c) 6V (d) 8V
5. In figure, the value of resistance R in
O
is

+
10O
10O
2A
R
100V
(a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 30 (d) 40
18
NETWORK THEORY
6. The RMS value of the voltage u(t) =3 +4 cos (3t)
(a)
17V
(b) 5V (c) 7V (d)
(3 2 2)V +
7. Assuming ideal element in the circuit shown below, the voltage V
ab
will be

+
5V 1A V
ab
2O
i
a
b
(a) 3V (b) 0V (c) 3V (d) 5V
8. The current through the 2kO resistance in the circuit shown is
D
C
A B
1kO 1kO
1kO 1kO
2kO
6V
(a) 0mA (b) 1mA (c) 2ma (d) 6mA
9. The time constant for the given circuit will be
1F 1F
3A
3O
3O
1F
(a) 1/gs (b) 1/4s (c) 4s (d) gs
10. In the circuit given below, the value of R required for the transfer of maximum power to the load
having a resistance of
3O
is
R
6O
3O
Load
+

10V
(a) 0 (b)
3O
(c)
6O
(d)

11. The r.m.s. value of the current i(t) in the circuit shown below is
7O
~
i(t)
(1 sin t) v
1H
1O
1F
(a)
1
2
A (b)
1
2
A (c) 1A (d)
2
A
19
NETWORK THEORY
12. In the given figure, the Thevenins equivalent pair (voltage, impedance), as seen at the terminals P
Q, is given by
4V 20O
10O
10O
Unknown
Network
(a) (2V,5 ) O (b) (3V,5 ) O (c) (4V,5 ) O (d) (2V,7.5 ) O
13. In the circuit shown, the power supplied by the voltage source is
1A

+
10V
1O
2A
1O
1O
1O
1O
(a) 0W (b) 5W (c) 10W (d) 100W
14. The voltage e
0
in the figure is:
8A 10O
6O
12O
e
0
+

2O
16V
(a) 48V (b) 24V (c) 36V (d) 28V
15. In the circuit of figure, the value of the voltage source E is
+
1V
0V V
2
10V V
1
4V
+
+

2V
+

E
(a) 16V (b) 4V (c) 6V (d) 16V
16. The voltage V in figure is equal to:

+
+
4V
5V
V
+

3
2O
4V
(a) 3V (b) 3V (c) 5V (d) None of these
17. The voltage in figure is
2A

+
10V V
3O
+

(a) 10V (b) 15V (c) 5V (d) None of these

20
NETWORK THEORY
18. What is the value of R required for maximum power transfer in network shown above?
25V
5O
20O
3A
4O
R
(a)
2O
(b)
4O
(c)
8O
(d)
16O
19. The voltage across the terminal a and b in figure is:
3A 1V
2O
2O
1O
a
b
(a) 0.5V (b) 3.0V (c) 3.5V (d) 4.0V
20. The nodal method of circuit analysis is based on
(a) KVL and ohms law (b) KCL and Ohms law
(c) KCL and KVL (d) KCL, KVL and Ohms law
21. The current i
4
in the current of figure is equal to:
5A
3A
7A
i =4A
3
i
4
(a) 12A (b) 12A (c) 4A (d) None of these
22. Thevenin equivalent voltage V
AB
and resistance R
Th
across the terminals AB in the above circuit are
A B
10V
2O
3O
3O
2O
(a) 6V,5O (b) 4V,5O (c) 2V,2.4O (d) 2V,2.5O
23. The differential equation for the current i(t) in the circuit of the figure is
sin t
+

2O
2H
1F
i(+)
(a)
2
2
2 2 ( ) sin
d i di
i t t
dt dt
+ + = (b)
2
2
2 2( ) cos
d i di
i t t
dt dt
+ + =
(c)
2
2
2 2 ( ) cos
d i di
i t t
dt dt
+ + = (d)
2
2
2 2( ) sin
d i di
i t t
dt dt
+ + =
21
NETWORK THEORY
24. The RC circuit shown in the figure is
R C
C R
+

V
i
V
0
+

(a) a low-pass filter (b) a high-pass filter

(c) a band-pass filter (d) a band-regeat filter
25. In the circuit shown below, the value of R
L
such that the power transferred to R
L
is maximum.

+
5V 2V 1A
10O 10O
10O
R
L
(a)
5O
(b)
10O
(c)
15O
(d)
20O
26. Find the value of C to deliver the maximum power to load.

+
2 sin 2t 2
2O
1H
C
4OLoad
(a) 0.125F (b) 0.5F (c) 2F (d) 4
27. Find Z
L
such that maximum power is transferred to it.
~
Z
L
J2O
+

V
s
2O
J2O J2O
(a) (2 2) J + O

(b) (2 2) J O

(c) ( 2 ) J O (d) 2O
28. The voltage across a capacitor is triangular in waveform. The waveform of current is
(a) triangular (b) trapezoidal (c) Sinusoidal (d) Rectangular
29. The value of R
in
of the network
R
in
1O 1O
1O
1O
1O
1O
1O
(a) 1.62O (b) 2O (c)
1
3
O (d)
1
2
O
30. The maximum power that can be distributed in the load in the circuit shown is
9V
R
L
1O 3O
6O
10O
(a) 0.396 W (b) 6W (c) 6.75W (d) 13.5W
22
NETWORK THEORY
31. Find V
x
fromthe given circuit.
50O
5O
V
x
10O
+

10A
(a) 42.2 V (b) 83.3 V (c) 97.3V (d) 103V
32. If V
c
(f) =4 cos (10
5
t)V in the circuit, find Vs.

+
2mH
80nF
+

V
c
V
s
(a) 6.4 cos 10
5
t V (b) 2.4 cos 10
5
t V
(c) 6.4 cos 10
5
t V (d) 2.4 cos 10
5
t V
33. Determine the current through the branch AB of network shown below.

+
10V
J5
J10
J5O
A
5O
B
5<A
(a) 3.5 +J

1.5 (b) 3.5 J

1.5 (c) 1.5 +J

3.5 (d) 1.5 J

3.5
34. Thevenin equivalent circuit is given by
2O
V /4000
x
+

3O
V
x

+
4V
(a) 4V and 10KO (b) 4V and 6KO (c) 8V and 10KO (d) 8V and 6KO
35. What is the ratio of currents in the circuit due to 3A and 2A source? Current is taken through R.
100O 100O
100O =R 2A 3A
(a)
3
2
(b)
2
3
(c)
9
4
(d)
4
9
23
NETWORK THEORY
ANSWER KEY
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (b)
6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (a)
16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (b)
21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (c)
26. (a) 27. (d) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (a)
31. (b) 32. (d) 33. (a) 34. (c) 35. (a)