I.

INTRODUCTION
A remote control is a component of an electronics device, most commonly a television set, used for operating the device wirelessly from a short line-of-sight distance. The remote control can be contracted to remote or controller. It is known by many other names as well, such as converter clicker, didge, flipper ,the tuner or the changer. Commonly, remote controls are Consumer IR devices used to issue commands from a distance to televisions or other consumer electronics such as stereo systems, DVD players and dimmers. Remote controls for these devices are usually small wireless handheld objects with an array of buttons for adjusting various settings such as television channel, track number, and volume. In fact, for the majority of modern devices with this kind of control, the remote contains all the function controls while the controlled device itself only has a handful of essential primary controls. Most of these remotes communicate to their respective devices via infrared (IR) signals and a few via radio signals. Television IR signals can be mimicked by a universal remote, which is able to emulate the functionality of most major brand television remote controls. They are usually powered by small AAA or AA size batteries. Most remote controls for electronic appliances use a near infrared diode to emit a beam of light that reaches the device. A 940 nm wavelength LED is typical. This infrared light is invisible to the human eye, but picked up by sensors on the receiving device. Video cameras see the diode as if it produces visible purple light. With a single channel (single-function, onebutton) remote control the presence of a carrier signal can be used to trigger a function. Nowadays digital procedures are more commonly used. This project is comprised of two units: the receiver and the transmitter.

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The transmitter section consists of a power supply, an oscillator and a 555 timer wired as an astable multivibrator with a center frequency of about 38 kHz. The transmitter is powered by a 9V battery. The receiver consists of an IC regulator, IR receiver module, a timer 555 and decade counter CD4017, the timer 555 being wired as a monostable multivibrator.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Remote Control The proponents employed the use of remote controls i.e., TV remote control, DVD remote control. These remote controls operate at 38 kHz.

Solid State
Solid-state electronics are those circuits or devices built entirely from solid materials and in which the electrons, or other charge carriers, are confined entirely within the solid material. The term is often used to contrast with the earlier technologies of vacuum and gas-discharge tube devices and it is also conventional to exclude electro-mechanical devices (relays, switches, hard drives and other devices with moving parts) from the term solid state. While solid-state can include crystalline, polycrystalline and amorphous solids and refer to electrical conductors, insulators and semiconductors, the building material is most often a crystalline semiconductor. Common solid-state devices include transistors, microprocessor chips, and RAM. More recently, the integrated circuit (IC), the light-emitting diode (LED), and the liquid-crystal display (LCD) have evolved as further examples of solid-state devices.

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In a solid-state component, the current is confined to solid elements and compounds engineered specifically to switch and amplify it. Current flow can be understood in two forms: as negatively charged electrons, and as positively charged electron deficiencies called holes.

DEFINITON OF TERMS AND COMPONENT STUDY

Astable Multivibrator in which the circuit is not sable in either state it continually switches from one state to the other. It functions as a relaxation oscillator. BC547 is a general purpose epitaxial silicon NPN bipolar junction transistor BC558 General purpose switching and amplification Capacitors- used as coupling or to bypass the DC voltages leaking in the circuit which is intolerable by the speaker, also used as a filter in the rectifying process. CD4017 - can be considered as one of the most useful and versatile chip having numerous electronic circuit applications. Technically it is called the Johnsons 10 stage decade counter divider. CD4017 is a 5 stage divide by 10 johnson counter with 10 decoded outputs and a carry out bit. This counter is cleared to these zero count, by a logical 1 on their reset line. These counters are advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical 0 state. The configuration of the CD4017BC permits medium speed operation and assures a hazard free counting sequence. The 10/8 decoded outputs are normally in the logical 0 state and go to the logical 1 state only at their respective time slot. Each decoded output remains high for 1 full clock cycle. The carryout signal completes a full cycle for every 10/8 clock input cycles and is used as a ripple carry signal to any succeeding stages.
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Features : * Wide supply voltage range 3.0 V to 15 V * High noise immunity * Low power *TTL Compatibility * Medium speed operation * Low power *Fully static operation Applications * Automotive * Instrumentation * Medical electronics * Alarm systems * Industrial electronics. * Remote metering 0.45 VDD (typ.) Fan out of 2 driving 74L. or 1 driving 74LS 5.0 MHZ (typ.) with 10 V VDD 10 u W (typ.)

Diodes- used to rectify the AC voltage from the step down rectifier. Multivibrator is an electronic circuit used to implement a variety of simple two-state systems such as oscillators, timers and flip-flops. It is characterized by two amplifying

devices (transistors, electron tubes or other devices) cross-coupled by resistors or capacitors. The name "multivibrator" was initially applied to the free-running oscillator version of the circuit because its output waveform was rich inharmonics. There are three types of multivibrator circuits depending on the circuit operation:

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Monostable multivibrator in which one of the states is stable, but the other state is unstable (transient). A trigger pulse causes the circuit to enter the unstable state. After entering the unstable state, the circuit will return to the stable state after a set time. Such a circuit is useful for creating a timing period of fixed duration in response to some external event. This circuit is also known as a one shot. Remote Control - used to issue commands from a distance to televisions or other consumer electronics such as stereo systems, DVD players and dimmers. Remote controls for these devices are usually small wireless handheld objects with an array of buttons for adjusting various settings such as television channel, track number, and volume. Resistor- is a component of a circuit that resists the flow of electrical current. It has two terminals across which electricity must pass, and it is designed to drop the voltage of the current as it flows from one terminal to the other. Resistors are primarily used to create and maintain known safe currents within electrical components. Solid State - Solid-state electronics are those circuits or devices built entirely from solid materials and in which the electrons, or other charge carriers, are confined entirely within the solid material. TSOP1738 - are miniature IR sensor modules with PIN photodiode and a preamplifier stage enclosed in a epoxy case. Its output is active low and gives +5 V when off. The demodulated output can be directly decoded by a microprocessor Zener Diode - differ from regular diodes in that they have a varying "reverse-breakdown" voltage. Used in safety circuits where you want to make sure a voltage signal doesn't exceed a limit that might damage the circuit. - used as protections for the threat of short circuiting and overloading.
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TRIAC - are part of the thyristor family and are closely related to silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCR). However, unlike SCRs, which are unidirectional devices (that is, they can conduct current only in one direction), TRIACs are bidirectional and so current can flow in either direction. The bidirectionality makes TRIACs very convenient switches for alternating current circuits, also allowing them to control very large power flows with milliampere-scale gate currents

RELATED FORMULA a. Astable multivibrator

In the transmitter circuit, we made use of an astable multivibrator. In this mode, the 555 IC acts as a free running oscillator. It undergoes a charging and discharging cycle towards Vth+ and Vth-,

respectively. It would continue for as long as power is supplied to it. The circuit output therefore, is a periodic square wave having a duty cycle determined by the two timing resistors and the capacitor. T1 is the duration where the output pulse is near V+ level. Mathematically, this is computed as: T1= 0.693(Ra+Rb)C T2 is the duration where the output pulse is near ground voltage level, mathematically computed as: T2= 0.693 Rb C T is the total period and is simply the sum of T1 and T2. T= 0.693(Ra+2Rb)C
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F is the frequency of the output expressed as: F=1/T F=1.44/(Ra+2Rb)C

b. Monostable Multivibrator
In the receiver circuit, the proponents employed a monostable multivibrator. In this mode, the 555 IC functions as a one-shot circuit. One shot indicates that the circuit has one stable state and one unstable state. It will remain in the stable state unless a trigger pulse at the input pin 2. If a trigger pulse is

applied, the flip-flop inside the 555 timer IC would be reset and consequently removing the short circuit-like situation across capacitor C, and allow it to charge through R. The internal resistors determine the threshold voltage for the comparator. Capacitor C1 (connected to pins 6 and 7) charges exponentially until it reaches the Vth. At this point, the comparator output would go to a high voltage level and set the flip flop. Therefore, it causes the capacitor to be shorted to ground through the internal transistor once more. The end result is an output pulse having a voltage level near the V+ level and a pulse width T related to resistor R1 and Capacitor C1: Pulse width : T= 1.0986RC

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II. DESIGN PROPER

A. Framework This circuit is low cost and can be constructed easily. By using this circuit, we can control any house hold appliance with the help of remote. In this project, there are two parts one is in transmitting section and the other is in receiving section. Receiving section will be in a stable position which is connected to any load and transmitter will act as a normal remote.

Transmitter Section:

POWER SUPPLY

555 TIMER IC

INFRARED LEDs

Receiver Section:

POWER SUPPLY

IR RECEIVER MODULE

MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

DECADE COUNTER

TRIAC

LOAD

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B. Circuit Operation
The transmitter circuit is built around a timer IC (555) wired as an astable multivibrator. It works off a 9V battery. When remote control switch S1 is pressed, the astable multivibrator built around IC1 starts oscillating at a frequency of about 38 kHz. The signal frequency at output pin 3 of IC1 is transmitted through two infrared diodes. A green LED connected to pin 3 glows whenever S1 is pressed, indicating the presence of a signal for transmission at the output of the multivibrator. The output frequency F at pin 3 of IC1 depends on the timing components, resistor R1 and R2 and capacitor C2. It is given by the following relationship. F=1.443/(R1+2R2)C2 This frequency is fed to npn transistors T1 and T2 (each BC547) through resistor R4 (470-ohm) to drive the IR LEDs. Resistor R5 limits the current flowing through the IR LEDs. The receiver circuit (shown in Fig. 2) consists of regulator IC 7806 (IC4), IR receiver module (TSOP1738), timer 555 (IC2) and decade counter CD4017 (IC3). Timer 555 (IC2) is wired as a monostable multivibrator. The 9V DC power supply for the receiver circuit is regulated by regulator IC 7806 of power in the circuit is indicated by glowing of the red LED (LED2). The IR receiver module which gets 5.1 power supply through zener diode ZD1, receives the transmitted signal of about 38KHz. The signal is amplified by transistor BC558 (T3) and given to triggering pin 2 of IC2 through coupling capacitor C6. Initially, when no signal is received from the transmitter, the output of the IR module is high (approx. 5V)
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When the transmitter is pointed at the receiver and switch S1 is momentarily pressed, the transmitter IR sensed by the receiver module and its output pulses to trigger the monostable (IC2). The output of IC2, goes high for about five seconds. Thus, even if you press the remote switch more than one time by mistake, there wont be any change in the output of the receiver within this period and hence no undesired switching of the appliance. The signal is indicated by glowing of the green LED (LED3).the glowing of LED4 indicates that the appliance is in off condition. When the clock pulse is received at the pin14 of IC3, pin 3 goes low to turn off LED4, while pin 2 becomes high. The high output at pin 2 triggers the gate of triac BT136 , which in turn, controls the appliance.

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C. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS

FIGURE 1: Transmitter Circuit

FIGURE 2: Receiver Circuit

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D. LIST OF COMPONENTS
SEMICONDUCTORS IC1, IC2 - LM555 IC3 CD4017 IC4 7806 T1, T2 BC547 T3 BC558 IRX TSOP1738 TRIAC BT136 IR LED1, IR LED2 Infrared Diodes LED1, LED2, LED3 LED (Red, Green, Yellow) ZD1 Zener Diode / 5.1 V RESISTORS R1 8.2K R2- 15K R3, R8, R11, R12, R13, R15 1K R4, R14 470 R5 - 10 Ohms R6 680 Ohms R7 5K R9 10K R10 220K

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CAPACITOR
C1 - 100F/ 25 V C2 0.001 F C3, C8 0.01 F C4, C9 - 100 F/ 16 V C5, C6 - 10 F/ 16 V C7 - 22 F/16 V

MISCELLANEOUS
AC Sockets Ac plug with cord PCB, stranded wires 9-Volt Battery Switch Normally Open HC812 plastic enclosure

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E. PCB LAYOUT

Figure 3. Transmitter

Figure 4. Receiver
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F. COST ANALYSIS
ITEM LM555 CD4017 7806/Voltage Regulator BC547 BC558 TSOP1738/ 38KHz TRIAC/ BT136 Infrared Diodes LED Zener Diode Resistor/ 1/4 watt 100uf/ 25 V 0.001 F 0.01 F 10 F/ 16 V 100 F/ 16 V 22 F/16 V 9-Volt Battery Switch Stranded wires PCB Battery Snap Ferric Chloride HIREL pins/ 8 pins HIREL pins/ 16pins QUANTITY UNIT PRICE SUBTOTAL 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 4 1 10 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 10 25 20 5 5 65 10 4 2 5 0.5 2.5 2 2 2 2 2 18 10 10 30 5 22 12 18 TOTAL 20 25 20 10 5 65 0 8 8 5 5 2.5 2 4 4 4 2 36 20 10 30 10 22 12 18 347.5

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III. Conclusion and Recommendations Through its completion, the main objective of this project which is to address the need of remote switching for the elderly or handicapped persons is achieved. Also, this project is a practical solution for increasing energy bills for it makes switching off appliances or loads easier and faster. Though this includes a transmitter circuit, one can omit constructing it and make use of a TV remote control to operate it. The proponents suggest to interested hobbyists to adjust the timing components or the resistors around the monostable multivibrator at the receiver section for faster switching. In this project, switching takes place after 5.317 seconds (T=0.0986*RC=0.0986*220K*22uF).

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