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ABSTRACT Aims of this experiment is to observe the characteristic of the flow of fluid in pipe, which may be laminar, transition

or turbulent pipe flow by measuring the Reynolds number and the behavior of the flow. In order to determine that the flow is laminar, transitional, or turbulent, the value of Reynolds number (Re has to be determined. !aminar and turbulent flow are most common in flow regimes or in li"uid flow measurement operations but there is also transitional flow. If Re is high (#$%%% , inertial forces dominate viscous forces and the flow is turbulent& if Re number is low ' ()%% , viscous forces dominate and the flow is laminar. *ther than that, the dye in+ections that were supposed to be use in the experiment can clearly show the behavior of the flow, but it cannot be used as the apparatus are running out of dye. ,he experiment involves running the *sborne Reynolds e"uipment with different volume flow rates of water. In this experiment we fix the volume, which is $-.%/) m). ,ime is ta0en when the volume reached the fix volume. At the same time the characteristics of the flow are observed whether it is laminar, transition and turbulent flow. 1rom the data collected, calculation is made to estimate the range for laminar, transition and turbulent flow. In proving that the Reynolds number is dimensionless, the calculation is made by using the units only and using the appropriate formula. It is proved that the Reynolds number is dimensionless.

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.. ,he 1./.% 5ydraulics bench allow to measure flow by timed volume collection. (1igure A

Figure A: F1-10 Hydraulic Bench [1]

(.

,he 1./(% Reynolds Apparatus (1igure 6

1igure 67 ,he 1./(% Reynolds Apparatus 8(9 ). A stopwatch to allow us to determine the flow rate of water.

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.. ,he Reynolds apparatus has been position on the fixed, vibration/free surface (not the hydraulic bench and the base had been ensure hori=ontal. ,his apparatus has been set up by the technician before experiment start. (. ,he pump started. 4ystem is allowed to fill with water by slightly open the apparatus flow control valve, then the bench valve opened. ). ,he bench control valve was ad+usted to produce a low overflow rate to avoid the water level reaches the overflow tube. $. ,he initial height of water level in head tan0 is set to be .>.> cm. ,his height is +ust for reference level for the next procedure. >. ,he flow increased by opening the apparatus flow control valve. 1low of the water let to stabili=e then level of water level in head tan0 recorded. ?. ,he collection of $ liters of water in the volumetric tan0 is timed and recorded by closing the ball valve which acts as a stopper to prevent the tan0 outflow. @. ,he ball valve is re/opened after ta0ing the measurements. A. ,he experiment is repeated for another ) varies height of water level.

CALCULATIO S Flow Rate Qt,

Bt C D t

Dolume :ollected ,ime for :ollection

. m) C .%%% ! $ ! C %.%%$ m)

Bt C %.%%$m) ??s C ?.%?%? - .%/> m)Es

Velocity,

C 1low Rate Area of 2ipe

Area of 2ipe C @.A>$ - .%/> m(

C ?.%?%? - .%/> m)Es @.A>$ - .%/> m(

C %.@@.@ mEs

Reynolds number,

Reynolds Fumber, Re C velocity - diameter Discosity

At (> G: the 0inematic viscosity of water is C %.AH) x .%/? m(Es

<iameter C %.%. m

Re C %.@@.@ mEs s x %.%.m %.AH) x .%/? m(Es

C A?$..?>@)

All data are repeatedly calculated for every time ta0en,

!aminar 1low7 Re '(%%% ,ransition 1low7 (%%%'Re'$%%% ,urbulent 1low7 Re#$%%%

R!SULTS

Table 1: Table of volume of water, time taken to collect the water, volume flow rate, velocity and Reynolds Number Dolume Dolume ,ime (s (! (m) 5igh (cm Dolume flow rate, B,CDEt (m)Es Delocity, vCB,EA (mEs ReynoldIs number, ReC v<EJ $ $ $ $ %.%%$ %.%%$ %.%%$ %.%%$ ?? )> (> .A .? .?.$ .?.@ .A.) ?.%?%? x .%/> ...$(H x .%/$ ..? x .%/$ (.(((( x .%/$ %.@@.@ ..$>>( (.%)@( (.A(H$ A?$..?>@) .?(H>.?)(@ ((A.(.HAHH ).?A$.(.%>

!ra"h 1: !ra"h of velocity a#ainst Reynolds Number

Reynol ds Numbe

Velocity (m3/s)

"ISCUSSIO

,here are three types of flow in fluid mechanics& laminar flow, transitional flow and turbulent flow. 6asically, this experiment was done to study about the characteristics of the three basic types of the flow especially the relation between velocity and Reynolds Fumber, Re. 1or Reynolds Fumber value ' ()%%, the flow is considers as laminar while for Reynolds Fumber # $%%%, the flow is categori=e as turbulent flow. In between ()%% and $%%%, the flow considers as transitional flow which is a combination of transitional and turbulent.8.9 Roughly, the procedure of this experiment is about controlling the outlet control valve in order to manipulate the flow rate to observe the fluctuation of Reynolds Fumber value. 1or this *sbourne/Reynolds <emonstration ;xperiment, the readings were ta0en for four times in order to ensure the accuracy of the result obtained. 5owever, along the experiment, the same volume of water was used& $!, which was then converted into m), given us the value of %.%%$m). 1or the first one, the time ta0en was ??s and the high measured was .?cm.Fext, the volume of water was divided with time to obtain the flow rate of the water. ,he value calculated was ?.%?%? x .%/> m)Es. ,hen, to determine the velocity of the fluid flows, the flow rate, ?.%?%? x .%/> m)Es was divided by the cross sectional area of the pipe, @.A>$ x .%/> m( which is e"ual to %.@@.@ mEs. Fote that the cross sectional area value , A, was constant during this experiment. ,o calculate Reynolds Fumber, Re, the velocity obtained before was multiply by diameter of the test pipe, %.%%.m (also constant and divided by 0inematic viscosity, J (%.AH) x .%/? m(Es of water at temperature (>: which was e"ual to %.@@.@ mEs. Fote that the same value of 0inematic viscosity, J was applied in all calculation since the assumption of temperature of water was constant during the experiment was valid. ,he Reynolds Fumber obtained at the end which is A?$..?>@) showed that the flow was turbulent. 1or the second one, the time recorded was )>s and the high measured was .?.$cm. ,he flow rate calculated which is ...$(H x .%/$ m)Es then was divided by cross sectional area of the pipe, gave the value of velocity which e"ual to ..$>>( mEs. ,he Reynolds Fumber calculated

for second reading was .?(H>.?)(@& showed that the flow is turbulent. ,he next one, the time recorded was (>s and high measured was .?.@cm. ,he flow rate, velocity and Reynolds Fumber for this time was ..? x .%/$m)Es, (.%)@( mEs and ((A.(.HAHH respectively. 4till the result considered as turbulent. ,he last reading gave .A s and .A.) cm high of the water with flow rate (.(((( x .%/$m)Es. ,hen, the velocity calculated by referred to time was (.A(H$ mEs and the Reynolds Fumber obtained was ).?A$.(.%>. 1rom Reynolds Fumber determined, the flow again was classified as turbulent flow. Fote that high of the water was only a reference in order to manipulate the flow rate. It was not applied in the calculation at all. Interpreted from ,able ., when the high is increased, the flow rate increased too. *n the other hand, the time ta0en to collect the water decreased as increasing the velocity of the flow. It can be seen clearly by comparing the data for .st and (nd reading. ,he first high was small compared to the second one. 5ence the volume flow rate for the first reading was trifled than the second one. 5owever the velocity was higher and this contributed to the decreased of time ta0en. Although all the flow obtained was turbulent, still the pattern of the result can be observed. It can be clearly seen from the data recorded that the third and forth readings pattern were as same as the previous readings ( .st and (nd reading . ,ranslated the data from Kraph ., it can be concluded that the velocity was directly proportional to the Reynolds Fumber. In other words, when the velocity is increase, the value of Reynolds Fumber will increase too. ,his explained why the graph obtained was a linear graph. ,he one and only observation got from this experiment is about Reynolds Fumber since the dye in+ection was not provided during the experiment. 4upposedly the in+ection of the dye will show the velocity profile clearly throughout the flow. 5owever in this case, the velocity profile still exist but it cannot be observed by na0ed eyes since the water is colorless and the higher velocity of the water itself does not permit detail observation on velocity profile. <ue to the result, all the flow were turbulent because it was hard to control the valve in order to lower the level of the water inlet. 6asically, to get laminar and transitional flow, only small turning of the control valve are re"uired. 5owever some problem occurred during this step. ,hough the experimenter gave small turning only on the control valve, still the water enters the column too fast. ,his explained why the range of reference high chosen was corresponding to each other. ,he other reason caused by the viscosity of the water itself. Discosity is defined as a measure of the resistance of a fluid which is being deformed by either shear stress or tensional stress. In everyday terms ,

viscosity can be classified as Lthic0nessL ( valid for fluid only . 1or example& water is LthinL, having a lower viscosity, while oil is Lthic0L, having a higher viscosity. Kenerally water can be classified as fluid that is having low viscosity& means that the resistance in water is lower. ,hus, in water the flow was smooth compared to the one with high viscosity. ,his explained why the velocity in the water flow is higher, hence lead it into turbulent group.

CO CLUSIO

,he study and the experiment done on the *sborne Reynolds Apparatus prove the theory and show clearly the purpose of the Reynolds Fumber in laboratory procedures and conditions. ,he operation satisfied fully in terms of the results obtained. 1rom the experiment, the results shows that when the water flow rate are increased, so as the Reynolds number. It clearly verified the concepts of Reynolds number and the flow of water in the pipe. 5owever, the results from the calculation shows that all flows obtained are turbulent flow. ,he types or behavior of the flow can be determined directly by inspecting the pattern due to the dye in+ection on the water flow. ,his shows that in most of the industries, turbulent flow is mostly used compared to laminar flow. ,urbulent flow is essential in most of chemical processes. !aminar flow occurs when the Reynolds number calculated is below than ()%%. ,ransitional flow occurs when Reynolds number calculated is between ()%% and $%%% while turbulent flow occurs when Reynolds number calculated is above $%%%. !astly, the Reynolds number is also proven that it is dimensionless. Fo units left after the calculation.

R!CO##! "ATIO S

,here are many things on how to improve a system so it wor0s best under certain conditions. In this case, one of the improvements that can be done is by ensuring that the dye in+ection is functioning. It will helps on determining the types and behavior of the flow. ,hus, the results can be seen directly at the moment. *ther than that, the experimenter may consider on running the experiment at non/vibrating place and are free from any disturbance to ensure the accuracy of the experiment. ,his will help on determining the exact flow of the water. *ther disturbance such as vibrating condition may cause laminar flow to turn out to be turbulent flow.

Fext, the volume flow rate valve should be handled carefully. ,he valve should be twist slowly to avoid large difference in water volume flow rate. ,his is crucial on providing varieties of results. 6y handling the valve carefully, it may be possible to obtain laminar flow. Mhile the experiment is on the run, it is noticed that there are some lea0age problems on the apparatus. ,his may somehow affect the results obtained. 4o as to obtained better results with more accuracy, ma0e sure there is no lea0age of the pipe connection. In addition, the experimenter may prepare the apparatus five minutes earlier before the experiment started

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1igure .7 ,he schematic diagram for ,he 1./(% Reynolds Apparatus

Figure $: One %& 'he e()eri*en'er c%n'r%l 'he +ench c%n'r%l ,al,e and an%'her 'a-e 'he reading %& .a'er le,el heigh'/

Figure $: !()eri*en'er 'a-ing 'he ini'ial heigh' %& .a'er le,el/

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1. 5ydraulic 6ench. (<ecember (%%H . <iscover with armfield ;ngineering ,eaching N Research ;"uipment. Retrieved 1ebruary .A, (%.%, from http7EEwww.discoverarmfield.co.u0EdataEf.E 1./(% *sborne Reynolds <emostration. (<ecember (%%H . <iscover with armfield ;ngineering ,eaching N Research ;"uipment. Retrieved 1ebruary .A, (%.%, from http7EEwww.discoverarmfield.co.u0EdataEf.Ef.O(%.php

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