Grammar Lessons Lesson 1- Nouns Lesson 2- Verbs Lesson 3- Adjectives Lesson 4- Adverbs Lesson 5- Indirect Speech Lesson 6- Articles

Lesson 7- Pronouns Lesson 8- Prepositions Lesson 9- Conjunctions Lesson 10- Agreement Lesson 11- Punctuation Lesson 12- Modals Lesson 13- Conditionals Lesson 14- Modifiers Lesson 15- Determiners and Quantifiers Lesson 16- The Passive Lesson 17- Verbs + -ing (Gerunds, Participles and Adjectives) Lesson 18- Clauses Lesson 19- Phrasal Verbs Lesson 20- EITHER and NEITHER Grammar Exercises Exercise 1- Nouns Exercise 2- Verbs Exercise 3- Adjectives Exercise 4- Adverbs Exercise 5- Indirect Speech Exercise 6- Articles Exercise 7- Pronouns Exercise 8- Prepositions Exercise 9- Conjunctions Exercise 13- USED TO Exercise 16- Correct English Usage Exercise 18- DURING and WHILE Exercise 20- EITHER and NEITHER Useful Lists List 1 - Forming Nouns List 2 - Forming Adjectives List 3 - Forming Verbs List 4 - Forming Adverbs From Adjectives List 5 - Collective Nouns List 6 - Gender List 7 - Forms of the Verb List 8 - Objects and Sounds List 9 - Antonyms List 10 - Synonyms 1 List 11 - Homonyms List 12 - Parents and Young

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List 13 - Homes of People/Creatures List 14 - Places List 15 - Forming Abstract Nouns List 16 - The Plurals of Nouns List 17 - Comparison of Adjectives List 18 - Prepositions List 19 - Irregular Verbs List 20 - Foreign Phrases in English Proverbs and Expressions No: 001 - 100 No: 101 - 200 No: 201 - 300 No: 301 - 400 Phrasal Verb Usage A-C D-G H-O P-R S-T U-Y Phrases and Idioms 0001 - 0200 (A - C) 0201 - 0400 (C - H) 0401 - 0600 (H - M) 0601 - 0800 (M - R) 0801 - 1000 (R - W) Two-word Phrases Part 1: A - E Part 2: E - L Part 3: L - R Part 4: R - Y Lesson 20- EITHER and NEITHER

Introduction PARTS OF SPEECH Eight Parts of Speech - English Grammar Verbs Nouns Adjectives Adverbs Conjunctions Interjections Pronouns Prepositions Parts of Speech Game Eight Parts of Speech - English Grammar Nouns: A Noun is a name; as in pencil, London, Robert, beauty. Verbs: A verb is a word which tells us something about a person or thing. It is a telling word or a saying word. It tells us what a person or thing does. It also tells us what a person or thing is or suffers (i.e. has done to it). Adjectives: An Adjective is a word which adds to the meaning of a Noun, that is, it tells something more about the Noun; as in black cat. Adverbs: An Adverb is a word which adds something to the meaning of a Verb, an Adjective or another Adverb. Examples: He speaks loudly. She is very good. He talks too loudly. Indirect Speech: We use Indirect Speech to repeat what another person says. The Articles: We use the Indefinite Article (a or an) before a singular countable noun and the Definite Article (the) for something which is mentioned for the first time. Pronouns: A Pronoun is a word used for or instead of a Noun; it shows the person or thing without actually giving the name of the person or thing; as in he, she, it, and this.

Prepositions: A Preposition is a word which joins Nouns and Pronouns to other words. Examples: The book is on the table. Conjunctions: A conjunction is a word used to join words or groups of words together; as Examples: Two and two makes four. He is bad but you are good. Possession: Possession or ownership makes use of Possessive Nouns (e.g. adding the apostrophe or s), Possessive Adjectives (e.g. my) and Possessive Pronouns (e.g. mine) to show that something belongs to someone or something. QUICK REFERENCE Active voice: In an active sentence, the subject, either a person or thing does the action of the verb. (This is in contrast to a passive sentence, in which the subject receives the action.) For example, He drew the graffiti is an active sentence, and the verb drew is active.
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Adjective: An adjective is a word or words that are used to describe or modify a noun (e.g. a big house) or a pronoun (e.g. he is tall) Adjective clause: An adjective clause describes or tells us more about a noun (e.g. I have a friend who is a heavy drinker.) The adjective clause (in bold) acts as an adjective. It is a dependent clause that cannot stand alone; it must be connected to an independent clause to form a sentence. Adjective phrase: An adjective phrase is a group of words that modifies a noun (e.g. Tommy is the manager responsible for the activities of the performers.) The adjective phrase (in bold) does not contain a subject and a verb. Adverb: An adverb is a word that modifies a verb (e.g. She cried loudly), adjective (e.g. You are a physically strong man.), or another adverb (e.g. He played very badly in yesterdays final.) Adverbial clause: An adverbial clause is a dependent clause that must be attached to an independent or main clause to form a sentence. It acts as an adverb (e.g. After we had finished our discussion, we went for a meal.) and is an adverb clause of time (in bold.) Adverbial phrase: An adverbial phrase is a group of words that is used as an adverb. It tells us when, how, where, etc. something happens (e.g. I fell down the stairs about a month ago.) The adverbial phrase in bold consists of a preposition, article and a noun, and they function together as an adverbial phrase. Agreement: The number and person of the subject must agree with its verb. This means that a plural noun must have a plural verb (e.g. The dogs are fighting over a bone) and a singular noun requires a singular verb (e.g. A tiny spider is spinning a big web.) Or the pronoun must show the number, person, and gender of the noun it replaces. Antecedent: An antecedent can be a noun, phrase or clause that is represented by a following pronoun (e.g. I met Jill, and she took me to a restaurant for a special treat.) In this example, Jill is the antecedent of she. (Another example: Jack misplaced his car keys and he looked everywhere for them.) Here, Jack is the antecedent of he and keys is the antecedent of them. Antonym: Antonym is a word which means the opposite of another word. For example, good is the antonym of bad. The antonyms of many words are formed by using a prefix such as un-, dis-, in-, mis-, im-, etc. and also by changing -ful to-less as follow: kind unkind; like dislike; active inactive; spell misspell; mobile immobile; careful careless. Apostrophe: An apostrophe is a punctuation mark () used to indicate that you have omitted letters or numbers (e.g. cant, July, 99). It is also used to show who or what something belongs to (e.g. Charles wife, or monkeys tail.) Appositive: Where two or more nouns or noun phrases are used, and clarify or describe the same thing. The second of the two nouns renames or identifies with the first. (e.g. Her aunt, a public speaker, talks about her meeting with an alien from another world.) In this example, her aunt and a public speaker are in apposition.
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Article: We use an article (a, an, the) before a noun to show whether the noun refers to a particular or general thing. A and an are known as the indefinite article, and the is the definite article. We use a as an article for nouns beginning with a consonant (e.g. a building, a donkey, a car, etc.), and an article for nouns beginning with a vowel (e.g. an egg, an eagle, an uncle) or for nouns which begin with a vowel sound such as the h in hour (e.g. an hour, an honour, an heir). Auxiliary verb: An auxiliary verb is a verb (to be, to do or to have) that is used with a main verb to show tense, moods, voices (active and passive), or to form questions, and the negatives which is not given by the main verb of a sentence. The words in bold in the following sentences are auxiliary verbs: I would like to go with you. / Why did you do such a stupid thing? / She has finished dressing. Clause: A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a verb. A clause can be a complete sentence known as the main clause or a part of a sentence called a dependent or subordinate clause. The main clause can stand alone as a sentence, while a dependent clause has to be connected to the main or independent clause to form a sentence. For example: After we had eaten our dinner, we went for an hours drive. Dependent clause: After we had eaten our dinner; independent clause: we went for an hours drive) Collective noun. A collective noun (e.g. bunch, flock, herd,) is a singular noun that describes a group of people, animals or things. Here, the group is treated as a single unit and the items that formed the group are not thought of individually. Colon: A colon is a punctuation mark (:) used in writing to introduce a list of things, clauses, an example, etc. Comma: The punctuation mark ( , ) that is used in writing to separate the single items in a list, show a slight pause or for dividing parts or clauses in a sentence. Common noun: A common noun is any noun and does not refer to a particular person, place, or thing. For example, car and pen are common nouns. These nouns are not capitalized. Comparative: The form of an adjective or adverb expressing a greater amount, number, quality, size, etc., but not the highest possible in comparing two related nouns: persons, places, or things. For example, stronger and more careful are the comparative forms of strong and careful. Complement: A complement is one or more words that follows a verb and completes the predicate of a sentence. A complement describes or explains the subject (e.g. My uncle is a bullfighter.) or the object (e.g. He found her beautiful.) It is also known as a predicate complement. The noun bullfighter added to the verb is is known as predicate noun, and the adjective beautiful added to the verb found is called predicate adjective. Complex sentence. Sentence containing one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. Compound adjective: A compound adjective consists of two or more words together, and is used as an adjective (e.g. ill-fated mission).

Compound noun: A compound noun is usually formed from a noun + noun combination to make a new noun, and give more specific information about a person or thing (e.g. country house, cousin brother). Some compound nouns are written as one word (e.g. headlight) while some consist of more than two nouns (e.g. milk chocolate bar) Compound sentence: A compound sentence has two or more simple sentences or independent clauses. These sentences or clauses are joined by using a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet and a comma, or with a semicolon (;) Compound-complex sentence: A compound-complex sentence has two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. For example: We want to go overseas but we dont have the time until the summer holiday. Independent clause independent clause dependent clause Conditional: A conditional clause that expresses the condition that a situation must exist before something else can happen (e.g. If you dont have the determination, you wont succeed in it). Conditional sentence: A conditional sentence is one that begins with if or unless. We use if in a sentence when we talk about possibilities. Here is an example of a conditional sentence with the if-clause in bold: If we dont set off early, we will arrive late. We use a simple present tense in the if-clause and simple future tense in the main clause. We can put the if-clause after the main clause as follow: We will arrive late if we dont set off early. (The latter arrangement does not require a comma.) Other conditional sentences are possible. For example: Had you not said it, I wouldnt have remembered. Conjunction: A conjunction is the part of speech that is used to connect words, phrases, clauses or sentences. The most common conjunctions are: Coordinating conjunction joins phrases or clauses of equal value. Subordinating conjunction joins dependent clauses to independent clauses. Words such as although, and, as, because, but, if, or, and while are conjunctions. Coordinating conjunction: A word that is used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences of equal or same type, such as nouns or adjectives. It uses such words as: and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet). Correlative conjunction: A correlative conjunction consists of two parts that are frequently used together but not necessarily placed next to each other to join sentences. Correlative conjunctions include such words as: either . . . or, neither . . . nor, both . . . and, not only . . . but also, such as, etc. Countable noun: A countable noun can be both singular and plural (e.g. ball/balls). A countable noun can be counted with numbers such as every page, one monkey, two girls. It is preceded by a/an in the singular: a hen, an egg. It has a plural form ending in s or es: four cups, five boxes. Some common nouns can be countable or uncountable depending how it is referred to. For example, in I boil an egg, egg is a countable noun as indicated by the an that comes before it. However, in I like egg, the reference is not so specific. It refers to egg in general, and so egg is uncountable in the second example. Dangling modifier: A dangling modifier is a word or phrase that does not relate to the noun that it should modify. It exists mostly at the beginning of a sentence, but fails to modify the subject of the sentence. For example, Arriving home, the clock began to strike twelve. This sentence is
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wrong grammatically. The word arriving is a dangling modifier, because the sentence reads as if it is the clock which is arriving home. Dash: A dash is a punctuation mark ( ) used to enclose or separate parts of a sentence for the purpose of adding extra information, marking a pause or representing omitted letters or words. Demonstrative adjective: A demonstrative adjective acts as a determiner and identifies the person or thing that is being referred to. For example, this boy, that house, these apples, those flies. Demonstrative pronoun: A demonstrative pronoun is a pronoun such as this, that, these or those. It is used to indicate specific people or things. For example, in the sentence These are my oranges, these is a demonstrative pronoun. It is also used to indicate whether a person/s or a thing/s is/are here (this, these) or over there (that, those). Dependent clause: A dependent clause is subordinate to the main clause. It provides additional information related to the main clause, and cannot form a sentence by itself. But it can form a sentence when joined with a main clause to complete its meaning. For example, After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. The dependent clause in bold cannot exist alone as a complete sentence. Determiner: A determiner is a word that is used before a noun to show how the noun is being used. For example, in these sentences, Julia is my third girlfriend and That girl over there is my second girlfriend the words my and that are determiners. Other words used as determiners include: a, an, the, some, and all. Direct object: The direct object of a transitive verb illustrates the person or thing that receives the action of the verb. The direct object, which may be a noun, pronoun, or noun/pronoun phrase, generally comes after the verb, just as the subject comes before the verb. For example, in Beckam kicked the ball the direct object is the ball. Direct speech: Direct speech is the reporting of speech by repeating the words actually spoken, not reported. For example, I have just returned from Timbuktu, she said. Either: Either can be used as adverb, determiner, pronoun or as conjunction. Used as adverb in negative sentences to mean too or also: My mother doesnt like to go to the dentist and my father doesnt either. Used as determiner when referring to a choice between two possibilities: Either one of you will have to wash the car. Used as pronoun between two options: Either of the sons will help the father to paint the house. Used as conjunction: We can either go now or later. It doesnt really matter. Either can also be used to mean both: It was a memorable flight with beautiful girls sitting on either side of me. Exclamation mark: A punctuation mark (!) that is written immediately after a sentence or word that expresses surprise, anger or excitement. Finite verb: A finite verb form shows the tense (e.g. They arrived. / They are arriving soon.), and changes with the person (e.g. I am / You are / He is) and number of the subject (e.g. We go to school. / She goes to school.) Every sentence must have a finite verb.
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Feminine: Feminine is used to refer to the female gender form of a noun in English, such as waitress, princess and nun. Full stop/period: This sign is placed at the end of a sentence to mark the end of the sentence, or at the end of a word that has been shortened. Future tense: The tense of a verb that we use when referring to something yet to happen or exist. Other divisions of the future tense are: simple future tense, future continuous tense, future perfect tense, future perfect continuous tense, and future tense in the past (e.g. We decided we would meet again next week.) Gerund: A form of a verb used as a noun by adding ing to the end of the verb. A gerund appears like the present participle form of a verb (verb plus ing). But it is a verbal that performs a noun function (e.g. Pulling this load is a lot easier than pushing it. / I resent his calling me big boy) Gender: Gender refers to the classification of masculine, feminine and neuter, and the division of nouns, pronouns, etc. into these different classes. For example, personal pronouns in English have gender in third person singular: he, she, and it. Homonym: A homonym is a word that has the same spelling or pronunciation as another, but is different in meaning or origin. For example, the noun bear and the verb bear are homonyms; new and knew are homonyms. Hyphen: A hyphen is a punctuation mark (-) used to join syllables (e.g. hi-tech), two words (e.g. left-handed) or words (mother-in-law) together, or to show that a word has been divided into two parts, one of which is at the end of one line and the other part at the beginning of the next line. If-clause: An if-clause is a conditional clause introduced by the word if. It expresses a condition that must be fulfilled before another action can take place. Imperative: The imperative form of a verb expresses a command or an order to someone to do something that should be obeyed. For example, in Hurry up!, the verb hurry is in the imperative. Indefinite pronoun: A pronoun that does not mention any person or thing in particular. For example, it refers to unspecified person such as anyone, anybody or everyone; or unspecified thing such as anything or something. Independent clause: An independent clause is a group of words which can stand alone. It forms part of a sentence or can form a complete sentence by itself because it has a subject and verb. For example, I was dreaming of buying a big car when the phone rang. The independent clause in bold can form a separate sentence. Indicative: The indicative shows the verb mood expressing a statement of fact. For example, Pitt loves tall girls, the verb loves is in the indicative. Indirect object: An indirect object tells us to whom or for whom the action of the verb is done. It always appears with a direct object, and is usually a noun or pronoun receiving the direct object of the verb with two objects. In the sentence, The teacher awarded her a book, her is the indirect object (to whom the book was awarded). Book is the direct object.
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Indirect speech: Another term for reported speech Infinitive: The basic form of a verb that usually comes after the word to. For example, be, do or have usually used with to in the form to be, to do or to have. An infinitive can also be used without to. For example, Let me do it for you (Not: Let me to do it for you Interjection: A word or a phrase used to show a short sudden expression of emotion such as surprise, pain, pleasure, shock, etc. Interjections are followed by an exclamation mark. Ah!, Hey!, Oh!, or Wow! are interjections. Intransitive verb: An intransitive verb has a subject, and is used without needing an object to clarify its meaning. For example, the baby cries; she smiles; her chocolate bar broke. Irregular verb: An irregular verb is a word that does not follow the usual rules of grammar. The past tense and past participle are not formed by adding the usual ed ending. For example, go is an irregular verb as its past tense is: went, and past participle is: gone. Other examples of irregular verbs are: hurt (hurt, hurt); fight (fought, fought); begin (began, begun). Linking verb: A linking verb connects the subject with its qualities, or the adjective or noun that describes it. She is intelligent (subject with a quality); Kate looks gorgeous (subject with an adjective); Bozo is a clown (subject with a noun).. Main clause: A main clause is one that can form a complete sentence on its own, and has a subject and a predicate. This principal clause of a sentence is also called an independent clause. In the sentence I am very thin but I eat like a horse, both I am very thin and I eat like a horse are main/independent clauses. They can each exist as a separate sentence. Main verb: The main verb describes the action or state of the subject, and is usually the only verb in the sentence. The main verb is used with an auxiliary verb to provide information, for example about tense, which is not given by the main verb of a sentence.(e.g. He has finished his homework). The main verb is also used with a modal verb such as can, might and must to express an idea such as possibility that is not expressed by the main verb of a sentence (e.g. He can go home now.) Masculine: A masculine noun, pronoun, etc. belongs to a class of words that refer to the male sex or gender of people or animals. For example, He is a masculine pronoun. Misplaced modifier: Misplaced modifiers are those modifiers not easily identifiable with the word, phrase or clause that they modify. For example: Having eaten his dinner, there was homework to do. The phrase Having eaten his dinner is a modifier, but has nothing to modify. It is therefore a dangling modifier. Correction: Having eaten his dinner, he had homework to do. Modal verb: A modal verb is an auxiliary verb that is used with another verb to express necessity, possibility, permission, obligation or intention that is not expressed by the main verb of a sentence. Modal verbs include: can, could, dare, had better, may, might, must, need, ought to, shall, should, will, would, used to Modifier: A modifier is a word or a phrase that is used with another word or phrase to describe, limit or add to its meaning, or make the meaning of the words modified more precise. A modifier can be a noun (dog collar), an adjective (beautiful sunset), or an adverb (jog steadily).
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Non-finite verb: A non-finite verb is not limited by person, tense or number. It can be used in an independent clause only when combined with an auxiliary verb (e.g. He can crawl. / She should must watch the horror movie.) The verb forms of non-finite verb are: infinitive (e.g. I went to fly a kite); gerund (e.g. Swimming has reduced my weight); or participle (e.g. We are waiting to meet the new female boss) smile more. / We Non-restrictive: A non-restrictive relative clause does not add to the meaning of the word it modifies, it merely gives additional information, which if taken out of the sentence, does not seriously affect the meaning. We use commas before and after this clause. For example, in Our washing machine, which is exported to various countries, is the latest model. Noun: A noun is a word we use to name a person (barber), place (Antarctica), thing (puppet), substance (gold) or quality (intelligence). There are different kinds of noun: common noun (mother, garden, toy), proper noun (Tom), and abstract noun (courage). Other nouns include collective noun (herd), countable noun (car) and uncountable noun (water). Nouns function as subjects, objects and adjectives. Noun clause: A noun clause is one that behaves as a noun as a subject or object in a sentence. The most common noun clause is the that-clause which is a clause that begins with that. An example of a noun clause: that it will rain soon is very likely. Noun phrase: A noun phrase is a group of words consisting of a noun or pronoun, and its modifiers and determiners. It functions as a subject, object, or prepositional object. For example, in the following sentences: We have bought the return ticket and Everyone could hear the boss shouting down the telephone, the noun phrases are: the return ticket and the boss shouting down the telephone. Object: An object is a noun, noun phrase, or pronoun representing the person or thing that is: affected by the action of a verb (e.g. She baked the cake, cake is the object of the verb bake.) or joined by a preposition to another word or phrase (e.g. shoulder as in A chimpanzee stood on his shoulder, There are direct object and indirect object. A direct object is the person or thing that something is done to, for example: in He wrote the letter, the direct object is the letter; in Santa Claus gave them the toys, the indirect object is them. Parallelism: Parallelism is about keeping the series of parts of speech, words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence or list in the same form. If a parallel structure begins with a particular form of verb such as infinitive, it must stick to similar verb form for the other parts that follow. For example, Eve likes to sew, to read, and to cook. (This sentence is correct as to sew, to read, to cook are all infinitives.) NOT: Eve likes to sew, to read, and cooking. (This sentence has two infinitives and one gerund, and so lacks parallelism.) Lacking parallelism: After the rescue work, we were very tired, very hungry and feeling great thirst. Parallel: After the rescue work, we were very tired, hungry and thirsty. Participle: A participle is a word that is formed from a verb and is used to form tenses of the verb by adding ing for present participle (continuous tenses: climbing, running) or adding ed, etc. to form past participle (perfect tenses: kicked, given, lent), or as adjectives by adding ing or ed, etc. (rotting eggs, escaped prisoner, hidden treasure). It can also be used to make compound forms of verb (e.g. is playing, have taken)
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Passive voice: In a passive sentence, the subject, either a person or a thing, receives the action of the verb (that is, he was attacked), rather than the person or thing which causes the action (that is, it attacked him). For example: He was attacked by a shark is a passive sentence, and the passive form of the verb was attacked. Past participle: A past participle is used to indicate time gone by, or a past action or state, and is formed by adding ed to a regular verb, or en etc to an irregular verb. It is used with the verb have to form perfect tenses in the active voice to express completed action such as My granddad has just fallen down the stairs. The past participle is also used with the verb be to create all tenses in the passive voice such as The letter is written by her. / The letter was written by her. / The letter will be written by her. Past participles are also sometimes used as adjectives, for example The banned cigarette adverts were never shown again. Period: A period is a punctuation mark in the form of a dot (.) used in a piece of writing to mark the end of a sentence or an abbreviation, or to show a word that has been shortened or the finality of a statement (e.g. Im not going, period). Personal pronoun: Personal pronoun is a word used to replace a person or persons (which is/are also subject/s or object/s) in speech or in writing. The person or persons can be the first person (I, me, we, us), second person (you) or third person (he, him, she, her, they, them) Phrasal verb: A phrasal verb is a phrase which consists of a verb and an adverb or preposition, or both that gives a special meaning. Examples of phrasal verb: bump into, hang up, and get on. Phrase: A phrase is a group of words which forms part rather than the whole of a sentence. It does not have a subject or a verb, and so cannot stand alone as an independent unit. A phrase can serve as an adjective, adverb or noun. Plural: We use a plural word when we write or speak about more than one person or thing, etc. For example, they is a plural pronoun of he or she, and women is the plural of woman. When we use a plural noun, it is followed by a plural verb as follow: They are or They have Positive: Positive expresses a simple quality of an adjective or adverb without comparison. For example: clever or beautiful. Not cleverer or more beautiful (both are comparative) or cleverest or most beautiful (both are superlative) Possessive: A possessive denotes possession: a possessive adjective (e.g. my, his, our, elephants), noun (uncles, Peters, princesses) or pronoun (e.g. mine, hers, ours, theirs) is used to show ownership. Possessive adjective: Possessive pronouns have an adjective form such as my, your, his, her, its, our, their, Alexanders, monkeys or countries (countries borders) which expresses who or what someone or something belongs to. For example, your (is used as singular or plural) is a possessive form of you; and their is the possessive case of they. All these possessive adjective forms are used before a noun.

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Possessive noun: We use a possessive noun to show possession. Possessive nouns usually end in s (e.g. Billys beard) or s (boys parents). In the boys parents, boys is a possessive noun. Possessive pronoun: Possessive pronoun is derived from the personal pronoun, and indicates possession. Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, and theirs are possessive pronouns that show to whom or what someone or something belongs to. For example, yours (is used in the singular or plural) which means belonging to you is a possessive form of you: My dog has a long tail; yours has no tail. This bicycle is yours. / Theirs which means belonging to them is a possessive form of they: Our cat is black; theirs is white. These books are theirs. Predicate: The predicate is the rest of the sentence except for the subject. So in He fell into the river, the predicate is fell into the river. The predicate provides information about the subject. Predicate adjective: See Complement Predicate complement: See Complement Predicate noun: See Complement Preposition: A preposition is a word or phrase usually placed before a noun, pronoun, or gerund to show time, place, direction, etc. It is connected to another word in the sentence, as in He arrived before we are ready. In the sentence, before in bold is a preposition. At, in, into, with etc. are prepositions. Prepositional phrase: A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition, and the noun or pronoun that follow it. Examples of prepositional phrase are: after death, at war, in hospital, or near the cemetery. Present participle: A form of a verb that ends in -ing and follows another verb to show an action is continuing such as He is flying his kite. It is used to form continuous tense such as She is asleep in a chair and snoring loudly. It can also be used as adjective as in The passageway is full of stinking dustbins or a noun, e.g. in My grandmother is charged with reckless driving. Pronoun: A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun or a noun phrase such as she in place of Julia or that woman. A pronoun is also often used to refer to someone who has already been mentioned. This is to avoid repeating his/her name (e.g. Adam is a physically strong man. He does boxing in his spare time.) Proper noun: Proper noun refers to the name of a particular person, place, thing, title, or organization and is spelt with a capital letter. Examples of proper nouns are: Buddha, Mali, Union Jack, War and Peace or United Nations. Punctuation: The use of marks such as commas, full stops, etc. to separate sentences, phrases, or introduce a question, etc. in writing. Quantifier: A quantifier is a word such as some, many or much, or a phrase such as a little, a few or a lot of that we place before a noun or noun phrase to show its quantity that we are talking about.

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Question mark: The punctuation mark (?) that is put at the end of a sentence to show that it is a question. Quotation mark: A pair of punctuation marks, either single ( ) or double ( ) used to enclose what someone has written or said, quoted words, or a title. Reciprocal pronoun: A pronoun that expresses mutual relationship by the subjects of the verb. Examples are: each other, one another, etc. Reflexive pronoun: A reflexive pronoun shows that the action affects the person who does the action that is the object of a verb in a sentence is the same as its subject. In the sentence, She poured herself a bowl of soup, poured is a reflexive verb and herself is a reflexive pronoun. Regular verb: A regular verb follows the usual way in changing its forms, especially the ending to express a tense, etc. For example, a regular verb forms its past tense and past participle by adding ed: added, added; jumped, jumped; laughed, laughed. To add, to jump and to laugh are therefore regular verbs. The following verbs are not regular (irregular) verbs: to hit, hit, hit; to catch, caught, caught; to drink, drank, drunk. Relative clause: A relative clause is a subordinate clause that cannot exist independently. It is connected to the rest of the sentence by a relative pronoun such as who, which, that, whom and whose. The relative clause describes the noun that comes before it in the sentence. For example, in The man whose car was stolen made a police report, the relative clause is whose car was stolen. Relative pronoun: We use a relative pronoun such as who, which, that, whom and whose to begin a relative clause. We replace a noun with one of these relative pronouns in the relative/dependent clause, and connect it to the rest of the sentence. In the sentence The rabbit that we bought has escaped into the forest, that is the relative pronoun, and that we bought is a relative/subordinate clause. Reported speech: Reported speech refers to the act of reporting what someone has said without repeating the exact words of the speaker. Sometimes known as indirect speech, reported speech involves changes of pronoun (person) and tense, and the reported words of the speaker are in the subordinate clause. For example, Ill meet you later for lunch. In reported speech, it becomes: He said that he would meet me later for lunch. The subordinate clause is in bold. Restrictive clause: We add the restrictive clause as a part of a sentence to specify which particular person or thing is meant. It gives us essential information which we cannot ignore. We do not generally use commas in this clause. For example, in The man who is wanted by the police is still at large, the restrictive relative clause is who is wanted by the police Run-on sentence: A run-on sentence has two independent clauses incorrectly joined without any connecting words such as conjunctions, or without the correct punctuation, as the following examples show: Run-on sentence: This guy has some flaws, hes not the most awful person around here. Correction: This guy has some flaws, but hes not the most awful person around here. Run-on sentence: I like to listen to frogs croak, I dont know why. Correction: I like to listen to frogs croak; I dont know why.

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Semicolon: Semicolon is a punctuation mark (;) that is used in writing for separating independent parts of a sentence, or words or items in a list. Sentence: A sentence is a group of words that has two parts: a subject and a predicate. Together, they express a complete thought, and convey a statement, question, exclamation, or instruction. A sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a full-stop or a question mark. The subject includes the noun or pronoun that indicates what the subject is about. The predicate is the rest of the sentence and begins with the main verb. The predicate describes the state of the subject or what the subject is doing. In the sentence The ostrich is the fastest animal on two legs, the subject is The ostrich and the predicate: is the fastest animal on two legs. Sentence fragment: A sentence fragment occurs when a phrase, a dependent clause or an incomplete sentence is allowed to stand on its own. A sentence fragment, like a sentence, may have a subject and a verb, but unlike the sentence, it does not express a complete idea. The fragments happen in the following ways: Fragment: This beautiful golden beach stretching for miles. (A phrase that should form part of a sentence.) Complete: This beautiful golden beach stretching for miles is one of the most popular beach resorts in the country. Fragment: Someone broke into my room and stolen my wallet. (Wrong form of a verb is used.) Complete: Someone broke into my room and stole my wallet. Fragment: Because the weather was so awful. (A dependent clause incorrectly used as a sentence.) Complete: We didnt enjoy the day because the weather was so awful. Singular: When we write or speak about one person or thing, we use a singular noun and a singular verb. The singular form of a verb refers to just one person or thing. For example, the singular of feet is foot. Subject: A subject usually comes before a main verb and represents the person or thing that does the action described by the verb (e.g. She slaps her boyfriend) or about which something is expressed (e.g. Giraffes are tall), or is joined to a description by a verb (e.g. Kit flies his new kite). In each of the examples, the subject is in bold, and the rest of the sentence tells us what the subject is or does. In a passive sentence, the subject receives the action of a passive verb (e.g. His cat was bitten by her dog) Subjunctive: The form of verb that is used to express doubts, wishes, or possibilities. For example, in I wish I were an astronaut, were is in the subjunctive. Subordinate clause: A subordinate clause is a dependent clause which is dependent on a main clause to form a complete sentence. It adds information to the main clause, and serves as an adjective, adverb, or noun in the sentence. For example, He had to give up his job because of his injured back, the subordinate clause is in bold. Subordinating conjunction: It is a conjunction that connects a subordinate clause to the main clause. Words that begin the subordinate clause include: although, because, that, which, while, or who. For example: He drank three glasses of water because he was very thirsty. The subordinate clause which is in bold begins with a subordinating conjunction because.

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Superlative: The superlative form of an adjective or adverb expresses the highest degree of quality when comparing three or more persons or things of the same type. Examples of superlative: the funniest clown, the wettest season, the eldest daughter, the largest population, the most haunted castle, the most enjoyable evening, the best movie. Synonym: Synonym is a word or phrase which has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word or phrase. For example, big and large are synonyms. Tense: Tense is a form of a verb that is used to show when something happens in the past, present or future; or to show the time, continuance or completion of an action or state at the time of speaking. For example, I am is the present tense; I was is past tense; and I will be is in the future tense. Transitive verb: A transitive verb must have a direct object to complete the sense. For example, the transitive verb broke in the sentence I broke my leg. Uncountable noun: Uncountable noun means something that cannot be counted. It has only a singular form and is not preceded by the indefinite articles of a or an. Examples of uncountable noun: beauty, blood, bread, electricity, furniture, gold, happiness, information, luggage, milk, money, water. Some common nouns can be countable or uncountable depending how it is referred to. For example, in I boil an egg, egg is a countable noun as indicated by the an that comes before it. However, in I like egg, the reference is not so specific. It refers to egg in general, and so egg is uncountable in the second example. Verb: A verb is a word or group of words that is used to indicate an action, a state or that something happens. For example: He goes by bus (action); Those creatures exist in the wild (state); Someone fired the gun (something happens). Verbal: A verbal is a word that is formed from a verb, and used as another part of speech. It does not act as a verb, but functions as a noun, adjective or modifier. For example, Swimming is great exercise. In this example, swimming is a verbal (or verbal noun) as it is derived from the verb swim. Examples of verbal are: gerunds, infinitives, and participles. Voice active/passive: The form of a verb that shows whether a sentence is active (the subject does an action) or passive (the subject has an action done to it). For example, We fed the elephants is in the active voice. The elephants were fed by us is in the passive voice.

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Lesson- 1 NOUNS
(1) Kinds of Nouns (2) Singular and Plural Nouns (3) Countable and Uncountable Nouns (4) Nouns have Four Genders (5) Forming Nouns Types of Nouns Nouns Common Plural Compound Gender Nouns Irregular Nouns

Proper Abstract Possessive Noun Clause Noun Phrase

Collective Concrete Singular Predicate Nouns

Nouns - are naming words for people, animals, places, things, and qualities. They can be recognized by the articles - the, a, an - that we place in front of them. Nouns can be divided into proper nouns and common nouns. The names of particular people, animals, places and things are called proper nouns. We begin a proper noun with a capital letter. Nouns that do not refer to particular persons, animals, places and things are called common nouns. The first letter of a common noun is not capitalized unless it is the first word in a sentence. There are other kinds of nouns. A word that stands for a group of things is called a collective noun. Nouns can be singular or plural. When you refer to one person, animal, place, or thing, you use a singular noun. When you talk about two or more people, animals, places, or things, you want to use plural nouns. There are countable and uncountable nouns. Countable nouns are things that can be counted like book, car and house. Uncountable nouns cannot be counted such as milk, water, and flour. Other nouns are names we use to refer to quality, idea, condition, etc. that are not concrete objects, and they are known as abstract noun. (1) KINDS OF NOUNS: Common nouns - are names of people (e.g. man, aunt), things (e.g. book, car), animals (e.g. monkey, armadillo) and places (church, beach). Common Nouns Definition: A Common noun always begins with a small letter (unless it is at the beginning of a sentence). A common or general word. An example of the common noun - A girl and her dog played in the park. List of Common Noun: cat girl boy table chair dog Park cake choclate

Proper nouns - are special names of people (George Bush, Obama), things (Financial Times, Eiffel Tower), animals (King Kong, Lassie) and places (London, Central Park). A proper noun begins with a capital letter. Proper nouns also refer to times or dates on the calendar: Saturday, April. We can use plurals for propre nouns in exceptional cases: "There are three Johns in my class." We can also use 'the' for a proper noun in special circumstances: "It is no longer the London I had once visited." Proper Nouns Definition: A Proper noun always begins with a capital letter, such as John or London - those that NAME specific things, people or places
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List of Proper Noun: John January

Friday

Buddhism Def Leppard New Orleans

London September River Thames Paris Monday Mexican

Frank Sinatra New York

Mormons Republican

St. United Nations Christopher

Abstract nouns - An abstract noun is a quality or something that we can only think or rather than something that we can see or touch (e.g. beauty, friendship). We can form abstract nouns from common nouns (child - childhood); form verbs (know - knowledge); and from adjectives (happy - happiness). Abstract Nouns Definition: An abstract noun means the opposite to a concrete noun. If you cannot taste, touch, hear, smell or see something it is an abstract noun. Examples of abstract nouns are honesty, courage and loyalty. Beaut Loyal Annoya Educati Creativi Natu Lonelin Fairne Revenge y ty nce on ty re ess ss Pleasu Skill Love Courag Freedo Hate Wisdom Thoug Communica re e m ht tion Collective nouns - A collective noun is a name we use for a number of people, animals or things which we group together and speak of as a whole. For example, a bunch of bananas, a litter of puppies. Collective Nouns Definition: Collective nouns are the words used to define a group of people, animals or inanimate things. For example, in the phrase a "flock of geese" or a " pride of lions", flock and pride are collective nouns. There are many collective nouns that refer to animals. A group of people can be described as an army, company or audience. A company of actors A host of angels A swarm of bees A deck of cards A herd of cows A banner of knights A panel of experts A coven of witches A colony of ants

(2) SINGULAR and PLURAL NOUNS Most nouns are either singular or plural. Plural nouns are easily recognized by their ending with an '-s'. But many plural nouns do not follow this same ending. The lists below show what different endings or suffixes are added to the words to make them plural nouns. A noun that shows only one person (e.g. a girl), thing (pencil), animal (tiger) or place (market) is called a singular noun. A noun that shows more than one person (e.g. girls), thing (pencils), animal (tigers) or place (markets) is called a plural noun. The following nouns are always plural and take a plural verb. Police are charging him with the murder of the princess. People in general are not very approachable. Football team Liverpool are a very successful football team. (BUT: Liverpool is a great city.) Jeans*, knickers*, panties*, pants*, pyjamas*, shorts*, tights*, trousers*, and
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underpants* These trousers are not mine Clogs*, sandals*, slippers*, and sneakers*. Glasses* (= spectacles), binoculars* My glasses are used only for reading. Pincers*, pliers*, scissors*, shears*, tongs* Pliers are a handy tool. My garden shears trim the hedge very well. Clothes My clothes need to be washed but I don't have the time. Earnings Earnings in the agricultural sector have increased by 5% in the fourth quarter. Cattle Cattle are reared for their meat or milk. * "a pair of" can be used with these plural nouns. + Peoples when used in the plural (i.e. with 's') refers to peoples from more than one race or nation. Example: the peoples of Asia. How plural nouns are formed By adding -es to nouns ending in -ch, -s, -sh and -x: beach = beaches / peach = peaches / ditch = ditches / speech = speeches boss = bosses / chorus = choruses / lens = lenses / pass = passes bush = bushes / dish = dishes / lash = lashes / wish = wishes fax = faxes / hoax = hoaxes / six = sixes / tax = taxes By adding -es to nouns ending in -o: buffalo = buffaloes / cargo = cargoes / echo = echoes / mosquito = mosquitoes By adding -s to nouns ending in -o: banjo = banjos / radio = radios / photo = photos / video = videos By replacing 'y' with 'ies': fly = flies / hobby = hobbies / lorry = lorries / puppy = puppies By adding 's' to nouns ending in -y: donkey = donkeys / key = keys / toy = toys / turkey = turkeys By replacing 'f' or 'fe' with '-ves': calf = calves / half = halves / life = lives / wife = wives By adding 's' to nouns ending in -f: chief = chiefs / dwarf = dwarfs / reef = reefs / roof = roofs By changing vowels: foot = feet / goose = geese / tooth = teeth / woman = women Some nouns have same words for plural and singular: aircraft = aircraft / deer = deer / music = music / sheep = sheep Exceptional plural: child = children / mouse = mice / ox = oxen / passer-by = passers-by (3) COUNTABLE and UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS: Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted (e.g. oranges). Uncountable nouns are those that cannot be counted (e.g. smoke). So how do we know whether or not a noun is countable or uncountable?
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The noun is countable: if we can use a/an before it. Example: I own a pony. / I play with an ostrich. if we can use the word 'many' (and not 'much') to describe it. Example: She has many boyfriends. (It's wrong to say: 'She has much friends.') if we can express its quantity by using a number before it. Example: I have seven sisters. if it takes on singular as well as plural. The noun is uncountable: if a/an is not normally used in front of it. Example: He is eating some rice. (NOT: He is eating a rice.) Rice is treated as not countable, so some (which can be used for both countable and uncountable nouns) is used with it. if the word much can be correctly used with it. Example: How much rice have you eaten? (NOT: How many rice have you eaten?) if it is not possible to be counted (e.g. milk, oil, sand, sugar). However, we can make it countable by having a quantity for it. Example: I have just bought two cartons or litres/liters of milk. (NOT: I have just bought two milk.) if it takes only a singular form Some nouns can be used as countable or uncountable nouns. It depends on how we use them. Example: I boil an egg. (Countable noun = one egg) / I like egg. (Uncountable noun, as it refers to egg in general.) Countable and Uncountable Nouns are used with the following: Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns a, an, a few, several, many a little, much, some, plenty of some, plenty of, a lot of a lot of, a large amount of a large number of a great deal of (4) NOUNS HAVE FOUR GENDERS 1. Masculine Gender: The masculine gender is used for all males. Example: boy, man 2. Feminine Gender: The feminine gender is used for all females. Example: girl, woman 3. Common Gender: The common gender is used where the noun can be both male and female. Example: child, cousin, friend, person, student 4. Neuter Gender: The neuter gender is used for things which have no life or sex. Example: table, chair (5) FORMING NOUNS: Nouns can be formed from nouns, verbs and adjectives. They are formed by adding certain letters to them. Nouns Nouns Adjectives Nouns widow widowhood clean cleanliness friend friendship sad sadness king kingdom beautiful beauty Verbs Nouns add addition fail failure give gift
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Concrete Nouns Definition: A Concrete noun is classified by its ability to reach the senses. Concrete nouns are something physical. If you can taste, touch, hear, smell or see an item the word is a concrete noun. Examples of concrete nouns are water, air or pizza. Bread Juice Hyacinth Car Water Pizza Fish Perfume Cake Music Pie Toast possessive Nouns Definition: A possessive noun shows ownership (having or owning). Possessive nouns are formed by adding an apostrophe and "s" or only an apostrophe. Examples are John's car or the car belongs to John it is not Mark's. Mark is Johns' brother. The possessive noun is also used to refer to restaurants, churches, shops and colleges combined with the job title or name of the owner. Examples are the doctor's, the dentist's, the grocer's or St. Saviour's or Smith's Common expressions such as Sunday's newspaper or the water's edge also use this type of noun ark's grocer's doctor's dentist's John's chemist's St. Saviour's St Jude's baker's newsagent's Johns' brother St. Paul's Compound Nouns Definition: Compound nouns are formed by joining two simple nouns together. Examples are boyfriend (made from boy and friend) or girlfriend. A hyphen might also be used to form a compound noun such as dining-table. A different meaning can be created when using two separate nouns such as in fish tank or mineral water. blackboard blackboard blueover-ripe seafood tumbledown New Year's green Day breakwater brother-inbrowbeat twelve-yearundercut underworld love-in law old freeze-dry grasshopper highlight wallpaper without witchcraft Iceland Noun Clause : A noun clause does the work of a noun in a sentence or phrase. It is a group of words containing a subject and a finite verb of its own. Some Rules: noun clauses usually begin with words like how, why, what, where, when, who, that, which, whose, whether, etc. Also words like whoever, whenever, whatever and wherever There are therefore just three basic types of noun clauses: those that start with a question word such as where, how, who, when and why those that start with whether, whatever etc or if those that start with that. Examples of the noun clause: Where does John live? If John buys a Ferrari That Mr. Smith is a good teacher You really do not want to know what Mrs. Smith gives her husband for dinner (what "Mrs. Smith gives her husband for dinner" is the noun clause) Predicate Nouns: A predicate noun is used to predicate a description or identification of the subject. In simple terms IT is an alternate word for the subject of the sentence Examples : Mrs. Smith will be governor ( Mrs. Smith is the subject and the predicate noun is governor ) I am a botanist ( the subject is I, and the predicate noun is candidate )
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 Mr. Smith is a teacher ( Mr. Smith is the subject and teacher is the predicate noun ) All of the above examples clarify how an alternative word is used for the subject of the sentence Noun Phrase : A group of words used to form a basic name when it is: impractical to employ a single noun word when a single noun would have too broad a concept if used as a basic name for example, 'machine' and 'board' Examples of the noun phrase : The Chairman of the Board of Governors The new vitamin packed high calcium low fat breakfast cereal The crimson, ermine trimmed, velvet gown with gold trimmings was worn by Anne Boleyn at her coronation

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Lesson-2 Verb
1. Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2. Linking Verbs 3. Auxiliary Verbs 4. The Finite Verb and The Infinitive 5. Action Verb/State Verb 6. Regular and Irregular Verbs

Verb Tenses Action Verbs

Types of Verbs Verbs Verb Tense Chart Irregular Verbs

Helping Verbs Linking Verbs

Helping Verbs: There are many auxiliary or helping verbs: Be, have, am, are, is, was, were, has, had, do, shall, will, may, can, ought, and must. They are called helping verbs, because it is by their aid the compound tenses are formed. List of Helping Verbs am is are do had has could may was were be can did does must will being been have would ought used to should might to List of Linking Verbs: The following table details a list of Linking verbs: List of Linking Verbs Be Look Feel Seem Appear Get Keep Turn Prove Lie Taste Smell Sound Become Grow Stay Go Remain Resemble Run A verb is a word or more than one word that is used to express an action or a state of being. Every sentence cannot be complete without a verb, thus making the verb the most important word as far as sentence construction is concerned. In a sentence, a verb has a subject who does the action and an object who receives the action. It shows what action has taken place whether the subject performs the action, called active voice (Example: Somebody stole my wallet) or receives the action called passive voice (Example: My wallet was stolen.). Verbs express tense, that is the time the action happens, and also the continuance or completion of the action at the time of speaking. The verb tenses are past, present, and future. These tenses have continuous and perfect forms. 1. TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS A transitive verb needs an object to complete the meaning of the sentence. An intransitive verb does not require an object to make its meaning clear. The Transitive verb: A transitive verb must have an object. Without an object, it does not convey a clear meaning. Example: He bought. The question inevitably arises: What did he buy? No one knows the answer to this question as there is no direct object to receive the action of the verb bought. The meaning becomes clear when an object is added as follows: Example: He bought a cake. The subject of the verb He performs the action: bought. The object of the action verb bought is a cake A transitive verb may take an indirect object. An indirect object is something or someone for whom the action is carried out. Example: He bought her a cake.
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The indirect object is her as its for her that the cake was bought. The indirect object usually precedes the direct object. The Intransitive verb: An intransitive verb does not require an object. Without an object, its meaning is not affected. Example: She swims. The intransitive verb swims does not need an object to make the meaning clear. Example: The villagers caught a boar yesterday but it escaped this morning. The verb caught is transitive as it has the direct object: boar; the other verb escaped is intransitive since it is not followed by an object. 2. LINKING VERBS Linking verbs link a subject to a word or phrase that describes or identifies the subject. They help to complete the expression about the subject. Linking verbs do not take on adirect object but are followed by an adjective. Any verb that expresses an action is not a linking verb. The following are the characteristics of a linking verb: Linking verbs are not action words. He looked at me. (It tells us what he did = action verb) She looked as if she was going to cry. (It doesnt tell us what she did, only how she appeared to be = linking verb) Linking verbs tell us what state the subject is in, what the subject is, etc. He looked tired. She is a nurse. Linking verbs are followed by an adjective, but not a direct object; action words are modified by adverbs. He feels fine. (feels is not an action verb; it is followed by an adjective.) He feels the fine sand of the beach. (feels is an action verb.) A pronoun following a linking verb should be in the subjective, not objective. It was he they were looking for. (he = subjective pronoun) Not: It was him they were looking for. (him = objective pronoun) Linking verbs can be identified by replacing the verb with to be and see if it makes sense. If it does, it is a linking verb. Otherwise, it isnt. Lets use the following two sentences and replace the verb feels with is. He feels fine. = He is fine. (The verb is a linking verb.) He feels the fine sand of the beach. = He is the fine sand of the beach. (Not a linking verb.) Using adverbs instead of adjectives with linking verbs will result in incorrect sentences, as shown here: Example: Some common linking verbs: appear, become, feel, grow, look, seem, smell, sound, taste. Andy appears calm. (NOT: Andy appears calmly.) He became anxious about working for the first time. (NOT: He became anxiously about working for the first time.) She feels sad. (NOT: He feels sadly.) Cindy grew impatient with his strange behaviour. (NOT: Cindy grew impatiently with his strange behaviour.) Diane looked beautiful in her new dress. (NOT: Diane looked beautifully in her new dress.) Eddy seemed angry to me. (NOT: Eddy seemed angrily to me.) The pizza smelled delicious. (NOT: The pizza smelled deliciously.) The idea sounds bad. (NOT: The idea sounds badly.)
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 The drink tastes sweet. (NOT: The drink tastes sweetly.) 3. AUXILIARY VERBS Auxiliary verbs are used to combine with other verbs to form tenses, moods, questions, negative and passive forms. The most common auxiliary verbs are: be (I amreading), have (They have arrived.), and do (We dont want to go.) Singular Plural I am/have/to We are/have/do You are/have/do You are/have/do He is/has/does They are/have/do She is/has/does They are/have/do It is/has/does They are/have/do In most sentences, you will have noticed that each one has two verbs. Example: Jill is riding an elephant. Example: Jack has gone with Jill to the zoo. In the two examples, there are two verbs in each sentence riding and gone are known as the MAIN VERBS, and they each has another verb before it. They are is and has, and these two verbs are known as AUXILIARY VERBS. Auxiliary verbs are also called helping verbs. The word auxiliary means providing help. They help the main verbs riding and gone by combining with them to show their tenses. In the first example, is riding in Jill is riding an elephant tells us that the action is still going on, that is Jill is still riding the elephant. Auxiliary verbs do not normally exist alone in a sentence without the main verb. CORRECT: I would like to be rich. / INCORRECT: I would to be rich. (Without auxiliary verb) CORRECT: He should talk to her. / INCORRECT: He should to her. (Without auxiliary verb) CORRECT: You must be joking. / INCORRECT: You must joking. (Without auxiliary verb) However, auxiliary verbs without the main verbs are commonly used when the meaning is understood. This is often found in replies or responses. Will he help me? Yes, he will. / Can you do this? Yes, I can. / Does she know you? Yes, she does. Here, the auxiliary verbs (will, can, does) are used without the main verbs (help, do, know) The following are types of auxiliary verbs: Passive: This is used to show the passive form. Example: The elephant was given a quick bath. Progressive: This shows the action is in progress. Example: The old lady is smiling at the elephant. Perfective: This expresses an action completed in the past. Example: The monkey has eaten a banana. Modal: Modals are used to express ability, permission or prediction. Example: You can use the car if you want. Example: She may feed the monkeys. Example: He will be a zoo-keeper some day. Example: We really should come here again.
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Question: This is used to form questions. Example: Do you like those chimpanzees? Negative statement: This is used to form negative statements. Example: I do not like those noisy monkeys. Auxiliary verbs are often used in contracted forms. For instance, have is shortened to ve; is/has to s; and had/would/should/could to d. In the latter case, care must be exercised to distinguish them correctly. Im quite sure Ive lost my way. (= I am / = I have) Its the biggest dog in the neighbourhood. (=It is) Shes naturally curly hair. (= She has) Theyd already gone home. (=They had) Wed like to go now. (= We would) Hed stop thinking every girl dislikes him. (= He should) Id speak seven languages. (= I could) We can use auxiliary verb for emphasis. Example: I do like you. 4. THE FINITE VERB AND THE INFINITIVE The Finite Verb: The finite verb is the verb that changes with the person and number of the subject. It also has tenses. Note the following: Person Present Tense Singular Plural First Person I play We play Second Person You play You play Third Person He plays They play She plays They play It plays They play The verb play changes with the subject (person). When the subject is in the third person singular, that is he, she, or it, the verb changes into plays. It does not change when the subject is in the first and second person, that is I or you and in the plural subject, that is, we, you, or they. The verb play is a finite verb. Example of finite verb: We go to the library. He goes to the library. They go to the library. She goes to the library. I go to the library. (The finite verb is go) The Infinitive The infinitive is a verb that comes after the word to Note the infinitive does not change with the subject or person. Example: to eat, to run, to see, to take: My fat sister likes to eat spaghetti. I have decided to run away from home. We love to see your face. She wants to take all my candy.
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 Infinitives are also used without to. Example: Let him eat the bigger piece. I think you had better go alone. We see each other only on weekends. Please take this along with you. Infinitives are used without to after helping verbs called auxiliary verbs such as be, have, do, can, could, will, would, shall, should, ought, may, might and must Example: He can drive me to the airport. We should eat our dinner earlier tonight. He may come over later this evening. We must visit him at the hospital. Where more than one infinitive is used in a sentence, consistency in using the infinitives is essential. The first infinitive is always used with to. If the next infinite is preceded by to, the following infinitives must likewise have to preceding them, or if it is used without to, the rest must be without to as well. See the following examples. Correct: Each competitor has to paddle across the lake, cycle five kilometres, climb the steep hill and run down to the finishing line. Correct: Each competitor has to paddle across the lake, to cycle five kilometres, to climb the steep hill and to run down to the finishing line. Incorrect: Each competitor has to paddle across the lake, to cycle five kilometres, climb the steep hill and run down to the finishing line. 5. ACTION VERB / STATE VERB A verb can be an action verb or a state verb An action verb can be used for an action that has happened or that is still taking place at the time of speaking or that is done habitually. He cycled to the shopping mall. He is cycling to the shopping mall. He cycles to work. An action verb conveys the same meaning when used in the simple or continuous tense. John read the newspaper. / John was reading the newspaper. The Queen will meet the President. / The Queen will be meeting the President. Some action verbs cannot be used in the continuous tense. My father owns that building. (NOT: My father is owning that building.) That book belongs to me. (NOT: That book is belonging to me.) A state verb, also known as non-action verbs, refers to the condition of someone or the state they are in, and is not normally used in the continuous tense. The two neighbours hate the sight of each other. (NOT: The two neighbours are hating the sight of each other.) She believes everything that is told to her. (NOT: She is believing everything that is told to her.) Some state verbs when used in the continuous refer to feelings that occur briefly. Were liking what we are doing. Im regretting now what I did just now.
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Were wishing the rain stops suddenly As usual, hes being provocative. There are words which we can use for action as well as state. I see youre very happy with your new glasses. (state) The doctor is not seeing any more patients. (action) I have two dogs, one cat and a goldfish. (state) What are we having for dinner tonight? (action) She thinks you are getting the wrong idea about her. (state) Were thinking of going with you. (action) She looks gorgeous in this new dress. (state) She is looking at a dress on sale. (action) 6. REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS There are two groups of verbs, termed regular or irregular, and are identified by how their simple past tense and past participle are formed. v Regular verbs in this group of verbs, the simple past tense and past participle end in d or ed. Example: simple present tense touch; kill; pass; stop; rub. simple past tense touched; killed; passed; stopped; rubbed. past participle touched; killed; passed; stopped; rubbed. v Irregular verbs a verb that does not follow the usual pattern of grammar. If a verb is irregular, the simple past tense and past participle do not end in d or ed. They vary as follow: Where all three forms of an irregular verb are the same. Example: simple present tense cost; hurt; put; read; shut. simple past tense cost; hurt; put; read; shut. past participle cost; hurt; put; read; shut. Where only the simple past tense and past participle are the same. Example: simple present tense carry; die; fit; jump; try. simple past tense carried; died; fitted; jumped; tried. past participle carried; died; fitted; jumped; tried. Where all three forms are different. Example: simple present tense begin; choose; do; go; see simple past tense began; chose; did; went; saw. past participle begun; chosen; done; gone; seen. There are verbs which can be regular or irregular as follow: simple present tense burn; dream; spell. simple past tense burned/burnt; dreamed/dreamt; spelled/spelt. past participle burned/burnt; dreamed/dreamt; spelled/spelt.

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Lesson 3- Adjectives
(1) Kinds of Adjectives (2) Comparison of Adjectives (3) Forming Adjectives (4) Correct Usage of Adjectives Types of Adjectives Adjectives Adjective Game List of Adjectives Superlatives Personality Adjectives Comparatives

Adjectives are words which tell us something about nouns, that is about a person, an animal, a thing or a place. They usually come before the nouns they describe. But sometimes they come after the nouns as the following examples show: Everyone knows a giraffe has a long neck. My old car didn't have air conditioning. My grandpa is quite tall and rather thin. None of my tables is round. The words 'long', 'old', 'tall', 'thin' and 'round' tell us something about the nouns: giraffe, car, grandpa and tables. These words called adjectives tell us about their shape, condition, and size. An adjective is therefore a word added to describe a noun so that we are better informed about the noun. Some words can be both adjective and adverbs. Examples are: early, fast, and late. It is important to distinguish how they are used. We arrived a little early for lunch. (Adjective) We arrived early so we still had time before lunch. (Adverb) You are a fast driver these days. (Adjective) You drive fast these days. (Adverb) I overslept and so I was late. (Adjective) I overslept and so I got up late. (Adverb)

(1) KINDS OF ADJECTIVES An adjective that tells us about the quality of the noun. Known as Descriptive Adjective or Adjective of Quality, it tells us about the colour, shape, size or condition of a noun. Example: I love blue sky. / Look at his big, fat dog. / This square table has round legs. An adjective that tells us about the quantity of the noun. This adjective is called an Adjective of Quantity. An adjective of quantity tells us the quantity or amount, and that is 'how many' or 'how much'. Example: I have eaten five apples. / The zoo has many monkeys. / He has so much money to buy so few things. An adjective that tells us about the ownership of the noun. This adjective is called a Possessive Adjective. A possessive adjective shows ownership or possession. It indicates that something belongs to a person or thing. Example: That is her plastic duck floating in the bath. / Look at that elephant. Its tusks curve upwards. An adjective which poses questions in an 'interrogative' manner. It is called an Interrogative Adjective. Like most adjectives, an interrogative adjective comes before a noun. Example: Which monkey bit you? Whose trousers are torn? What girl do you like? In the
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example, 'which', 'whose' and 'what' come before the nouns 'monkey', 'trousers' and 'girl' respectively. They refer to the nouns and are therefore adjectives.

An adjective which specifies a noun. Called a Demonstrative Adjective, it is one that points out a fact about a person or thing. Example: This boy entered the eating contest for fun. / That piglet is looking for its mother. / These spiders have long legs. /Those faces are truly beautiful. In the example, 'this', 'that', 'these' and 'those' come before the nouns 'boy', 'piglet', 'spiders' and 'faces'. They tell us something about the nouns and so are adjectives. Adjectives which end in '-ing', e.g. an interesting film, an amazing player, an annoying habit. Adjectives which end in '-ed', e.g. the damaged goods, the escaped prisoners, improved version. (2) COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES We use the Positive degree to compare two equal nouns. Example: His head is as big as my head. We use the Comparative degree to compare two unequal nouns. Example: His head is bigger than my head. We use the Superlative degree to compare three or more nouns. Example: His head is the biggest in the family.

Positive bold deep near rich tall Positive Positive bad good

Comparative bolder deeper nearer richer taller Comparative Comparative worse better

Superlative boldest deepest nearest richest tallest Superlative Superlative worst best

careful enjoyabl e forgetful useful wonderf ul little

more careful more enjoyabl e more forgetful more useful more wonderf ul less

most careful most enjoyabl e most forgetfu l most useful most wonderf ul least

(3) FORMING ADJECTIVES There are various ways to form adjectives from nouns and verbs as follow: Add '-al' : music=musical; nation=national; person=personal Add '-ful' : care=careful; doubt=doubtful; peace=peaceful Add '-ic' : acrobat=acrobatic; artist=artistic; photograph=photographic Add '-ive' : attract=attractive; effect=effective; act=active; instruct=instructive Add '-ous' : mountain=mountainous; danger=dangerous; peril=perilous Add '-y' : greed=greedy; oil=oily Change 'y' to 'i' and add '-ful' : beauty=beautiful; pity=pitiful Change 'y' to 'i' and add '-ous' : mystery=mysterious; glory=glorious Drop 'e' and add 'y' : anger=angry; ease=easy; ice=icy Drop 'e' and add 'al' : nature=natural; agriculture=agricultural

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1.Adjectives can be formed from Nouns Noun Adjective accident accidental danger dangerous length long star starry wind windy 2.Adjectives can be formed from Verbs Verb Adjective enjoy enjoyable help helpful

obey obedient play playful talk talkative 3.Adjectives can be formed from Adjectives Adjective Adjective comic comical correct corrective elder elderly red reddish sick sickly

(4) CORRECT USAGE OF ADJECTIVES We use some in a positive statement and any in a negative statement or a question. Example: I have some money to buy a couple of lollipops. (Positive statement) Example: I haven't any money to lend you. (Negative statement) Example: Do you need to go to the toilet? (A question) We use some with countable nouns and uncountable nouns. Example: "I have caught some fish for you to cook", he said to her. (Countable noun) Example: There is some rabbit stew in the pot. (Uncountable noun) We can use some in a question if it is an invitation or a request. Example: Would you like to have some goose soup? (Invitation) Example: Will you please give me some medicine for my cough? (Request) We can join some or any with one, body or thing to form compound words. Example: He believed somebody has run away with his wife. Example: The police are looking for someone with three gold teeth. Example: He is hiding something under his bed. Example: There wasn't anyone in the cemetery. Example: It hasn't anything to do with you, so please stop asking. Example: Has anybody seen my grandmother?

Lesson 4- Adverbs
1. Types of Adverbs 2. Comparison of Adverbs 3. Forming Adverbs from Adjectives Types of Adverbs Adverbs Adverb Clauses

An adverb is a word that adds more to the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb. I dreamt about you last night. (dreamt=verb; last night=adverb) The monster was incredibly ugly. (ugly=adjective; incredibly=adverb) The heart patient collapsed quite suddenly. (suddenly=adverb; quite=adverb)

An adverb is usually placed after the verb when it is used in a sentence as follow: He called yesterday. The train will arrive soon. They struggled hard to reach the top. The patient is sleeping soundly.
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Unlike adjectives, adverbs do not modify nouns. CORRECT: The woman has a beautiful daughter. (Adjective) INCORRECT: The woman has a beautifully daughter. (Adverb) CORRECT: She was still sad about it. (Adjective) INCORRECT: She was still sadly about it. (Adverb) Some words can be both adverbs and adjectives as follow: far, hard, and long. It is important to distinguish how they are used. I don't live far away from here. (Adverb) Where I live isn't far from here. (Adjective) She worked quite hard. (Adverb) She found the work quite hard. (Adjective) If we exercise regularly, we may live longer. (Adverb) If we exercise regularly, we may live longer lives. (Adjective)

1. TYPES OF ADVERBS Adverb of Time This shows when an action or something is done or happens. It answers the question "When?" It is either placed at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. When they are at the beginning, they are often emphasized. Example: I phoned you yesterday. Example: I saw her a few months ago. Example: Last week I saw them walking together. Adverb of Place This shows where an action or something is done or happens. It answers the question "Where?" Such adverbs are placed after the verb. Example: I live here. / He fell down. / They are talking outside. / He walked in. Example: We met her in the zoo. Example: They like to walk along the river. Adverb of Manner This shows how an action or something is done. It answers the question "How?" The adverb is placed just after the verb when it is used in a sentence. Example: She cried loudly. / He drives quickly. / She speaks softly. Adverb of Degree or Quantity This answers the questions, "To what degree?" or "How much?" It is usually placed before the adjective and the adverb. Example: It is too dark for us to see anything. (Before adjective) Example: Last night it rained very heavily. (Before adverb) Adverb of Frequency This answers the question "How often?" Adverbs of frequency are very important because we often use them. Examples of these adverbs include: never, rarely, seldom, hardly ever, occasionally, sometimes, generally, usually, frequently, nearly always, often and ever. Also included are: quite, just, already, almost and nearly. Example: He will never have finished in time. Example: Jane is rarely late for work. Example: Peter seldom reads the Bible. Example: Sue hardly ever wore lipstick. Example: We only write to each other very occasionally. Example: Sometimes he stays late in the office to complete his work. Example: The proposal is not generally acceptable to the public. Example: It is usually the man who proposes marriage. Example: While overseas, he frequently phoned home.
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Example: She's not nearly always right although she thinks she's always right. Example: We always go to school by bus. Example: Sharon has often forgotten her books. Example: Does he ever come to play chess? Affirmative Adverb (yes) and Adverb of negation (No) - examples of this adverb includes: yes, surely, certainly, indeed, by all means, no, not at all, by no means. Example: I hope my parent just for once will say yes to my latest idea. Example: You must have heard about the haunted house surely? Example: Certainly we'll try to rid this place of the foul odour. Example: It would indeed help if I had a bodyguard. Example: By all means eat whatever you want, but I think you will not be able to finish all the food. Example: Oh no, not another breakdown at the traffic lights? Example: It is not at all certain that the match will take place. Example: It is by no means easy that we will finish it soon. Interrogative Adverb (Question): When? Where? How? Why? How much/often? Example: When was the last time you saw the accused? Example: Where have you been all the while? Example: How could you have overlooked all these mistakes? Example: Why do you have to do such a stupid thing? Relative Adverb: when, where, how, why These words are the same in form as Interrogative Adverbs; but they are not questions. Example: The time when he arrived is still unknown. Example: The scene where the accident occurred is close to the hospital. Example: He is the only one who knows how to do it. Example: Nobody knows why he left in such a hurry. 2. COMPARISON OF ADVERBS: Similar to the comparison of adjectives, adverbs have three degrees of comparison the Positive, the Comparative and the Superlative. Most adverbs which end in '-ly' form the Comparative with 'more' and the Superlative with 'most'. Positive Comparative Superlative comfortably more comfortably most comfortably happily more happily most happily kindly more kindly most kindly loudly more loudly most loudly noisily more noisily most noisily 3. FORMING ADVERBS FROM ADJECTIVES: Adverbs are formed from adjectives by adding ly. However, not all words ending in ly are adverbs. The following words are good examples of adjectives ending in ly: costly, deadly, friendly, kindly, likely, lively, lowly, manly, sickly, and timely. Adverbs can be formed from nouns, adjectives and verbs. They end in '-ly' as follow: Nouns Adjectives Verbs Adverbs beauty beautifully success successfully angry angrily foolish foolishly continue continually know knowingly
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Lesson 5- Indirect Speech

1. Direct speech or quoted speech 2. Indirect speech or reported speech 3. Changing Direct Speech into Indirect Speech 4. Changes made when converting Direct to Indirect Speech 5. Reporting a question There are two ways to report what a person says: Direct speech and Indirect speech. In Direct speech, we use the exact words that someone says with the use of quotation marks. In Indirect speech, we report what someone says without using their exact words. We dont use quotation marks with indirect speech, but we have to change the pronouns and the tense of the verb. 1. DIRECT SPEECH: Direct speech is the repeating or quoting the exact words spoken by someone. When we use direct speech, we use quotation marks to enclose the words spoken without changing any of them. Example: He said to me, "Be careful!" This is the Direct Speech. We merely repeat the exact words used by the speaker and keep the exact words within quotation marks. EXAMPLE: Quoting exactly what someone said: He said, Im going to hunt a tiger. 2. INDIRECT OR REPORTED SPEECH Indirect speech refers to repeating what another person says. When we report what someone says, we do not repeat exactly every word that was said. We normally change the tense of the words spoken as what has been said is already in the past. We also make changes to pronouns and other changes where necessary. Quotation marks are not used. We use our own words to repeat what the speaker said. Example: He said to me, "Stop singing the same old song!" (Direct speech) He told me to stop singing the same old song. (Indirect speech) This is the Indirect or Reported Speech. We use the past tense when the main verb used by the speaker is in the past tense. Here, we do not use the quotation marks. We use an infinitive (to be) and we repeat the pronoun (He). 3. CHANGING DIRECT SPEECH INTO INDIRECT SPEECH When we change Direct Speech into Indirect Speech, it is necessary to: change all Present and Future Tenses in the Direct Speech into the Past Tenses in the Indirect Speech when the main verb (e.g. said, told) is in the Past Tense. Example: Direct: Write carefully!" he said to me. (Present Tense) Indirect: He told me to write carefully. (Past Tense) Example: Direct: He said, "I am eating." (Present Continuous Tense) Indirect: He said that he was eating. (Past Continuous Tense) Example: Direct: He said, "I have found the keys." (Present Perfect Tense) Indirect: He said that he had found the keys. (Past Perfect Tense) Example: Direct: He said, "I shall call you tonight." (Future Tense) Indirect: He said that he would call me tonight. (Future in Past Tense)

change the pronoun from first person and second person to third person. Example: Direct: I have finished my homework. Indirect: He said that he had finished his homework.
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(First person to third person) Example: Direct: You have finished your homework early. Indirect: He told them that they had done their homework early. (Second person to third person) sometimes we use more than one speech verb if the Direct Speech contains more than one sentence. Example: Direct: Dont fight with your sister, my mother said. Get on with your school homework. Indirect: My mother told me not to fight with my sister. She told/asked me to get on with my school homework.

In most cases, we do not change the tense of the verbs in the Indirect Speech when:the reporting verb is in the Simple Present tense (he says), the Present Perfect tense (she has told us) or the Simple Future tense (I will tell him). Example: Direct: Im tired, he says every evening. (present tense) They are late, she has already told us.(present perfect) I will tell him, The shop is shut. (future tense) Indirect: Every evening he says (that) he is tired. She has already told us (that) they are late. I will tell him (that) the shop is shut.

We do not change the tense of verbs in Indirect Speech if they make a statement which is always true or if the action is still continuing and a change of tense would give the wrong meaning. Example: Direct: He told us, The world is round. Indirect: He told us that the world is round. Direct: She said, My brother is living in Australia. Indirect: She said that her brother is living in Australia. (She said that her brother was living in Australia would indicate her brother is no longer living in Australia which is not true.) 4. CHANGES MADE WHEN CONVERTING DIRECT TO INDIRECT SPEECH The following changes are made when we convert Direct to Indirect Speech. shall to should will to would may to might can to could has to had The pronoun is changed in person from first and second to third. I becomes he or she We becomes they You becomes he, him, her or them Changes are made to the following adjectives and adverbs: this to that these to those now to then today to that day last night to on the previous night or the night before
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tomorrow to the next day or the day after here to there yesterday to the previous day or the day before thus to so; (in) that way 5. REPORTING A QUESTION: When reporting a question, ensure the question ends with a period rather than a question mark. Example: The reporter asked, Why no one has been arrested? (direct question) The reporter asked why no one has been arrested (indirect question)

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Lesson 6- Articles
1. Definite Article 2. Indefinite Article 3. When articles are not used 4. Difference in meaning with use of articles 5. Difference in meaning with or without the use of articles The articles are the words: a, an, the, and are of two kinds: Definite Article The Indefinite Article A or An There are rules governing the usage of a, an and the. By learning the rules, we may still not fully understand their usage. However, there are ways to better understand how to use them and one effective way is to read as much as we can. 1. DEFINITE ARTICLE: The is the definite article as it identifies a definite or particular noun that we know of. It is not about a noun that has not been mentioned beforehand or a noun that we are unaware of. Example: I received a letter. The letter is from a former classmate. (CORRECT) NOT: I received the letter. The letter is from the former classmate. First sentence: I received the letter. Which letter is referred to? Second sentence: The letter is from the former classmate. We know 'The letter' as it refers to the letter I received (in the first sentence). / the former classmate There are many former classmates, which one?) This shows how easily we can confuse the reader if we do not exercise care in using the. 'The' is used: 1. when the same thing or person is mentioned again, that is, a particular thing or person. Example: I bought an orange. The orange is sweet. 2. when there is only one such thing. Example: the earth, the sun, the moon. 3. before the names of famous buildings, etc. Example: The Eiffel Tower, The Great Wall of China. 4. when a singular noun is used to point out a whole class, race, group, etc. Example: The bear is a strong animal. 5. before the special names of a rivers, seas, oceans, mountain ranges, groups of islands, certain organizations, political parties, and countries such as the U.S.A., the U.K., the U.S.S.R. and the U.A.R. Example: The Nile, The Dead Sea, The Pacific Ocean, The Himalayas, The United Nations, The Republican Party, etc. 6. before the names of holy or important books. Example: The Koran, The Bible. 7. before an adjective when the noun is understood. Example: The poor need help. Example: No one seems to care for the homeless in the city.
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More examples: This is the boy you are looking for. (This means this is the particular boy you are looking for, not any other boy.) That is the cinema I went to yesterday. (I remember and am sure that is the cinema I went to and not another cinema.) While they were there, they visited the science museum. (They visited the particular museum which is the only one in the country.) 2. INDEFINITE ARTICLE: The indefinite articles are a and an. We use them to show an unspecified noun, and not a special one, or when we are speaking in general.

A is used: before a word which begins with a consonant. Example: There is a woman waiting for you. before a singular, countable noun. Example: A banana was all I had for lunch. when we mention something for the first time. Example: I saw a dog. before a word with a long sound of u Example: a university, a uniform, a useful book, a European, a unique opportunity. Example: It would be a unique opportunity to travel in space. before the word one because one is pronounced wun, as if it began with W. Example: a one-way street, a one-eyed man, a one-year course, a one-day holiday, etc. Example: I have a one-way ticket to travel from one place to another as I don't intend to visit a place twice. An is used: before a noun which begins with a vowel. Example: They say an apple a day keeps the doctor away. before a word which begins with a vowel sound or a silent h. Example: an hour, an honest man, an heir, an honor, an honorable man, etc. Example: An hour passed and she still hadn't arrived. 3. WHEN ARTICLES ARE NOT USED Articles are not used: 1. before the name of a person: Example: I am a fan of Michael Jackson. (NOT: I am a fan of the Michael Jackson) 2. before the name of a place, town, country, street, or road. Example: Barcelona is a beautiful city. (NOT: The Barcelona is a beautiful city.) 3. before names of materials. Example: Gold is found in Australia. (NOT: The gold is found in Australia.)

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4. before abstract nouns used in a general sense. Example: You cannot buy happiness. (NOT: You cannot buy a/the happiness.) 4. DIFFERENCE IN MEANING WITH USE OF ARTICLES It helps to observe the following rules: When we use two or more adjectives to describe the same person or thing, we use the article only before the first adjective. Example: He talked to a tall and blonde woman. (He talked to a (one) woman who was tall and blonde.) When we use two or more adjectives to refer to more than one person or thing, we use the article before each adjective. Example: He talked to a tall and a blonde woman. (He talked to two women, one of whom was tall and the other was a blonde.) 5. DIFFERENCE IN MEANING WITH OR WITHOUT THE USE OF ARTICLES He is at the school. (We know which school.) He is at a school. (We don't know which school.) He is at school. (He is a student and is learning.)

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Lesson 7- Pronouns
1. Personal Pronouns 2. Reflexive Pronouns 3. Relative Pronouns 4. Possessive Pronouns 5. Demonstrative Pronouns A Pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. It refers to a person or thing without giving the name. Personal Pronouns Personal Pronouns (First Person - Male or (Second Person - Male or Female) Female) Singular Plural Singular Plural I Mine Me We Ours Us Thou Thine Thee You Yours You

Personal Pronouns (Third Person - Male) Singular Plural He His Him They Theirs Them

Personal Pronouns (Third Person - Female) Singular Plural She Hers Her They Theirs Them

Personal Pronouns (Third Person - Neuter) Singular Plural I We Mine Ours Me Us

Singular & Plural Who Whose Whom

Singular & Plural Which Whose Which

Example: Jim has a bicycle. He rides it every day. The words He and it referred to in the second sentence are used for Jim and bicycle. The words He used for Jim and it used for bicycle are called Pronouns. We use pronouns to avoid repetition of the same words, which in this case are Jim and bicycle. Most of the pronouns must be used independently, that is, without a noun following them. Example: This is a big house. (This is a pronoun as it occurs independently.) But when a noun follows them, they are no longer pronouns. Example: This house is big. (This is followed by the noun, house. Here, this, as a determiner, describes the noun, and so is not a pronoun.) Pronouns are also used as subjects and objects in sentences. In the sentence above He rides it every day, He and it are both pronouns He is the subject and it is the object.

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1. PERSONAL PRONOUNS: These pronouns refer to people and so are called Personal Pronouns. However, the pronoun it is included in personal pronouns although it does not usually refer to a person. What then are personal pronouns? Personal pronouns are best explained by the table below: Singular Plural

Subject Object Subject Object First Person I Me We Us Second Person Third Person You He She It You Him Her It You They They They You Them Them Them

In the above table, Personal Pronouns stand for three persons: First Person; Second Person; Third Person. There are two types of Personal Pronouns: (1) those used as subjects; (2) those used as objects. (See above)

The Personal Pronoun must be of the same Number, Gender and Person as the Noun for which it represents. If the Noun is in the Singular Number, the Pronoun also must be in the Singular Number. Example: The boy is playing with his kite. He has a red kite. Example: The boys are playing with their kites. They have kites of various colours. If the Noun is in the Feminine Gender, the Pronoun too must be in the Feminine Gender. Example: The girl is playing with her dog. She has a small dog. Example: John's sister likes to eat pizza. She eats it almost every day. Example: Jill has a boyfriend. He loves her very much. 2. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS: We use the Reflexive Pronouns when the action of the doer goes back to himself so that the Subject of the sentence is the same person as the object. Example: He has hurt himself. Pronouns like 'himself' are called Reflexive Pronouns. They always end in '-self or-selves'. Reflexive Pronouns First Person (I) Second Person (you) Third Person (he, she, it) Singular myself yourself himself herself itself Plural ourselves yourself themselves themselves themselves

The words in bold type can be used to make the action of a verb refer back to the subject. They are called reflexive pronouns.
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3. RELATIVE PRONOUNS: Relative Pronouns take the place of Nouns or Pronouns; they are used to join two sentences about the same person or thing. Example: I know the man who lives next door. Who refers to the noun 'man' which is just before it. Who is called a Relative Pronoun. It is placed at the beginning of the clause 'who lives next door'. This clause tells us more about the man. It is an adjective clause. A Relative Pronoun is therefore used to begin an adjective clause, which modifies I he noun that precedes it. Examples of relative pronouns: who, which, that, whom and whose. 'Who', 'whom' and 'whose' are used for people; 'which' and 'that' for animals or things; 'whom' is only used as the object of a sentence; and 'whose' is used as a possessive.

We use who to join two sentences. Example: "The man is an artist. He drew that picture." "The man who drew that picture is an artist." We use whose to show possession or relationship. Example: "That is my uncle whose son is my cousin." We use which or that in almost the same way as we use who but it refers to things, not human beings. There is one other difference in the way we use who and which. After who we put a verb. After which we can put a verb, a pronoun or a noun. Example: That is the camera which costs fifty dollars. (verb comes after 'which') Example: That is the camera which he bought. (pronoun comes after 'which') Example: That is the camera which John likes. (noun comes after 'which') We use whom to make a statement about human beings. It is used in place of who(a) when it is the object of a verb or (b) when it comes after a preposition. Example: (a) The man whom they caught was sent to prison. Example: (b) The man to whom you should speak is my uncle. 4. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS Possessive Pronouns are used to indicate ownership. They can be used without a Noun. Example: Take all those that are yours and don't touch anything that are mine. (Pronouns 'yours' and 'mine' are used without Nouns.) Example: Don't borrow the books that are hers; read those that are ours. (Pronouns 'hers' and 'ours' are used without Nouns.) The Possessive Case First Person Second Person Third Person Singular Mine Yours His Hers Its Plural Ours Yours Theirs Theirs Theirs

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5. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS: The Demonstrative Pronoun is used to point out a thing or a person. Demonstrative pronouns are this, that, these, and those. However, one has to exercise care when using demonstrative pronouns. The words this and that when used alone, arepronouns; when used with Nouns they are Adjectives. Example: This is what I heard from him. (Pronoun) Example: This car is still new. (Adjective, used before the Noun, car) Example: That is not something I like. (Pronoun) Example: That girl does look familiar. (Adjective, used before the Noun, girl) We can replace that with the one. Example: Where is the bill that I handed to you this morning? Example: Where is the bill, the one I handed to you this morning?

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Lesson 8- Prepositions
1. Prepositions of Time 2. Prepositions of Place 3. Prepositions of Direction 4. Compound prepositions 5. Proper usage of Prepositions 6. Prepositions + other parts of speech Prepositions are mostly small words that are used before a Noun or Pronoun to show its relation to some other word in the sentence. In other words, prepositions link a noun or pronoun to another noun or pronoun in a sentence. Prepositions are used to show when something happens (prepositions of time), where something happens (prepositions of place) or where something is going (prepositions of direction). List of Prepositions about around beside for of toward above at betwee from off under after before n in on until against behind beyond into over with along below by like through within among beneath down near to without during

Example: He said he'd surrender to the police at 2 o'clock tomorrow. (indicates time: at 2 o'clock) The kettle which is on the stove started to whistle. (indicates a place: on the stove) We walked towards the dark cave. (indicates direction: towards the cave.) There are many prepositions, some of which are as follow: about, after, along, among, before, behind, beside, between, by, for, from, in,into, like, near, of, off, over, to, since, through, under, with, within, without 1. PREPOSITIONS OF TIME Prepositions can be used to convey time. Example: He said he would be dead before his next birthday. Tommy lost his way and will not be here for an hour yet. Their father will return to their mother within a year. Jane has been coughing loudly since last Sunday. She swore that she would never talk to me again from tomorrow. Julia is always knitting at lunchtime? The boss is always sleepy on Monday mornings. He often builds a fat snowman in the winter. 2. PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE Prepositions of place tell us where someone or something is. Example: I sat beside a snoring lady in the cinema. I think someone is hiding behind the door.
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The two thieves divided the loot between them. We have been living under one roof. We divided the pizza among us. How come my car keys are in your shirt pocket? The cow jumped over the moon. Don't go near her. She's got a bad cold. 3. PREPOSITIONS OF DIRECTION Prepositions can be used to show movement, that is where someone or something is going. Example: May is looking after her sick parrot. I went into her room to find her crying. Shall we cycle along the beach? The bird flew in through the window. I think she's gone to the loo. His uncle fell into the river. The baby is crawling towards me. All my marbles roll down the hill. 4. COMPOUND PREPOSITIONS Some prepositions are composed of more than one word and are called compound prepositions. Example: According to him, his wife is the most beautiful woman in town. He had to retire because of ill health. She parked her car right in front of mine. You should do something instead of talking about it all the time. They did not postpone the match in spite of the rain. The circus clown is sitting next to her. 5. PROPER USAGE OF PREPOSITIONS Prepositions are simple words but they are not as easy to use as they appear to be. Care should therefore be exercised in using them. If used wrongly, they become adverbs and conjunctions and convey different meanings as the following examples show: Example: It was a kite that we looked above us. (adverb) I noticed an air plane above the cloud. (preposition) They waited outside the cinema for him. (adverb) The sheep are outside the fence. (preposition) We entered after her. (adverb) He arrived after we had left. (conjunction) I go jogging every day after work. (preposition) 6. PREPOSITIONS + OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH Some nouns, adjectives and verbs can have a preposition after them. EXAMPLES: The hostages didn't give up hope of being released. (Noun + preposition) No one believed him guilty of this terrible crime. (Adjective + preposition) The audience laughed at her funny jokes. (Verb + preposition)

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Lesson 9- Conjunctions
1. Coordinating Conjunctions 2. Correlative Conjunctions 3. Subordinating Conjunctions 4. Using conjunctions to join words and phrases 5. Using conjunctions to join nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverb 6. What to remember when using conjunctions Conjunctions are words that join words, phrases, and clauses together. There are three types of conjunctions: Coordinating Conjunctions; Correlative Conjunctions; and Subordinating Conjunctions. Types of Conjunction are Correlative Conjunction, Coordinating Conjunction and Subordinating Conjunction. Correlative Conjunctions The Correlative type always appear in pairs. Examples of the correlative type include the words "either...or," "neither...nor,", "not only...but also" and "whether...or". Correlative conjunctions are used to link equivalent sentence elements. Coordinating Conjunctions Examples of co-ordinating conjunctions include the words "and," "but," "or," "nor," "for," "so," and "yet"(FAN BOYS). There are only seven coordinating types in the English language. Coordinating types are used to join individual words, phrases, and independent clauses. Subordinating Conjunctions Examples of subordinating include the words "after," "although," "as," "because," "before," "how," "if," "once," "since," "than," "that," "though," "till," "until," "when," "where," "whether," and "while". Subordinating words are used to indicate the nature of the relationship among the independent clause and the dependent clause. Subordinators are usually a single word, but there are also a number of multi-word subordinators that function like a single subordinating conjunction example: 'even though'. Both coordinating and subordinating can join clauses. Coordinating And Or But Nor So For Yet Others After So That Although Though As Till As If Unless As Long As Until Because What Before When Even If Whenever Even Wherever Though Whether Once While Since

1. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS: Coordinating conjunctions join words, phrases, or clauses, and are words such as: and, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet.

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Joining words, phrases and clauses. Conjunctions join words: Example: Five and five is ten. Conjunctions join phrases: Example: The fisherman is happy walking along the beach and carrying a bucket full of fish. They went up to receive the awards, full of smile and happy together. Conjunctions join clauses: Example: He walked to his car. He got into it.. He walked to his car and got into it. Tom is 1.6 metres tall. Tom weighs 70 kilograms. Tom is 1.6 metres tall and weighs 70 kilograms. She is tired. She cannot sleep. She is tired but she cannot sleep. Using some coordinating conjunctions Example: I missed the ending part and I'm guessing who the murderer is. I'd like to go fishing but I'm too busy frying fish. He finds it difficult to see clearly, for he is not wearing his glasses. The audience wasn't very impressed by his performance, nor his jokes. He doesn't have a sister or a wife. The rain got heavier, so the match had to be abandoned. He's only a little boy and yet he is able to carry such a heavy load. 2. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS Correlative conjunctions come in the form of pairs of words: either ... or; neither ... nor; both ... and; not only ... but also, and whether ... or. Example: You can have either this one or that one. They are neither our friend nor our ally. Pepe can both juggle and perform magic tricks. He has not only been reprimanded but also faces possible expulsion. I couldn't decide whether to marry her or her sister. 3. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS: Subordinating conjunctions are used to join a dependent clause - that is a clause that cannot stand alone - to one that can, an independent clause. Example: a) The whole project will fail unless we put in more money. b) The tiger must be captured before it killed more villagers. c) We still feel a bit hungry though we have eaten a lot. In (a), unless we put in more money is a dependent clause; it cannot stand alone. It depends on the independent clause: The whole project will fail. Here, the subordinating conjunction unless is used to join the clauses. In (b), the dependent clause is before it killed more villagers. In (c), though we have eaten a lot is the dependent clause. 4. USING CONJUNCTIONS TO JOIN WORDS AND PHRASES: In using conjunctions to join words and phrases, some of the words are left out.
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Example: Will you have brandy? Will you have whiskey? = Will you have brandy or whiskey? Or joins the words brandy and whiskey. Example: I have a car. I have a house. = I have a car and a house. And joins the phrase a car and a house. In both sentences some of the words are left out. 5. USING CONJUNCTIONS TO JOIN NOUNS, VERBS, ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS We can use conjunctions to join nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs: Example: I have a pen and a book. (Joining two nouns: pen, book) We joked and laughed. (Joining two verbs: joked, laughed) She is tall and beautiful. (Joining two adjectives: tall, beautiful) He eats quickly and noisily. (Joining two adverbs: quickly, noisily) 6. WHAT TO REMEMBER WHEN USING CONJUNCTIONS When using conjunctions, remember the following: Choosing the right conjunction is important to make the meaning clear. Example: I have always been weak in mathematics, and I have never failed a test. I have always been weak in mathematics, but I have never failed a test. (Because the two sentences have opposite ideas, 'but' is more appropriately used.) When and is used to connect two words or phrases within a sentence, no comma is used. Commas are used only when and connects three or more items within a sentence. Example: I ate a pizza and a toast. (No comma) I ate a pizza, a toast, and an apple. (Commas) Some conjunctions with accompanying words can be placed at the beginning or the end of a sentence. Example: I have a glass of milk before I go to bed. / Before I go to bed, I have a glass of milk. When we use the conjunctions, we avoid repeating unnecessary words. Example: You need to know what rights you have. You also need to know how to use them. You need to know what rights you have, and how to use them. This is an expensive machine. It is an immensely useful machine. This is an expensive but immensely useful machine. The store has branches in Birmingham. It has branches in Manchester. The store has branches in Birmingham and Manchester. We didn't believe a word he said. We didn't believe his excuses. We didn't believe a word he said, nor his excuses. I have been to London. I have also been to Paris. I have been to London and Paris You can choose the white one. You can choose the black one. You can choose the white one or the black one.

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We can start a sentence with a conjunction or place it in the middle of a sentence. Example: If he is not here soon, we shall leave without him. We shall leave without him if he is not here soon. When you see him, please talk to him about it. Please talk to him about it when you see him. Although she is my colleague, we hardly talk to each other. We hardly talk to each other although she is my colleague. Because the weather is bad, we decide not to go out. We decide not to go out because the weather is bad. Before I left, I cooked for them. I cooked for them before I left. After the accident, he decided to give up his job. He decided to give up his job after the accident. (We often use commas in sentences with conjunctions, especially in longer sentences and when we start the sentence with the conjunction.) It is important to remember that the verb must agree with the subject. If both the subjects are singular, the verb which follows either ... or, neither ... nor must be in the singular. Example: Either his daughter or his son is going out with him. ('Son' is a singular subject; so the singular verb 'is' is used.) Example: Neither the boy nor his brother plays football. ('brother' is a singular subject; 'plays' is singular verb) If both subjects are plural, then the conjunctions either ... or and neither ... nor must be followed by a plural verb. Example: Either the boys or the girls have to do it first. ('girls' is plural subject; 'have' is plural verb) Example: Neither you nor your parents are interested. ('parents' is plural subject; 'are' is plural verb) If one subject is singular and the other is plural, the verb has to agree with the noun that immediately precedes it. Example: Either she or they have borrowed the book. ('they' is plural subject; 'have' is plural verb) Example: Neither she nor her sisters are reading the newspaper. ('sisters' is plural subject; 'are' is plural verb) Example: Either the camels or the giraffe is the main attraction. ('giraffe' is singular subject; 'is' is singular verb) Example: Neither the dogs nor the cat has an owner. ('cat' is singular subject, 'has' is singular verb)

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Lesson 10- Agreement

1. A singular verb is used with a singular subject. 2. A plural verb is used with a plural subject. 3. The verb must agree with the subject and not the noun next to it. 4. More subject-verb agreement to remember. Agreement is the condition that one word or a sentence part must agree with an earlier word, phrase, or clause. Put simply, a subject must agree with its verb in number. Number means singular or plural. A singular subject refers to one person, place, thing, or idea while a plural refers to more of each of them. Example: My uncle has bushy eyebrows. They are running downstairs. In the two sentences, the noun (=uncle) and pronoun (=they) are called the subjects. The word uncle is a singular subject. The verb used with the subject must therefore be singular (=has). The subject they is plural. The verb (=are) used with the plural subject is plural too. 1. SINGULAR VERB IS USED WITH SINGULAR SUBJECT Example: My dog is my closest friend. Subject dog is in the singular. Verb is is in the singular. She eats a lot of Belgian chocolate. Subject She is in the singular. Verb eats is also in the singular. My friend and neighbor has been a magician for many years. (Two nouns refer to the same person, so singular has is used.) The nurse and sister of the patient cares for him. (Nurse and sister are the same person, singular verb cares is used.) Bread and butter is his only food. (Bread and butter are usually combined and stand for one item, that is, food. Singular is is used.) 2. PLURAL VERB IS USED WITH PLURAL SUBJECT Example: They have a large turkey farm. Subject They is in the plural. Verb have is also in the plural. We eat lots of nice food at weekends. Subject We is in the plural. Verb eat is also in the plural. The nurse and the sister of the patient care for him. (Nurse and sister are different persons, plural verb care is used.)

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3. THE VERB MUST AGREE WITH THE SUBJECT AND NOT THE NOUN NEXT TO IT The verb must be made to agree with the subject and not with the noun next to it. Example: Her box of chocolates are a birthday present. (INCORRECT) The verb are in this sentence is used wrongly. Here, we are talking about a box of chocolates, and not just chocolates. The subject of the sentence is box and not chocolates. The subject box is in the singular, so the verb too must be in the singular, the verb therefore must be is not are. The correct sentence should now be: Her box of chocolates is a birthday present. MORE EXAMPLES: The man with two bags are heading for the airport. (INCORRECT) The man with two bags is heading for the airport. (CORRECT) Subject = man, not bags / man = singular / verb = singular = is His instruction to the boys were not clear. (INCORRECT) His instruction to the boys was not clear. (CORRECT) Subject = instruction, not boys / instruction = singular / verb = singular = was The thieves who stole the money has escaped. (INCORRECT) The thieves who stole the money have escaped. (CORRECT) Subject = thieves, not money / thieves = plural / verb = plural = have The cost of goods have gone up. (INCORRECT) The cost of goods has gone up. (CORRECT) Subject = cost, not goods / cost = singular / verb = singular = has One of the boys are the leader. (INCORRECT) One of the boys is the leader. (CORRECT) Subject = one, not boys / one = singular / verb = singular = is 4. MORE SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT TO REMEMBER 1. When two nouns or pronouns are joined together by and, the verb should be in the plural. The lion and the tiger are carnivorous animals. (NOT: is) John and I were close colleagues. (NOT: was) 2. When two nouns refer to the same person or thing, the verb is in the singular. My uncle and handyman is very useful. (NOT: are) The owner and manager of the store is very friendly. (NOT: are) 3. If two nouns are treated as one entity, the verb must be in the singular. Time and tide waits for no man. (NOT: wait) Milk and fruit is a good diet. (NOT: are) 4. When a quantity or an amount is treated as a whole, the verb is singular. Two hundred dollars nowadays is not a big sum. She said seventy kilograms is her weight. Ten kilometers is a long distance to walk. The $100.00 you lent me was not enough. How many cents is equal to one dollar?

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Lesson 11- Punctuation

1. Full stop/period (.) 2. Comma (,) 3. Question Mark (?) 4. Exclamation marks (!) 5. Colon (:) 6. Semicolon ( ; ) 7. Apostrophe ( ) 8. Hyphen ( - ) 9. Quotation Marks ( ) 10. Dash (-) We use a variety of punctuation marks, such as full stop/period, comma, question mark, brackets, etc. in our writing to separate sentences, phrases, etc., and to clarify their meaning. We need to familiarize ourselves with some basic rules in order to use these punctuation marks correctly. 1. FULL STOP/PERIOD (.) : A full stop is placed at the end of each sentence to indicate the end of the sentence, which can be a statement, request or command. A full stop is not used at the end of a phrase or subordinate clause. Doing so does not create complete sentences. Example: When I saw her yesterday, she was wearing a red dress. NOT: When I saw her yesterday. She was wearing a red dress. (When I saw her yesterday is an adverb clause, which is not a complete sentence a full stop should not be used to end it. The period is used after most abbreviations: Example: Mr., Mrs., Ms., Dr., Rev. Wed., Oct. Most short versions of specific expressions end in a period. Example: A.M./a.m., P.M./p.m., p.a., e.g. The trend today is towards writing abbreviations without a period. Example: IOU, FBI, US, UK. Only one full stop is used if a sentence ends with an abbreviation. Example: Her biggest ambition is to successfully complete her M.A. The period is used to show the shortened form of a word. Example: Opp., mo. (Written abbreviations of opposite, month) A full stop is always placed inside quotation marks, whether or not it is part of the quotation. Example: John said, That runaway horse is not mine. NOT: John said, That runaway horse is not mine. 2. COMMA (,): A comma is used in the middle of, and never at the end of a sentence. This is done to make the sentence clearer, especially to separate items in a list. However, overusing commas can complicate a sentence, or render it meaningless. A comma is important to avoid any possibility of misunderstanding a sentence as the following example shows: While my father was eating, my mother was drinking. While my father was eating my mother was drinking. Without the comma, it appears my father was cannibalizing my mother. A comma is used: to separate words in a list Example: We saw monkeys, porcupines, lions and tigers in the zoo. to show a pause in a sentence.
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Example: Yesterday, as I was jogging in the park, I saw a black baboon. before inverted commas of actual words spoken. Example: He told us, I believe the world is flat. to separate the name of the person spoken to. Example: Jane, let me show you how to do it. to separate items in dates, that is day of week from the date, and day of month from the year. Example: He is marrying on Tuesday, 1st April. Example: The explosion happened on 1st January, 2000. to separate exclamations and expressions from the rest of the sentence. Example: Oh no, it cant be true. Example: Well, all I can say is its a waste of money. after such words or phrases of course, therefore, for example, however, moreover, etc. when we begin a sentence. Example: Of course, you are always right. Example: Moreover, the rent is high and the location is not perfect. to separate parts of an address. Example: 999, Downing Street, Kingston. to separate cities and states/provinces, states/provinces and countries. Example: Montana, USA. to separate numbers that exceed three digits. Example: 2,000 / 20,000 to separate greetings and closings in letters, Example: Dear Diana, / Yours sincerely. to separate more than one adjective that modifies a noun. Example: The short, puny man was a comedian. to separate relative clause from the rest of the sentence. Example: The man, who lives next door, is a circus clown. to separate two independent clauses which together form a compound sentence. Example: Jack is washing the car, and Jill is washing the dishes. 3. QUESTION MARK (?): A question mark is placed at the end of a sentence to ask a question. Example: Whos that man wearing a cowboy hat? / Could you wait here for me, please? Example: Did you see the movie entitled The three legged man? A full stop or comma is not used after a question. Example: Do you understand what I have been saying? Jennifer asked me. NOT: Do you understand what I have been saying?, Jennifer asked me. A question mark is used after a question that ends with an abbreviation. Example: You said you saw the UFO at about 7 p.m.? When a question is being reported and not directly asked, a period, not a question mark, is used. Example: She asked, What are you looking at? (direct question) Example: She asked what I was looking at. (indirect question) 4. EXCLAMATION MARKS (!): An exclamation mark is used after interjections or commands. (An interjection is a word or phrase used to express a strong feeling.) It expresses an emotion such as surprise, anger, fear, pain or pleasure. Example: What a complete waste of my time! / Sit over there and be quiet for an hour! Example: Hes here! Hes here! / We won! We won! / Quiet! 5. COLON (:): A colon is used before a list and usually after as follows. Example: This box contains the following items: bandages, plasters, lotion, medicines and a pair of scissors.
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It is used to separate the hour from the minutes when telling time Example: 11:59 A.M., 11:59 P.M. 6. SEMICOLON ( ; ): A semicolon is used to join two sentences, independent clauses or a series of items which are closely connected in meaning. Example: He gives up smoking; obviously, he fears contracting one of the smoking-related diseases. 7. APOSTROPHE ( ): An apostrophe is used: to form contractions by showing the numbers or letters that have been left out. Example: 86 =1986 Example: I am = Im / we are = were / he will = hell / they would = theyd /dont = do not./ Ive = I have. to form the possessive of a noun. Add s to plural nouns that end in s: boys bicycles; friends houses; books covers Add s to single noun or name: uncle's pipe; George's girlfriend; dog's tail; Thomas's car. Add s to singular noun that end in s: actresss role; princesss lover; rhinoceross skin. Add s to other plural nouns: childrens toys; womens clothes; mens boots. Add s to a persons office or shop: Ill buy the pork at the butchers. / Ill be visiting Toms. Add s only after the second name: Jack and Jills pail; Bonnie and Clydes loot. to form the plural of abbreviations: many Dr.s; many M.D.s; many Ph.D.s. for the plural of a number or letter: your ps; your cs; your 5s are too big. 8. HYPHEN ( - ): A hyphen is used to join two words or more to form compound words. Example: good-looking, pro-American, forty-one, mother-in-law. 9. QUOTATION MARKS ( ): A quotation mark is used to show the beginning and end of reported speech. Example: Stop looking at my hair. she said to me. Use a quotation mark to show a quoted word, phrase or title. Example: War and Peace is a novel by Leo Tolstoy. All punctuation marks that belong to a quote are enclosed inside the quotation marks of the quote. Example: She asked, Do you like me? (Correct) Example: She asked, Do you like me? (Incorrect) If there is a quote within a quote, it should be enclosed by single quotation marks. Example: He said to me, I have read twice War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy. A comma is used before the last quotation mark to separate the quote from the rest of the sentence. Example: Those horses are mine, said John Wayne. A full stop is put before the last quotation mark when this quote is the last part of the sentence. Example: Mum said to me, Eat your lunch quietly. Quotation marks are used to enclose a word or phrase when it is used. Example: What does anthropophagi mean? / He habitually says money cannot buy love. 10. DASH (-): A dash is sometimes used instead of a colon or a semi-colon. Example: Quick! Go now the police are coming for you! When dashes are used in a sentence, commas are not used to separate interrupting phrases. Example: She looked at the dresses a few of them deciding on the one she should buy. NOT: She looked at the dresses, a few of them, deciding on the one she should buy.
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Lesson 12- Modals

1. CAN and COULD 2. MAY and MIGHT 3. WILL and WOULD 4. SHOULD 5. MUST 6. HAD BETTER 7. HAVE TO Modals, also referred to as modal verbs or modal auxiliaries, are words such as:can, could, may, might, will, would, should, must, had better. These are helping verbs, each of which has more than one meaning that we placed before the main verbs to express: ability, possibility, necessity, certainty, make polite requests, or ask for permission, and more. 1. CAN and COULD: Can and could are modal verbs. They are used with other verbs to convey ideas such as possibility, permission, etc.

We use can: to talk about possibility and ability; Example: I can ride a horse. Example: He can speak three languages. to make requests or give orders; Example: Can you buy me a can of beer? Example: Can you complete now what you are doing? to ask for or give permission. Example: Can I come in now? Note: we may also use could, may and might for permission. when we decide we are able to do something for the present or future. Example: We can have our dinner now. Example: We can go swimming tomorrow. Could is one of the modal verbs. We use could: as the past tense of can. Example: Jane said she could get the tickets for us. when we wish to be very polite. Example: Could I go now, please? to show what was possible in the past. Example: He could cycle when he was four years old. to ask someone to do something. Example: Could you buy some cigarettes for me? to show the ability to do something. Example: My grandmother could speak Spanish. to show that one is allowed to do something. Example: We could choose to do the course we wanted. for an action now or in the future. Example: Its a nice day. We could go for a walk. Example: When I go to London next week, I could stay with my uncle for something that should have been done in the past. Example: I was so tired. I could have slept the whole day. with present perfect tense for things which were possible to happen but didnt or an event which we are not sure about. Example: You could have taken a different route to avoid the traffic jam. Example: He could have broken the glass. / She couldnt have broken the glass.

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Points to note: We do not use can with infinitive verb. Example: We can play football today. (NOT: We can to play football today.) We commonly use Can I to offer to do something Example: Can I help you to do it? Sometimes it is necessary to use (be) able to in place of can. Example: I cant contact him. / I havent been able to contact him for two days. (It is not possible to use can with present perfect tense). Where the subject is singular, we do not add s to the verb following can or could Example: He can swim. (NOT: He can swims.) Example: We could smell burning. (NOT: We could smells burning) Could is less sure than can, so we use could when we do not really mean what we say. Example: I am so hungry. I could eat the whole chicken. (NOT: I can eat the whole chicken). 2. MAY and MIGHT We use may or might to: make a suggestion or an assumption. Example: Everyone is looking for George. He may/might be in the toilet. indicate that something is a possibility. Example: What we are told may/might be true. possibly take the place of could. Example: That man over there looks like Mike. He could/may/might be Mike. say about something that is possible to happen in the future. Example: We may visit them in Birmingham for the summer holidays. Example: They might go out later when the weather improves. (For these two examples, we can also use might visit or may go.)

For something that happened in the past, we can use may have or might have. Example: She may have been asleep when the burglar entered the house. Example: The police think he might have seen the robbery and are looking for him. We use might, and not may, for an unreal situation Example: If I met her again, I might ask for her telephone number. (It is quite unlikely that I meet her again, so I dont get to ask for her telephone number. We do not use may here.) We can use the continuing form with may/might. Example: I may/might be reading in the library this evening. We can use be going with may/might. Example: We may/might be going to Australia next month. // We may/might go to Australia next month. (These sentences do not change in meaning) 3. WILL and WOULD: We use will and would for polite questions. Example: Will/would you phone me later? for invitations Example: Will/would join us for a drink? for offering something Example: Would/wouldnt you like a coffee or tea? for asking someone to do something Example: Will/would you please top grumbling about the weather? 4. SHOULD: We use should for a strong suggestion. Example: You should go back to him. (Its not a must but it would be good to do so.) For advice and recommendations.
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Example: You should not be going now. Its going to rain anytime. for something that is right or morally right to do Example: You should cut down on your heavy drinking. when something is not right or normal. Example: they should be queuing up for something or something fair to happen. Example: She has been shoplifting, so she should be caught. for the present moment. Example: You look tired. You should go to bed now. in place of ought to. (No difference in meaning here.) Example: I think you should/ought to make more time for yourself to relax. with if. Example: If Jane should come while Im out, please tell her to wait 5. MUST: We use must when we feel something is true. Example: You have been talking for so long your mouth must be very dry now. We use must when it is necessary to do something. Example: I havent seen my parents for a long while. I must visit them at the weekend. We can use must for the present or future. Example: We must leave now before the weather gets worse. Example: We must leave very early tomorrow or we will be late. We use must have for something that we think happened in the past. Example: He must have gone out while I was sleeping. 6. HAD BETTER: We usually use had better to give advice or warning or make a suggestion about something bad that is likely to happen. Example: You are coughing loudly. You had better see a doctor. Example: I am overeating. I had better go on a diet. Example: We think she had better not befriend him. He is a drug addict. Had better can be replaced by should/ought to and retain the meaning. Example: You are coughing loudly. You should/ought to see a doctor. Example: I am overeating. I should/ought to go on a diet. Example: We think she should/ought to befriend him. He is a drug addict. 7. HAVE TO: We use have to: to show it is necessary to do something. Example: I have to leave now as they are waiting for me. when circumstances dictate that we do something. Example: He has to see the doctor every month to treat his skin disorder. for the present or future. Example: All of us have to attend a meeting now. Example: We have to work late tomorrow. with the past tense. Example: We had to do the training in order to be eligible. in place of have got to. There is no difference in meaning. Example: I have to/have got to give a talk tomorrow.

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Lesson 13- Conditionals

1. The First Conditional 2. The Second Conditional 3. The Third Conditional A conditional sentence is made up of two parts: an if-clause and a main clause. When the ifclause comes before the main clause, the two clauses are separated with a comma. When the main clause comes before the if-clause, then no comma is necessary. Example: If Tom arrives early, well have dinner together. (If-clause comes before main clause. Comma required.) Example: Well have dinner together if Tom arrives early. (Main clause comes before the ifclause. No comma required.) There are three main types of conditional. They are commonly referred to as the first, second and third conditionals (or the Type 1, Type 2 or Type 3 conditionals.) 1. THE FIRST CONDITIONAL: The simple present tense is used in the if clause, and the tense in the main clause is the simple future tense. Example: If you leave now, youll arrive home early. If Clause - Main Clause If + simple present tense - Simple future tense If you leave now, - youll arrive home early. We can turn the two clauses the other way round so that their positions are reversed as follow: Simple future tense - if + simple present tense Youll arrive home early - if you leave now. Whether the if-clause or the main clause comes earlier, both conditional sentences as above are acceptable. With the first conditional, we use the present tense to talk about the future. We use this conditional when the situation in the if-clause appears likely and there is a possibility of it happening. Example: If you help me with this, Ill buy you a drink. (You might help me) Example: If I see him tomorrow, Ill tell him the good news. (I might see him tomorrow) The first conditional refers to the present condition that is real and a probable outcome. Example: If the weather remains fine, we will go to the beach. Example: If you continue to feel better, you will be out of the hospital soon. Going to can be used in the first conditional to refer to a future event. Example: If she finishes work early, we are going to a restaurant for dinner. Example: If you dont hurry, we are going to miss the train. 2. THE SECOND CONDITIONAL: The simple past tense is used in the if clause, and the tense in the main clause is the present conditional. Example: If he asked, we would explain everything. If Clause - Main Clause If + simple past tense - would/could/might + infinitive (to have) If he asked, - we would explain everything.
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We can also let the main clause precede the if-clause, as follow: Would/could/might + infinitive (to have) - if + simple past tense We would explain everything - if he asked. The second conditional refers to the present or future. We use Type 2 conditionals to describe: what is absolutely impossible. Example: If your father were alive, he would be very proud of you. Example: If I were younger, I would do things differently. Although the above two examples can use was instead of were as follow, the use of were is more formal. Example: If your father was alive, he would be very proud of you. Example: If I was younger, I would do things differently. a purely hypothetical situation. Example: If I cooked like her, I would open a restaurant. (I cant cook like her.) Example: If we earned more money, we would buy a bigger house. (We dont earn more money) unlikely events or not probable now. Example: If she loved me, I would propose to her. (I dont think she loves me) Example: If my parents restored their broken relationship, Id* be very happy. (Its unlikely they will do that) imaginary situations that are unlikely to happen now or in the future. Example: If I won the lottery, I would buy a luxury yacht Example: If I married her, I would be the happiest man alive. (* would is often shortened to d) 3. THE THIRD CONDITIONAL: The past perfect tense is used in the if clause, and the tense in the main clause is the prefect conditional. Example: If you had planned what to do, you would have done it successfully. If Clause - Main Clause If + past perfect tense - would/could/might + perfect infinitive (to have) If you had planned what to do - you would have done it successfully. The main clause can come before the if-clause, as follow: Would + perfect infinitive (to have) - if + past perfect tense You would have done it successfully - if you had planned what to do Would expresses a desired or predictable result. could expresses a possible option. We use Type 3 conditionals to: express disappointment or regret about things that not possible to happen now. Example: If I had married her, I could have been a happier person. Example: If you had taken up teaching, you would have been better off.
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talk about things that should have happened in the past, but didnt. Example: If you had requested information, the company would have provided it. Example: If I had completed my education, I would have been somebody else today. imagine unrealistic situations Example: If I had worked harder, I would have become a professor. Example: If I had set up a business, I would have become very rich . express regrets or criticism. Example: If he had got up earlier, he wouldnt have missed the bus. Example: If she had been patient, she would have got what she wanted.

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Lesson 14- Modifiers

1. Adjectives and Adverbs (and their phrases) 2. Comparatives and Superlatives 3. Emphasis words 4. Misplaced modifiers and Dangling participles. 5. Nouns as modifiers A modifier is a word or a group of words that describes or limits another word or group of words. It gives more details about the words it modifies. There are various types of modifier as mentioned above. 1. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS (AND THEIR PHRASES): An adjective modifies a noun or pronouns. An adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. Both these adjectives and adverbs can also be used to show their comparatives and superlatives. By adding er, comparison can be made of two people or things, and by adding est, more than two persons, things or places can be compared. Modifiers are usually placed next to the words they modify. An adjective modifies a noun Example: There was a red kite high up in the cloudless sky. In the sentence, red is an adjective modifying the noun kite, and cloudless is an adjective modifying the noun sky. The word red tells us more about the kite, that is it is red in colour while cloudless describes the sky as having no cloud. Other examples of adjectives preceding the nouns they modify: small monkey, tall man, thick book. An adjective modifies a pronoun Example: I was happy with the way things went. In this example, happy is an adjective modifying the pronoun I An adverb modifies a verb Example: She smiled broadly at me. In this example, broadly modifies the verb smiled. It answers the question How did she smile? An adverb modifies an adjective Example: They agree she is a very intelligent woman. In this example, the adverb very modifies the adjective intelligent. An adverb modifies an adverb Example: Her pulse seemed exceptionally fast. This example shows an adverb modifying another adverb. Exceptionally is an adverb, so is fast. Further examples: Verb / Verb Adverb He works on his own. He works efficiently on his own. They dig to get at the roots. They dig deep to get at the roots. We ate lots of nice food. We ate up lots of nice food.

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Adjective / Adverb Adjective She is happy on her new bicycle. She is very happy on her new bicycle. He talks in a soft voice. He talks in a really soft voice. We were patient with him. We were extremely patient with him. Adverb / Adverb Adverb Joe finishes his homework quickly. Joe finishes his homework pretty quickly. He came immediately when I called. He came almost immediately when I called. She ran fast in the race. She ran amazingly fast in the race. Note: Adverbs commonly end in ly but not all. Examples are fast, here, there, etc. Some adjectives end in ly, examples of which are: friendly, heavenly, etc. Functions of adverbs Adverb tells us: how often something happens to bed. in what manner something happens the place something happens the time something happens the intensity something happens

Example: I always have a glass of milk before I go Example: She speaks loudly. Example: My bunch of car keys is on the table. Example: Yesterday we went to the cinema. Example: The patient is breathing very heavily.

Adjectival and adverbial phrases: An adjectival phrase is a phrase that is comprised of more than one word, and is used to modify a noun or pronoun. This modifier usually is placed next to the noun it modifies as follow: Example: The meal in the restaurant was really delicious. The phrase in the restaurant modifies the meal. It tells us about the meal and where it is available. Adverbial phrases are used as modifiers. They must be easily identifiable with the word they modify. Example: They were highly delighted at the courts decision. This example tells about their feeling which arose from the courts decision. The adverb modifier is highly which describes how they felt. This word modifies the adjective delighted in the sentence. The adverbial phrase at the courts decision tells us more about the legal process. 2. COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES: Comparatives can be either adjectives or adverbs. They are used to compare two persons, things or places. Comparatives are created by adding er to either an adjective or adverb. Superlatives are used to compare more than two people, things or places, and mostly created by adding est to adjectives or some adverbs. However, if the word ends in y, make the comparative by changing the y to i and then add er or est Word clever fat tall happy hairy pretty Comparative cleverer fatter taller happier hairier prettier Superlative cleverest fattest tallest happiest hairiest prettiest

Word sweet (adjective) sweet (adverb)

Comparative sweeter more sweetly

Superlative sweetest most sweetly

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Word bad, badly beautiful far (additional) far (distance) good/well intelligent

Comparative worse more beautiful further farther better more intelligent

Superlative worst most beautiful furthest farthest best most intelligent

kindly little more old (age) old (position in family)

kindlier less more older elder

kindliest least most oldest eldest

The common mistake made is adding more to comparative or most to superlative. Example: weaker more weaker most weakest (INCORRECT) weaker weaker weakest (CORRECT) 3. EMPHASIS WORDS: Emphasis words are used to emphasize an adjective or adverb. They do not make use of comparatives or superlatives when making comparison of adjectives or adverbs. Often, grammatical mistakes are made when adjectives are used instead of adverbs, and vice versa. Real is an adjective, really is an adverb. Example: The government is aware of the real problems that these people face. (CORRECT real is an adjective used to describe the noun problems.) Example: The government is aware of the really problems that these people face. (INCORRECT really is an adverb; an adverb does not modify a noun) Example: We dont know what real happened. (INCORRECT adjective does not modify verb.) Example: We dont know what really happened. (CORRECT adverb modifying verb.) Certain is adjective; certainly is adverb. Example: Not smoking has certainly made a real difference. (CORRECT certainly is an adverb and it modifies the verb made) Example: Not smoking has certain made a real difference. (INCORRECT certain is an adjective and an adjective does not modify a verb.) Example: Are you quite certainly about what happened? (INCORRECT) Example: Are you quite certain about what happened? (CORRECT) 4. MISPLACED MODIFIERS AND DANGLING PARTICLES These are modifiers that are not clearly identified with the words they modify. The closer a modifier is to the word it modifies, the clearer a sentence will be. Example: I sitting on the couch, watching television. (INCORRECT) Sitting on the couch, I watch television. (CORRECT) Having seen the movie once, there is no reason to see it again. (INCORRECT) Having seen the movie once, I have no reason to see it again. (CORRECT) Looking at the neighbour, the telephone rang. (INCORRECT it appears the telephone was looking at the neighbour.) I was looking at the neighbour when the telephone rang. (CORRECT)

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5. NOUNS AS MODIFIERS: A noun can be used as a modifier to tell us a bit more about the noun it modifies. The modifier, in all cases, immediately precedes the noun. When a noun is used as a modifier, it is in its singular form, as indicated by the following examples: Example: Chicken/tomato/vegetable soup Cargo/enemy/container/pirate ship Language/business/village school Gift/shoe shop

Police/sheep/family/farm dog Brick/concrete/stone/timber/wooden/ airport/apartment/church/factory/farm/ office building Hospital bed University laboratory laboratory.

We had a warm tomato soup as a starter. It took an hour for the Dockers to load the cargo ship. Shes a language school teacher. The gift shop also offers a large selection of leather goods at reasonable prices. The police dog was sniffing round his heels. We are renovating the old farm buildings after they were gutted by fire He lay in the hospital bed, reading his book. They are simulating the effects of weathering in the university

Farm/country/council/mansion/tree/summer They rented a council house when they got house married. When a noun used as a modifier is combined with a number expression, the noun is singular and a hyphen is used, as follow: Example: Half-timbered house river. One-man Two-seater aircraft aircraft. Three-day event next week. Four-bed house Five-month contract oil rig. Six-year sentence Seven-girl band Eight-room mansion parkland. 100-year-old

They build their own half-timbered house overlooking the He does a one-man show in an open-air theatre. The pilot overshot the runway and crashed his two-seater The three-day horse riding event will take place

They lived in a four-bedroom house in the suburbs. He has got a five-month contract to work on an offshore He will have to serve a six-year sentence for burglary. She plays in a seven-girl rock band. The historic eight-room mansion stands in 60 acres of The 100-year-old mansion stands in 60 acres of parkland.

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Lesson 15- Determiners and Quantifiers

1. Determiners and Quantifiers 2. Classes of Determiners 3. Determiners and Pronouns 4. SOME and ANY 5. FEW, A FEW, LITTLE and A LITTLE 6. MUCH and MANY 7. EACH and EVERY 8. EACH ONE, EVERY ONE, ANY ONE, and ANOTHER ONE 9. THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE 10. A LOT OF and LOTS OF 11. ANOTHER and OTHER 12. BOTH and BOTH THE 13. SOMEBODY, SOMEONE, ANYBODY and ANYONE 14. EVERYBODY, EVERYONE, NOBODY and NO ONE 15. ANYTHING and ANYWHERE 16. ENOUGH 1. DETERMINERS AND QUANTIFIERS: Determiners are words that we put before nouns or noun phrases to make them clear as to what they mean. A determiner tells us which or how many persons/things we are talking about. For example, when we say his big house, we are describing one house which is not small and it belongs to him. Or when we say those tall trees, we mean more than one tree and they are not short, and the trees are not here but over there. Examples of most common determiners are the Definite Determiner, and a and an which are the Indefinite Determiners. Quantifiers answer the following two questions: How much? this is used with only uncountable nouns. The words used with uncountable nouns are: a little, a bit of, much, a great deal of, and a large amount of. Example: What you need is to put a little more salt to make it taste like soup. There is a bit of broken glass under the chair. I havent brought much money with me. A great deal of her work is massaging the back of patients. The drugs were sold for a large amount of hard cash. How many? this is used with countable nouns. The words used with countable nouns are: a, an, one, each, every, both, a couple of, a few, several, many, a number of, a large number of, and a great number of. Example: A rubber duck is floating in the bath. An evil monster like him has no friends. One page is missing from the book. Each item is carefully checked. Every child was given a lollipop. Both donkeys are braying at the same time. After a couple of drinks, he was unable to control his speech. She cracked a few eggs into the mixture. Someone stole several pigs from his farm. I think he is putting too many eggs in one basket.
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A number of you think I look overweight. Illegal loggers cut down a large number of trees. He has collected a great number of insects. Quantifiers with countable and uncountable nouns use such words as: no, any, some, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, most, and all. EXAMPLE: There is a lot of work I have to do this week. (Uncountable noun) EXAMPLE: There were a lot of people watching the cockfight. (Countable noun) Besides the common determiners like the articles stated above, there are other determiners such as: some, any, that, those, this, whatever, and whichever. There are also determiners that express quantity: few, little, both, each, every, all, many,several, enough, and no. Other determiners include numerals which appear before a noun, and ordinal numerals which express sequence: Examples of these are: one, two, ten and first, second, third. 2. CLASSES OF DETERMINERS Determiners are classified as follow: Definite and Indefinite articles: the, a, an Demonstratives: this, that, these, those Possessives: my, your, his, her, its, our, their Quantifiers: a few, a little, much, many, a lot of, most, some, any, enough, etc. Numbers: one, ten, thirty, etc. Distributives: all, both, half, either, neither, each, every Difference words: other, another Interrogatives: which, what, whose Defining words: which, whose 3. DETERMINERS and PRONOUNS A clear understanding of determiners and how they are used is important in order not to confuse with pronouns. The following examples illustrate the differences between them. Determiner This car is very expensive. That castle is haunted. The blue parrot is mine The candy bar in the box is hers. Pronoun This is a very expensive car. That is a haunted castle My parrot is blue. (Possessive pronoun) Her candy bar is in the box. (Possessive pronoun)

As can be easily noticed, the determiner always appears before a noun while a pronountakes the place of a noun. Some quantifiers can be used with countable nouns, some with uncountable nouns and some with both countable and uncountable. 4. SOME and ANY Some is used in positive sentences. Any is used for negative sentences. Example: I have some peanuts for the monkeys. Example: I dont have any peanuts for the monkeys. We use some for questions with possible yes answers, and any for questions whose answers are uncertain. Example: Do you want some medicine for your cough?
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Example: Is there any medicine for my cough? Sometimes, we can use some and any instead of a/an when referring to quantity. Example: Is there a bird in that tree? Are there any birds in that tree? Example: There is an egg in the nest. There are some eggs in the nest. We can choose not to use some and any when referring to quantity. Example: There is some coffee for you. = There is coffee for you. Example: Are there any apples in the fridge? = Are there apples in the fridge? Some and any are used with countable nouns. Example: There are some letters for you. Example: Are there any letters in the mailbox? Some and any are used with uncountable nouns. Example: There is some tea in the pot. Example: Is there any tea in the pot? Some and any can be used without adding nouns if it is understood what is meant.. Example: I can give you some. / Sorry, I dont have any to lend you. Some and any have other uses Example: I have not seen a kangaroo for some years. Example: Any idea you have must not be ridiculous. Some is not normally used in descriptions. Example: Hes got dark hair on his chest. (NOT: Hes got some dark hair on his chest.) We do not use some to identify people or things. Example: Adam and Eve are family doctors. (NOT: Adam and Eve are some family doctors.) We can use some in questions. Example: Do you want some pineapple juice? (Uncountable noun) Example: Did you buy some scented flowers? (Countable noun) Some can be used on its own, somewhat like a pronoun. Example: Most in the audience were enjoying the performance, but some were sleeping. Any can be used in positive statements Example: You can borrow any of my tools. We can use any in interrogative sentences. Example: Are there any problems with your work? Any can be used in a sentence with if. Example: If you had any brain, you wouldnt have done it. 5. FEW, A FEW, LITTLE and A LITTLE: Few and a few are used with plural countable nouns: few coconuts, a few coconuts. Little and a little are used with uncountable nouns: little oil, a little oil.
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Few and little are regarded as negative. When used, they imply scarcely any is available, almost none. Example: I have few clothes. / I have got little money. (= I have almost no clothes or money.) A few and a little describe a quantity that is viewed in a positive way, and as having some, but enough. Example: I have a few books. / I have got a little time. (= I still have some books or time.) We use a few with plural countable nouns, and a little with singular uncountable nouns. Example: Only a little water is left in the trough for a few pigs to drink. 6. MUCH and MANY: Much is used with singular uncountable nouns, and many is used with plural countable nouns. Example: Dont put so much salt on your chips! Example: I saw many monkeys in the zoo. Much and many can be used in negative sentences. Example: We dont earn much working here. Example: He doesnt have many fish in his aquarium. Much and many can be used in question forms. Example: How much money do I owe you? Example: How many books have you read this year? We use much or many in short negative forms without nouns in reply to questions. Example: Did you cook the pasta in plenty of boiling salted water? No, not much. Example: Did you see many bulls on the farm? Not many. 7. EACH and EVERY: Each and every have basically the same meaning. We use each when we are thinking of all people or things but seen as individuals. When we use every (person), we mean all (people, i.e. everyone). Example: Each person has two ears and a nose. Example: Every child deserves good education. Each and every are used to refer to more than two. Example: Each member at the meeting had a free lunch. Example: Every member at the meeting had a free lunch. Each can be used to mean only two while every can mean three or more or a large number. Example: Each player playing in the singles final has certain style. (= two players) Example: There were cars parked along every street in town. (= all the streets) Each/every is used before a singular countable noun to talk about a whole group. Example: Each/every member of the gang was questioned for possible involvement in the crime. We use of after each but not after every. Example: Each of the areas is given a postal code. / Each one of the areas is given a postal code. Example: Every of the areas is given a postal code. (INCORRECT) Each can be used in the middle of a sentence or after a pronoun. Example: After the bitter quarrel, my girlfriend and I each went our separate ways.
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Every can be used with some uncountable nouns. Example: He gave me every advice before I went for that climb.

8. EACH ONE, EVERY ONE, ANY ONE, and ANOTHER ONE: We use one of after each, every, any, another, Example: Each one of these apples is rotten. Example: Every one of the rooms was infested with cockroaches. Every one [two words] is an expression of quantity. It can be used about any person or thing and is always used with an of. Example: Every one of the residents in this neighbourhood owns their own home. Everyone [one word] is an indefinite pronoun. It is only used about people and can never be followed by of. Example: Everyone, except me, has taken their bath. Any is a determiner. Any one [two words] is used to refer to each one or all students of the class. Example: Any one who sleeps in class will be sent home. Anyone [one word] used is a pronoun, and it refers to any person in the world. Example: Anyone who still believes the world is flat should think again. Another is a determiner. Another one refers to an additional person. Example: Look! Another ostrich burying its head in the sand. / You can have another one joined your group. 9. THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE: This and these are used to refer to people or things that are close to us, and that and those are used to talk about people or things that are not near to us. Example: Look at this photo of the sun rising . / Ill speak to that policeman over there. This and these are used for an action that is still going on. We use that and those to say about things that are finished. Example: Why are you telling me all this? / Listen to these voices, and tell me who they belong to. Example: Lets play that piece of music again. / Those strange noises came from the roof. This/these is used for introduction and that/those for identification. Example: This is my best friend Colonel Sanders. / These are my twin brothers Laurel and Hardy. Example: That dog is a German shepherd. Example: Those that are flying around at night are a species of bat. This, that, these and those can be used without adding nouns if the meaning is clear. Example: I hate this. / Stop pushing these. / Look at that. / Those were tricky. 10. A LOT OF and LOTS OF: A lot of and lots of mean the same. Example: I dont have a lot of money. / I dont have lots of money. A lot of and lots of can be used for singular uncountable nouns or plural countable nouns. Example: A lot of/lots of sand has got into my shoes. (Uncountable nouns)
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Example: I can eat a lot f/lots of grapes when I want to. (Countable nouns) When we use a lot of/lots of with a plural subject, we use a plural verb. Example: A lot of/lots of replies were received in response to her advertisement. When we use a lot of/lots of with a singular subject, we use a singular verb. Example: A lot of/lots of false information was given to the tax authorities. We use a lot of/lots of in positive statements. Example: We had a lot of/lots of fun at the funfair. 11. ANOTHER and OTHER: Another is used with singular nouns. Another is used to refer to: an additional person or thing of the same kind. Example: You can have another pizza if you havent had enough. a different person or thing Example: if this doesnt work, you have to find another method for resolving the disputes. Other is used to refer to: all people or things that are not the particular one being mentioned. Example: The football match may be postponed but the other sporting events are taking place. more people or things in addition to the one being mentioned. Example: You have seen this antique shop but there are at least three antique shops nearby. people or things which are different from the ones being mentioned. EXAMPLE: Drowning rats is just one way to eliminate them but there are other ways 12. BOTH and BOTH THE: Both and both the are used in the same way in reference to two particular persons or things. Example: Both books discuss the possibility of third world war. Example: Both the books discuss the possibility of third world war. Both is used after an auxiliary verb, or after an auxiliary verb but before the main verb. Example: We are both regular partners in tennis. Example: They have both started to learn English together. Both is used after a modal (e.g. can, could, may, might, etc.) Example: They can both speak five languages. Both is used before the main verb Example: The pythons both escaped from their cage late last night. Both is used as subject in a sentence. Example: Both of us have been quarrelling since this morning. Both is used as object in a sentence. Example: I think I have fallen in love with both of you. We can use of or without of after both when we are specific about what or who we are referring to. Example: We recognize both of the men responsible for the crime. Example: We recognize both the men responsible for the crime. Example: We recognize both men responsible for the crime. 13. SOMEBODY, SOMEONE, ANYBODY and ANYONE: There is no difference in meaning between somebody and someone, and between anybody and anyone. Example: There is somebody/someone at the door asking for donation. Example: Anybody/anyone can boil an egg. When we use anybody and anyone, we are not being specific about who. Example: Its an easy game to play. Anybody/anyone can play it.
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14. EVERYBODY, EVERYONE, NOBODY and NO ONE: We use a singular verb after everybody, everyone, nobody and no one. Example: Everybody/everyone is beginning to feel very drunk after heavy drinking. Example: I want to sing a song but worried (that) nobody/no one wants to listen. 15. ANYTHING and ANYWHERE: In using anything and anywhere, we are not specific about what or where. Example: I am so hungry that I can eat anything for lunch. Example: We can sit anywhere you like. We can use anything and anywhere for negative statements. Example: We dont know anything about the murder in the neighbourhood. Example: We didnt go anywhere yesterday. We can use anything and anywhere for questions. Example: Did you get anything for me to eat? Example: We took him in as he didnt have anywhere to stay. 16. ENOUGH: Enough is placed before singular uncountable nouns and plural countable nouns in a sentence. Example: She has not enough olive oil to cook her favourite dish. Example: There arent enough chairs for everyone, so I sit on the floor. We put enough after adjectives and adverbs in a sentence. Example: We think she is beautiful enough to win the beauty contest. Example: I couldnt pluck those pears as I couldnt jump high enough.

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Lesson 16- The Passive

1. Active and Passive Voice 2. When to use the Passive Voice 3. Facts about Passive Voice 4. Verb with two objects 5. Passive Voice + Basic Modal Forms 1. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE: An idea can be expressed in two different ways. We can do it by using a verb to indicate whether the subject performs an action (active voice) or receives the action (passive voice). Active voice: The verb is in the active voice when the subject (cat) does the action. Example: A cat ate the fish. (Verb: ate / Object: fish) Here, the doer of the action is a cat and the verb ate is in the active voice. The object comes after the verb. Passive voice: When action is done to the subject, the verb is in the passive voice. The previous object (fish) is now used as the subject. Example: The fish was eaten by a cat. (Verb: eaten / Subject: fish) Here, action is done to the subject and the verb was eaten is in the passive voice. The subject comes before the verb. In changing a sentence, as above, from active voice to one in the passive voice, we make the object of the active voice sentence the subject of the passive voice sentence. The verb used in a passive voice sentence is formed by adding the past participle to to be (am, is, are, was, were, has been, have been, will be, etc.)Passive verbs have the same tenses (simple present tense, present continuous tense, present perfect tense, etc.) as active verbs. Only verbs which take on an object can be changed to the passive. When we choose passive sentences, we use the preposition by to show who or what does or has done the action. We use by only when we have to. 2. WHEN TO USE THE PASSIVE VOICE: We use the active voice whenever we can. We use only the passive voice: when we dont know who performs the action; Example: The bank was broken into last night. when we know or it is important to know who performs an action. Example: This painting was done by my grandmother. when the action itself is more important than the doer. Example: Siblings were tragically killed in a road accident. when we are interested only in what happens rather than who or what did it; Example: The giant snake was killed in that village. when we choose not to name the one who performs the action; Example: The work was poorly done. when it is not important to know who does, or did the action; Example: All these wares were imported from Hong Kong. when we dont want to take responsibility for something; Example: The matter is currently dealt with by someone. when we wish to emphasize the person or thing acted on rather than the one who does it. Example: John was presented with a bravery award yesterday.
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3. FACTS ABOUT PASSIVE VOICE Note the following: As evidenced above, in converting a sentence in active voice to a sentence in the passive voice, the object of the active voice sentence becomes the subject of the passive voice sentence. Example: He drew the picture. / The picture was drawn by him. Sentences in the passive voice do not make sense if the doers are not mentioned. Example: The match was won. (doers left out) as opposed to The match was won by Liverpool A transitive verb is a verb that has an object that comes after it and so can be changed into the passive voice. Example: Lee throws a ball. can be changed to A ball is thrown by Lee. An intransitive verb is a verb that does not have an object following it and so cannot be changed into the passive voice. Example: Lee walks away. (INCORRECT: Lee was walked away.) The passive voice is often used to evade responsibility by people or organizations. Example: The report was lost by somebody. (Who is that somebody?) Example: All workers are encouraged to work overtime. (Encouraged by whom?) Notices often use the passive voice. Example: Customers are advised to leave all their belongings here. An active sentence when changed to a passive sentence conveys the same meaning. The only difference is that the object in an active sentence is repositioned to become the subject in a passive sentence, and the subject in the active sentence becomes the object in the passive sentence. We need to be sure of what we are saying. If we are not sure of our facts, we can exercise caution by saying: It is said that he is the culprit. / He is said to be the culprit. It is possible to use get instead of to be, especially so in our everyday conversation. Example: I got cheated by the salesman. / They think he will get beaten in the race. 4. VERB WITH TWO OBJECTS A verb can have two objects a person and a thing. Such a verb can have two possible passive voices. Example: Active: The salesman shows Nick a new computer. / The salesman shows a new computer to Nick. Passive: Nick is shown a new computer. Passive: A new computer is shown to Nick. Example: Active: We lent Bob some money. / We lent some money to Bob. Passive: Bob was lent some money. Passive: Some money was lent to Bob. 5. PASSIVE VOICE + BASIC MODAL FORMS: Basic modal forms can also be used in the passive voice by combining: modal + to be/to have been + past participle: Example: will I will write it will be written may I may write it may be written may have I may have written it may have been written

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We form the passive voice with the verb to be and the past particle. The passive forms are: Simple present tense Example: The letter is written by her. (Active: She writes the letter.) Present continuous tense Example: The letter is being written by her. (Active: She is writing the letter.) Present perfect tense Example: The letter has been written by her. (Active: She has written the letter.) Simple past tense Example: The letter was written by her. (Active: She wrote the letter.) Past continuous tense Example: The letter was being written by her. (Active: She was writing the letter.) Past perfect tense Example: The letter had been written by her. (Active: She had written the letter.) Simple future tense Example: The letter will be written by her. (Active: She will write the letter.) Future perfect tense Example: The letter will have been written by her. (Active: She will have written the letter.) Infinitive Example: The letter has to be written. (Active: She has to write the letter.) Modals Example: The letter may be written. (Active: She may write the letter.) Note: The present perfect continuous, the past perfect continuous, the future continuous, and the future perfect continuous tenses are not normally used in the passive voice.

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Lesson 17- Verb + ing (Gerunds, Participles and Adjectives)

1. The verb + ing used as a Noun or Gerund 2. The verb + ing used as the Present Participle 3. The verb + ing used as an Adjective. The ing form is used in three ways: a) The ing form is used as a noun (gerund) EXAMPLE: Everyone in the family likes cooking. b) The ing form is used as a verb (present participle). EXAMPLE: Adam is jogging in the park. / Eve saw a pickpocket stealing a wallet. c) The ing form is used as an adjective. EXAMPLE: They managed to save the drowning child. 1. THE VERB + ING USED AS A NOUN OR GERUND: Gerund is the ing form of a verb, and is used in the same ways as a noun. It is therefore used as a subject or as an object in a sentence. It can also be used as a subject and an object within the same sentence, as follow: a) Washing his car is the only thing he does almost every Sunday. b) She prefers any of the household chores to mopping. c) Skipping to him is a better alternative to jogging. The gerunds in the above sentences (washing, mopping, skipping, and jogging) are ing forms of the verbs: wash, mop, skip and jog. In (a), washing is the noun acting as the subject in the sentence. In (b), mopping is the object in the sentence (the object of the preposition to.) In (c), the two gerunds skipping and jogging act as subject and object of the same sentence. a) Using Gerund as Subjects or Objects The gerunds are used as subjects or objects of a verb Watching television is a waste of time. Attending church regularly is important. Smoking is very bad for you. Working in a foreign country can be very difficult. Learning a foreign language can be a real challenge. My sister does not like cooking. Every morning she goes jogging. b) Verb + gerund: A gerund is used as the object of the verb, and it usually comes after the verb. A preposition is not needed between the verb and the gerund. Example: They discussed getting married. (NOT: They discussed to getting married.) I like walking in the rain. (Verb like followed by gerund walking) She enjoys playing with her puppies. The dog stopped barking when I gave it a bone. He has just finished painting the room. Neil has consistently denied murdering his estranged wife. We can use be used to / get used to + ing form of the verb I was used to watching bird on the hill side, but I never have the time now. Sarah is used to donating her blood at the medical centre. After his wife died, he had to get used to looking after the kids on his own. A negative statement using not can be used before the ing form.
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I am frustrated not having enough money to buy her a birthday present. c) Phrasal Verbs + Gerund: A phrasal verb consists of a verb and a preposition which together have its own meaning. Example: cut down = to reduce the amount of something The following phrasal verbs + gerund are in bold. Julia carried on talking even though no one was listening. (Phrasal verb: carried on) Jack keeps on scratching his head and we wonder why. (Phrasal verb: keeps on) Jill gave up smoking last year. He doesnt know when hell get around to doing the roof repair. We stayed up watching the movie late last night. d) Prepositions + Gerund: When there is a preposition + verb, we must use an ing form for the verb. Prepositions + gerund are in bold as follow: He is addicted to playing online games. His parents were well accustomed to working hard. She is very excited about meeting him for the first time. Julia is very pleased with getting the desired exam results. He will always be remembered for winning the first gold medal for the country. We apologized for arriving late. Jill has become interested in catching butterflies for fun. Jack looks forward to running his own business. We can use an ing form after such words as before, after and since. Mr. Black usually says a prayer for good luck before going to bed. Mrs. White felt quite scared after watching two crocodiles fight. I have learned to be careful since knocking my head against the wall. e) Gerund used in other expressions Its no use crying over spilt milk. This new gadget is for opening tinned food. Where do you usually go for fishing? One thing I hate most is ironing my clothes. Now you regret being so rude to her. If only you had stopped talking and listened to her. We could go on dancing all night. She prefers having dinner at home to eating outside. I think your hair needs shampooing. f) Gerund used in compound noun The old man moves about with the help of a walking-stick. She cleans the sitting-room almost every week. The swimming-pool was most crowded at weekends. 2. THE VERB + ING USED AS THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE a) The present participle is the verb + ing. It is used: 1. as the present continuous tense of the verb. Example: It is raining at the moment. / The dog is barking at the clown. 2. after an action verb.
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Example: He went fishing with his father. / They played catching the ball on the beach. 3. after the verb and object , that is verb + object + present participle. Example: The detectives caught someone pick pocketing. / We saw a small dog chasing a cat. Here, the verbs caught and saw are followed by the objects someone and dog, and then the present participles pick pocketing and chasing. The use of present participle indicates the action was still going on. 4. two actions are done by the same person and are happening at the same time. Example: Walking to the gate, he turned to wave to his neighbour. b) Verb + preposition + ing form I had to apologize for stepping on her toes. Her main aim now is to concentrate on passing her exam. We finally decided on holidaying in Hawaii. Sometimes Jack and Jill think of going up the hill. The gang of youth was arrested for fighting in the supermarket. c) Linking word + ing form Mr. Wood went to play golf in spite of feeling unwell. Although joining the company only a year ago, shes already been promoted twice. Johnny has not been seen for a year since leaving home. He never fails to turn off the light when leaving his room. She is paid well for cleaning the office. We always have hot drinks after swimming. d) Using verbs and verbs + ing form We can use either the simple form of the verb or the ing form of a verb. There is very little difference in meaning between the two forms. a) I saw Jack walk along the river. b) I saw Jack walking along the river. c) I heard Jill sing in the bathroom. d) I heard Jill singing in the bathroom. There is no difference in meaning between (a) and (b), and (c) and (d). The ing form of a verb is better used with while. EXAMPLE: I saw Jack while he was walking along the river. The use of while indicates an action is still going on. I heard Jill while she was singing in the bathroom means the singing was still going on when I heard it. 3. THE VERB + ING USED AS AN ADJECTIVE a) The adjective using verb + -ing is usually placed before the noun it modifies. Some nations are experiencing a dwindling population due to very low birth rate. There are people who doubt the disappearing rain forest contributes to global warming. b) The verb + -ing form can be used after possessive adjectives. We do really appreciate your helping to get all this work done. I will not tolerate his behaving in that manner again. She said she doesn't mind our going over to her place for a chat.

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Lesson 18- Clauses

1. Introduction to Clauses 2. Adjective Clause 3. Adverb Clause 4. Noun Clause 5. Subjunctive in Noun Clauses 1. INTRODUCTION TO CLAUSES CLAUSE: A clause is a group of related words what has a subject and a verb. There are two kinds of clauses: independent clause and dependent clause. INDEPENDENT CLAUSE: An independent clause is a complete sentence. It has a subject and a verb. It is also known as a main clause. DEPENDENT CLAUSE: A dependent clause is not a complete sentence. It cannot stand alone in a sentence without being joined to an independent clause. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE: An adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies anoun. It describes or gives more information about a noun. An adjective clause is the same as a relative clause. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE PRONOUNS: An adjective clause pronoun connects the dependent clause that is the adjective clause, to the independent clause. Examples of an adjective clause pronoun are: who, whom, that, which, and whose. 2. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE: An adjective clause describes or tells us more about a noun. Example: I have a friend who is a funny clown. In the example, who is a funny clown is an adjective clause. An adjective clause is a dependent clause and is never a complete sentence. An adjective clause is formed with the use of the following words: who, that, whom. a) This morning he fought with a little guy who was his best friend. b) The man who walks with a slight limp was an international footballer. c) I must say he is the most boring person who/that ever lives. d) The money that you gave me lasted only a week. e) She is the only cousin whom I enjoy talking to. f) The man whom you met yesterday is our new next-door neighbour. In the examples, the adjective clauses are in bold. In (a), the adjective clause who was his best friend follows and modifies a noun. It gives more information about the noun. In (b), an adjective clause can come in the middle of a sentence. It immediately follows the noun it modifies. In (c), in many cases who or that can be used to start an adjective clause. In (d), only that can be used; that is used for animals or things; who is used for people. In (e), whom is an object pronoun, and comes at the beginning of an adjective clause. Here, it refers to cousin. In (f), the adjective clause beginning with whom can occur in the middle of a sentence.
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In (d), (e) and (f), the object pronouns that and whom can be omitted from the adjective clause as follow: The money you gave me lasted only a week. She is the only cousin I enjoy talking to. The man you met yesterday is our new next-door neighbour. Using which and that in adjective clause a) The fire broke out in the warehouse. It swept through the factories. b) The fire which broke out in the warehouse swept through the factories. c) The fire that broke out in the warehouse swept through the factories. In (a), we change It to which or that to make an adjective clause. It, which and that refer to the fire, which is not a person so who cannot be used. Which refers to things; that refers to people or things. In (b) and (c), which and that are used as the subject of an adjective clause, so they cannot be omitted. Example: The fire broke out in the warehouse swept through the factories. (INCORRECT) However, which and that can be omitted if they are used as an object pronoun in an adjective clause, as follow: The fire which I saw swept through the factories. The fire that I saw swept through the factories. Example: The fire I saw swept through the factories. (CORRECT) Using whose in adjective clause The man made a police report. His wife went missing three months ago. The man whose wife went missing three months ago made a police report. Whose shows possession. His wife is changed to whose wife to create an adjective clause. The adjective clause here is whose wife went missing three months ago My friend is a fireman. His house has burned down. My friend is a fireman whose house has burned down. The adjective clause is in bold. His house is changed to whose house to make an adjective clause. Using where and when in adjective clause The place where he flies his kites is very windy. Where begins the adjective clause which is in bold. It is used to modify a noun of place. Ill never forget the day when she kissed me. When is used in an adjective clause to modify a noun of time. Restrictive Adjective Clause and nonrestrictive Adjective Clause A Restrictive Adjective Clause is necessary to the meaning of the sentence in which it appears. It cannot be omitted from a sentence, for without this clause, the basic meaning of the sentence changes. It is not set off by commas. A Nonrestrictive Adjective Clause can be omitted from a sentence in which it appears without affecting the basic meaning of the sentence. It merely gives more information about the noun it modifies. It is separated form the main clause by commas. 3. ADVERB CLAUSE: An adverb clause modifies a verb. It contains a subject and a verb. As a dependent clause, it cannot stand alone and must connect to an independent or main clause to form a complete sentence. An adverb clause may come before or after the independent
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clause. When an adverb clause precedes an independent clause, a comma is used to separate the clauses. When the adverb comes after the independent clause, no comma is used. KIND OF ADVERBIAL CLAUSES Clauses of Time These clauses are used to show when something happens. Conjunctions used: after, as, as long as, before, since, until, while, when, whenever, as soon as, and so long as. Example: You must clear up this mess before they arrive. Example: When she heard the news, she started to cry. Clauses of Condition These clauses are used to talk about a possible situation. Conjunctions used: if, unless, only if, even if, in case, and in the event that. Example: If he wasn't such a heavy smoker, he would be alive today. Example: I am going to take away your television unless you pay me back the money. Clauses of Reason These clauses are used to show why something happens. Conjunctions used: because, as, since and now that. Example: As we're both tired, we agreed to stop playing. Example: She is very angry because of what you said. Clauses of Manner These clauses are used to show the way something is done. Conjunctions used: as, and like Example: As I already mentioned, none of you is going to go with me. Example: Don't treat me like you treat a slave. Clauses of Purpose These clauses are used to show the purpose for doing something. Conjunctions used: so that and in order that Example: I hold my pet cat up so that everyone can see it. Example: We locked the gate in order that no uninvited persons could come in. Clauses of Contrast These clauses are used to show direct contrast - this thing is exactly the opposite of that thing. Conjunctions used: while and whereas Example: Jack is short, while Jill is tall. Example: His brother is rich, whereas he is poor. Clauses of Place These clauses are used to show where something is or happens. Conjunctions used: where, wherever, anywhere and everywhere. Example: Why do you follow me wherever I go? Example: She is taking me to the farm where I can see lots of scorpions. 4. NOUN CLAUSE A noun clause has a subject and verb and functions as a noun. A noun clause is a dependent clause or subordinate clause and is not a complete sentence. It must be connected to an independent clause. Noun clauses usually begin with how, that, what, whatever, when, where, which, who, whoever, or why. A noun clause is a dependent clause. Example: He knows where I live. This complete sentence has an independent clause with the main subject (He) and verb (knows). Where I live is a dependent clause called a noun clause connected to an independent clause (He knows). A noun clause has its own subject and verb. Example: He knows where I live.
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In this example, the noun clause is where I live. I is the subject of the noun clause; live is the verb of the noun clause. A noun clause can be used as a subject. Example: What she sang was a Hungarian folk song. What she sang is a noun clause, and is also the subject of the sentence. The noun clause has its own subject she and the verb sang. A noun clause can be used as an object. Example: I saw what he did. The noun clause is what he did. It is used as the object of the verb saw. A noun clause can be used as the object of a preposition. Example: I always paid attention to what my father said. In the example, what my father said is a noun clause. It is used as the object of the preposition to. A noun clause can start with a question word. Example: I dont know where my bunch of keys is. The noun clause is where my bunch of keys is. A noun clause can begin with if or whether. Example: I dont know whether or not she will accept my proposal of marriage. The noun clause: whether or not she will accept my proposal of marriage. We can begin a noun clause with that. Example: My mother-in-law insists that the world is flat. That the world is flat is the noun clause. 5. SUBJUNCTIVE IN NOUN CLAUSES We use subjunctive verbs in sentences to express or stress wishes, importance or urgency. A subjunctive verb is used in noun clauses beginning with that. It uses the simple form of a verb, and does not have present, past, or future forms. It is neither singular nor plural. Example: The leader demands that we be early for the trip. We insisted that he honour the terms of the agreement. The father recommended that she not go to the cinema alone. It is important that everyone be told the truth. His mother suggested that he see/should see a doctor.

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Lesson 19-- Phrasal Verbs

1. Introduction 2. Phrasal Verbs (Separable) 3. Phrasal Verbs (Non-separable) 4. Phrasal Verbs without an Object 5. Phrasal Verbs with an Object 6. Phrasal Verbs Intransitive 7. Phrasal Verbs Transitive 8. Three-word Phrasal Verbs 1. INTRODUCTION: A phrasal verb is a verb that is combined with a preposition (at, on, over, etc.) or adverb (back, down, off, etc.), and together has its own special meaning. For example, get away means escape; and speak up means speak louder. Some phrasal verbs retain the meaning of the original verb while some others have meaning completely different to the original verb. Example: I asked them to come in. (The phrasal verb come in means enter which is easily understood as we are familiar with the meaning of the words: come and in.) Example: The deal fell through at the last minute. (The phrasal verb fell throughmeans not completed successfully which is different in meaning to the verb fell.) Phrasal verbs can be separable or non-separable. When a phrasal verb is separable, a noun object comes after the participle of the phrasal verb or comes between the verb and the participle. (A participle is the word that is used in a phrasal verb. Examples of participle: at, in, on, off, away, etc.) If a phrasal verb is non-separable, a noun or pronoun always comes after the participle. 2. PHRASAL VERBS (SEPARABLE): The nouns come between the verbs and the participles, and the noun objects come after the participles of the phrasal verbs. Example: His part-time office job is to put the files away. (The noun files is between verb put and the participle away.) Example: She wrote my phone number down on a piece of paper. Example: They called off the match due to bad weather. (Noun object comes after the participle.) Example: He pointed out the accused to the police. 3. PHRASAL VERBS (NON-SEPARABLE): In some phrasal verbs, the verb and the participle cannot be separated. An object cannot come between the verb and the participle. It can come only after the verb and the participle. Usually, the noun and pronoun come after the participles. Example: He will look after my dog while I am away. (INCORRECT: He will look my dog after while I am away.) Example: They called on her when she was hospitalized. (call on = pay a brief visit) Example: Jack ran into Jill while he was on his way home. (run into = meet by chance) 4. PHRASAL VERBS WITHOUT AN OBJECT: Some phrasal verbs do not take on an object. Example: They told him to hurry up. Example: We decided that we should get together more regularly. Example: After what happened, he promised to speak up.
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5. PHRASAL VERBS WITH AN OBJECT: Many phrasal verbs take an object. Example: He turns off the light whenever he leaves the room. Example: She puts her glasses on each time she goes out. Example: They looked through the drawer but couldnt find it. 6. PHRASAL VERBS INTRANSITIVE: Phrasal verbs that are intransitive are not followed by a noun or an object. Example: We invited them to join in. (No noun or object follows the phrasal verb.) Example: When she heard what happened, she broke down. Example: He shouted to them, Hurry up! (Verb + participle) 7. PHRASAL VERBS TRANSITIVE: Phrasal verbs that are transitive are followed by a noun or an object. The preposition cannot be separated from the verb. Example: Put on your cap. (INCORRECT: Put your cap on.) Example: She tried on a shirt but it didnt fit. (Verb + preposition + noun) (NOT: She tried a shirt on but it didnt fit.) Example: Hes always looked up to him for his courage. (Verb + participle + preposition + pronoun) In some cases, the preposition can be separated from the verb in a phrasal verb, and it is just as acceptable, as follow: Example: He takes off his jacket. The adverb participle (off) can be separated from the verb and placed after the noun object (jacket) CORRECT: He takes his jacket off. 8. THREEWORD PHRASAL VERBS: A phrasal verb can also be a three-word combination. Three-word phrasal verbs are non-separable. These phrasal verbs are followed by the noun or pronoun. The three-word phrasal verb that is intransitive is not followed by an object. But the three-word phrasal verb that is transitive is followed by an object. Example: When we were young, we liked to hang out with each other. Example: Their children grew up in a respectable neighbourhood.

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Lesson 20- EITHER and NEITHER

1. Used as a PRONOUN 2. Used as a DETERMINER 3. Used as a CONJUNCTION 4. Used as an ADVERB 5. USING NOR WITHOUT NEITHER We can use 'either' or 'neither' as a pronoun, determiner, conjunction or an adverb. 1. USED AS A PRONOUN When we use either + of or neither + of, either or neither being the singular subject in the sentence must be followed by a singular verb. Example: Either of the boys is guilty of starting the fire. Example: Neither of the two donkeys carries heavy loads. Example: Either of them is the culprit. Example: Neither of them has the courage to talk to her. Either can mean the one OR the other of two persons or things. Example: Give me either of them please. Neither is often used to start a sentence or reply to a question. Example: Neither of the boys knows anything about her. Example: Which pizza do you want? Neither, Thank you. When the verb is in the negative, we cannot use neither. We must use either. Example: He doesnt want either of those balls. (NOT: He doesnt want neither of those balls.) Instead of using both followed by not we would use neither. Example: We would not usually say, Both of them dont know the answer. Instead, we would say Neither of them knows the answer. We can use 'either' or 'neither' on its own. Example: Do you want coffee or tea? Either. It doesnt matter which one. Example: Which house do you have in mind? Neither. They are overpriced. 2. Used as a DETERMINER We use 'either' to say about one or the other of two persons or things. Example: I have viewed both houses but I dont like either one very much. We use 'either' to mean the one AND the other of two people or things. Example: There is a door at either end of the room. We use 'either' to show one or the other thing is happening. Example: Either he is telling the truth or you are. Example: Either you are going, or I am. We use 'either' or 'neither' for two things. We use these words with a noun Example: We can ride either horse. (either horse = a noun, so we do not say either horses; either = this horse or the other horse. I dont mind riding one of them.)
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Example: Neither book is mine. (Neither book is treated as a noun, is not are is used. The sentence means both the books are not mine.) We use 'neither' to mean not one OR the other of two people or things. Example: Neither twin wants to be physically separated from the other. Example: He is not telling the truth, neither are you. 3. Used as a CONJUNCTION We use 'either' before two or more persons or things, and use 'or' to separate them. Example: You can borrow either one or two books for now. We use 'either' when we have one of two or more choices. Example: Either she comes over to my place or I go over to hers as agreed. Example: Its either you send your old fridge for repair or you buy a new one. When there are two nouns in the singular and are joined by either or, or neither nor, they take a singular verb. Example: Neither the cat nor the dog is black in colour. (NOT are.) Example: Either this frog or that toad is croaking. (NOT are) When the two subjects are in different persons, and the subjects are joined by or or nor, the verb agrees with the subject nearest or next to it. Example: Either he or you are telling the truth. (NOT is) Either you or he is telling the truth. (NOT are) Example: Neither he nor you are telling the truth. (NOT is) Neither you nor he is telling the truth. (NOT are) Example: Either you or I am going. (NOT are) Neither you nor I am going. (NOT are) 4. USED AS AN ADVERB We can use 'either' rather than 'neither' for negative statement. Example: She wont come with me or with him either. Example: I cant spell very well. I cant either. or Me, either. We use 'neither' to add a negative statement to one that has just been made. Example: I dont usually get up late. Neither do I. or Me neither. Example: If you dont do it yourself, no one will help you. Neither would I. 5. USING NOR WITHOUT 'NEITHER' In addition to 'neither', we can also use 'nor' in place of it. Example: I never go to bed early. Nor do I. or Neither do I. Example: I havent seen the movie. Nor have I. or Neither have I.

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Exercise 1- Nouns
1.1) EXERCISE - COMMON NOUNS

Identify the Common Nouns in the following sentences. 1. We arrived early at the station. (We arrived early at the station) 2. There are different species of fish. (There are different species of fish) 3. The man was trying to steal his car. (The man was trying to steal his car) 4. They have gone to the zoo. (They have gone to the zoo) 5. The baby is crying. (The baby is crying) 6. My mother is in the kitchen. (My mother is in the kitchen) 7. He threw some nuts to the monkeys. (He threw some nuts to the monkeys) 8. The children are playing in the field. (The children are playing in the field) 9. That temple was built before I was born. (That temple was built before I was born) 10. He has bought a new car. (He has bought a new car) 11. My father likes to swim. (My father likes to swim) 12. She won a trophy in a competition. (She won a trophy in a competition) 13. I like to ride on a camel. (I like to ride on a camel) 14. Do birds eat meat? (Do birds eat meat?) 15. He went to visit his uncle. (He went to visit his uncle) 16. My brother wants to play with us. (My brother wants to play with us) 17. Let me have a look at your puppy. (Let me have a look at your puppy) 18. The taxi broke down. (The taxi broke down) 19. The boys are playing noisily. (The boys are playing noisily) 20. She is hanging out the clothes to dry. (She is hanging out the clothes to dry)
1.2 EXERCISE - PROPER NOUNS

Use capital letters for Proper Nouns in the following sentences. 1. paris is the capital of france. (Paris is the capital of France) 2. william shakespeare is a famous english author. (William Shakespeare is a famous English author) 3. war and peace' was written by leo tolstoy. (War and Peace' was written by Leo Tolstoy) 4. The universities of oxford and cambridge offer degree courses at the highest level. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge offer degree courses at the highest level. 5. john's two dogs are named rover and boxer. (John's two dogs are named Rover and Boxer) 6. david will travel to france to do a degree course on the french revolution. David will travel to France to do a degree course on the French Revolution. 7. suez canal joins the red sea and the mediterranean sea. (Suez Canal joins the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea) 8. republic of liberia is on the west coast of africa. (Republic of Liberia is on the west coast of Africa) 9. mick jagger is the lead singer of rolling stones(Mick Jagger is the lead singer of Rolling Stones) 10. mount kilimanjaro is the highest mountain in africa. (Mount Kilimanjaro is the highest mountain in Africa)
1.3 EXERCISE - ABSTRACT NOUNS

Form Abstract Nouns from the following. man, scholar, king(manhood, scholarship, kingdom) know, sell, think(knowledge, sale, thought) long, strong, wise(length, strength, wisdom) brother, lose, great(brotherhood, loss, greatness)
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1.4 EXERCISE - COLLECTIVE NOUNS

Fill in the blank s with suitable collective nouns. 1. A _____ of birds flew high in the sky.( flock / flight) 2. They saw a _____ of lions at the zoo. 3. The farmer has a _____ of cattle on his farm.( herd / drove) 4. He ate a _____ of grapes today.( bunch) 5. Our friend shows us a _____ of stamps. (collection) 6. We saw a _____ of sheep on our way home. (flock) 7. Police have arrested a _____ of thieves. (pack / gang) 8. She bought a _____ of bananas from the market. (bunch / comb) 9. The _____ of pupils are listening attentively to their teacher. (class) 10. You can put the _____ of tools in that box. (set)
1.5 EXERCISE - COUNTABLE & UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Complete each sentence by choosing the correct word. 1. There is so (many, much) smoke coming out of the chimney. (much) 2. There are (plenty of, a large amount of) fish in the pond. (plenty of) 3. (A little, A few) minutes is all it takes for him to shave. (A few) 4. The postman put (a great deal of, a lot of) letters into the bag. (a lot of) 5. He threw (a little, some) nuts to the monkeys. (some) 6. She uses only (a few, a little) cooking oil in her cooking. (a little) 7. My hens lay (a large amount of, several) eggs very day. (several) 8. (A great deal of, A large number of) dust has collected on the desk. (A great deal of) 9. We saw (a large amount of, many) cows grazing in the field. (many) 10. The butcher sells (a large amount of, a large number of) meat. (a large amount of)
1.6 EXERCISE GENDER

Change the nouns in bold from the feminine to the masculine. 1. My aunt visits her niece every week-end. (My uncle visits his nephew every week-end) 2. The lady has several mares on her farm. (The gentleman has several stallions on his farm) 3. The daughter is more talkative than her mother. (The son is more talkative than his father) 4. Does any actress like to play the role of the princess? (Does any actor like to play the role of the prince?) 5. Their queen is a widow. (Their king is a widower) 6. The manageress is still a spinster. (The manager is still a bachelor) 7. In the movie, the tigress was killed by the heroine. (In the movie, the tiger was killed by the hero) 8. His daughter-in-law is a postmistress. (His son-in-law is a postmaster) 9. The countess has one sister. (The count has one brother) 10. The authoress is writing a book about the empress. (The author is writing a book about the emperor) Change the nouns in bold from the masculine to the feminine. 11. The bridegroom thanked the priest. (The bride thanked the priestess) 12. His brother works as a waiter. (His sister works as a waiteress) 13. The dog barked at the milkman. (The bitch barked at the milkmaid) 14. A cock was killed by a fox. (A hen was killed by a vixen) 15. The manservant has worked many years for the duke. (The maidservant has worked many years for the duchess) 16. Her husband is a conductor. (His wife is a conductress)
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17. He was a postman before he became a postmaster. (She was a post woman before she became a postmistress) 18. The lad wants to be a monk. (The lass wants to be a nun) 19. The sultan owns a stallion. (The sultana owns a mare) 20. Her father-in-law is a landlord. (Her mother-in-law is a landlady)
1.7 EXERCISE - FORMING NOUNS FROM NOUNS

Fill in the blanks with abstract nouns from the nouns in brackets. 1. I had a very happy ______ (child). (I had a very happy childhood) 2. I forgot to renew my _____ (member) in the sailing club. (I forgot to renew my membership in the sailing club) 3. We formed a deep and lasting _____ (friend). (We formed a deep and lasting friendship) 4. He hopes to take over the _____ (leader) of the party. (He hopes to take over the leadership of the party) 5. There are lots of nice people in the _____ (neighbour). (There are lots of nice people in the neighbourhood) 6. In the _____ (king) of Thailand, the king commands the respect of every citizen. (In the kingdom of Thailand, the king commands the respect of every citizen) 7. She seems to be enjoying _____ (mother). (She seems to be enjoying motherhood) 8. He had barely reached _____ (man) when he married. (He had barely reached manhood when he married)

Exercise 2- Verbs
2.1 EXERCISE - AUXILIARY VERBS

Fill in the blanks with is' or are'. 1. The rose _____ a beautiful flower. (The rose is a beautiful flower) 2. His two sons _____ still small. (His two sons are still small) 3. My brother _____ doing his degree at that university. (My brother is doing his degree at that university) 4. Dogs _____ the most faithful animals. (Dogs are the most faithful animals) 5. There _____ a lot of ants on the tree. (There are a lot of ants on the tree) 6. That chair _____ comfortable to sit on. (That chair is comfortable to sit on) 7. The equator _____ an imaginary line round the earth. (The equator is an imaginary line round the earth) 8. The natives of this island _____ a friendly people. (The natives of this island are a friendly people) 9. We _____ waiting for the bus. (We are waiting for the bus) 10. _____ your mother sleeping now? (Is your mother sleeping now?) Fill in the blanks with does' or do'. 11. _____ you know him? (Do you know him?) 12. That _____ not mean I _____ not like her. (That does not mean I do not like her) 13. Please _____ not smoke here. (Please do not smoke here) 14. _____ anybody know the answer? (Does anybody know the answer?) 15. They _____ not want to play. () 16. It _____ not matter where you put it. (It does not matter where you put it) 17. He _____ the measuring and we _____ the cutting. (He does the measuring and we do the cutting) 18. Those sheep _____ not belong to that farmer. (Those sheep do not belong to that farmer) 19. My feet _____ not get tired easily. (My feet do not get tired easily)
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20. Everyone here _____ not know about it. (Everyone here does not know about it) Fill in the blanks with has' or have'. 21. He _____ a law degree. (He has a law degree) 22. They _____ gone to the cinema. (They have gone to the cinema) 23. Only one of the students _____ failed the test. (Only one of the students has failed the test) 24. I _____ come here to borrow your book(I have come here to borrow your book) 25. "_____ you ever done online banking?" ("Have you ever done online banking?") 26. "We _____ not done our homework yet." ("We have not done our homework yet.") 27. Each of you _____ to pay a dollar. (Each of you has to pay a dollar) 28. There _____ been no complaint so far. (There has been no complaint so far) 29. Does he _____ a bicycle? (Does he have a bicycle?) 30. What _____ she got to say about this? (What has she got to say about this?) Choose the correct word for each sentence. 31. The earth _____ (go, goes) round the sun. (The earth goes round the sun) 32. He _____ (go, goes) to school by bus. (He goes to school by bus) 33. I often _____ (go, goes) to the library. (I often go to the library) 34. She wants to _____ (go, goes) to the library? (She wants to go to the library?) 35. She does not _____ (go, goes) to the library? (She does not go to the library?) 36. Oh, she does _____ (go, goes) to the library. (Oh, she does go to the library) 37. He often _____ (go, goes) to the cinema. (He often goes to the cinema) 38. Every one of us must _____ (go, goes) to school. (Every one of us must go to school) 39. Every one of us usually _____ (go, goes) to school early. (Every one of us usually goes to school early) 40. He too has to _____ (go, goes) to school. (He too has to go to school) Choose the correct word for each sentence. 41. She _____ (read, reads) every day. (She reads every day) 42. I _____ (drink, drinks) milk every day. (I drink milk every day) 43. We _____ (like, likes) to swim. (We like to swim) 44. My neighbours _____ (talk, talks) to us every day. (My neighbours talk to us every day) 45. He _____ (speak, speaks) good English. (He speaks good English) 46. They _____ (work, works) in that factory. (They work in that factory) 47. One of us _____ (live, lives) near the hospital. (One of us lives near the hospital) 48. Those deer in the zoo _____ (look, looks) hungry. (Those deer in the zoo look hungry) 49. Everyone of the postmen _____ (ride, rides) a bicycle. (Every one of the postmen rides a bicycle) 50. The black dog can _____ (bark, barks) very loudly. (The black dog can bark very loudly)
2.2 EXERCISE - SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Use the Simple Present tense of the words in brackets. 1. It _____ (hurt) to know what he said. (It hurts to know what he said) 2. I sometimes _____ (play) football with my friends. (I sometimes play football with my friends) 3. My sister _____ (want) to be a teacher. (My sister wants to be a teacher) 4. We _____ (like) to do our homework together. We like to do our homework together () 5. His father _____ (smoke) a pipe. (His father smokes a pipe) 6. Does your mother _____ (cook) every day? (Does your mother cook every day?) 7. The train _____ (leave) in an hour. (The train leaves in an hour) 8. He _____ (wash) his car on Sundays. (He washes his car on Sundays)
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9. My friend _____ (ride) a bike to work. (My friend rides a bike to work) 10. They often _____ (swim) in the river. (They often swim in the river)
2.3 EXERCISE - PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Use the Present Continuous tense of the words in brackets. 1. We are too late. The train _____ (leaving). (We are too late. The train is leaving) 2. Look at what he _____ (do). (Look at what he is doing) 3. My father _____ (go) to Paris next month. (My father is going to Paris next month) 4. She says she _____ (cook) for dinner this evening. (She says she is cooking for dinner this evening) 5. I think she _____ (write) a letter at the moment. (I think she is writing a letter at the moment) 6. Why _____ he _____ (break) up those boxes? (Why is he breaking up those boxes?) 7. He _____ (come) on the one o'clock train tomorrow. (He is coming on the one o'clock train tomorrow) 8. They _____ (widen) the road. (They are widening the road) 9. One of you _____ always _____ (complain) about something. (One of you is always complaining about something) 10. Do you not understand what I _____ (say)? (Do you not understand what I am saying?)
2.4 EXERCISE - PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Use the Present Perfect tense of the words in brackets. 1. We _____ (not see) her since we last met her. (We have not seen her since we last met her) 2. He _____ (teach) us for two years and is still teaching us. (He has taught us for two years and is still teaching us) 3. She _____ (already throw) away her old dresses. (She has already thrown away her old dresses) 4. I _____ already _____ (tell) them to hurry up. (I have already told them to hurry up) 5. _____ you _____ (be) to see your old uncle recently? (Have you been to see your old uncle recently?) 6. My parents _____ (never be) to London. (My parents have never been to London) 7. They _____ (just meet) your brother. (They have just met your brother) 8. Our baby _____ (sleep) for more than eight hours. (Our baby has slept for more than eight hours) 9. I _____ not _____ (choose) the one I want yet. (I have not chosen the one I want yet) 10. You _____ (not eat) your dinner yet. (You have not eaten your dinner yet)
2.5 EXERCISE - PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Use the Present Perfect Continuous tense of the words in brackets. 1. They _____ (visit) their parents since they shifted out. They have been visiting their parents since they shifted out. 2. She _____ (talk) for an hour and when is she going to stop? She has been talking for an hour and when is she going to stop? 3. His friends _____ (wait) for him since 7 o'clock. His friends have been waiting for him since 7 o'clock. 4. What _____ you _____ (do) since this morning? What have you been doing since this morning? 5. I have found it. I _____ (search) for it for two days. I have found it. I have been searching for it for two days. 6. He _____ (eat) here for one week and he is not coming back. He has been eating here for one week and he is not coming back.
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7. We _____ (see) each other regularly since we became friends. We have been seeing each other regularly since we became friends. 8. Why _____ you _____ (keep) this matter a secret? Why have you been keeping this matter a secret? 9. Her mother _____ (pray) for good luck at that temple. Her mother has been praying for good luck at that temple. 10. My sister _____ (try) to write a book since last year. My sister has been trying to write a book since last year.
2.6 EXERCISE - PAST SIMPLE TENSE

Use the Past Simple tense of the words in brackets. 1. She _____ (cut) her finger last night. (She cut her finger last night) 2. We _____ (go) for a ride and _____ (come) home late. (We went for a ride and came home late) 3. Her former husband always _____ (drink) heavily. (Her former husband always drank heavily) 4. He _____ (lend) me some money last week. (He lent me some money last week) 5. There _____ (are) lots of people at the party. (There were lots of people at the party) 6. My father _____ (lose) his car keys this morning. (My father lost his car keys this morning) 7. She often_____ (quarrel) with her neighbour. (She often quarrelled with her neighbour) 8. The vagrant _____ (lay) a mat on the pavement and _____ (sleep) on it. (The vagrant laid a mat on the pavement and slept on it) 9. I _____ (meet) my uncle on Sunday afternoon. (I met my uncle on Sunday afternoon. my uncle on Sunday afternoon) 10. _____ (can) you please help me carry this? (Could you please help me carry this?)
2.7 EXERCISE - PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Use the Past Continuous tense of the words in brackets. 1. While I _____ (wait) for you, I fell asleep. (While I was waiting for you, I fell asleep) 2. He _____ (swim) at 4 o'clock yesterday. (He was swimming at 4 o'clock yesterday) 3. Some students _____ (not listen) while the teacher _____ (speak). (Some students were not listening while the teacher was speaking) 4. We _____ (play) football when it started to rain. (We were playing football when it started to rain) 5. When I _____ (walk) home, I saw a dog barking at the postman. (When I was walking home, I saw a dog barking at the postman) 6. She and her friends _____ (shop) yesterday evening. (She and her friends were shopping yesterday evening) 7. When they arrived, I _____ (bathe). (When they arrived, I was bathing) 8. While one worker _____ (paint), another _____ (mix) some paint. (While one worker was painting, another was mixing some paint) 9. What _____ you _____(do) when I was not at home? (What were you doing when I was not at home?) 10. They _____ (jog) early this morning. (They were jogging early this morning)
2.8 EXERCISE - PAST PERFECT TENSE

Use the Past Perfect tense of the words in brackets. 1. After we _____ (see) the movie, we went for a ride. After we had seen the movie, we went for a ride. 2. He _____ already _____ (leave) when we arrived. He had already left when we arrived.
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3. I _____ just _____ (shut) the door when the telephone rang. I had just shut the door when the telephone rang. 4. They ate the food that I _____ (buy). They ate the food that I had bought. 5. She _____ (eat) her lunch when I reached home. She had eaten her lunch when I reached home. 6. My father _____ (drink) a glass of milk before he slept. My father had drunk a glass of milk before he slept. 7. "I fell down". He said that he _____ down. "I fell down". He said that he had fallen down. 8. "I cut my finger". She said that she _____ her finger. "I cut my finger". She said she had cut her finger. 9. I arrived at the cinema after the film _____ (start). I arrived at the cinema after the film had started. 10. The train _____ already _____ (go) when we reached the station. The train had already gone when we reached the station.
2.9 EXERCISE - PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Use the Past Perfect Continuous tense of the words in brackets. 1. She _____ (sleep) before she was woken by the loud thunder. She had been sleeping before she was woken by the loud thunder. 2. The patient _____ (groan) when the doctor arrived. The patient had been groaning when the doctor arrived. 3. The little boy _____ (play) with fire before he was burnt. The little boy had been playing with fire before he was burnt. 4. _____ you _____ (try) to get me before I called? Had you been trying to get me before I called? 5. What _____ the child _____ (do) before she was scolded by her mother? What had the child been doing before she was scolded by her mother?
2.10 EXERCISE - AUXILIARY VERBS

Fill in the blanks with was' or were'. 1. He _____ here five minutes ago. (He was here five minutes ago) 2. This _____ the dress she wore last week. (This was the dress she wore last week) 3. They _____ still young when their parents died. (They were still young when their parents died) 4. One of the eggs _____ broken. (One of the eggs was broken) 5. There _____ some oranges on the table. (There were some oranges on the table) 6. _____ you tired after the game? (Were you tired after the game?) 7. She _____ not at home when I called. (She was not at home when I called) 8. Yesterday I saw a rainbow as I _____ driving home. (Yesterday I saw a rainbow as I was driving home) 9. We _____ supposed to arrive early but the train was late. (We were supposed to arrive early but the train was late) 10. Those _____ people who helped the victims. (Those were people who helped the victims)

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Exercise 3- Adjectives
3.1 EXERCISE - COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

Pick the correct words in the brackets. 1. My father is as (strong, stronger, strongest) as his father. My father is as strong as his father. 2. She is (pretty, prettier, prettiest) than her sister. She is prettier than her sister. 3. You are not as (tall, taller, tallest) as your brother. You are not as tall as your brother. 4. That pond is the (shallow, shallower, shallowest) in this area. That pond is the shallowest in this area. 5. That has to be the (interesting, more interesting, most interesting) film I have seen. That has to be the most interesting film I have seen. 6. Which university offers (the good, the better, the best) degree courses?. Which university offers the best degree courses? 7. This clown is not as (funny, funnier, funniest) as the other one. This clown is not as funny as the other one. 8. He is easily the (bad, worse, worst) player in the team. He is easily the worst player in the team. 9. The second half of the play was (little, less, the least) interesting. The second half of the play was less interesting. 10. What is (far, farther, the farthest) distance you have ever run? What is the farthest distance you have ever run?

Exercise 4- Adverbs
4.1 EXERCISE - TYPES OF ADVERBS

Choose the most suitable adverb in bold to fill each blank:

angrily, enough, never, outside, yesterday

1. She left _____ for the university where she is doing a degree course. She left yesterday for the university where she is doing a degree course. 2. We are standing _____ his house waiting for him. We are standing outside his house waiting for him. 3. He told us _____ not to walk on the grass. He told us angrily not to walk on the grass. 4. I am not strong _____ to help him carry that box. I am not strong enough to help him carry that box. 5. She will _____ be happy in that job. She will never be happy in that job. down, last week, often, quickly, rarely 6. _____, I saw him walking to the church. (Last week, I saw him walking to the church) 7. My father is _____ late for work. ( My father is rarely late for work) 8. He drove _____ to avoid being late. (He drove quickly to avoid being late) 9. I _____ play badminton with my sister. (I often play badminton with my sister) 10. This is the place where he fell _____.( This is the place where he fell down) always, just, nearly, online, unusually 11. It took _____ two hours to get here. (It took nearly two hours to get here) 12. They were _____ very friendly. (They were always very friendly) 13. He has _____ strong hands. ( He has unusually strong hands)
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14. She has _____ completed her degree course. (She has just completed her degree course) 15. This dictionary went _____ in 2003. (This dictionary went online in 2003)

Exercise 5- Indirect Speech

5.1 EXERCISE - INDIRECT SPEECH

Rewrite the following in the Reported Speech. 1 He said, "I have eaten my lunch." (He said that he had eaten his lunch) 2 She said, "I am doing a degree at the university"( She said that she was doing a degree at the university) 3 The teacher said to the class, "Pay attention." (The teacher told the class to pay attention) 4 My mother said to me, "Buy some bananas for me." (My mother told/asked me to buy some bananas) 5 My father said to me, "Don't waste your money." (My father told me not to waste my money) 6 She said to me, "Where is the hospital?." (She asked me where the hospital was) 7 My friend said to me. "Don't be late tomorrow." (My friend asked me not to be late tomorrow) 8 He asked me, "When will the train arrive?" (He asked me when the train would arrive) 9 His teacher asked him, "Can you finish it by tomorrow?" (His teacher asked (him) whether/if he could finish it by the next day) 10 She asked me, "What are your favorite online games?" (She asked me what my favorite online games were)

Exercise 6- Articles
6.1 EXERCISE - THE ARTICLES

Fill each blank with a', an', the' or leave it blank. 1. He left _____ home without informing anyone. (He left the home without informing anyone.) 2. There is _____ box of sweets on _____ table. (There is a box of sweets on the table) 3. Do you need _____ degree in Economics or _____ degree in finance to be a better manager? Do you need a degree in Economics or a degree in finance to be a better manager? 4. When we arrived, she went straight to _____ kitchen and started to prepare _____ meal for us. When we arrived, she went straight to the kitchen and started to prepare a meal for us. 5. He has _____ cut on his leg and _____ bruise on _____ chin. (He has a cut on his leg and a bruise on the chin) 6. _____ Mt. Everest is _____ highest mountain in _____ world. (Mt. Everest is the highest mountain in the world) . Switch off _____ air-conditioner please. I have _____ cold. (Switch off the air-conditioner please. I have a cold) 8. We reached _____ top of _____ hill during _____ afternoon. (We reached the top of a hill during the afternoon) 9. Do you like _____ weather here? Isn't it too hot during _____ day but it is very cold at _____ night? Do you like the weather here? Isn't it too hot during the day but it is very cold at night? 10. _____ attempt has been made to collect _____ funds to start _____ public library in _____ town where I live. An attempt has been made to collect funds to start a public library in the town where I live.

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Exercise 7- Pronouns
7.1 EXERCISE - PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Fill in the blanks with suitable pronouns. 1. Does _____ (her, she) know that _____ (me, I) was absent? (Does she know that I was absent?) 2. Please tell _____ ( he, him) _____ (I, me) have obtained a degree in Chemistry. Please tell him I have obtained a degree in Chemistry. 3. I remember that _____ (they, them) bought the fruits from _____ (we, us). (I remember that they bought the fruits from us) 4. Please don't tell ______ (she, her) about _____ (I, me). (Please don't tell her about me) 5. _____ can swim because _____ has webbed feet. (It can swim because it has webbed feet) 6. I met Alice yesterday. _____ invited _____ to her house. (I met Alice yesterday. She invited me to her house) 7. Jane has a cat; _____ likes to play with _____. (Jane has a cat; she likes to play with it) 8. When the dog chased John, _____ ran as fast as _____ could. (When the dog chased John, he ran as fast as he could) 9. My uncle works in a factory. _____ says _____ is a noisy place. (My uncle works in a factory. He says it is a noisy place) 10. The teacher said to the class, "When _____ finished your work, please pass _____ up to me." The teacher said to the class, "When you finished your work, please pass it up to me."
7.2 EXERCISE - REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

Fill each blank with a suitable Reflexive Pronoun. 1. He rewarded _____ with an ice-cream. (He rewarded himself with an ice-cream) 2. They agreed amongst _____ that they would not tell anyone. (They agreed amongst themselves that they would not tell anyone) 3. I taught _____ to draw. (I taught myself to draw) 4. You must explain _____ more clearly. (You must explain yourself more clearly) 5. He has a bad temper so he must learn to control _____. (He has a bad temper so he must learn to control himself) 6. We thoroughly enjoyed _____ at the party on Sunday. (We thoroughly enjoyed ourselves at the party on Sunday) 7. That monkey is scratching _____. (That monkey is scratching itself) 8. One must defend _____ against bullies. (One must defend oneself against bullies) 9. My brother and I bought _____ some apples. (My brother and I bought ourselves some apples) 10. She cooks for _____ every day. (She cooks for herself every day)
7.3 EXERCISE - RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Fill in the blanks with which, who', whom' and whose'. 1. The boy, _____ father is a doctor, is my best friend. (The boy, whose father is a doctor, is my best friend) 2. This is not something _____ we like to do. (This is not something which we like to do) 3. That man, _____ left leg was amputated, suffers from diabetes. (That man, whose left leg was amputated, suffers from diabetes) 4. The thief, _____ they caught, was sent to the prison. (The thief, whom they caught, was sent to the prison) 5. Our friends, _____ we invited to the party, arrived rather early. (Our friends, whom we invited to the party, arrived rather early)
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6. The girl, _____ broke the mirror, was scolded by her mother. (The girl, who broke the mirror, was scolded by her mother) 7. That is my uncle, _____ car was stolen. (That is my uncle, whose car was stolen) 8. That woman, _____ you saw, was my auntie. (That woman, whom you saw, was my auntie) 9. Kangaroos, _____ use their pouch to carry their babies, are found in Australia. (Kangaroos, which use their pouch to carry their babies, are found in Australia) 10. The policeman, ______ caught the thief, is a very brave man. (The policeman, who caught the thief, is a very brave man)

Exercise 8- Prepositions
8.1 EXERCISE PREPOSITIONS

Fill in the blanks with these words: (against, at, by, for, from, in, like, near, of, on, to, up, with.) 1. She is doing a degree course _____ a university. (She is doing a degree course at a university) 2. His trousers were washed _____ the washing machine. (His trousers were washed by the washing machine) 3. We had to climb slowly _____ the hill. (We had to climb slowly up the hill) 4. His house looks _____ a temple. (His house looks like a temple) 5. How many _____ the members will join the trip? (How many of the members will join the trip?) 6. Don't lean that ladder _____ the wall. (Don't lean that ladder against the wall) 7. I don't usually feel tired _____ the morning. (I don't usually feel tired in the morning) 8. Have you heard anything _____ him yet? (Have you heard anything from him yet?) 9. My house is quite _____ to your school. (My house is quite near to your school) 10. Put this _____ your drawer and do not let anyone see it. (Put this in your drawer and do not let anyone see it) 11. A university is where you study _____ a degree. (A university is where you study for a degree) 12. Which of these roads will lead _____ the church? (Which of these roads will lead to the church?) 13. He sometimes quarrels _____ the neighbour. (He sometimes quarrels with the neighbour) 14. I think there is a salesman _____ the door. (I think there is a salesman at the door) 15. Her next birthday will be _____ a Sunday. (Her next birthday will be on a Sunday) 16. Even the new drug could not cure him _____ his illness. (Even the new drug could not cure him of his illness) 17. He was given a ten-year prison sentence _____ armed robbery. (He was given a ten-year prison sentence for armed robbery) 18. The cat likes to rub its head _____ my legs. (The cat likes to rub its head against my legs) 19. The store was robbed because there was no guard _____ duty. (The store was robbed because there was no guard on duty) 20. My father has a car _____ yours. (My father has a car like yours) 21. His sister holds a degree _____ physics _____ Oxford. (His sister holds a degree in physics from Oxford) 22. The new factory is expected to come online _____ May. (The new factory is expected to come online by May) 23. If you go _____ a river you go towards its source. (If you go up a river you go towards its source) 24. Many of us eat _____ fork and spoon. (Many of us eat with fork and spoon) 25. The mob stoned her _____ death. (The mob stoned her to death)

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8.2 EXERCISE PREPOSITIONS

Fill in the blanks with these words: (about, across, after, along, among, behind, beside, off, since, through, under, without.) 1. The referee ordered two players _____ the field. (The referee ordered two players off the field) 2. I could see her _____ the window. (I could see her through the window) 3. He sings whenever he is _____ the influence of alcohol. (He sings whenever he is under the influence of alcohol) 4. We have not met _____ early last year. (We have not met since early last year) 5. She came up and sat _____ me. (She came up and sat beside me) 6. Police want to know all _____ it and are calling for witnesses. (Police want to know all about it and are calling for witnesses) 7. Innocent civilians were _____ the casualties. (Innocent civilians were among the casualties) 8. Please shut the door _____ you. (Please shut the door behind you) 9. How long can you survive _____ light or heating? (How long can you survive without light or heating?) 10. Who is looking _____ you when your parents are not in? (Who is looking after you when your parents are not in?) 11. She was carrying her handbag _____ her arm. (She was carrying her handbag under her arm) 12. We parked the car _____ the fence. (We parked the car beside the fence) 13. He had to push his way _____ the crowd to get in. (He had to push his way through the crowd to get in) 14. The robbers jumped _____ the train while it was still moving. (The robbers jumped off the train while it was still moving) 15. We enjoy driving _____ the highway. (We enjoy driving along the highway) 16. Books were scattered _____ the room. (Books were scattered about the room) 17. We are not allowed to talk _____ ourselves. (We are not allowed to talk among ourselves) 18. He has completed this degree course _____ too much trouble. (He has completed this degree course without too much trouble) 19. There is only one bridge _____ this river. (There is only one bridge across this river) 20. Do you believe in life _____ death? (Do you believe in life after death?)

Exercise 9- Conjunctions
9.1 EXERCISE CONJUNCTIONS

Fill in the blanks with these words: although, and, because, but, or, since, so, unless, until, when. 1. Things were different _____ I was young. (Things were different when I was young) 2. I do it _____ I like it. (I do it because I like it) 3. Let us wait here _____ the rain stops. (Let us wait here until the rain stops) 4. You cannot be a lawyer _____ you have a law degree. (You cannot be a lawyer unless you have a law degree) 5. That was years _____ years ago. (That was years and years ago) 6. She has not called _____ she left last week. (She has not called since she left last week) 7. I saw him leaving an hour _____ two ago. (I saw him leaving an hour or two ago) 8. This is an expensive _____ very useful book. (This is an expensive but very useful book) 9. We were getting tired _____ we stopped for a rest. (We were getting tired so we stopped for a rest) 10. He was angry _____ he heard when happened. (He was angry when he heard when happened) 11. Walk quickly _____ you will be late. (Walk quickly or you will be late) 12. He had to retire _____ of ill health. (He had to retire because of ill health)
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13. We will go swimming next Sunday _____ it's raining. (We will go swimming next Sunday unless it's raining) 14. I heard a noise _____ I turned the light on. (I heard a noise so I turned the light on) 15. Would you like a coffee _____ tea? (Would you like a coffee or tea?) 16. Do you know _____ she will arrive? (Do you know when she will arrive?) 17. _____ the car is old it still runs well. (Although the car is old it still runs well) 18. Do you want a pen _____ a bit of paper? (Do you want a pen and a bit of paper?) 19. I would like to go _____ I am too busy. (I would like to go but I am too busy) 20. She will die _____ the doctors operate immediately. (She will die unless the doctors operate immediately)

Exercise 13- USED TO

13.1 EXERCISE USED TO

Use used to plus a suitable verb to complete these sentences. 1. He _____ online to find the information he wanted. He used to go online to find the information he wanted. 2. My sister _____ to school by bus but now she cycles. My sister used to go to school by bus but now she cycles. 3. I _____ thinner than my brother but now I am not. I used to be thinner than my brother but now I am not. 4. My father _____ many cigarettes a day. He gave up smoking last year. My father used to smoke many cigarettes a day. He gave up smoking last year. 5. She _____ night after night for her degree in Economics. She used to study night after night for her degree in Economics. 6. They _____ football when they were younger. They used to play football when they were younger. 7. I _____ the world was flat but now I realize its not true. I used to think/believe the world was flat but now I realize it's not true. 8. That building is now a cinema. It _____ a hotel. That building is now a cinema. It used to be a hotel. 9. When you lived near that shopping centre, _____ you _____ there very often? When you lived near that shopping centre, did youuse to go there very often? 10. _____ a lot of sweets when you were a child? Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child?

Exercise 16- Correct English Usage

16.1 EXERCISE - CORRECT ENGLISH USAGE

1. The family now (live/lives) in London. (The family now live in London) 2. The cat family (include/includes) lions and tigers. (The cat family includes lions and tigers) 3. There (hasnt/havent) been any news of him since he left home. (There hasnt been any news of him since he left home) 4. News (is/are) coming in of a major explosion. (News is coming in of a major explosion) 5. (Who/Whom) did he talk to? (Whom did he talk to?) 6. You are not as happy as (I/me). (You are not as happy as I) 7. (I/He) and (I/he) are brothers. (He and I are brothers) 8. Her sister is fatter than (she/her). (Her sister is fatter than she) 9. His car is (cleaner/more cleaner) than mine. (His car is cleaner than mine) 10. My mother did not buy (any/some) apples. (My mother did not buy any apples) 11. There are (fewer/less) than five oranges on the table. (There are fewer than five oranges on the table)
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12. There is a (few/little) ice in the glass. (There is a little ice in the glass) 13. One must do (his/ones) duty. (One must do ones duty) 14. The (better/best) of the two is mine. (The better of the two is mine) 15. He can (help/helps) you lift this box. (He can help you lift this box) 16. (A large number/great deal) of houses were burnt down in the fire. (A large number of houses were burnt down in the fire) 17. He lives (at/in) 43, Station Road. (He lives at 43, Station Road) 18. The hunter shot at the (brood/flock) of birds. (The hunter shot at the flock of birds) 19. They are playing in the (childrens/childrens) park. (They are playing in the childrens park) 20. He (lived/has lived) here since 1990. (He has lived here since 1990)

Exercise 18- DURING and WHILE

18) EXERCISE DURING and WHILE

Put in during or while in each blank space. (1) _____ the afternoon, I caught him _____ he was stealing apples. During the afternoon, I caught him while he was stealing apples. (2) I know that _____ he was in Paris _____ the holidays, he bought an expensive camera. I know that while he was in Paris during the holidays, he bought an expensive camera. (3) _____ we were playing badminton, the wind suddenly started to blow. This happened _____ the last set was being played. While we were playing badminton, the wind suddenly started to blow. This happened while the last set was being played. (4) _____ our game of badminton, the wind suddenly started to blow. This happened _____ the last set. During our game of badminton, the wind suddenly started to blow. This happened during the last set. (5) _____ the morning, I saw the sun shining _____ rain was still falling. During the morning, I saw the sun shining while rain was still falling. (6) _____ I was watching the game, I saw two goals scored in the first half. _____ the second half, however, there was no further score _____ I was there. While I was watching the game, I saw two goals scored in the first half. During the second half, however, there was no further score while I was there. (7) _____ we were waiting for him, we saw his sister who had spoken to us _____ the exhibition a few days ago. While we were waiting for him, we saw his sister who had spoken to us during the exhibition a few days ago. (8) _____ the night, a bat flew into my room. During the night, a bat flew into my room. (9) He got malaria _____ fighting in Africa _____ the war. He got malaria while fighting in Africa during the war. (10) Henry died _____ the night _____ we were sleeping. Henry died during the night while we were sleeping.

Exercise 20- EITHER and NEITHER

20.1 EXERCISE - EITHER and NEITHER

Put in either or neither. 1. Which hockey stick do you want? You can have _____. I dont want _____, thank you. _____ is big enough for me. Which hockey stick do you want? You can have either. I dont want either, thank you. Neither is big enough for me. 2. She showed me a pair of bracelets and told me that I could have _____ of them.
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She showed me a pair of bracelets and told me that I could have either of them. 3. _____ of the films was much good and Im sure you wont like _____ of them. Neither of the films was much good and Im sure you wont like either of them. 4. _____ of the boys wants to go and _____ of them is ready so we can go without them. Neither of the boys wants to go and neither of them is ready so we can go without them. 5. Which cake do you want? _____, please. I like both of them. Which cake do you want? Either, please. I like both of them. 6. Do you think that _____ of those boys will win? No, Im afraid not. Im sure that _____ of them is fast enough. Do you think that either of those boys will win? No, Im afraid not. Im sure that neither of them is fast enough. 7. You can come on _____ day Saturday or Sunday. _____ of them is a busy day for us. You can come on either day Saturday or Sunday. Neither of them is a busy day for us. 8. I dont know which road to take. _____ of them looks very smooth. Ask that man if _____ of them goes to the village. I dont know which road to take. Neither of them looks very smooth. Ask that man if either of them goes to the village. 9. In hockey there is an umpire at _____ end but _____ of them is supposed to award a short corner at the opposite end. In hockey there is an umpire at either end but neither of them is supposed to award a short corner at the opposite end. 10. She doesnt like _____ of those dresses and she says that _____ of them fits her properly. She doesnt like either of those dresses and she says that neither of them fits her properly. Join up each pair of sentences by using either or or neither nor. Example: John doesnt know the answer. Peter doesnt know the answer. Neither John nor Peter knows the answer. Example: He wants this pen. He wants that pen. (He wants one of them). He wants either this pen or that pen. 11. Mary doesnt want one. Janet doesnt want one. (Neither Mary nor Janet wants one) 12. It opens this way. It opens that way. (It opens either this way or that way) 13. I lost it at school. I lost it on my way home. (I lost it either at school or on my way home) 14. Robert is not as tall as I am. George is not as tall as I am. (Neither Robert nor George is as tall as I am) 15. Shes the kind of person you love. Shes the kind of person you hate. (Shes the kind of person you either love or hate) 16. London is not as crowded as Hong Kong. Paris is not as crowded as Hong Kong. (Neither London nor Paris is as crowded as Hong Kong) 17. My father does not like this part of the town. My mother does not like this part of the town. Neither my father nor my mother likes this part of the town. 18. The train arrives at six oclock. The train arrives at seven oclock. (The train arrives at either six oclock or seven oclock) 19. He comes to school by taxi. He comes by bus. (He comes to school either by taxi or by bus) 20. You dont want it. I dont want it. (Neither you nor I want it)

List 1 - Forming Nouns

NOUN VERB absent act add agree ADJECTIVE NOUN absent absence active action addition agreement
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anger arrive attend beautify begin behave breathe brighten broaden brother busy child choose

angry

bad beautiful

brave bright broad busy

clean collect correct cruel dark deep describe die divide do draw enjoy enter explain fail fatten feed fool free befriend give gladden dry enjoyable

fat fit foolish free friendly glad good great happy hateful high

friend

grow hate heal

anger arrival attention badness beauty beginning behavior bravery breath brightness breadth brotherhood business childhood choice cleanliness collection correction cruelty darkness depth description death division deed drawing dryness enjoyment entrance explanation failure fatness food fitness foolishness freedom friendship gift gladness goodness greatness growth happiness hatred health height
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imagine instruct invent invite judge king know laugh laze lead lend like live lengthen lose madden marry member mix mother move multiply neighbor obey occupy permit please poet prove punish ready remember sadden scholar see sell sharpen sicken

honest hungry imaginative instructive inventive

kind

lazy

leader

long mad

man

neighborly new abedient

pleasant poetic proud

ready sad safe scholarly

sharp sick

honesty hunger imagination instruction invention invitation judgement kindness kingdom, kingship knowledge laughter laziness leadership loan likeness life length loss madness manhood marriage membership mixture motherhood movement multiplication neighborhood newness obedience occupation permission pleasure poetry pride proof punishment readiness remembrance sadness safety scholarship sight sale sharpness sickness
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sit slow soften speak strengthen succeed sweeten teach tell thicken think tighten value warm weaken wed weigh widen

slow soft strong successful sweet

thick thirsty tight true valuable warm weak

wide wise young

seat slowness softness speech strength success sweetness teaching tale thickness thought thirst tightness truth value warmth weakness wedding weight width wisdom youth

List 2 - Forming Adjectives

NOUNS accident adventure anger beauty boy care caution centre child China circle comfort comic coward cruelty culture danger day disaster distance duty ADJECTIVES accidental adventurous angry beautiful boyish careful/careless cautious central childish/childlike Chinese circular comfortable comical cowardly cruel cultural dangerous daily disastrous distant dutiful, dutiable NOUNS ADJECTIVES mountain mountainous music musical nation national nature natural noise noisy north northern parent parental peace peaceful person personal pity pitiful poison poisonous poverty poor pride proud quarrel quarrelsome responsibility responsible science scientific sense sensible silk silky skill skilful smoke smoky sorrow sorrowful
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east Europe fact faith fame father fear fever fool fortune France friend fury girl glory god gold harm height hero hunger India joy law length life love man mercy mine mischief VERBS break break choose close collect construct continue continue correct describe destroy enjoy forget harm

eastern European factual faithful famous fatherly fearful feverish foolish fortunate French friendly furious girlish glorious godly/godless golden harmful high heroic hungry Indian joyful lawful long live, lively lovely manly merciful my mischievous ADJECTIVES breakable broken choosy close collective constructive continuous continual corrective descriptive destructive enjoyable forgetful harmful

south speed star stone storm strength success sun tail talent terror thirst thought thought topic tropic trouble truth value victory war water wave west wind winter wisdom wood wool year youth VERBS imagine instruct love need obey play please prevent prosper quarrel run speak steal study
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southern speedy starry stony stormy strong successful sunny tailless talented terrible thirsty thoughtful thoughtless topical tropical troublesome truthful valuable victorious warlike watery wavy western windy wintry wise wooden woollen yearly young/youthful ADJECTIVES imaginary instructive lovable needful, needy obedient playful pleasant preventive prosperous quarrelsome running spoken stolen studious

hate help hope hurt ADJECTIVES big clean comic correct

hateful helpful hopeful hurtful ADJECTIVES biggish cleanly comical corrective

talk talkative think thoughtful work workable write written ADJECTIVES ADJECTIVES elder elderly good goodly red reddish sick sickly

List 3 - Forming Verbs

ADJECTIVES NOUNS broad clean cloth courage dark deep equal fast fat fertile friend full glad government joy knee large less light long loose product pure quick rich sad safe sharp short sight slave smooth soft spark VERBS broaden cleanse clothe encourage darken deepen equalize fasten fatten fertilize befriend fill gladden govern enjoy kneel enlarge lessen lighten lengthen loosen produce purify quicken enrich sadden save sharpen shorten see enslave smoothen soften sparkle
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tight trial unity wide

tighten try unite widen

List 4 - Forming Adverbs From Adjectives

ADJECTIVES abrupt absolute accidental active actual adamant additional affectionate angry annual anxious apparent appreciative apprehensive appropriate approving approximate apt ardent arduous arguable attentive audible awkward bad beautiful bitter boastful bold brave brief bright brutal busy calm careful careless casual cautious ADVERBS abruptly absolutely accidentally actively actually adamantly additionally affectionately angrily annually anxiously apparently appreciatively apprehensively appropriately approvingly approximately aptly ardently arduously arguably attentively audibly awkwardly badly beautifully bitterly boastfully boldly bravely briefly brightly brutally busily calmly carefully carelessly casually cautiously ADJECTIVES lawful lazy light lone loud lucky mad main mannish magic mental merciful mere merry momentary monthly narrow natural near neat nebulous necessary needless nervous new nice nightly noisy obedient occasional open oppressive optimistic oral outward painful partial particular passionate
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ADVERBS lawfully lazily lightly lonely loudly luckily madly mainly mannishly magically mentally mercifully merely merrily momentarily monthly narrowly naturally nearly neatly nebulously necessarily needlessly nervously newly nicely nightly noisily obediently occasionally openly oppressively optimistically orally outwardly painfully partially particularly passionately

certain cheap cheerful clean clear clever close comfortable complete conclusive conscious constant continual continuous copious correct courteous crooked cruel cunning curious dangerous daring dear deep definite deliberate delightful dim dirty double dull eager easy economic efficient enjoyable enormous entire essential eternal ethical ethnic etymological euphemistic evasive

certainly cheaply cheerfully cleanly clearly cleverly closely comfortably completely conclusively consciously constantly continually continuously copiously correctly courteously crookedly cruelly cunningly curiously dangerously daringly dearly deeply definitely deliberately delightfully dimly dirtily doubly dully eagerly easily economically efficiently enjoyably enormously entirely essentially eternally ethically ethnically etymologically euphemistically evasively

patent patient peaceful perfect permanent personal pessimistic physical pious playful pleasant polite poor popular possible posthumous pretty previous primary private probable problematic promiscuous proper proud punctual pure puritanical purposeless quick quiet rapid rare rational ready real recent regular ridiculous rough rude sad safe satisfactory savage secret
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patently patiently peacefully perfectly permanently personally pessimistically physically piously playfully pleasantly politely poorly popularly possibly posthumously prettily previously primarily privately probably problematically promiscuously properly proudly punctually purely puritanically purposelessly quickly quietly rapidly rarely rationally readily really recently regularly ridiculously roughly rudely sadly safely satisfactorily savagely secretly

even eventual evident exorbitant extreme faithful fastidious fatal fearful fierce final financial first foolish forgetful fortunate free frequent friendly frightful full general generous gentle gentleman genuine glad graceful gradual grim grudging gruelling gruesome half-yearly haphazard happy hard harsh hasty hateful heavy helpful helpless high holistic

evenly eventually evidently exorbitantly extremely faithfully fastidiously fatally fearfully fiercely finally financially firstly foolishly forgetfully fortunately freely frequently friendily frightfully fully generally generously gently gentlemanly genuinely gladly gracefully gradually grimly grudgingly gruellingly gruesomely half-yearly haphazardly happily hardly harshly hastily hatefully heavily helpfully helplessly highly holistically

seeming sentimental separate serene serial serious severe shaky shameful shameless sheepish shy significant silent simple sincere single-handed skilful sleepy slight slow soft sole sound special steadfast steady stealthy strange strong stupid subtle successful sudden sure surprising sweet swift tactical tactless terrible terrifying terse thankful thorough
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seemingly sentimentally separately serenely serially seriously severely shakily shamefully shamelessly sheepishly shyly significantly silently simply sincerely singlehandedly skillfully sleepily slightly slowly softly solely soundly specially steadfastly steadily stealthily strangely strongly stupidly subtly successfully suddenly surely surprisingly sweetly swiftly tactically tactlessly terribly terrifyingly tersely thankfully thorougly

honest honourable hopeful horrible hourly hungry hypothetical hysterical immaculate immediate impatient individual inescapable inestimable inevitable inexorable infallible instant instantaneous instinctive jealous joint joyful justifiable keen kind knowing knowledgeable last late

honestly honourably hopefully horribly hourly hungrily hypothetically hysterically immaculately immediately impatiently individually inescapably inestimably inevitably inexorably infallibly instantly instantaneously instinctively jealously jointly joyfully justifiably keenly kindly knowingly knowledgeably lastly lately

thoughtful thoughtless total tremendous tremulous true truthful unacceptable unarguable understandable undoubted unexpected untruthful unusual urbane urgent usual vast verbal veritable weary weekly whole-hearted wide wild willing wise wrong yearly youthful

thoughtfully thoughtlessly totally tremendously tremulously truly truthfully unacceptably unarguably understandably undoubtedly unexpectedly untruthfully unusually urbanely urgently usually vastly verbally veritably wearily weekly wholeheartedly widely wildly willingly wisely wrongly yearly youthfully

List 5 - Collective Nouns ( PEOPLE)

an army of soldiers a bevy of beauties/girls a band of musicians a band of robbers a board of directors a body of men a bunch of crooks a caravan of gypsies a choir of singers a class of pupils a class of students a company of actors a company of soldiers a congregation of worshippers a crew of sailors a gang of thieves a horde of savages a host of angels a line of kings/rulers a mob of rioters a group of dancers a group of singers a pack of rascals a pack of thieves a party of friends a patrol of policemen a posse of policemen a regiment of soldiers a staff of employees a staff of servants
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a crowd of spectators a crowd of people a dynasty of kings a galaxy of beautiful women a galaxy of film stars a gang of crooks a gang of labourers a gang of prisoners a gang of robbers THINGS an album of autographs an album of photographs an album of stamps an anthology of poems an archipelago of islands a bale of cotton a basket of fruit a batch of bread a battery of guns a block of flats a book of exercises a book of notes a bouquet of flowers a bowl of rice a bunch of bananas a bunch of flowers a bunch of grapes a bunch of keys a bundle of rags/old clothes a bundle of firewood/sticks a bundle of hay a catalogue of prices/goods a chain of mountains a chest of drawers a cluster of coconuts a cluster of grapes a cloud of dust a clump of bushes a clump of trees a collection of coins a collection of curiosities a collection of pictures a collection of relics a collection of stamps a column of smoke a comb of bananas a compendium of games a constellation of stars a cluster of diamonds a cluster of stars a clutch of eggs

a staff of teachers a team of players a tribe of natives a troop of scouts a troupe of artistes a troupe of dancers a troupe of performers a party of friends

a hail of bullets a hand of bananas (each a finger) a harvest of wheat/corn a heap of rubbish a heap of ruins a hedge of bushes a heap of stones a layer of soil/dirt a library of books a line of cars a list of names a mass of ruins/hair a necklace of pearls an outfit of clothes an orchard of fruit trees a pack of cards a pack of lies a packet of cigarettes a packet of letters a pair of shoes a pencil of rays a quiver of arrows a range of hills a range of mountains a ream of paper a reel of thread/film a roll of film/cloth a rope of pearls a row of houses a series of events a set of china a set of clubs a set of tools a sheaf of arrows a sheaf of corn a sheaf of grain a sheaf of papers a sheaf of wheat a shower of blows a shower of rain a stack of arms
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a crate of fruit a crop of apples a fall of rain a fall of snow a fleet of motor-cars/taxis a fleet of ships a flight of aeroplanes a flight of steps a forest of trees a galaxy of stars a garland of flowers a glossary of difficult words/phrases a group of islands a grove of trees ANIMALS an army of ants a bevy of quail a brood/flock of chickens a catch of fish a cloud of flies a cloud of insects a cloud of locusts a colony of gulls a drove of cattle a drove of horses a flight of birds a flight of doves a flight of locusts a flight of swallows a flock of birds a flock of geese a flock of sheep a gaggle of geese a haul of fish a herd of buffaloes a herd of cattle a herd of deer a herd of elephants a herd of goats a herd of swine a hive of bees a host of sparrows a kindle of kittens a litter of cubs a litter of piglets

a stack of corn a stack of hay a stack of timber a stack of wood a stock of wood a string of beads a string of pearls a suit of clothes a suite of furniture a suite of rooms a tuft of grass a tuft of hair a wad of currency/notes a wreath of flowers a litter of kittens a litter of puppies a menagerie of wild animals a muster of peacocks a nest of ants a nest of mice a nest of rabbits a pack of hounds a pack of wolves a plague of insects a plague of locusts a pride of lions a school of herrings/other small a afish a school of porpoises a school of whales a shoal of fish a skein of wild geese in flight a string of horses a stud of horses a swarm of ants a swarm of bees a swarm of insects a swarm of locusts a team of horses a team of oxen a train of camels a tribe of goats a troop of lions a troop of monkeys a zoo of wild animals

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List 6 Gender (PEOPLE)

MASCULINE actor author bachelor boy Boy Scout brave bridegroom brother conductor count czar dad daddy duke emperor father father-in-law fiance gentleman giant god governor grandfather headmaster heir hero host hunter husband king lad landlord lord man manager manservant master mayor milkman millionaire monitor monk Mr. murderer negro nephew papa poet policeman FEMININE actress authoress spinster girl Girl Guide Squaw bride sister conductress countess czarina mum mummy duchess empress mother mother-in-law fiancee lady giantess goddess matron grandmother headmistress heiress heroine hostess huntress wife queen lass landlady lady woman manageress maidservant mistress mayoress milkmaid millionairess monitress nun Mrs. murderess negress niece mama poetess policewoman
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postman postmaster priest prince prophet proprietor protector shepherd sir son son-in-law step-father step-son steward sultan tailor uncle waiter washerman widower wizard

postwoman postmistress prietess princess prophetess proprietress protectress shepherdess madam daughter daughter-in-law step-mother step-daughter stewardess sultana tailoress aunt waitress washerwoman widow witch

CREATURES MASCULINE billy-goat boar (pig) buck (deer, hare) buck-rabbit bull bull-elephant bull-seal bullock bull-seal bull-whale cob (swan) cock (rooster) cockerel cock-pigeon cock-sparrow colt (young horse) dog drake drone eagle fox gander hawk he-bear he-goat he-wolf jack-ass leopard lion peacock

FEMININE nanny-goat sow doe doe-rabbit cow cow-elephant cow-seal heifer cow-seal cow-whale pen hen pullet hen-pigeon hen-sparrow filly bitch duck bee eagle vixen goose bowess she-bear she-goat she-wolf jenny-ass, she-ass leopardess lioness peahen

ram (sheep) stag stallion tiger tom-cat turkey-cock wolf

ewe hind mare tigress tabby-cat turkey-hen she-wolf

List 7 - Forms of the Verb

PRESENT TENSE arise awake be bear beat become begin bend bet bid bind bite PRESENT PARTICIPLE arising awaking being bearing beating becoming beginning bending betting bidding binding biting PAST TENSE arose awoke was/were bore beat became began bent bet bid, bade bound bit bleed PAST PARTICIPLE blow arisen break awoken breed been bring born, borne broadcast beaten build become burn begun bent burst bet buy bid, bade cast bound catch bitten choose
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bleeding blowing breaking breeding bringing broadcasting building burning bursting buying casting catching choosing

bled blew broke bred brought broadcast built burned, burnt burst bought cast caught chose

bled blown broken bred brought broadcast built burned, burnt burst bought cast caught chosen

cling come cost creep cut deal dig dive do draw dream drink drive dwell eat fall feed feel fight find fit flee fling flow fly forbid forecast forget forgive forego, forgo forsake freeze get give go grab grind grow hang hang (kill) have hear hide

clinging coming costing creeping cutting dealing digging diving doing drawing dreaming drinking driving dwelling eating falling feeding feeling fighting finding fitting fleeing flinging flowing flying forbidding forecasting forgetting forgiving forgoing forsaking freezing getting giving going grabbing grinding growing hanging hanging having hearing hiding

clung came cost crept cut dealt dug dived, dove did drew dreamed, dreamt drank drove dwelt ate fell fed felt fought found fitted, fit fled flung flowed flew forbade forecast, forecasted forgot forgave forewent forsook froze got gave went grabbed ground grew hung hanged had heard hid

clung come cost crept cut dealt dug dived done drawn dreamed, dreamt drunk driven dwelt eaten fallen fed felt fought found fit fled flung flowed flown forbidden forecast, forecasted forgotten forgiven foregone forsaken frozen got given gone grabbed ground grown hung hanged had heard hidden
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hit hold hurt keep kneel knit know lay lead lean leap learn leave lend let lie light lose make mean meet misspell mistake mow overcome overdo overtake overthrow pay plead prove put quit read rid ride ring rise run saw say see

hitting holding hurting keeping kneeling knitting knowing laying leading leaning leaping learning leaving lending letting lying lighting losing making meaning meeting misspelling mistaking mowing overcoming overdoing overtaking overthrowing paying pleading proving putting quitting reading ridding riding ringing rising running sawing saying seeing

hit held hurt kept knelt knitted knew laid led leaned, leant leapt learned, learnt left lent let lay lighted, lit lost made meant met misspelled, misspelt mistook mowed overcame overdid overtook overthrew paid pleaded, pled proved put quit, quitted read rid, ridded rode rang rose ran sawed said saw

hit held hurt kept knelt knitted known laid led lean, leant leapt learned, learnt left lent let lain lighted, lit lost made meant met misspelled, misspelt mistaken mowed, mown overcome overdone overtaken overthrown paid pleaded, pled proved, proven put quit, quitted read rid ridden rung risen run sawn said seen

seek sell send set sew shake shave shear shed shine shoe shoot show shrink shut sing sink sit sleep slay slide sling slit smell smite sow speak speed spell spend spill spin spit split spoil spread spring

seeking selling sending setting sewing shaking shaving shearing shedding shining shoeing shooting showing shrinking shutting singing sinking sitting sleeping slaying sliding slinging slitting smelling smitting sowing speaking speeding spelling spending spilling spinning spitting splitting spoiling spreading springing

sought sold sent set sewed shook shaved sheared shed shone shod shot showed shrank shut sang sank sat slept slew slid slung slit smelled, smelt smote sowed spoke speeded, sped spelled, spelt spent spilled, spilt spun spat split spoiled, spoilt spread sprang

sought stand sold steal sent stick set sting sewed/sewnstink shaken stride shaved, shaven strike sheared, shorn string shed strive shone swear shod sweep shot swell shown swim shrunk swing shut take sung teach sunk tear sat tell slept think slain thrive slid throw slung thrust slit tread smelled, smelt understand smitten uphold Sown upset spoken wake speeded, sped wear weave spelled, spelt wed spent weep spilled, spiltwin wind spun withhold spat withstand split wring spoiled, write spoilt spread sprung

standing stealing sticking stinging stinking striding striking stringing striving swearing sweeping swelling swimming swinging taking teaching tearing telling thinking thriving

stood stole stuck stung stank strode struck strung strove swore swept swelled swam swung took taught tore told thought thrived, throve throwing threw thrusting thrust treading trod understanding understood upholding upheld upsetting upset waking woke wearing wore weaving wove wedding wed, wedded weeping wept winning won winding wound withholding withheld withstanding withstood wringing wrung writing wrote

stood stolen stuck stung stunk stridden struck strung striven sworn swept swollen swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrived thrown thrust trodden understood upheld upset woken, waked worn woven wed, wedded wept won wound withheld withstood wrung written

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PRESENT TENSE

PRESENT PARTICIPLE

PAST TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE

add advise agree allow appear arrange arrive behave breathe care carry cause change close compare complete continue copy cry dance die divide

adding advising agreeing allowing appearing arranging arriving behaving breathing caring carrying causing changing closing comparing completing continuing copying crying dancing dying dividing

added advised agreed allowed appeared arranged arrived behaved breathed cared carried caused changed closed compared completed continued copied cried danced died divided
PAST TENSE

added advised agreed allowed appeared arranged arrived behaved breathed cared carried caused changed closed compared completed continued copied cried danced died divided

drop escape fit hand hang (person) hope hurry join jump laugh live marry reply show stop study talk tie try use wait

dropping escaping fitting handing hanging hoping hurrying joining jumping laughing living marrying replying showing stopping studying talking tying trying using waiting

dropped escaped fitted handed hanged hoped hurried joined jumped laughed lived married replied showed stopped studied talked tied tried used waited

dropped escaped fitted handed hanged hoped hurried joined jumped laughed lived married replied showed stopped studied talked tied tried used waited

PRESENT PRESENT TENSE PARTICIPLE

PAST PARTICIPLE

burst cost cut hit hurt let

bursting costing cutting hitting hurting letting

burst cost cut hit hurt let

burst cost cut hit hurt let

put read set shut split spread

putting reading setting shutting splitting spreading

put read set shut split spread

put read set shut split spread

List 9 Antonyms
Antonym is a word that means the opposite to another word. above below hill valley allow abroad home humble proud always absent present husband wife arrive absent present in out asleep accept refuse include exclude back active passive increase decrease backwards add subtract increase decrease bad admit deny indifferent interested barren adult child inner outer beautiful alive dead inside outside before all none insult praise begin
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refuse never depart awake front forward good fertile ugly after end

interested interesting joy junior kind kind knowledge lazy lead least leave

bored dull sorrow senior cruel cruel ignorance industrious follow greatest arrive

bent best better big black blameless bless blunt bold bold boss bravery break bridge bright broad busy buy capture catch cheap city clean clever cloudy clumsy coarse cold come comedy comfort common common contract cool coward cowardly create cry daily danger dark dawn day deep depth

straight worst worse small white guilty curse sharp timid timid employee cowardice repair tunnel dull narrow idle sell release throw dear country dirty foolish clear graceful fine hot go tragedy disturb rare unusual expand warm hero bold destroy laugh nightly safety bright dusk night shallow height

lend level life liquid long loss loud love majority many masculine master mean miser modern most motorist mountain natural near never niece noise noisy normal north notice obey obtain often old omit open order overlook pardon part past peace plural polite polite poor powerful praise public

borrow steep death solid short gain soft hate minority few feminine servant kind spendthrift ancient least pedestrian valley artificial far always nephew silence quiet abnormal south ignore command give seldom new include shut/close chaos notice punish whole future war singular rude rude rich weak blame private
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die difficult dim discourteo us divide doctor drunk dry dwarf early east easy ebb empty enemy enjoy entrance evening ever everybody everywher e exit fact failure fair famous fancy far fat fat few find finish first flatter foe foolish foreign forget found freeze fresh fresh friend

live easy bright polite multiply patient sober wet giant late west difficult flow full friend dislike exit morning never nobody nowhere entrance fiction success dark unknown plain near thin skinny many lose start last insult friend wise local remember lost thaw stale stale enemy

public punish pupil purchase push question quick raw raw real right rise rough sad safe safe same separate several silly similar slim smile smile straight straight strange strong summer sweet sweet talk tall tame teach teacher these thick this tight tiny top true trust

private reward teacher sell pull answer slow cooked cooked imaginary left fall smooth cheerful dangerous dangerous different join few serious different fat frown frown crooked crooked familiar weak winter sour sour listen short wild learn student those thin that loose huge bottom false doubt

full future generous give give graceful guilty guilty happy happy

vacant past selfish receive take awkward innocent innocent sad sad

truth under unusual up upset vacant vacant valuable victory villain

lie over ordinary down comfort occupied occupied worthless defeat hero

hard hard head heavy hell help here hide high

easy soft tail light heaven hinder there show low

war wide win wise within work wrong yes young

peace narrow lose foolish without rest right no old

List 9 Antonyms (un-)

arm certain comfortab le common conscious dress equal unarm uncertain uncomforta ble uncommon unconscious undress unequal like lock necessa ry popular safe screw seen unlike unlock unnecessa ry unpopular unsafe unscrew unseen fair fold friendly happy healthy just kind known unfair unfold unfriendly unhappy unhealthy unjust unkind unknown selfish steady suitable tidy tie true willing wise unselfish unsteady unsuitable untidy untie untrue unwilling unwise

List 9 Antonyms (dis-)

agree allow appear arm arrange believe connect disagree disallow disappear disarm disarrange disbelieve disconnect continue honest like loyal obey order trust discontinue dishonest dislike disloyal disobey disorder distrust

List 9 Antonyms (in-)

accurate active adequate admissible attentive correct inaccurate inactive inadequate inadmissible inattentive incorrect

List 9 Antonyms (im-)

mature mobile moral mortal movable patient immature immobile immoral immortal immovable impatient
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perfect polite possible probable proper pure

imperfect impolite impossible improbable improper impure

List 9 Antonyms (mis-)

handle judge spell understand use mishandle misjudge misspell misunderstand misuse

List 9 Antonyms (-less)

careful harmful helpful hopeful painful pitiful powerful shameful useful careless harmless helpless hopeless painless pitiless powerless shameless useless

List 10 Synonyms
Synonym is a word with the same meaning or nearly the same meaning as another word in the same language. abduct kidnap leery cautious arraign indict maelstrom whirlpool abhor detest legacy bequest ask Inquire, magnitude size request above over legible readable assembly gathering malice spite abridge shorten licentious lewd assent agree margin edge abroad overseas listen hear attire dress meager scanty abrogate cancel lithe supple avarice greed mean cruel abstain refrain little small baby infant messy untidy accord agreement livid enraged bad evil middle center admit confess loathe abhor badger pester misshapen deformed adversary opponent lofty high beg implore moral ethical affable friendly logo symbol begin commence morsel piece aggravate worsen look see behaviour conduct mundane ordinary agree consent loquaciou talkative s belief opinion name title air discuss lost misplaced benevolen kind narrate tell t akin related loving fond berate scold near close alive lively loyal true big large nefarious evil allocate distribute lucrative profitable bilk swindle negate cancel allow permit ludicrous absurd blamed accused negligible insignifica also too luminous bright nt ameliorate improve lure entice blank empty nepotism favouritis amount quantity luster gloss m annul cancel luxuriant lush bliss happiness new unused, answer response macabre gruesome modern appease pacify mad insane bottom foot noisy rowdy
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brave brawn bright broad brook bucolic build busy buy calamity canon capitulate careen careful careful castigate catastroph ic catch caucus cavort

daring, bold strength shinning wide tolerate rustic construct active purchase disaster rule surrender swerve cautious cautious criticize disastrous capture meeting frolic

noted

wellknown obey submit obstinate stubborn odyssey journey often frequently old ancient omen sign omnipoten allt powerful omniscien allt knowing oppress persecute opulence wealth oral verbal orator speaker outset beginning outside exterior ovation applause pacify appease scarce widespread supernatur al package portion obvious scarcity sell write maybe dangerous die persist relevant choose devout appease abundant constable courteous destitute harbour piece
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commodit product y compulsor obligatory y concise brief concur confer conversan t converse copy cordial correct courtesan covert crave culvert cunning cure curtail damp dangerous deadly dear dearth debilitate deceive decimate decipher decrease deduce deleteriou s delude demeanou r demise demobiliz e demoraliz e denigrate denounce depart deplete deride agree bestow familiar opposite imitate friendly accurate prostitute secret desire drain sly remedy shorten moist risky fatal expensive scarcity weaken trick destroy decode reduce conclude harmful deceive behaviour death disband dishearten defame condemn leave exhaust ridicule

praise prank pretty protect pull purloin push putrefy quack qualms quay queen queue quick quiet quill quip rare rarely rash read ready real reap rebuke receptacle reckless recollect rectify recur red reek regal rein rejoice relic remain remedial remember

complimen t joke beautiful, attractive guard drag steal thrust decay charlatan misgivings wharf empress line rapid peaceful feather joke scarce seldom hasty peruse alert genuine harvest reprimand container rash remember correct repeat ruddy smell royal curb celebrate antique stay corrective recollect

paltry pandemic paranorma l cede Relinquish parcel celestial heavenly part centre middle patent champion winner paucity change alter peddle cheat deceive pen chide scold perhaps choose select perilous chubby plump perish circumspe cautious persevere ct clemency forgivenes pertinent s clergyman minister pick close near pious clothes dress placate clout influence plentiful coagulate thicken policeman coddle pamper polite coercion force poor collusion conspiracy port commend praise portion

desecrate desiccate despot destitute detain detriment al devise devout diabolical diffident discernibl e discreet disease disfigure dismal disorder dispatch disperse dissemina te distend distract diversity divulge dodder dull dumb duress eatable ebb eccentric edifice efficaciou s egocentric

profane dehydrate tyrant poor confine harmful plan pious devilish shy visible prudent sickness mar gloomy chaos send scatter distribute swell divert variety disclose tremble gloomy mute coercion edible recede odd, weird building effective

remnant remorse renown replenish retain revenue rich rift riot roam robust rostrum rough round rude rue rule ruse rustic sack sad safe saga sanction saturate savour scant scared scatter schism scion scorn sear secede seclusion seduce seldom semblance separate serene sham sheen

residue guilt fame refill keep income wealthy split revolt wander vigorous podium coarse circular impolite regret govern trick rural pillage unhappy secure story approval soak relish inadequate frightened disperse rift offspring disdain burn withdraw solitude lure rarely likeness sever peaceful pretense luster
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entice entreat envoy ephemeral epoch equitable error escape exorbitant exorcise fable fall false

g lure plead messenger short-lived era

short shorten show shun sibling sick siege silent silly simple sinister site skeptical slay sleepy slim sloth smart smell smite snare snub sovereign specimen squalid squander static steed stern stick stifle stimulate stingy stop strange strife strive strong student studious style subdue

selfcentered electorate voters elucidate explain elude evade empty vacant end conclusion enemy foe enough sufficient ensnare trap, lure enterprise undertakin

fair mistake elude expensive expel myth drop untrue, wrong fantasy daydream far distant feather plume feign pretend fertile fruitful fidelity loyalty fierce ferocious fight battle filch steal find discover first initial fiscal monetary flagellate whip float drift force compel foretell predict free release friend companio n, ally friend ally funny amusing furtive stealthy gain profit game recreation gargantua large n garrulous talkative gather collect gay cheerful general common genesis beginning

brief abbreviate exhibit avoid brother/ sister ill blockage quiet foolish easy evil location doubtful kill drowsy slender laziness intelligent scent strike trap ignore monarch sample filthy waste inactive horse strict adhere suppress excite miserly halt odd conflict endeavour powerful pupil diligent fashion conquer

ghastly give glad glaring gnarl gory guest guffaw habit

horrible donate happy dazzling deform bloody visitor laughter custom

submit subside succulent superb surmount surprise

habituate accustom hale healthy hallucinati delusion on hamper obstruct hapless harangue hard hate haven height help herald hew hide hideous high home hone horde hue hug huge humane unlucky tirade difficult detest refuge altitude assist harbinger cut conceal horrible tall residence sharpen group colour embrace enormous compassio nate hygienic sanitary hyperbole exaggerati on idiosyncra peculiarity sy illicit unlawful illimitable limitless illustrious famous

yield diminish juicy excellent overcome astonishme nt surrender yield surround encircle susceptibl vulnerable e sustenanc food e swamp marsh taint pollute talk talon tangible tarnish taut teach teacher tedious tempest tempo tempt tenet tepid terse tested thief thin thrive throng titillate titular toil top conversati on claw touchable taint tight educate instructor boring storm speed entice doctrine lukewarm concise tried burglar lean prosper crowd arouse figurehead drudgery summit

imbibe imitate immateria l immense impale impasse impassive impeccabl e impede impendin g imperil

drink copy irrelevant huge pierce deadlock calm faultless hinder imminent

transitory fleeting traverse cross trek journey trick trite trust try twain hoax commonpl ace believe attempt two

trail path tranquilize calm, anesthetize transient temporary

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tyrannical dictatorial ubiquitous omniprese nt endanger ulterior hidden, covert implicate incriminat unassumin modest e g implore entreat uncanny mysterious inculcate instill under beneath incursion raid undermine weaken indelible permanent underscor emphasize e indigent poor understan comprehen d d indiscrimi random unduly excessive nate indolent lazy unison together industriou hardworki usually generally s ng inexorable relentless utter complete infamous notorious vacant empty infamy shame vacillate waver infer conclude vain unsuccessf ul infirmity ailment valiant brave influx inflow value worth infraction violation vanish disappear infuriate enrage vanquish conquer inhibit restrain vehement adamant iniquitous unjust vendetta feud initiate begin venom poison inkling hint venue location innate inborn verbose wordy innocuous harmless verdict decision innuendo insinuatio veto reject n

inordinate inquisitive inscribe inside insignia insolvent

annoy evil, cruel triumph compete defame manly, strong instigate incite vital necessary inter bury vocation occupation interesting fascinating vogue fashion intrepid fearless volatile unstable intricate complex vulgarity obscenity intrigue plot vulnerable susceptible intrinsic inherent wager bet inundate flood wages salary involve implicate waive forgo

excessive curious engrave interior emblems bankrupt

vex vicious victory vie vilify virile

irate irrational jeer jest jocular join jostle judicious jump just kudos last lazy least leave

angry illogical mock joke humorous connect push prudent leap fair acclaim final indolent minimum abandon

wallow want watch weak wet whet whole wither wonder woo wrath wrest writ yearly young

indulge need look feeble damp stimulate entire shrivel amazement court anger, fury snatch summons annually youthful

List 11 Homonyms
Homonym is a word that sounds the same as another but is different in meaning. air heir loan lone ceiling sealing read ail ale made maid cell sell read allowed aloud mail male cent sent right arc ark main mane cheap cheep ring ate eight meat meet check cheque road bad bade medal meddle coarse course role bail bale missed mist cord chord root bald bawled muscle mussel dear deer rose ball bawl none nun die dye sale bare bear oar ore dun done scene beach beech one won Dye die sea bean been pail pale ewe you seam bear bare pain pane eye I sew beat beet pair pear fair fare sight bee be patience patients feat feet soar beet beat peace piece find fined sole bell belle peal peel flea flee son berry bury plain plane flew flu soot birth berth plane plain flour flower stair blue blew pore pour flower flour stake boar bore practice practise fool full steal board bored praise prays fore four stile bough bow pray prey forth fourth suite bow bough principal principle foul fowl tail boy buoy profit prophet fur fir tear brake break rain reign gait gate their buy by/bye rap wrap grate great threw
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reed red write wring rode roll route rows sail seen see seem sow site sore soul sun suit stare steak steel style sweet tale tier there through

groan hair hall heal hear heard here higher him hole

grown hare haul heel here herd hear hire hymn whole

throne tide to told too towed urn vain vale vein

thrown tied two tolled to, two toad earn vein veil vane, vain

List 12 - Parents and Young

ADULT (ANIMALS) bear boar buck (rabbit) buffalo bull (cattle) bull (elephant) camel cat cow deer dog elephant fox ADULT (BIRD) bird cock cock (pigeon) drake eagle gander goose ADULT (INSECTS) ant bee beetle butterfly ADULT (FISH) eel YOUNG cub piglet, pigling rack calf calf calf calf kitten calf fawn puppy calf cub YOUNG fledgling, nestling chicken squab duckling eaglet gosling gosling YOUNG grub grub grub caterpillar YOUNG elver
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hour idle key knew knight knot know lain lead leak lessen giraffe goat

our idol quay new night not no lane led leek lesson

waist wait way weak wear whole witch wood write yoke yore calf kid

waste weight weigh week where hole which would right yolk your

hippopotamus horse kangaroo leopard lion pig possum rat rhinoceros seal sheep stallion tiger wallaby wolf zebra grouse ostrich owl partridge pheasant pigeon swan turkey cockroach dragonfly grasshopper housefly mosquito moth

calf foal joey cub cub piglet joey pup calf pup lamb foal cub joey cub foal poult, cheeper chick owlet poult poult squab cygnet poult nymph nymph nymph maggot wriggler caterpillar

oyster shark trout whale ADULT (AMPHIBIAN) frog toad turtle

spat cub fry calf YOUNG tadpole tadpole hatchling

LIST 13 HOMES OF PEOPLE & CREATURES

People boarder convict Eskimo gypsy king lodger lumberman/jack lunatic man monk noble nomad Creature ant ape bear beaver bee bird chicken cow dog eagle earthworm fish fowl fox hare horse lion Home boarding house prison igloo caravan palace lodging house log cabin asylum house monastery castle tent Home nest, ant-hill tree-nest den lodge hive nest coop byre, pen kennel eyrie/aerie soil water coop lair form stable lair, den nun parson patient peasant pioneer priest prisoner Red Indian soldier student traveller convent/nunnery parsonage hospital cottage wagon temple cell wigwam, tepee barracks, camp hostel hotel, inn, resthouse

mole mouse otter owl pig pigeon rabbit (tame) rabbit (wild) sheep snail spider squirrel tiger tortoise turtle wasp

fortress hole, nest lodge barn, nest sty dovecote hutch burrow, warren pen shell web drey lair shell shell nest

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LIST 14 LIST OF PLACES

PLACES A place where animals are killed for food A small airport or airfield A place for the landing, take-off and maintenance of aircraft A place for the landing and take-off of airlines A narrow passageway between or behind buildings A place where bees are kept A place where fishes are kept A place where historical or public records are kept A place where public events and entertainments are held A space or room inside the roof of a building A theatre or hall in which an audience sits A place where birds are kept A place where bread and cakes are baked and sold A place where money is kept or paid out as requested A place where alcohol is served A building where soldiers live A small shop selling fashionable clothes A place where beer is brewed A private room on a ship A place selling light meals and drinks A factory where food is canned A small church A building used for Christian worship A place where the dead are buried A place where films are shown A place where medical treatment is given A school providing higher education or professional or vocational training A shop where sweets, candies, chocolates, etc. are sold A long passage in a building with many doors to side rooms A factory that produces cream, butter and cheese A building where corpses are burnt A place where milk is turned into butter and cheese A floor of a ship A place where strong alcoholic drinks such as are manufactured A place where medicines are dispensed A place where ships are loaded and unloaded or repaired A large bedroom with many beds in a boarding school, etc. A large store selling a wide variety of goods A place where things are manufactured A piece of land and its buildings for growing crops and raising animals
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abbatoir aerodrome airfield airport alley apiary aquarium archive arena attic auditorium aviary bakery bank bar barracks boutique brewery cabin cafe cannery chapel church cemetery cinema clinic college confectionery corridor creamery crematorium dairy deck distillery dispensary dock dormitory emporium factory farm

A place where metal, glass, etc. are melted and moulded A room where works of art are exhibited and sold A place where cars are kept A place for storing grain A shop where food and small household goods are sold A place with equipment for physical exercises A place where airplanes are kept A place where ships moor in shelter A place where the sick are treated A place where students stay A building where accommodation and meals are provided for travelers and tourists A place where rubbish is burnt A place where the ill and injured are cared for A public house providing accommodation, refreshments, etc. especially for travellers A place where people accused or convicted of a crime are confined A school for infants and young children A place where food is prepared and cooked A place where scientific experiments are conducted A place where clothes are washed and ironed A room with washing facilities A place where books are kept for use by the public A place where provisions, livestock, and other commodities are sold A place where dead bodies are kept before burial or cremation A building for Muslim worship A place where objects of historical interest are stored and exhibited A place of entertainment open late at night where customers drink and dance A place where young plants are grown A place where fruit trees are grown A place for the care and education of orphans A sacred building in the form of a many-tiered tower with storeys of diminishing size. A large public garden used for recreation A paved outdoor area adjoining a house A building for the confinement of criminals or those awaiting trial A building where alcohol is served A place where stone or other materials extracted from the ground A place where ships are loaded and unloaded An institution where young law-breakers are sent as an alternative to prison A natural or artificial lake where water is collected and
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foundry gallery garage granary grocery gymnasium hangar harbour hospital hostel hotel incinerator infirmary inn jail kindergarten kitchen laboratory laundry lavatory library market mortuary mosque museum nightclub nursery orchard orphanage pagoda park patio prison pub quarry quay reformatory reservoir

used as a source of water supply A place where people pay to get food and drinks A place for the medical treatment and recuperation of invalids A sacred place in a temple or church A place where ships are built and repaired A place where animals are slaughtered for their meat A place where games and sports are held A place where a painter, sculptor or photographer works, or from which television or radio programmes are broadcast or recorded A room where a surgeon performs operations A place for Jewish worship A place where animals skins are tanned A building devoted to religious worship A place where plays are acted on stage A room or cubicle containing washing facilities A greenhouse for grapevines A place where grapevines are grown to produce grapes used in winemaking A large building where raw materials or manufactured goods are stored A place where wild animals are kept for display to the public

restaurant sanatorium sanctum shipyard slaughterhouse stadium studio

surgery synagogue tannery temple theatre toilet vinery vineyard warehouse zoo

LIST 15 - FORMING ABSTRACT NOUNS

Common Noun brother child friend king leader Verb behave die free grow know laugh Abstract Noun brotherhood childhood friendship kingship leadership Abstract Noun behaviour death freedom growth knowledge laughter Common Noun man member mother neighbour scholar Verb lose marry please sell speak think Abstract Noun manhood membership motherhood neighbourhood scholarship Abstract Noun loss marriage pleasure sale speech thought

Adjective Abstract Noun angry anger beautiful beauty

Adjective Abstract Noun new newness strong strength

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brave great happy hungry kind long

bravery greatness happiness hunger kindness length

thirsty true unique weak wide wise

thirst truth uniqueness weakness width wisdom

LIST 16 THE PLURALS OF NOUNS

By adding -s Singular Plural ant ants bicycle bicycles cow cows daughter daughters egg eggs flower flowers grape grapes house houses jug jugs king kings Singular lock magazine nose orange picture rose spoonful toy vase well Plural locks magazines noses oranges pictures roses spoonfuls toys vases wells

By adding -es to nouns ending in ch, -s, -sh, -ss, and -x Singular Plural Singular Plural beach beaches dish dishes inch inches thrush thrushes match matches boss bosses watch watches dress dresses bus buses glass glasses octopus octopuses kiss kisses syllabus syllabuses box boxes virus viruses fox foxes brush brushes six sixes bush bushes tax taxes By adding s to nouns ending in -o Singular Plural Singular dynamo dynamos studio photo photos tattoo piano pianos torso radio radios trio solo solos zero By adding -es to nouns ending in -o Singular Plural Singular buffalo buffaloes potato echo echoes tomato hero heroes tornado

Plural studios tattoos torsos trios zeros Plural potatoes tomatoes tornadoes
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mosquito negro

mosquitoes negroes

veto

vetoes

By adding s or es to nouns ending in -o Singular Plural Singular Plural banjo banjos/banjoes memento mementos/mementoes archipelago archipelagos/es peccadillo peccadillos/es cargo cargos/cargoes lasso lassos/lassoes mango mango/mangoes indigo Indigos/indigoes motto mottos/mottoes volcano volcanos/volcanoes By changing y into ies if a noun ends in a consonant before the -y Singular Plural Singular Plural beauty beauties fairy fairies cherry cherries family families curry curries nappy nappies diary diaries spy spies duty duties theory theories By adding s if there is a vowel before the -y Singular Plural Singular Plural chimney chimneys kidney kidneys donkey donkeys monkey monkeys guy guys toy toys jersey jerseys trolley trolleys key keys valley valleys By changing f or fe into ves Singular Plural Singular Plural calf calves life lives elf elves loaf loaves half halves sheaf sheaves knife knives thief thieves leaf leaves wife wives By adding s to nouns ending in f or fe Singular Plural Singular Plural chef chef handcuff handcuffs chief chiefs reef reefs cliff cliffs roof roofs giraffe giraffes safe safes gulf gulfs sheriff sheriffs By adding s or changing f into ves Singular Plural dwarf dwarf/dwarves handkerchief Handkerchiefs/ves hoof hoof/hooves
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scarf scarfs/scarves turf turfs/turves wharf wharfs/wharves By changing the vowels Singular Plural Singular Plural axis axes goose geese cactus cacti louse lice crisis crises mouse mice emporium emporia/emporiums oasis oases fungus fungus/funguses tooth teeth By adding en or ren Singular Plural Singular Plural ox oxen child children By changing the vowels Singular Plural Singular Plural axis axes goose geese cactus cacti louse lice crisis crises mouse mice* emporium emporia/emporiums oasis oases fungus fungi/funguses tooth teeth * For computer mouse, the plural is mice or mouses. The plural and singular forms of some nouns are the same advice advice knowledge knowledge aircraft aircraft music music baggage baggage news news cattle cattle offspring offspring cod cod scenery scenery deer deer series series fish fish** sheep sheep furniture furniture species species information information ** More than one fish of the same species. Fishes are the plural of more than one species of fish.

LIST 17 THE COMPARISION OF ADJECTIVES

Positive big black bold brave bright busy clean clear clever cold Comparative bigger blacker bolder braver brighter busier cleaner clearer cleverer colder Superlative biggest blackest boldest bravest brightest busiest cleanest clearest cleverest coldest
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cool dark dear deep dirty dry easy fair fast fat fine

cooler darker dearer deeper dirtier drier easier fairer faster fatter finer

coolest darkest dearest deepest dirtiest driest easiest fairest fastest fattest finest

funny great green happy hard healthy heavy high hot kind large late lazy light long low lucky mad merry narrow naughty near new noisy old pale poor pretty

funnier greater greener happier harder healthier heavier higher hotter kinder larger later lazier lighter longer lower luckier madder merrier narrower naughtier nearer newer noisier older paler poorer prettier

funniest greatest greenest happiest hardest healthiest heaviest highest hottest kindest largest latest laziest lightest longest lowest luckiest maddest merriest narrowest naughtiest nearest newest noisiest oldest palest poorest prettiest Superlative most ancient most beautiful most brilliant most careful most careless most cheerful most comfortable most dangerous most delightful most difficult most enjoyable most foolish most forgetful most frightening

proud quick red rich sad safe shallow sharp short slow small smooth strong sweet tall thick thin tiny ugly warm wealthy wet white wide wild wise young

prouder quicker redder richer sadder safer shallower sharper shorter slower smaller smoother stronger sweeter taller thicker thinner tinier uglier warmer wealthier wetter whiter wider wilder wiser younger

proudest quickest reddest richest saddest safest shallowest sharpest shortest slowest smallest smoothest strongest sweetest tallest thickest thinnest tiniest ugliest warmest wealthiest wettest whitest widest wildest wisest youngest

Positive ancient beautiful brilliant careful careless cheerful comfortable

Comparative more ancient more beautiful more brilliant more careful more careless more cheerful more comfortable dangerous more dangerous delightful more delightful difficult more difficult enjoyable more enjoyable foolish more foolish forgetful more forgetful frightening more frightening

generous handsome helpful ignorant important intelligent interesting

more generous more handsome more helpful more ignorant more important more intelligent more interesting pleasant more pleasant powerful more powerful prosperous more prosperous sensible more sensible terrible more terrible thoughtful more thoughtful unusual more unusual
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most generous most handsome most helpful most ignorant most important most intelligent most interesting most pleasant most powerful most prosperous most sensible most terrible most thoughtful most unusual

useful valuable Positive bad far far good little many much

more useful more valuable Comparative worse farther further better less more more

most useful most valuable

wonderful

more wonderful most wonderful

Superlative worst farthest furthest best least most most

LIST 18 PREPOSITIONS
1. Prepositions after nouns abundance of distrust of access to duty to admission to eagerness for affection for economy of allegiance to enmity for/with/against anxiety for envy of appetite for equality with aptitude for escape from arrival at/in esteem for assent to excuse for assurance of experience in/of attack on exposure of attention on failure of authority for/on/over faith in bargain for/with freedom from/of battle with glance at benevolence towards gratitude for/to blindness to greed for cause for/of grief at/for caution against guess at comparison with hatred of compassion for hope of compensation for identity to complaint against indifference to concession to indulgence of confidence in inquiry into conformity to/with insight into contempt for interview with control over intimacy with conviction of intrusion into correspondence with invitation to craving for judge of look at lust for need for obedience to objection to obstruction to offence against passion for pity for power over prejudice against preparation for pride in proficiency in quarrel with question on regard for regret for reply to request for resemblance to respect for revolt against search for sin against stain on submission to sympathy with testimony to traitor to trust in want of

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dependence on desire for disgust at dislike of distaste for

lecture on likeness to liking for limit to longing for

witness of wonder at yearning for zeal for zest for

2. Prepositions after adjectives accused of (accused of a crime) accustomed to (accustomed to a life of luxury) acquainted with (acquainted with him) addicted to (addicted to gambling) afraid of (afraid of dogs) agreeable to (agreeable to the idea) akin to (akin to a guitar) alarmed at/by (alarmed at the prospect of) amazed at (amazed at his rapid recovery) amazed by (amazed by the performance) angry with (angry with a person) angry at (angry at something) annoyed about/by (annoyed by his carelessness) annoyed with (annoyed with him for not calling) anxious about (anxious about flying) ashamed of (ashamed of yourself) astonished by (astonished by his successive wins) aware of (aware of the dangers) bad at (bad at chess) bad for (bad for health) bored with (bored with her job) busy with (busy with his work) capable of (capable of murder) certain about (certain about what he said) certain of (certain of how much he put in) clever at (clever at knitting) clever with (clever with his hand) clever of (clever of him) conscious of (conscious of the need to ) critical of (critical of others) crowded with (crowded with tourists)

fit to (fit to look after old people) fond of (fond of her, fond of swimming) friendly to/towards (friendly to visitors) frightened of (frightened of spider) full of (full of mistakes) furious about/at/with (furious with him for not .) generous to (generous to the kids) generous of (generous of you contribute so much) good at (good at reading maps) good for (good for your health) good of (good of you to come) happy about (happy about riding a horse) happy with (happy with my new car) hopeless at (hopeless at mathematics) impressed with/by (impressed with the quality) incapable of (incapable of passing the examination) interested in (interested in politics)

interested to (interested to know your idea) jealous of (jealous of his success) keen on (keen on photography) kind of (kind of you to ) kind to (been kind to me) married to (married to a wealthy man) nervous about (nervous about my exams) nervous of (always nervous of rats) nice of (nice of you to help) pleased about (pleased about the results) pleased with (pleased with his new house) pleased to (pleased to see you here) proud of (proud of his new house/proud of winning) quick at (quick at writing/quick at losing her temper) delighted with (delighted with the present) ready for (ready for it) dependent on (dependent on their parents for responsible for (responsible for the murder) food) different from (different from each other) scared of (scared of dogs)
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different to (different to mine) different in (different in their sizes) disappointed with/in (with your work/in our plans) disappointed about (disappointed about not being told) disappointed at (disappointed at not being invited) disappointed to (disappointed to see him there) engaged to (engaged to a tall man) envious of (envious of her success) excellent at (excellent at speaking) excited about (excited about going on a boat trip) excited at (excited at the new discoveries) excited by (excited by the possibility of promotion) famous for (famous for its cheese) famous as (famous as a singer) fed up with (fed up with waiting) fit for (fit for the job)

shocked at (shocked at their loss) short of (short of money) similar to (His opinions are similar to mine.) sorry for (feel sorry for him) stupid of (stupid of him to say that) sure of (sure of attending) surprised at (surprised at her behaviour) suspicious of/about (suspicious of his intentions) terrified at (terrified at the possibility of meeting him) terrified of (terrified of heights) tired of (tired of hearing the same remark) tolerant of (tolerant of their sons beliefs) typical of (typical of him to behave like that) upset about/by/over (upset about the disagreement) used to (used to traveling by night) worried about (worried about her exams)

Prepositions after adjectives - additional absorbed in easy of accomplished in eligible for accountable for (thing) envious of accountable to (person) equal to affectionate to exposed to alarmed at faithful to alien to false of anxious for false to applicable to familiar with associated with fatigued with bent on free from blind in/to glad about born in glad of born of greedy for careful about guilty of careful of hopeful of common to ignorant of competent for immaterial to competent in immersed in concerned about impatient of concerned in indifferent to condemned to indispensable to
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loyal to mad with mindful of moved by/to obedient to obliged to overcome with/by overwhelmed with/by partial to particular to previous to productive of proficient in radiant with ready for reduced to relative to relevant to requisite for/to respect to/towards responsible to satisfied with

confident of contrary to cured of deprived of desirous of despairing of destitute of detrimental to diffident of disgusted in/with (person) disgusted with (thing) earnest in

indulgent to infected with/by infested with innocent of intent on intimate with involved in lame in lax in level with liable for/to lost to

sensible of sensitive to shocked at slow of steeped in subordinate to true to veiled in versed in weak in worthy of zealous in

LIST 19 LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

1) All three forms are the same. SIMPLE PAST INFINITIVE PAST PARTICIPLE bet bet bet bid bid bid broadcast broadcast broadcast burst burst burst cast cast cast cost cost cost cut cut cut fit fit fit forecast forecast forecast hit hit hit hurt hurt hurt let let let put quit read rid set shed shut slit split spread thurst upset wed put quit read rid set shed shut slit split spread thurst upset wed put quit read rid set shed shut slit split spread thurst upset wed

2) Only the simple past and past participle are the same. cling SIMPLE PAST INFINITIVE PAST PARTICIPLE creep bend bent bent deal bid bade bade dig bind bound bound dive bleed bled bled dream breed bred bred dwell bring brought brought feed build built built feel burn burned, burnt burned, burnt fight buy bought bought find catch caught caught
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clung crept dealt dug dived dreamed, dreamt dwelt fed felt fought found

clung crept dealt dug dived dreamed, dreamt dwelt fed felt fought found

flee fling get grab grind hang (kill) hang has/have hear hold keep kneel lay lead lean leap learn leave lend light lose make mean meet misspell mow pay plead quit say seek sell send shine

fled flung got grabbed ground hanged hung had heard held kept knelt laid led leant leapt learned/learnt left lent lit lost made meant met misspelt mowed paid pled quitted said sought sold sent shone

fled flung got grabbed ground hanged hung had heard held kept knelt laid led leant leapt learned/learnt left lent lit lost made meant met misspelt mowed paid pled quitted said sought sold sent shone

shoe shoot sit sleep slide sling smell speed spell spend spill spin spit spoil stand stick sting strike string sweep swing teach tell think understand uphold weep win wind withhold withstand wring

shod shot sat slept slid slung smelt sped spelt spent spilt spun spat spoilt stood stuck stung struck strung swept swung taught told thought understood upheld wept won wound withheld withstood wrung

shod shot sat slept slid slung smelt sped spelt spent spilt spun spat spoilt stood stuck stung struck strung swept swung taught told thought understood upheld wept won wound withheld withstood wrung

3) All three forms are different

INFINITIVE SIMPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE

rise awake

arose awoke

arisen awoken
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be bear become begin bite

was/were bore became began bit

been borne become begun bitten

blow break choose come do draw drink drive eat fall fly forbid forget forgive forego, forgo forsake freeze give go grow hide know lie mistake overcome overdo overtake overthrow prove ride ring rise

blew broke chose came did drew drank drove ate fell flew forbade forgot forgave forewent forsook froze gave went grew hid knew lay mistook overcame overdid overtook overthrew proved rode rang rose

blown broken chosen come done drawn drunk driven eaten fallen flown forbidden forgotten forgiven foregone forsaken frozen given gone grown hidden known lain mistaken overcome overdone overtaken overthrown proven ridden rung risen

run saw see sew shake shave shear show shrink sing sink slay smite sow speak spring steal stink stride strive swear swell swim take tear thrive throw tread wake wear weave write

ran sawed saw sewed shook shaved sheared showed shrank sang sank slew smote sowed spoke sprang stole stank strode strove swore swelled swam took tore throve threw trod woke wore wove wrote

run sawn seen sewn shaken shaven shorn shown shrunk sung sunk slain smitten sown spoken sprung stolen stunk stridden striven sworn swollen swum taken torn thriven thrown trodden woken worn woven written

LIST 20 FOREIGN PHRASES COMMONLY USED IN E NGLISH

addendum: an item or items added ad hoc: arranged or done, without pre-planning, for a single particular purpose. ad hominem: connected to another person; personal. ad infinitum: continuing or repeated without ever ending; endlessly. ad libitum: according to pleasure ad nauseam: to the point of annoyance or disgust. ad valorem: (tax or duty) levied according to the value of the goods or transaction.
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agent provocateur: someone employed to induce others to do illegal acts so that they can be convicted aide-de-camp: a military officer assigned to act as personal assistant to a higher ranked officer. aide-memoire: something that serves as a reminder; a memorandum. a la carte: a menu of dishes that may be ordered separately, besides the set meal. a la mode: in the fashion; served with ice cream. alfresco: in the open air; outdoor. alma mater: ones former university, college, or school. alter ego: another of a persons personality that is very different from his usual personality. amour propre: self-respect; self-love. Anno Domini: (in the year of the Lord) full form of AD ante meridiem: a.m.; before noon; morning. a posteriori: based on probable causes from past facts or experiences. a priori: based on theoretical deduction from previous facts or experiences. a propos: with reference to; to the point. art nouveau: a new style of decorative art and architecture. au fait: possessing considerable or intimate knowledge of something. au pair: a young foreign woman who stays with and assists a family with housework and childcare. beau monde: the fashionable society. bete noire: a hateful person or thing. bona fide: real, genuine, true; not deceiving. bon appetite: used to wish someone an enjoyable meal. bon voyage: used to wish someone a good journey. carte blanche: full powers; complete freedom to act. charge daffaires: deputy ambassador; a subordinate diplomat. chef-doeuvre: masterpiece. coup de grace: a final action or event that ends a suffering or a deteriorating situation. coup detat: a sudden and sometimes violent overthrow of a government by the army. crme de la crme: the very best of a particular kind of thing or group of people. cul-de-sac a road or passageway that is closed at one end. de facto: existing as a fact but not by legal right. de jure: rightful; by right. de rigueur: indispensable, e.g. to be fashionable; obligatory. en bloc: all together, rather than separately. en masse: all together. esprit de corps: spirit of comradeship uniting members of a group involved in the same activity. ex officio: by virtue of ones office. ex parte: in the interests of one side only. ex tempore: without preparation. fait accompli: something done or decided without reference to interested parties. faux pas: a social blunder. femme fatale: an attractive and seductive woman. Homo sapiens: human beings. in situ: in its original or usual place. inter alia: among other things. in toto: as a whole; entirely. ipso facto: by that very fact. laissez-faire: non-interference in economic matters. lapis lazuli: a valuable bright blue stone. lingua franca: a language used by people whose native languages are different.
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locus standi: the right to appear before a court. modus operandi: a typical way of doing something. modus vivendi: an arrangement for peaceful co-existence between conflicting parties. non sequitur: a statement that is not connected in a logical way with the previous statement. nota bene: note well after observing carefully. nouveau riche: people who have recently become wealthy; newly rich. nouvelle cuisine: a modern style of cooking from France. par excellence: the very best, surpassing all others. persona non grata: a person who is not welcome. post mortem: an examination of a dead body to determine the cause of death or an event after its occurrence to find out why it failed. prima facie: accepted as true until proved otherwise. pro bono publico: describing legal work undertaken without charge. pro forma: as a matter of form. pro rata: in proportion. quid pro quo: something that is given or done in exchange for something else. raison detre: reason something exists or is done. sine die: indefinitely. sine qua non: something that is absolutely essential; indispensable condition. status quo: the existing situation. sub judice: a case under judicial consideration and therefore prohibited from public discussion. subpoena: written order ordering or to order someone to attend a court of law or be punished. table dhote: a set meal served at a fixed price in a hotel or restaurant. tete-a-tete: a private conversation between two people; face to face. tour de force: something achieved skillfully and in a way that impresses. ultra vires: beyond ones legal power or authority. vice versa: used to mean the opposite of a statement or situation just described is also true. vis--vis: in relation to; as compared with. PROVERBS and EXPRESSIONS 1. A bad excuse is better than none. 2. A bad workman blames his tools. 3. A bird in hand is worth two in the bush. 4. A bully is always a coward. 5. A burnt child dreads fire. 6. A cat has nine lives. 7. A chip off the old block. 8. A cold hand and a warm heart. 9. A drowning man will clutch at a straw. 10. A fool and his money are soon parted. 11. A friend in need is a friend indeed. 12. A friend to all is a friend to none. 13. A good tale is none the worse for being told twice. 14. A good wife makes a good husband. 15. A guilty conscience needs no accuser. 16. A heavy purse makes a light heart. 17. A hungry man is an angry man. 18. A lion may be beholden to a mouse. 19. A little help is worth a lot of pity.
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20. A man is as old as he feels; a woman is as old as she looks. 21. A man is known by the company he keeps. 22. A man of words and not of deeds is like a garden full of weeds. 23. A miss is as good as a mile. 24. A penny saved is a penny gained. 25. A rolling stone gathers no moss. 26. A small leak will sink a great ship. 27. A stitch in time saves nine. 28. A watched pot never boils. 29. A wolf in sheeps clothing. 30. A womans work is never done. 31. A word spoken is past recalling. 32. A work ill done must be done twice. 33. A young man should not marry yet, an old man not at all. 34. Absence makes the heart grow fonder. 35. Actions speak louder than words. 36. All that glitters is not gold.

37. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 38. Alls well that ends well. 39. An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 40. An empty bag will not stand upright. 41. An Englishmans home is his castle. 42. Any time means no time. 43. As you make your bed, so must you lie on it 44. As you sow, so you shall reap. 45. Ask much to get little. 46. Ask no questions and youll be told (or hear) no lies. 47. Barking dogs seldom bite. 48. Barking up the wrong tree. 49. Be born with a silver spoon in your mouth 50. Be content. The sea hath fish enough. 51. Be just to all, but trust not all. 52. Beat about the bush. 53. Beauty is but skin-deep. 54. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. 55. Beggars must not be choosers. 56. Better a devil you know than a devil you dont know. 57. Better an empty house than a bad tenant. 58. Better an old mans darling than a young mans slave. 59. Better be born lucky than rich. 60. Better do it than wish it done. 61. Better late than never. 62. Between the devil and the deep blue sea. 63. Birds of a feather flock together. 64. Bite off more than one can chew. 65. Blood is thicker than water. 66. Blow ones own trumpet. 67. Born with a silver spoon in the mouth. 68. Boys will be boys. 69. Burn the candle at both ends. 70. Business is business. 71. Call no man happy until he dies. Because anything may happen in life. 72. Careless shepherds make many a feast for the wolf. 73. Cast no dirt into the well that gives you water. 74. Cast pearls before swine 75. Charity begins at home. 76. Christmas comes but once a year. 77. Civility costs nothing. 78. Cleanliness is next to godliness.
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79. Cross the bridge only when you come to it. 80. Curiosity killed a cat. 81. Cut your coat according to your cloth. 82. Dead men tell no tales. 83. Death pays all debts. 84. Desires are nourished by delays. 85. Desperate diseases need desperate remedies. 86. Diamond cut diamond. (One cunning person is a match for another.) 87. Discretion is the better part of valour. 88. Dont build your castles in the air. 89. Dont count your chickens before they are hatched. 90. Dont cry out before youre hurt. 91. Dont cry over spilt milk. 92. Dont halloo till youre out of the wood. 93. Dont judge a book by its cover. 94. Dont meet trouble half-way. 95. Dont put all your eggs in one basket. 96. Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise. 97. East, west, homes best. 98. Easy come, easy go. 99. Eat to live; do not live to eat. 100. Empty vessels make the most noise. 101. Enjoy the present. 102. Every cloud has a silver lining. 103. Every dog has its day. 104. Every Jack has his Jill. 105. Every little helps. 106. Every man for himself, and God for us all. 107 Every man has his faults. 108 Every man is the architect of his own fortune. 109 Every time a sheep baas, he loses a bite. (Said to children who talk too much at meals.) 110 Everybodys business is nobodys business. 111 Everything must have a beginning. 112 Faint heart never won fair lady. 113 Fair exchange is no robbery. 114 Familiarity breeds contempt. 115 Few words are best. 116 Fire is a good servant but a bad master. 117 First come, first served. 118 First deserve and then desire.

119 Forgive and forget. 120 Fortune favours the brave. 121 Fortune knocks once at every mans door. 122 Gentle in manner, but resolute in action. 123 God helps those who help themselves. 124 Good masters make good servants. 125 Good people are scarce. 126 Great minds think alike. 127 Half a loaf is better than no bread. 128 Handsome is as handsome does. 129 Hard words break no bones. 130 Hasty climbers have sudden falls. 131 Have an axe to grind. 132 He who laughs last laughs best. 133 He who pays the piper may call the tune. 134 He who will not when he may, when he will he shall have nay. 135 He who would the daughter win, must with the mother first begin. 136 Heads I win, tails you lose. 137 Hear the other side. 138 Here today and gone tomorrow. 139 His bark is worse than his bite. 140 His bread is buttered on both sides. 141 History repeats itself. 142 Hit the nail on the head. 143 Honesty is the best policy. 144 Hope for the best and prepare for the worst. 145 Hunger is the best sauce. 146 If at first you dont succeed, try, try, try again! 147 If the cap fits, wear it. 148 If the mountain will not come to Mohammed, Mohammed must go to the mountain. 149 If wishes were horses, beggars would ride. 150 If you desire peace, prepare for war. 151 If you want a thing well done, do it yourself. 152 Ill news travels fast. 153 Ill-gotten gains never prosper. 154 In at one ear, out at the other. 155 In the country of the blind the oneeyed is king. 156 It never rains but it pours.
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157 It takes all sorts to make a world. 158 It takes two to make a quarrel. 159 Its an ill bird that fouls its own nest. 160 Its an ill wind that blows nobody any good. 161 Its easy to be wise after the event. 162 Its good fishing in troubled waters. 163 Its love that makes the world go round. 164 Its never too late to mend. 165 Its no use crying over spilt milk. 166 Jack of all trades and master of none. 167 Keep a thing seven years, and youll find a use for it. 168 Keep not ill men company, lest you increase the number. 169 Keep your shop and your shop will keep you. 170 Kill the goose that lays the golden egg. 171 Kindle not a fire that you cannot extinguish. 172 Kindnesses, like grain, increase by sowing. 173 Know thyself. 174 Knowledge is a treasure, but practice is the key to it. 175 Knowledge is power. 176 Laugh and grow fat. 177 Least said soonest mended. 178 Lend your money and lose your friend. 179 Let bygones be bygones. 180 Let sleeping dogs lie. 181 Let well alone. 182 Like father, like son. 183 Listeners hear no good of themselves. 184 Little boys should be seen and not heard. 185 Little strokes fell great oaks. 186 Little things please little minds. 187 Live and learn. 188 Live and let live. 189 Look before you leap. 190 Look on the bright side. 191 Love and a cough cannot be hid. 192 Love begets love. 193 Love is blind. 194 Love me little, love me long. 195 Lucky at cards, unlucky in love.

196 Make hay while the sun shines. 197 Make the best of a bad bargain. 198 Man proposes; God disposes. 199 Manners maketh man. 200 Many hands make light work. 201 Marriage is a lottery. 202 Marriages are made in Heaven. 203 Marry in haste, repent in leisure. 204 Marry your son when you will, your daughter when you can. 205 Might is right. 206 Misfortunes never come singly. 207 Moderation in all things. 208 Money begets money. 209 Money talks. 210 More haste less speed. 211 More than enough is too much. 212 Nature abhors a vacuum. 213 Necessity is the mother of invention. 214 Never do things by halves. 215 Never judge by appearances. 216 Never put off till tomorrow what can be done today. 217 Never too late to learn. 218 Never trouble trouble till trouble troubles you. 219 New brooms sweep clean. 220 New wine in old bottle. 221 No gains without pains. 222 No man is wise at all times. 223 No news is good news. 224 No smoke without fire. 225 No time like the present. 226 None so blind as those who wont see. 227 Nothing comes of nothing. 228 Nothing have, nothing crave. 229 Nothing is certain but death and the taxes. 230 Nothing succeeds like success. 231 Nothing ventured, nothing gained. 232 Nothings so bad that it mightnt be worse. 233 Of two evils, choose the lesser. 234 Once bitten, twice shy. 235 Once in a blue moon. 236 Once seen, never forgotten. 237 One cannot be in two places at once. 238 One good turn deserves another. 239 One half of the world does not know how the other half lives.
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240 One has to retreat to jump better. 241 One hours sleep before midnight is worth two after. 242 One law for the rich, and another for the poor. 243 One mans meat is another mans poison. 244 One must draw the line somewhere. 245 One nail drives out another. 246 One swallow does not make a summer. 247 Opportunity makes the thief. 248 Out of debt, out of danger. 249 Out of sight, out of mind. 250 Out of the frying-pan into the fire. 251 Pardon all men, but never thyself. 252 Penny wise, pound foolish. 253 People who live in glass houses should not throw stones. 254 Poverty is no sin. 255 Poverty is not a shame, but the being ashamed of it is. 256 Practice makes perfect. 257 Practise what you preach. 258 Prevention is better than cure. 259 Pride goes before a fall. 260 Procrastination is the thief of time. 261 Promises are like pie-crust, made to be broken. 262 Rare commodities are worth more than good. 263 Rashness is not valour. 264 Rather go to bed supperless than rise in debt. 265 Rats desert a sinking ship. 266 Reason governs the wise men and cudgels the fool. 267 Reason teaches young men to live well, and prepares old men to die well. 268 Repentance comes too late. 269 Respect the man, he will do the more. 270 Revenge is sweet. 271 Robbing Peter to pay Paul. 272 Rome was not built in a day. 273 Say only good things of the dead. 274 Saying is one thing; doing another. 275 Second thoughts are best. 276 Seeing is believing. 277 Self-preservation is natures first law.

278 Set a thief to catch a thief. 279 Share and share alike. 280 Silence gives consent. 281 Six of one, half a dozen of the other. (Ones as bad as the other; no choice.) 282 Slow and steady wins the race. 283 Small profits, quick returns. 284 Soon got, soon spent. 285 Sorrow comes unsent for. 286 Spare the rod and spoil the child. 287 Speech is silver; silence is golden. 288 Sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt me. 289 Still water runs deep. 290 Stolen fruit is sweetest. 291 Straight from the horses mouth. 292 Straws show which way the wind blows. 293 Strike while the iron is hot. 294 Take care of the pence and the pounds will take care of themselves. 295 Take the bull by the horns. 296 Take things as they come (or, as you find them). 297 Talk of the devil, and hell appear. 298 Teach your grandmother to suck eggs. 299 Tell the truth and shame the devil. 300 The bait hides the hook. 301 The best of both worlds. 302 The best of friends must part. 303 The better the day the better the deed. 304 The blind leading the blind. 305 The boot is on the other foot. 306 The burnt child dreads the fire. 307 The cowl does not make the monk. 308 The early bird catches the worm. 309 The end justifies the means. 310 The exception proves the rule. (Test its validity.) 311 The face is the index of the mind. 312 The first step is the hard one. 313 The grapes are sour. Because unattainable. 314 The grass is greener on the other side of the fence. 315 The greater the truth, the greater the libel. 316 The king can do no wrong. 317 The longest day must have an end.
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318 The more the merrier. 319 The nearer the bone, the sweeter the meat. 320 The pot calling the kettle black. 321 The proof of the pudding is in the eating. 322 The remedy is worse than the disease. 323 The stream cannot rise above its source. 324 The unexpected always happens. 325 There are more ways to kill a cat than by choking it with cream. 326 There are two sides to every question. 327 There is a remedy for everything but death. 328 There is a time for all things. 329 Theres many a slip twixt the cup and the lip. 330 Theres no arguing about tastes. 331 Theres no smoke without fire. 332 Theres safety in numbers. 333 They who live longest will see most. 334 Throw the baby out with the bath water. 335 Tied to ones mothers/wifes apron strings. 336 Time and tide waits for no man. 337 Times change, and we change with them. 338 To cut off your nose to spite your face. 339 To err is human; to forgive divine. 340 To kill two birds with one stone. 341 To look for a needle in a haystack. 342 To put the cart before the horse. 343 To turn over a new leaf. 344 Tomorrow is another day. 345 Tomorrow never comes. 346 Too many cooks spoil the broth. 347 Truth is stranger than fiction. 348 Two blacks dont make a white. 349 Two heads are better than one. 350 Two negatives make an affirmative. 351 Two wrongs dont make a right. 352 Twos company, threes none. 353 Unbidden guests are welcomest when they are gone. 354 Unity is strength. 355 Use soft words and hard arguments.

356 Use your wit as a buckler, not as a sword. 357 Venture a small fish to catch a great one. 358 Virtue is its own reward. 359 Wake not a sleeping lion. 360 Walls have ears. 361 Waste not, want not. 362 We never miss the water till the well runs dry. 363 We shall see what we shall see. 364 Well begun is half done. 365 What cant be cured must be endured. 366 What is to be, will be. 367 What man has done, man can do. 368 What the eye doesnt see, the heart doesnt grieve over. 369 Whats done cant be undone. 370 Whats yours is mine, and whats mines my own. 371 Whatevers worth doing at all is worth doing well. 372 When in doubt, leave out. (A maxim for authors.) 373 When in Rome, do as the Romans do. 374 When one door shuts another opens. 375 When the cats away, the mice will play. 376 Where ignorance is bliss, it is folly to be wise. 377 Where there is smoke there is fire. 378 Where theres a will theres a way. 379 Where theres life theres hope.

380 While the grass grows the steed starves. 381 Who goes a-borrowing goes asorrowing. 382 Who knows most says least. 383 Whom God wishes to destroy He first makes mad. 384 Wilful waste makes woeful want. 385 Wise men learn by other mens mistakes; fools, by their own. 386 Women must have the last word. 387 You cant eat your cake and have it. 388 You cant get blood out of a stone. 389 You cant lose what you never had. 390 You cant make an omelet without breaking eggs. 391 You cant make people honest (or sober) by Act of Parliament. 392 You cant teach an old dog new trick. 393 You may take a horse to the water, but you cant make him drink. 394 You must take the fat with the lean. 395 You never know what you can do till you try. 396 You scratch my back and Ill scratch yours. 397 Young men think old men fools; old men know young men are. 398 Young saint, old devil. (Bad to be virtuous too early.) 399 Youth and age will never agree. 400 Zeal without knowledge is fire without light.

PHRASAL VERB USAGE AC abandon to: They abandoned the village to the advancing army. abide by: They have to abide by the health and safety regulations. abound in: The cave abounds in bats. abstain from: The delegates decided to abstain from voting. accede to: She would not accede to parental pressure to get married. acclimate to: The sooner she acclimates to living in this big city the better it is for her. account for: Increasing disappearance of icebergs in the Arctic is accounted for by global warming. accuse of: They accuse him of not telling the truth. accustom to: It took quite a while for him to accustom himself to the cold climate. acquaint with: Fred would like to get acquainted with the new neighbours daughter.
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acquit of: The jury acquitted him of murder. act for: John is looking for an experienced lawyer to act for him. act on: Acting on a tip-off, police launched a pre-dawn raid on a house. adapt to: I find it hard to adapt myself to my new workplace. adapt for: Shakespeares plays have been adapted for children. adapt from: The play had been adapted from a novel. add to: Increase in fuel prices will add to the cost of the project. adhere to: We have to make sure the guidelines are strictly adhered to. adjust to: She took a while to get herself adjusted to her new surroundings. admit to: He admitted to eating my pizza. admit into: Those without tickets will not be admitted into the stadium. advance towards: The army advanced rapidly towards the capital. advise on: We appointed him to advise us on all financial matters. advise to: The group members were advised to arrive early affix to: Wong affixed the stamp to the wrong corner of the envelope. afflict with: Hes severely afflicted with an unknown disease. agree on: They belong to different parties, but they agree on everything. agree to: She agreed to meet me only after Ive apologized to her. agree with: I dont like you but I agree entirely with what you have said. aim at: The hunter aimed his gun at the elephant but did not shoot. allude to: John often alluded to his difficulties with his mother-in-law. alternate with: Jack and Jill alternated with each other in bathing the dog. amazed at: We were amazed at her sudden change in attitude. amount to: His decision amounts to an outright refusal. answer for: David will have to answer for his impoliteness. apologize for: He apologized for the awful thing he said. appeal to: The organization appealed to the public for blood donation. appear from: It appears from what he says that he did all the work. apply to: The restrictions do not apply to foreigners. approve of: His mother does not approve of his smoking. argue against: He argued against inviting her to the party. argue for: She argued for having her at the party. argue with: Why do you argue with everybody including me? arrange for: We have arranged for Bob to meet you at the airport. arrive at: By the time we arrived at his place, he had already left. ascribe to: Some ascribed his exemplary behaviour to his religious upbringing. ask for: Paul got drunk and asked the police for money to take a taxi home. aspire to: He aspired to a better position in life. assent to: The members assented to the proposal without much debate. assist in: He volunteered to assist me in organizing the festival. associate with: His parents have been advising him to stop associating with those loafers. atone for: She felt that she should do more good deeds to atone for her sin. attend to: There were not enough salespersons to attend to the customers.
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attribute to: He attributed his success to his wifes constant encouragement. avail of: He always avails himself of every opportunity to complain about other people. back down: The government backed down over the issue after widespread protests. back off: They told him to back off after he put too much pressure on them. back out: We were shocked when he backed out of the project at the last minute. back up: The witnesses backed up his account of the incident. balk at: Jim balked at doing what he has to do. band against: The workers banded against the takeover of the business by an outsider. bank on: We can bank on him leading us on the long trek. bargain for: The union intends to bargain for a minimum wage. bargain with: The retailer bargained with the wholesaler for bulk discounts. base on/upon: The film is based on an actual event. bear with: You should bear with his tempers while you are staying with him. become of: Ive not heard from her for quite sometime; what has become of her I wonder. beg for: I beg for forgiveness from God for all the sins Ive committed. beg with: I beg with her that she will leave me for good. begin by: The comedian began the show by performing the pigeon mating dance. believe in: He believes in ghosts but does not believe in God. benefit from: The whole of mankind has benefited from the advancements in science. bequeath to: What her father bequeathed to her included a collection of rare stamps. beset with: His journey across the desert was beset with all sorts of danger. bestow on: The President bestowed a medal for bravery on him. betray to: The leader was betrayed to the police by gang members. beware of: We should always beware of pickpocket in crowded places. blame for: He was unfairly blamed for something he did not do. blow out: One of our tyres blew out while we were on our way to catch a train. blow over: We waited until the storm blew over before continuing our journey. blow up: A suicide bomber blew up a van carrying soldiers. blush at: He blushes at the thought of befriending her. boast about: Crocket always boasts about his knowledge of crocodiles. boast of: He keeps boasting of his new wife. boil away: The soup really boiled away; its so much less now. boil down to: What his endless arguments boil down to is that he wants others to believe him. boil over: The discussion boiled over into a shouting match. border on: His attitude towards foreigners often borders on hostility. borrow from: Each time I borrow six books from the library. bother about: Im not really bothered about getting along with my mother-in-law. bother with: Lets dont bother with waiting for a bus. Lets go by taxi. brag about: Hes always bragging about his newfound wealth. brag of:: Brain likes to brag of having the most beautiful girlfriend. break away: Smaller pieces of ice broke away from the main iceberg and floated away. break down: After ten years, their marriage broke down irretrievably leading to a divorce.
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break into: They broke into a research laboratory and removed all the animals. break of: She found it hard to break herself of biting nails. break off: Jack broke off with Jill after only three months. break out: A plan by some prisoners to break out of the prison was foiled by the prison guards. break up: The police used tear gas to break up the protest demonstration. bring about: Global warming will bring about changes in mans attitude towards the environment. bring back: More and more people are advocating that the death penalty be brought back. bring down: Corruption and bribery scandal had brought down the government. bring forth: High-level corruption within the government brought forth deep shame. bring forward: The matches have been brought forward to avoid the bad weather. bring in: The police had to be brought in to settle a seemingly private dispute. bring on/upon: There are people who bring misfortune upon themselves. bring out: Disasters bring out the best in human nature when they volunteer in rescue operations. bring together: What brought them together is their common interests. bring up: The divorcee brought up her six children single-handedly. brood over: Shes still brooding over the separation between her and her husband. brush off: The film star brushed off a rumour of his impending divorce. brush up: I must brush up on my driving before I get a car. build of: One of the three little pigs houses was built of straw. burden with: Mary burdens me with her troubles as if I have no problems of my own. burn away: Fire burnt away the building leaving only the pillars standing. burn down: By the time the firemen arrived, the fire had burnt the houses down. burn out: The fire was too huge to be extinguished and had to be left to burn itself out. burn up: The forest fire burnt up vast tracts of woodland. burst into: The audience burst into laughter when the clowns foot slipped and he fell. burst out: When the clown fell down, the audience of children burst out laughing. buy into: Thats your personal belief; Im not buying into it. buy off: The accused mans father tried to buy the judge off but was arrested. buy out: He bought out some shareholders and now he has a controlling interest in the business. buy up: Lee bought up a huge quantity of a scarce commodity in anticipation of its price increase. call back: I have already called her ten times and she hasnt called back. call for: The people are calling for a change of government. call in: They tried to settle the matter without calling in the police. call off: The couple called off their engagement by mutual consent. call on: Shes never in when I called on her. call up: That was the first time he was called up to play for the national tem. capitalize on: We capitalized on the opportunity to learn French when we were in France. care about: All she cares about is talking about other people. care for: Gray cared for her aged parents when they were alive. carry on: When the rain started to fall, we carried on playing football as if nothing happened.
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carry out: She got into trouble for not carrying out her assignment. carry over: Leave not used up may be carried over into next year. catch on: He became popular when his new song caught on very fast. catch up: Having been ill for the last few days, I now have got to catch up on my studying. catch up with: After all these years the law finally caught up with him. cater to: That boutique caters to wealthy people. caution about: The policeman cautioned him about his fast driving. caution against: The zookeeper cautioned them against feeding the animals. cede to: Alaska was ceded to the United States by Russia. celebrated for: The country celebrated for its scenery, food and wine. chagrin at: The football coach was chagrined at losing the match to a weaker team. chance on/upon: I was very shocked to chance upon a decaying human body. change for: There was joy when the weather took a sudden change for the better. change into: The magician claimed he could change a man into a woman. characterize by: Must we always characterize people by their appearances? charge against: We are not allowed to charge personal expenditure against profits. charge at: Last night I dreamed about ten rhinoceroses charging at me in a shopping mall. charge for: I will not buy it if they charge for delivery. charge in: A woman has been charged in connection with the bank robbery. charge into: She charged into my room uninvited. charge of: The son has charge of the factory while his father is away. charge to: My wife charged all her shopping to my account. charge with: They finally arrested the man and charged him with multiple murders. check up on: He begins checking up on his wife after suspecting her unfaithfulness. cheer up: Being with her cheers me up a lot. choose between: She had to choose between giving up her career or hiring a nanny. cite for: Lack of sleep was cited as the main reason for her frequent feelings of exhaustion. clamour for: The crowd clamoured noisily for his instant resignation. clean out: They have to clean out the attic before they move out. clean up: The group of volunteers gathered to clean up the beach. clear away: The children quickly cleared away all their toys before mum reached home. clear of: We are clearing the blocked drain of debris. clear off: Could you clear that clutter off your desk? clear out: Its time to clear your bedroom out; its cluttered up with piles of books and magazines. clear up: The weather cleared up and we went for a drive along the coast. cling to: The villagers still cling to old habits and traditions. close down: The factory was forced to close down by falling demand for its products. close in: The police are closing in on the gangs hideout. close off: Two lanes were closed off due to an accident. close out: The store is closing out a particular brand of shoes. close up: The supermarket is closed up for renovation.
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clutter up: My desk is always cluttered up with piles of papers, books and stationery. coincide with: My view on this case coincides exactly with yours. collect for: So far they have collected only a few signatures for the petition. collide with: Her car collided with a taxi. combine with: She successfully combines her career with family responsibilities. come across: I came across a life-size bronze statue of a horse in an antique shop. come about: How did it come about that we didnt meet when were both there at the same time? come along: I wanted to go to the cinema but nobody wanted to come along with me. come apart: My glasses came apart when I accidentally dropped them. come around: He came around after I showed him all the evidence. come at: I dreamed he came at me with a dagger and demanded my wallet. come back: He comes back from five-nil down to level at seven-all. come between: He doesnt allow anything, not even his wife, to come between him and his work. come by: Plum jobs are hard to come by these days. come down: He just came down with a cold, so we have to postpone the trip. come down on: Her parents really came down hard on her for playing truant. come down to: When it comes down to her political beliefs, she is not prepared to compromise. come for: You had better hide; they are coming for you. come forward: No one has come forward to claim the first prize. come from: He comes from a long line of actors. come in: These small tools come in handy when we need them. come into: She came into my life just at the right time. come into being: It is believed the custom came into being some five hundred years ago. come of: His persistent cough comes of smoking heavily. come off: Despite all our efforts, the social gathering did not come off very well. come upon: We came upon a headless corpse when we stepped into a disused mine. come out: Despite the torture to extract information from him, not a word came out of his mouth. come out of: The police combed the entire area for evidence, but nothing came out of it. come out with: He came out with his own interpretation which is not entirely accurate. come over: If you come over next week, we can do it together. come round: I expected you to come round for the drinking session, but you didnt. come to: She came to about an hour after he was admitted to the hospital. come under: The politician came under widespread criticism for what he proposed. come up: They intend to come up with a solution soon. come up against: In parliament, he had to come up against experienced opposition members. come up for: The proposal will come up for revision next week. come upon: The police finally came upon the spot where the murder supposedly took place. come up with: We welcome anybody who can come up with an alternative plan. comment on: People are always commenting on my big ears. commit to: He ought to be committed to a mental asylum for the way he behaves.
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communicate with: Ive learnt how to use sign language to communicate with the chimpanzee. commute between: People commute daily between their home and workplace. commute from:. His sentence was later commuted from death sentence to life imprisonment. compare to: Compared to the monkey, our bodies are less hairy. compensate for: The company will compensate you for the loss of a thumb. compete with: Small independent shops find it hard to compete with the large supermarkets. compete against: Businesses have to compete against each other to survive. complain about: My mother-in-law always complains about the weather. compliment on: Many members of the audience complimented her on her speech. comply with: Most of the time we have to comply with regulations. compose of: How many letters does the longest word compose of? conceal from: He had to conceal the truth from his wife. concede to: The candidate conceded victory to his opponent. conceive of: It is rather difficult to conceive of a crime-free environment. concentrate on: It is hard to concentrate on my reading with the dogs barking loudly outside. concern about: Some parents do not show concern about what their children do. concern with: She does not concern herself with other peoples problems. conclude by: He concluded his speech by thanking everyone for being present. concur with: After the discussion, they concurred with each other on this issue. condemn to: The criminal was condemned to death. confer with: The councilors are conferring with each other to find a solution to the problem. confer on: An honorary degree was conferred on him by the university. confess to: He confessed to being a double agent. confide in: She doe not trust anyone, so she confides in no one. confine to: Dr Quack was confined to his room by a bout of flu. confirm by: The public negative perception of the crisis was confirmed by the latest poll results. conform to: The imported toys conform to the official safety standards. confuse with: The teacher always confused one twin with the other they look so alike. congratulate on: They congratulate her on her superb performance on stage. consent to: Her mother would not consent to her marriage. consign to: The cases of wine have already been consigned to the wine merchant. consist of: My life nowadays consists almost entirely of eating and sleeping. consort with: He was suspected of consorting with the enemy. consult about: She consulted her doctor about the painful lump on her nose. contend with: Jack has to contend with a few others for the gold medal. contract for: The company contracted for the supply of fuel. contrast with: He contrasted his present girlfriend with his former one. contribute to: Many people contributed generously to the building fund. converge on: A huge crowd converged on the palace ground to listen to the President. converse with: They find it hard to converse with each other as each holds a different view. convert from: John was converted from paganism to Christianity at an early age.
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convert into: We were shown the process of converting iron into steel. convince by: He was not easily convinced by her arguments. convince of: She tried to convince me of her non-involvement. convulsed with: They were convulsed with laughter to see the circus clown perform. cooperate with: The accuseds colleagues are cooperating fully with police investigation. cope with: Although a single mother, she has no problem coping with a baby and a full-time job. correlate with: Meagre wages were found to correlate with high staff turnover. correspond to: Information on the first copy does not correspond to that on its duplicate copy. correspond with: I still correspond regularly with her although we are both married. count in: If you are having a drinking session this evening, you can count me in. count on: You can count on my help whenever you need it. count out: If you are going on a shopping spree this weekend, count me out. couple with: Heavy drinking coupled with late nights caused his health to deteriorate rapidly. crack down: The public are demanding police action to crack down hard on vandalism. cram for: Study throughout the year and you avoid cramming for the exam at the last minute. cram with: She crammed her attic with a lot of worthless stuff. crave for: Since the death of her mother, she has been craving desperately for affection. credit to: The refund was credited to my account. crop up: Unexpected problems cropped up and caused the delay. cross off: As you perform each task, cross it off the list. cross out: When you make a mistake, cross it out. crow about: I still think passing my exam is nothing to crow about. cry over: Why waste our time crying over him? cry out: She finally cried out to him not to act so stupidly. cure of: His doctor assured him that he would be completely cured of his illness. cut across: Wed better cut across the park and get home before it rains. cut away: We spend the whole afternoon cutting away the dead branches. cut back: Businesses are cutting back on staff to remain profitable. cut down: You ought to cut down on the number of cigarettes you smoke. cut in: His annoying habit is to cut in whenever a conversation is going on. cut off: He tried to explain but they cut him off and warned him not to be late again. cut out: Can you fellows cut it out? Im trying to read. cut up: The murderer cut up the victims body into eight pieces. DG dabble in: When I was little I used to dabble in water. dance to: As soon as the music is played, couples got up and danced to it. dash off: He dashed off a quick note and left it on the table for the family. date from: Some of these coins date from as early as the 12th century. dawn on: The truth finally dawned on him that she really meant what she said. deal in: My uncles shop deals in genuine antiques. deal with: They seem unable to deal with the long-standing problem. debate on: People are unhappy that there has been no public debate on these issues.
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debate with: I see no point in debating with someone who holds extremist views. decide on: Have you decided on the dress you will be wearing for the occasion? declare to: He declared to us that he will be unable to chair the meeting. declare war on: The African nation has declared war on locusts which destroyed crops. decrease from: The prison population has decreased from ten thousands to nine thousands. decrease in: Human beings decrease in size as they grow older. dedicate to: He has dedicated his entire life to helping the homeless. deduce from: The police deduced from the evidence that more than one person were involved. defeat by: Our team was defeated by two goals to one. defer to: Young people are expected to defer to the wishes of their elders. defraud of: The accountant defrauded his company of tens of thousands of dollars. delegate to: An able administrator should be able to delegate authority to the right person. deliberate about/on: They spent hours deliberating on the matter. delight in: Jack delights in telling stories about his days in the army. deliver to: The postman delivered the letter to her house. demand from: They demanded an apology from me for something I said. demote from: The soldier was demoted from sergeant to corporal. denounce for: He was widely denounced for his deviant religious teachings. depart from: The first train departs from Birmingham at 6.00 a.m. tomorrow. depend on/upon: Their future depends on their hard work, and not on their teachers. deprive of: The prisoners of war were deprived of proper medical attention. derive from: The country derived enormous benefit from direct foreign investments. descend from: The plane started to descend from high altitude as it approached its destination. describe to: The main witness described briefly to the police what happened. desist from: He was warned to desist from such undesirable behaviour. despair of: She despaired of reviving the relationship that existed between her and Jack. destined to: The emperors son is destined to succeed him. detect in: He detected a change in her attitude towards her. deter from: Heavier penalties may deter motorists from committing more traffic offences. detract from: A blemish detracts from the beauty of her skin. deviate from: We had to deviate from our usual route due to a fallen tree across it. devolve on: When the leader is away, his responsibility devolves on his assistant. devote to: Jane wants to devote herself entirely to caring for the elderly people. dictate to: It is often difficult to refuse to be dictated to by rule or principle. die away: I could only sleep after the noise caused by thunderstorm died away. die down: The storm has died down and the sea become calmer. die from: My dog died from its wounds sustained in a fight with another dog. die of: More and more people are dying of cancer of various parts of their bodies. die out: The old French custom of serving the vegetables separate from the meat has died out. differ from: Humans differ from monkeys in their not having a tail. digress from: The story-teller digressed from his story for a while. direct to: He directed the traveler to the railway station.
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disabuse of: I didnt say anything to disabuse him of that belief. disagree with: Jack disagrees with Jill on almost everything. disapprove of: Mother strongly disapproves of her daughter dying her hair red and blue. discharge from: He was certified clinically insane and discharged from the army. disconcert by: We were disconcerted by her statement. discourage by: She is easily discouraged by adverse criticisms. discourage from: Incentives have been cited to discourage students from playing truant.. discriminate against: You should not discriminate against people from ethnic minorities. discriminate between: We were unable to discriminate between fake and genuine goods. disguise as: He disguised as a clown to entertain children. disgusted by: They were disgusted by her antisocial behaviour. dismiss from: She was unfairly dismissed from her job. dispense with: We will have to dispense with the question-and-answer session to save time. dispose of: To dispose of nuclear waste is a major challenge to the countries concerned. dispossess of: The captors dispossessed the captives of their valuables. disqualify from: He was disqualified from participating for flouting a rule. dissent form: John dissented from the majority opinion. dissociate from: Jack dissociated himself from the views expressed by Jill. dissuade from: His mother dissuaded Mike from taking up car racing. distance from: He distanced himself from all the remarks made by her. distinguish between: It is important to distinguish between fact and fiction in the film. distinguish from: Its difficult to distinguish one of the twins from the other. distinguish in: He distinguished himself by scoring the highest number of goals in the season. distract from: He is easily distracted from whatever hes doing by the slightest noise. diverge from: The path diverges from here and we dont know which one to follow. divert from: Traffic had to be diverted from the main road due to a major accident. divest of: Sons of aristocrats were divested of their power. divide between/among: The money was to be divided equally among the children. do away with: My wife wants me to do away with my vast collection of old magazines. do for: Employing a temporary worker will do for the time being. do in: Painting the house really did me in./It is believed a hired killer did his boss in. do out of: She was done out of $100 by a door-to-door salesman this morning. do over: The report contains errors and the boss wants him to do it over. do up: He bought an old car and did it up./She looks more beautiful when she did her hairup. do with: With this warm weather, I could do with a cold drink. do without: I wish she would keep quiet; I can do without all this grumbling. double as: The secretary doubled as the receptionist just for today. doze off I dozed off when I was watching television. drag into: I had nothing to do with it but was dragged into the embarrassing situation. draw on: Luckily I have a savings to draw on to buy her a present. draw up: Thinking hes going to die soon, he drew up a will./The taxi drew up in front of me. dream away: At times, I couldnt help but dream away the hours. dream of: He told me he had always dreamed of striking the first prize of the lottery.
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dream on: When I asked if shes going to help me with the cooking, she told me to dream on. drive at: He didnt say exactly what he meant. But I knew what he was driving at. drive for: You look tired; why not let him drive the car for you? drive to: I always like to drive to the sea-side. drive away: His bossiness has driven his friends away. drive off: He was probably angry when without a word, he just got into his car and drove off. drive up: The rise in oil price drives up other prices. drop in: He always drops in for a chat without prior notice. drop out: He shouldnt have dropped out of school, but he did. dry out: Our washing dried out very quickly in this hot weather. dry up: The prolonged drought had caused all the rivers to dry up. dwell on/upon: Nobody likes to be with Bobbie because she always dwells on the past. eat in: I am cooking tonight so we are eating in. eat into: The high bills are eating into my savings. eat out: Its your birthday; lets eat out and celebrate tonight. eat up: Who ate up all my potato chips? egg on: The boys didnt want to fight but their friends kept egging them on. elaborate on: He refused to elaborate on his next course of action. eliminate from: Jack was eliminated from the competition by a stronger opponent. embark on/upon: John has finally decided to embark on a career in banking. embody in: The ideals of equality and freedom are embodied in the countrys constitution. embroil in: Bob found himself unexpectedly embroiled in a heated argument. emerge from: When the deer emerged from behind the bush, the hunter shot it dead. emigrate from: When his family emigrated from their homeland, he was only five years old. employ as: Ryan was employed as a security officer at the airport. encompass by: The entire area was encompassed by a dense forest. encourage by: We were greatly encouraged by the massive support for our proposal. encroach on/upon: The expansion of farmland is encroaching on animals habitat. end in: Their argument ended in a fist fight. end up: The driver took a wrong road and we ended up somewhere else. end with: We ended our tour of the area with a visit to the souvenir shops. endear to: Her friendly attitude endeared her to everybody she met at the social gathering. endow with: Ronnie is certainly endowed with a good sense of humour. endue with: She seems to be endued with a good sense of direction. engage in: I tried to engage her in conversation. engage to: Jill is engaged to my brother./I engaged a private tutor to improve my written work. engross in: Granny often engrossed herself in her writing. enjoin from: He was enjoined by law to stay away from her. enlarge on/upon: Could you please enlarge on your last statement? enrage by: She was enraged by his derogatory comments. enrich by: My life has certainly been enriched by extensive reading. entitle to: Everybody is entitled to his or her own opinion.
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entrust to: The parents entrusted their baby to a nanny when they had to go overseas. entrust with: I entrusted her with the responsibility to manage the business while I was away. envelope in: The mountain peaks were enveloped in clouds. equip for: I think we are well equipped for the climb. escape from: To date many prisoners have escaped from that prison. escape from: The prisoner was captured two months after he escaped from the prison. escape with: She was very lucky to escape with her life. estimate at: The crowd of protesters was estimated at three thousands. excel in: Johnny excels in a number of things including swimming. exclude from: They exclude us from the trip. excuse from: We requested to be excused from participating. expatiate on: Once again he is expatiating on his favourite topic of communism. expect from: Wives expect faithfulness from their husbands. expect of: Faithfulness is expected of a husband. expend on: The government has to date expended two million dollars on the housing project. explain to: The mystery was not fully explained to the viewers. export to: The country exports huge quantities of military wares to third world countries. expose to: His behaviour exposes himself to ridicule and criticism. extract from: After five hours of interrogation, the police extracted a confession from him. extricate from: Finally he managed to extricate himself from a very difficult situation. face up to: He has to face up to the fact that he has to study hard to pass the exam. face with: The scientist was faced with many unknown factors. fall back on: She has her big savings to fall back on if need be. fall behind: Id better hide the car as I have fallen behind in my payments. fall in: Poor construction let the roof and ceiling fall in after a few years. fall in love with: He falls in love with every girl he meets. fall into the habit of: He fell into the habit of talking to himself. fall off: Business along the main road fell off after a series of public demonstrations. fall out: Sarah fell out with her boyfriend after knowing her for only two months. fall through: The plan fell through and they agreed to renegotiate. fall to: It fell to the eldest son to manage the business after the death of his father. familiarize with: The new guard familiarized himself with the internal layout of the building. find fault with: They find fault with everything the new staff does. feel for: We certainly feel for the victims of the plane crash. feel like: Sometimes I feel like taking a walk in the rain. feel toward: I cant describe how I feel toward that girl but I think I like her. fend for: Everyone has to fend for himself in this world. ferret out: The police managed to ferret out his motive for the killing. fight against: The defending champion is going to fight against the challenger tonight. fight for: Freedom is something that is always worth fighting for. fight off: The leader of the party has to fight off his image as a dictator. figure on: I was figuring on meeting him tomorrow. figure out: We spent the whole night figuring out how to make him change his mind.
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fill in: We found someone to fill in for Sarah when she was away on medical leave. fill out: I have to fill out the form and hand it in as soon as possible. fill with: We have filled all the glasses with wine and are now ready to propose a toast. find out: We were shocked when we found out that he was a man and not a woman. fit in: The new member has learned quickly to fit in with the others. fit out: The entire building was fitted out with air conditioners but they were not working. fix on: They havent fixed on a venue for the next match. fix up: We have to fix the spare room up for our guests. focus on: The astronomer focused his telescope on the comet. follow around: Quit following me around, will you? follow through: Ensure the report is followed through so that all amendments are included. follow up: The investigation was followed up with the arrest of the gang leader. fool around: You want to fool around; its up to you, but surely not in the office. fool with: He fooled with his neighbours dog once too often and got badly bitten on the hand. force on/upon: He forced another big pizza on us when we already had more than enough. forget about: James drank a bit too much and forgot about catching the train home. forgive for: I will not forgive him for not forgiving me for what I said about him. foul up: Heavy rain fouled up our trip to the mountain. freeze over: Whatever the lake freezes over, theres bound to be people skating on it. fret about: She always has something to fret about. frighten by: Mrs. Muffet was frightened by a hairy spider while sitting on a park bench. frighten away: Rumours of a big white shark frightened many people away from the beach. fritter away: The boy frittered away whatever money he had on the gaming machine. frown at: The lady frowned at him for talking very loudly on his cell phone. frown on/upon: She cant help frowning on those who sport multi-coloured hair. furnish with: Each of the six bedrooms is furnished with a big desk, swivel chair and soft rug. fuss over/about: Their only child fussed about not having a window seat on the plane. get about: Shes an old woman now but she ce fussed about rtainly gets about a lot. get across: Somehow or other, I just couldnt get my message across to them. get ahead: We cant afford to stall; we must get ahead in order to meet the deadline. get ahead of: Instead of getting ahead of others, we are actually falling further behind. get along: They are trying to get along but they are arguing all the time. get around: Rumour is getting around that Ill be marrying a wealthy mans daughter. get at: We still think hes the one who stole it; somehow, we will get at the truth. get away: I want to know who deliberately opened the cage and let the bird get away? get away from: Itd be nice to get away from the office for a few days and not to return to it. get away with: He must have thought he could get away with murder; hes now in prison for life. get back to: Ill get back to him after he has calmed down completely. get by: He has to stop smoking and drinking as his old age pension is barely enough to get by. get down: These pills are a bit too big to swallow; I have a hard time getting themdown. get down to: Its time you got down to clearing out your bedroom. get even with: Ill get even with you sooner or later for eating my pizza.
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get in: The lift was full and we couldnt get in. get off: The post office has just closed; now how am I going to get this letter off? get off of: At bus stop I sometimes get off of a bus while its still moving. get on: I got on a wrong bus the other day and ended up somewhere else. get out: I am getting the next edition of my book out by the end of the month. get out of: Were having dinner with my mother-in-law tonight, but Im planning to get out of it. get over: I still havent got over the death of my parrot. get through: I nearly killed myself when I failed to get through my final exam. get to: When she got to talking about politics, nothing could stop her. get together: We always end up arguing when we get together for a drink get up: Everybody gets up when the national anthem is played. give away: It is the brides father, mother or eldest brother who gives the bride away? give back: He hasnt given back the money I lent him two years ago. give in: A henpecked husband always gives in to his wife. give out: Santa Claus gives out presents once a year. give rise to: A bomb explosion in the city gave rise to speculation as to who was responsible. give up: They searched for their missing puppy, but eventually gave up. give up to: The family of the deceased gave up his organs to research. give way: All the other vehicles gave way to the ambulance. given to: He is given to occasional outbursts of temper. gladden by: Harry was gladdened by the birth of his first child. glance at: John glanced at his watch and realized his watch had stopped working. glance off: The bullet glanced off the side of a metal bin and struck a car. glance through: He had just enough time to glance through the paper at breakfast. gloat over: The miser gloated over his money. gloss over: Mike glossed over the loss of his job and started talking something else. glow with: He entered the interview room glowing with confidence. go about: I think we should discuss how to go about imposing discipline in the workplace. go against: She went against her mothers advice when she divorced her husband. go ahead: We went ahead with the project despite strong objection. go along: You go along with him now; Ill be late. go along with: Im afraid I cant go along with your idea. go around: A rumour is going around that someone is going to be fired. go at: He went throwing punches at his opponent. go back: I left my wallet at home and now Ive to go back for it. go back on: She promised to marry me, but now it appears she has gone back on her word. go by: Go by the rules or I am not playing/You go by that old map and now we are lost. go far: He is a smart person and will go far in what he does. go for: Jenny goes for tall and handsome men with considerable wealth. go in for: The rodent was injured and the hawk went in for the kill. go off: The bomb went off prematurely and killed the bomber.
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go off with: She has gone off with her brother-in-law. go on: As time went on, I became more attracted to her. go on to: Can you go on to the next topic? This one is very boring. go over: I saw the horrific accident and it kept going over and over in my mind. go through: She went through the terrible five-hour ordeal. go through with: Jane feels she isnt ready yet to go through with the wedding. go under: Many small businesses go under in the first year of operation. go with: Ivans baldness does not go with his bushy beard. go without: Little Jonny went out without his parents permission. gossip about: Mrs. Goss loves to gossip about other people, especially her neighbours. graduate from: He graduated from university with a degree in palmistry. grapple with: Let the Govt grapple with the problem of wages not keeping pace with inflation. grasp at: Let us grasp at every opportunity that comes along to make money. grasp of: All the students have already got a good grasp of the basic principles of mathematics. grieve about: She still grieves deeply about the loss of her father. grind out: That author has been grinding out short hard-luck stories non-stop. ground on/upon: You should ground your analysis on facts. ground in: The new students were grounded in the basic principles of mathematics. grow out of: Children grow out of many bad habits such as biting nails, etc. grow up: This boy wants to be superman or spiderman when he grows up. grumble about/at: My mother-in-law, like the farmers, is always grumbling about the weather. guard against: We should guard against pickpocket in crowded places. guess at: I have not studied hard, so I guess I have to guess at the answers in the exam. gun down: Rival gang members gunned each other down in broad daylight. HO haggle over/about: I haggled with the car salesman for about an hour over the price. hand back: We handed back the form after filling it. hand down: These stories and legends have been handed down from generation to generation. hand in: The students handed in their homework without being told to. hand out: I helped to hand out parcels of food to people in need. hand over: They handed over power to the new government after their defeat in the election. hang around: He spends his time hanging around with friends in the shopping centre. hang back: He is often advised not to hang back but to mix freely at school. hang on to: We all hung on to the strap when the subway train was moving. hang out: After school, he hangs out with his classmates in a snooker hall. hang together: They hung together while waiting for the rescue team to find them. hang up: She was so angry she hung up before I could explain. happen on/upon: We happen on our former lecturer in a restaurant.: happen to: I just dont know what is happening to me. harp on: My mother-in-law is always harping on about my laziness. head for: Weve been driving around for hours; lets turn here and head for home. hear about: Did you hear about the latest mass killing? hear from: We havent heard from John since he left port to sail round the world.
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hear of: Im very sorry to hear of your mothers death. help with: I helped her with the application form. help out: He helped the old lady out of the taxi. hide from: John would always hide under the bed from his drunk father. hinder from: Hes hindered from a good night sleep by the constant noise from the expressway. hint at: The spokesman hinted at the possible change of leadership. hit on: He hit on the idea of mechanization when thinking about how to solve the problems. hold back: She struggled to hold back her tears. hold down: Mick seems unable to hold down a job for longer than a month. hold forth: The speaker held forth on the inevitable end of the world. hold off: He always holds off making decisions until the very last moment. hold on: How long more do you want me to hold on? hold on to: We held tightly on to the rail as the bus sped on. hold out: The supermarket held out the chance for customers to win a brand new car. hold out on: Why do you hold out on me all the things I need to know? hold over: The match was held over because of the snowy conditions. hold to: The home team held the away team to a 2-2 draw. hold together: The different factions within the party are held together by a charismatic leader. hold up: We arrived late as we were held up by traffic jam. hold up as: The Governor was held up as a model of integrity and decency. hunt for: The police are hunting nationwide for the serial killer. hurry up: I dont quite like the way shes always hurrying me up. identify with: I cant identify myself with men like him. identify by: He was identified at an identity parade by a witness as the culprit. imbue with: The coach imbued the players with a sense of team work. immerse in: For months the novelist totally immersed herself in her work. impart to: The barman was happy to impart his knowledge of wine to me. impose on/upon: A ban has been imposed on the sale of cigarettes to those below 18 years old. impress by: We were impressed by the beauty of the rural landscape. impress on: Father impressed on me the value of hard work. impress with: We were really impressed with the craftsmanship. improve by: His musical skill can be improved by engaging a professional coach. improve in: It is very advantageous to improve in whatever we are do. improve on: The second edition greatly improves on the first edition. include in: Labour charges are included in the bill for the repairs. incorporate in: Not all the proposals and up-to-date information are incorporated in the report. increase from: Budget for the welfare program has been increased from $500,000 to $800,000. increase in: The sharp increase in crime is attributed to the current state of the economy. inculcate in: Parents should inculcate a sense of discipline in their children. indict for: The suspect was indicted for the crime of arson. indulge in: I think we shouldnt indulge in too much lunchtime drinking. infect with: Some insects can infect human beings with deadly diseases.
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infer from: One can reasonably infer from the evidence presented that insanity is hereditary. infest with: The whole wasteland was heavily infested with rats. inflate with: The egos of some people are really inflated with self-importance. inflict on/upon: Hes found guilty for deliberately inflicting grievous bodily harm on his son. inform of: The doctor will immediately inform you of any changes in her condition. inform against/on: He was summarily arrested when his comrades informed on him. infringe on: Discussing a politicians divorce is tantamount to infringing on his private life. infuse with: The good news infused her with happiness. inherit from: He inherited his loud and powerful voice from his grandfather. inhibit from: The fear of ridicule inhibited students from raising questions. initiate into: Last evening he was initiated into a religious cult. inquire after: I think Amy likes you; shes always inquiring after you. insert in/into: Nick inserted a coin into the vending machine for some cigarettes. insist on: She insisted on keeping a baby armadillo as a pet. inspire by: The movie was really inspired by an actual event. inspire to: Her dogged perseverance to succeed inspires others to do likewise. instigate against: Foreigners were blamed for instigating a revolt against the government. instill in/into: The parents instilled ethical values into their children at an early age. instruct in: Ms. Olive instructed students in Latin. insure against: My uncle insured against damage to or loss of his yacht. intend for: The authors second book was intended for golfing enthusiasts. intercede with: The organization interceded with the authorities on my behalf. interfere with: Lack of confidence has seriously interfered with his performance at school. interpolate in: Mary interpolated a casual remark in our conversation. interrupt in: The leader was rudely interrupted in his speech by loud jeers. intervene in: The police dont usually intervene in what was essentially a private dispute. introduce into: New subjects will be introduced into the syllabus next year. intrude on/upon: We deeply resented her intruding on our conversation. inure to: In his early life Simon soon became inured to the considerable hardship of life. invest in: The company invests heavily in research and development. invite to: We have always been invited to her birthday. involve in: I dont see why I should involve myself in their affairs. irritate by: He was irritated by the frequently loud argument that went on next door. isolate from: The exceptionally violent child is isolated from other children. issue from: From a long distance, we could see smoke issuing from a lone cottage chimney. jack up: The storekeeper dare not jack up prices because of a supermarket nearby. jam with: The entrance was jammed with crowds trying to get in. jar on: The constantly loud music from next-door neighbour is starting to jar on my nerves. jeer at: The spectators jeered at their own team for their poor performance. jockey for: The riders jockeyed for the best position. join in: We join them in clearing up the beach. joke with: The more we joked with each other, the closer we became.
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jot down: I jotted her telephone number down on a piece of paper but I lost it on my way home, judge by: We do not judge a book by its cover, do we? judge from: Judging from the look on his face, we suspected hes the one who took it. jumble up: I arranged those things in a neat order but someone came along and jumbledthem up. jump at: I jumped at the chance to visit the Niagara Falls. jump on: My mother never failed to jump on me whenever I was home late. justify to: He tried to justify his decision to us by saying that he had no alternative. jut out: We marveled at the huge rocks jutting out from the steep side of the cliff. keep at: We kept at it until we completed it ahead of schedule. keep away from: You should keep away from the dangers of heavy smoking. keep back: I think she is keeping something back that she does not want us to know. keep from: He has only two months to live and we should keep him from knowing. keep off: Keep your hands off my pizza. keep on: She keeps harping on the one little mistake I made. keep out: She should keep the puppy out instead of sleeping with it. keep out of: Why dont they keep out of the politicians personal affair. keep to: Why did you beat about the bush? Keep to what you wanted to say. keep to oneself: He trusts no one and so keeps to himself most of the time. keep up: The furious barking of the neighbours dog kept me up the whole night. keep up with: Shes always trying to keep up with her siblings. keep/bear in mind: These are well-known sayings; keep them in mind. knock down: The speeding car knocked down a villagers goat. knock off: James cant knock off work at the same time every day. knock over: His dog was knocked over by a motorcyclist when it was running across the street. knock out: The underdog knocked out his opponent in the last round. know about: Nobody in the area knows much about the accident. know of: I know of one policeman who always receives bribe. knuckle down: He had better knuckle down soon or else hell never get through those exams. lapse into: He lapsed into a coma and died two days later. laugh at: Everybody will laugh at a funny clown. lay off: Mark was laid off after working for the company for twenty years. lead to: We took the wrong way which led us to the cemetery. leaf through: Bob leafed through many magazines while waiting at the clinic. lean on: In times of difficulty it would be great to have someone to lean on for support. learn about: When we were children we learned about the birds and the bees. leave for: Were leaving for London tonight. leave off: Lets continue from where we left off, shall we? leave out: This is the first time he is left out of the squad for the World Cup. lecture about/on: He lectures on the ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome. lend to: I lent the lawn mover to my neighbour. let in: Lets open the windows and let the air in. let off: If you pluck my apples again, Ill not let you off.
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let out: Every evening we let the dog out. let up: It looks like the rain is not going to let up, so what shall we do? level at: All he can do is level criticism at others. level with: The developer leveled the old building with an explosive charge. levy a tax/fine/charge, etc. on: The state government has levied a new tax on gasoline. lie down: He was told to lie down for the doctor to examine him. lie on: Joe likes to lie on a bench in the park. liken to: I can never forgive him for likening me to an old turkey. limit to: Each customer is limited to two packets. listen for: John must listen for the right signal before he can respond. listen in: He listened in to their whispering. listen to: We listened in silence to his boring stories. live at: As far as I know, he still lives at the same address. live in: I would like to live in an igloo one day. live off: They were a weird bunch who lived off welfare live on: I live on a street where there are many stray dogs. lock out: This is the second time Ive locked myself out. long for: Bob longed for an exciting experience at sea. long to: He longed desperately to be with her. look after: Who is going to look after our dogs, cats and parrots when we go on vacation? look ahead: Lets forget the past and look ahead. look around: We were looking around for a toilet. look at: The officer looked at my passport and waved me through. look away: When I smiled at her again, she looked away again. look back on: When I look back on those moments, I realize how unlucky I was. look down: She often looks down to avoid meeting her eyes. look down on: He looks down on anyone whom he thinks is not successful. look for: Police are looking for a man with a heavily tattooed face. look forward to: I look forward to seeing my next movie. look in: Every other day we look in on grandpa and see if he needs anything. look into: We had better look into the high turnover of staff. look like: It looks like she is going to demand an explanation from him. look on: Only one person helped him, the others just looked on. look out for: Look out for pickpocket while we are there. look over: I looked the shorts over and decided to buy two pairs. look through: I looked through your drawers but I couldnt find your bunch of keys. look to: They are looking to the last runner to win the relay. look up: I enjoy enormously looking words up in the dictionary. look up to: He is the kind of man most people look up to. lure away: The company tried to lure the salesman away from their competitor. lurk around: They called the police when they saw a man lurking around outside their house. make a fool of: Whenever he is drunk, he is certain to make a fool of himself.
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make a fuss about/over: She made a big fuss about not being offered a drink. make away with: When no one was looking, I made away with a bar of chocolate. make for: We quickly made for the river bank when our boat started to leak. make fun of: The kids always make fun of Micks big ears. make love to: He tried to make love to every girl he met. make of: His last word before he died was about poison; what do you make of that? make off: He made off when the alarm sounded. make off with: A pickpocket made off with my wallet. make out: She whispered in my ear, but I could not make it out. make over: He made over his entire estate to his children. make towards: She made towards the exit when she had made all her purchases. make up: Its pretty obvious she made that story up. make up: An indecisive leader, he often finds it hard to make up his mind. make up to: Jill made up to Jack in hopes of getting him to help her. mark down: The store attracts a big crowd as most items on sale have been marked down. mark off: She marked off all the items she has bought. mark out: They have marked out the area for vehicles to park. marvel at: I marvel at his ability to maintain composure in any given situation. matter to: Ill buy it, the colour does not matter to me. meditate on/upon: He meditated on the different solutions to the problem. mention to: She didnt mention it to me when I met her last night. migrate between: Some whales migrate between one part of the ocean and another. migrate from: Some species of birds migrate from Europe to Africa. make up ones mind: Cant you make up your mind to buy the blue or red one? mingle with: Participants from various nations mingled freely with each other after the events. minister to: Volunteers minister to the injured. mix up: I called the wrong number when I mixed your telephone number up with another. mix with: He does not mix well with other people. model on: This system is modeled on the one that originated in the United States. move out: We decided to move out when the landlord increased the rent again. mull over: We mulled over the procedure for possible adoption. multiply by: Two multiplied by two is four. muse on/over: He sat musing over the sudden change of attitude of his girlfriend. muster up: He failed to muster up the minimum support required to stand for election. name after: The street is named after a veteran politician. narrow down: The judges have narrowed the finalists down to the last five. news break the news to: The doctor had to break the news to his family. nibble away at: She likes to nibble away at something when she watches television. nod off: He often nods off while watching television. object to: I object to your casual comments about my hair. obtain from: All this false information was obtained from the Internet. occur to: It never occurred to me that you really believe the world is flat. operate on: The doctors had to operate on him immediately to save his life.
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oppress by: Ethnic minorities had been oppressed by the occupying forces for years. originate in: This crazy idea could only originate in your head. outrage by: Women nationwide were outraged by his sexist remarks. overcome by: His stammering was eventually overcome by speech therapy. overrun by: The wasteland was overrun by rats. overwhelm by: He was overwhelmed by the enthusiastic response. PR pan out: At this moment, no one can tell how the enterprise will pan out. parallel to: Theres never been any close parallel elsewhere to Chinas rate of economic growth. part from: I had to part from Jill before the game ended. part with: Our dog has given birth to six puppies; were not going to part with any of them. partake of: The guests partook of the ample food available at the gathering. participate in: Everyone present was encouraged to participate in the discussions. pass away: Grandpa passed away peacefully. pass by: The small child watched open-mouthed the parade passing by. pass down: The centuries-old tradition still passes down from generation to generation. pass for: My mother-in-law in mini-skirt could easily pass for a young girl. pass in: He passes in his authorization card before leaving the office for the day. pass off: There is no reason for me to pass myself off as anyone else. pass on: You passed your cough on to me; see, Im coughing now. pass out: During a heavy drinking session, he suddenly passed out. pass over: Jane threatened to resign when she was passed over for promotion. pass up: I regret passing up the opportunity for promotion. patch up: Hes going to die so you had better patch up your quarrel with him. pattern after: An ardent fan of Elvis Presley, he patterned his behaviour after him. pay back: Ill pay him back for the highly critical comments he made about me. pay for: Lets hope he will pay for the evil deed he committed. pay off: I had to pay him off substantially to keep quiet about something I did. pay out: A huge sum of money was paid out to the winner of the football pools jackpot. pay up: I was told to pay up by Monday or have my car repossessed. pep up: A brief round of aerobics pepped the participants up before the discussion. perk up: They did some singing to perk up the atmosphere before they started the discussion. perpetrate about: They perpetrated all sorts of malicious rumours about him persevere in: She persevered in her studies to achieve the result she had hoped for. persist in: Why do many people persist in believing mistakenly that UFOs are alien spaceships? pertain to: Documents pertaining to the illegal transactions have been seized by police. petition for: Local residents petitioned for better bus services. pick off: The captive soldiers were picked off one by one for interrogation. pick on: I dont think she likes me; shes always picking on me. pick out: Its easy to pick out Roses father in a crowd because he is exceptionally tall. pick up: Andy picked up a number at random and won the first prize.
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piece together: Investigators are piecing together evidence to uncover what caused the accident. pile up: His debts piled up but he made no attempt to settle any of them. pin down: He hints at his resignation but no one can pin him down on the exact date yet. pin on: They pinned the blame on me although I didnt do anything wrong. pine away: After his grandmother died, his grandfather pined away and died shortly after. pine for: Months after their separation, Jill still pines for Jack. pit against: Dean is ready to pit his skills against any serious competitors. pitch in: Bob pitched in to help complete the project before the deadline. pitch into: He would pitch into anyone who commented that he was uncooperative. plan for: She plans for the future by saving considerably. plan on: He planned on becoming the first athlete to win a gold medal for his school. play along: He played along with her so as to gain a special favour. play at: Children love to play at being Cowboys and Red Indians. play back: I played back the tape-recorder to listen to my voice with a view to improving it. play on: Hes always playing on his friends generosity to get free treats. play up: A pro-government newspaper played up the resignation of an oppositions active member. play up to: Many politicians are expert at playing up to voters sentiments to gain their votes. play with: Every day he spends at least an hour playing with his dog. plead with: Jack pleaded with Jill not to leave her. plunge into: A sudden blackout plunged the whole place into total darkness. ply with: Our host plied us with excess food and drinks. point at: It is not respectable to point at someone. point out: The leader pointed out the things we should or shouldnt do while jungle trekking. point to: The government pointed to the measures taken to lift the living standards of the people. poke fun at: The kids at school poked fun at Adams clothes. polish off: David could easily polish off five sandwiches at one sitting. polish up: I had better polish up my English before I visit London. pore over: He spends hours poring over his vast collection of stamps. pounce on/upon: The teacher was ever ready to pounce on any little mistake anyone of us made. pray to: Every night the family prayed to God for good health and happiness. predicate on: His success in his exams is predicated on his determination to succeed. prefer to: I prefer red colour to any of the other colours for my car. prepare for: How many of us prepare ourselves for every eventuality in life? present to: They presented the best actress award to her before a live audience. present with: They presented him with an outstanding achievement award. preserve for: The large number of historical records is preserved for posterity. preserve from: The tribe preserved corpses from decomposition by wrapping them in cloth. preside over: A clergyman friend of the family presided over the funeral gathering. press for: The opposition pressed the government for the release of the political detainees.
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press on: Reporters pressed him further on the issue. prevail on/upon: Jill finally prevailed on Jack to attend the dog show. prevent from: The new legislation was to prevent whistleblowers from being publicly identified. prey on/upon: It was so moving to watch on television a lion preying on a deer. price out: The dentist has priced himself out of business by charging too heavily for his services. pride oneself on: The parents prided themselves on their childs achievement. proceed with: The protesters were not allowed to proceed with their political speeches. produce from: They produce wine from grapes. profit from: I profit immensely from reading biographies of famous people. prohibit from: Nowadays people are prohibited from smoking in many areas. propose to: At the meeting, he proposed measures to enlarge the club membership. protect from: The legislation is to protect public property from vandalism. protest against: The demonstration was organized to protest against police brutality. prove to: Prove to me what you said that you can make a rabbit disappear. provide for: Many people have not taken measures to provide for their old age. provide with: The evacuees were provided with tents, blankets, and other necessities. provoke to: What he did is certain to provoke them to retaliate. pry into: Continual prying into other peoples private affairs will get him into trouble soon. pull ahead: He was leading all the way until a fellow competitor pulled ahead of him. pull apart: They pulled the two fighting cocks apart to end the cockfighting contest.. pull at: She pulled at her mothers coat sleeve. pull away: He pulled away from the car park and sped down the highway. pull down: They had to pull down the old disused crumbling building. pull in: The train pulled in just as we arrived at the station. pull off: Three men pulled off the biggest bank robbery in town. pull out: They pulled out of the business deal when they sensed something amiss. pull over: The policeman waved me to pull my car over. pull through: He was badly injured in a road accident but he finally pulled through. pull up: He pulled up at the side of the road to park. punish for: The serial killer will be severely punished for his crimes. purchase from: We purchased some statuettes from a souvenir shop at the tourist resort. purge from: All dissidents were purged from the party. put across: The leader put his proposals across to the grass roots members. put aside: Every month she puts aside a little money for future use. put away: The boys rushed to put away the scattered toys when they heard their mummy is home. put by: Im putting some money by each month for a new camera. put down: The public demonstration was brutally put down by troops. put in: Every day I have to put in extra time to complete it before the deadline. put off: Dont put off till tomorrow what you can do today. put on: Despite her hurt feelings she put on a smiling face.
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put out: The firemen took hours to put out the huge fire. put through: Johns parents managed to put him and his siblings through university. put to: After the speeches were delivered, we were allowed to put questions to the speakers. put up: Despite being an underdog, the team put up an outstanding performance. put up with: I think Im not going to put up with my nagging wife any longer. puzzle about/over: We were puzzled about her enigmatic remark. puzzle out: We cant puzzle out why she left suddenly and has not called. qualify for: So far, only three teams have qualified for the finals. quarrel about: No one knows what the twins are quarrelling about. quarrel with: These twins can never stop quarrelling with each other. query about: The auditors queried the companys accountants about their financial statement. question about: The police questioned him about his whereabouts on the night of the murder. rage about/against: Joe raged against the bureaucratic and corrupt system. rail against/at: Mary has been railing against the unjust system. range from: The bookstore is selling books at prices ranging from about $5 to $500. rank as/with: His performances rank him as one of the top five players in the country. rate as: He is generally rated as one of the best writers of this century. reach for: He was shot dead by the police before he could reach for his gun. react to: Her boss reacted favourably to her decision to resign. read about/of: Have you read the latest news about a man with three eyes? read in: I read that rags-to-riches story in a magazine. read to: I used to read to you when you were a child. read for: Shes reading for a degree in economics at one of the universities. read out: He read out the speech on behalf of the Prime Minister who is overseas. read through/over: I read through the passage for him and discovered some mistakes. read up: I have to read up on the subject before the discussion tomorrow. reason with: I tried to reason with her but she wouldnt listen. rebel against: Those who rebelled against the government were captured and executed. reckon on: We didnt reckon on the shop charging handling charges. reckon with: They didnt reckon with a puncture when they went for a drive. recommend to: I definitely recommend this book to those of you interested in raising hamsters. reconcile to: You must reconcile yourself to the death of your daughter. recover from: Mrs. Dean has yet to recover fully from her husbands death. recuperate from: She went to stay with her daughter to recuperate from her operation. reduce to: Modern medical treatment has reduced death from tuberculosis to absolute minimum. reel off: May reels off a list of things to buy. refer to: We had to refer to our map when we lost our way in the city. reflect on: A series of burglaries at the building reflects on its lax security against break-ins. refrain from: The nurse asked me to refrain from using my cell phone. regard as: The teams last performance was regarded as the best ever . reign over: The king reigned over the country for many years.
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relate to: Can we relate an aging population to a low economic growth? release from: He was released unconditionally from police detention. relieve of: The officer was relieved of his command on disciplinary grounds. rely on/upon: Landlocked countries rely on other countries for their export and import of goods. remark on: Friends at the party remarked on her new hairstyle. remind of: The song reminds him of his former girlfriend. remove from: He was removed from office for sexual misconduct. reply to: Why should I reply to those baseless allegations? report back: He reported back that the violence had escalated. report on: His newspaper sent him to Africa to report on the situation in Zimbabwe. report to: We were told to report to the new manager tomorrow. reprimand for: He was reprimanded for his negligence in duty. reproach for: The teacher reproached them for not completing their homework. request for: She likes to request for songs to be played on some radio programs rescue from: Dogs and cats were also rescued from the burning building. reserve for: They reserved the three front rows of seats for VIPs. reside in: The family resides in the suburb. resort to: Ben became desperate and resorted to begging for money. respond to: His illness failed to respond to the treatment. rest on: The success in selling rests solely on the marketing manager. restrain from: Many times I had to restrain myself from arguing with her. result from: The accident resulted from his own carelessness. result in: The new policy will result in the high turnover of staff. result of: The tragedy was the result of failure to plan carefully. retire from: He retired from his job for health reason. return to: She never returned to me or to anybody any of the books she borrowed. reveal to: Jan never revealed her origins to anybody. revenge on: Jane seems intent on revenging herself on her husband for his disloyalty. revert to: Now we are talking about something else; lets revert to the original subject. revolt against: A revolt against the leadership in the party has broken out. reward for: He was rewarded for providing information that led to the arrest of the culprit. reward with: She rewarded me with a kiss. rid of: She just couldnt get rid of the stalker who has been following her for a few weeks. ring back: Ive called her ten times and she has yet to ring back. ring in: He rang in to inform that he was sick. ring off: After a long conversation, we agreed to ring off. ring up: I ring her up at least twice a week. rise against: The people rose in rebellion against the dictatorial government. rise from: From a distance, we could see smoke rising from chimneys. rival in: Our best players simply cannot rival our opponents in stamina. rob of: The bus was hijacked and the passengers were robbed of all their possessions.
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root in: The plants were rooted firmly in the hard earth and it wasnt easy to just pull them out. rope in: We roped in a few more guys to help with the campaign. round out: We rounded out the drinking session by having supper at a restaurant. round up: Police rounded up the remaining troublemakers. rub it in: I know Ive made an embarrassing mistake, so why has he to keep rubbing it in? rule on: The judge will shortly rule on who will get custody of the child. rule out: The government has ruled out the abolition or even revision of the Act. rule over: The absolute ruler ruled over a large empire. run across: Unfortunately, I ran across my ex this morning. run after: She is so attractive that I cant help wanting to run after her. run against: He intends to run against his father in the by-election. run along: Ive something to do; Id better run along. run away: We decide to run away together to get married. run down: He habitually runs you down - probably out of jealousy. run for: The villagers ran for their lives when there was a sudden volcanic eruption. run into: I ran into my former wife last night. run off: Her husband ran off with a younger woman. run on: The practice session was supposed to end at 10 oclock, but ran on until 11 oclock. run out: I felt like screaming at him when my patience ran out. run out of: I cant post my letters now; Ive run out of stamps. run out on: She deeply regrets running out on her parents a few months ago. run over: My dog was run over by a taxi and died shortly after. run through: Lets run through the solution to the exercises again. run to: The mechanic is overcharging me; how could my car repair bill run to a hundred dollars? run up: Have to get rid of the phone; they have run up the phone bill to such a huge amount. run up against: They have to stop work as they ran up against some unforeseen problems. rush around: We rushed around informing all the members of the last-minute cancellation. rush into: John regrets rushing into that venture without careful thought. rush out: The manufacturer is rushing out the novelties for the festive season. rush through: The staff rushed through the paper work to meet the deadline. ST sacrifice to: Johnny sacrificed much of his free time to do charity work. saddle with: Im not even an assistant manager, but Im saddled with his duties while hes away. sail from: Well be sailing from this harbour to Calais next week. sail into: Mary sailed into the hall where a party was going on. satisfy with: Anne is still not satisfied with his explanation. save for: Pam saved a piece of pizza for my supper. save from: Firemen saved the occupants of the building from being burnt to death. say about: She wasnt pleased when she overheard what I said about her. say to: What do you want to say to her now that she has left you? scare of: Those crows are not really scared of the large scarecrow.
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scare off: That big human-like scarecrow failed to scare off the crows. scare up: See if I can scare up enough money to buy you a nice Christmas present. scoff at: He scoffed at my suggestion that we renovate the clubhouse. scrape up: She scraped up whatever money she has to pay off the car. screw up: The negotiation failed because you really screwed it up. search for: The police searched the whole woodland for the escaped convict. secede from: Why did the state secede from the Union in 1816? see about: I asked if she would join me for dinner tonight, she said she would see about it. see after: We chose him to see after the organization of the party. see into: The accountant will see into the discrepancies in the books. see off: Of course, I would be most grateful to see my mother-in-law off at the airport. see through: He is determined to see the whole project through. see to: When I was staying with them, Mary saw to all my needs. sell for: Jack has been selling tickets for the concert at a higher price. sell out: Their new batch of Hawaiian shirts is completely sold out send for: An accident has occurred and someone has already sent for an ambulance. separate from: Her father is separated from her mother. serve as: This spare room will serve as a bedroom while they are staying with us. serve under: He is serving under his father-in-law as an assistant manager. set about: We set about clearing up the whole garage. set against: The increases in our salaries have to be set against the rising cost of living. set aside: Every month we set aside a portion of our salaries for the purchase of a car. set back: The raining season will set back the completion of the building project. set down: I woke up and set down in detail the dream I just had. set forth: Together, they set forth for an unknown destination. set off: Someone set the bomb off with remote control. set in: Global warming has set in and with it more problems will arise. set on: The farmer threatened to set his dogs on the trespassers. set out: They set out on a journey to the Far East. set up: Jack and Jill have set up a retail business. settle down: She felt she would settle down only when she was ready to. settle for: John felt his compensation claim was justified and would not settle for anything less. settle on: They have settled on the date for the next meeting. settle up: We decided to settle up and leave this bar for home. sever from: He severed branches from the tree with a chainsaw. shake with: At the reunion we shook hands warmly with each other. share in: The wife does not share in her husbands enthusiasm for jogging. shell out: I had to shell out three dollars just for one parking place. shield from: New import tariffs will be introduced to shield local firms from foreign competition. shoot up: Prices of most kinds of food for small children have shot up. shop for: I have been shopping for a Mexican hat, but havent found anything I like. shout at: Please dont shout at the dogs; it will not stop them from barking.
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shout for: Why do you shout for help when you are not in danger? show off: Tim showed off his new toys to his friends. show up: He has just shown up when he was supposed to have done so two hours ago. shrink from: Bob shrank from the first sight of blood. shudder at: I shudder at the thought of the child dying from injuries in the crash. shut off: Mum always remembered to shut off the stove when she finished cooking. shut up: Shes done all the talking since we started; she should shut up and give others a chance. side against/with: The two sisters always side with each other against their mother. sin against: I feel Ive sinned against my religion by raising doubts and querying about it. sit around: He would sit around quietly for hours and watch was happening. sit at: He would sit at the table without eating but watch other people eating. sit in: As the show has to go on, Joe agreed to sit in for Bozo the clown who is absent. sit on: Sometimes we would sit on a long bench in the park and chatted away to each other. sit through: Our boss delivered a lengthy boring speech and we had to sit through it. sit up: Whenever theres a late football match on television, we would sit up and watch. slack off: Tourism business at the resort slacks off during the winter. slide on: The kids enjoyed themselves sliding on the ice. slip up: The police slipped up when the wrong person was arrested. slow down: The police roadblock had slowed down traffic to a big snarl-up. smile at: I mistakenly smiled at her, thinking I knew her, but she looked away. snap at: I dont understand why she often snapped at me for no good reason. snap off: She stopped reading, snapped off the light and closed her eyes to sleep. snap on: She snapped on the light when she entered the bedroom. sneer at: They sneered at his ludicrous suggestion. sound off: Mike is always sounding off about every current issue. speak about: His grandfather would speak to you about anything under the sun. speak of: He had his reason for never ever speaking of his ex. speak on: George loved to speak to women on womens issues. speak to: Frankly, if I could help it I wouldnt want to speak to her. specialize in: The store specialized in coffins for dogs and cats. spring at: The showman touched the head of a cobra with a stick and it sprung at him. spur on: His initial success spurred him on. stamp out: The government is determined to stamp out corruption. stand against: Her daughter will be standing against her in the parliamentary election. stand around: The crowd just stood around waiting for the ambulance to arrive. stand by: Two calls were received for ambulance, but only one ambulance is standing by. stand for: He is not going to stand for her personal insult much longer. stand on: She stood on tiptoe to pluck a pear. stand out: Your dyed red hair will certainly make you stand out in any crowd. stand up: He looks taller if he stands up straight. stand up for: We have to stand up for our rights. stand up to: He wouldnt dare stand up to his boss when he knew hes right.
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star in: She will star in a new movie whose title is yet to be announced. stare at: They just stared at each other not believing they had not seen each other for forty years. start for: The weather turned bad and we had no choice but to start for home. start off: He started off as a postman and now hes postmaster. start on: Ive finished reading the first chapter, so now I can start on the second chapter. start with: Lets start our training session with doing some warm-up exercises. stay at: His wife resents his staying late at the office almost every night. stay up: Sometimes I stay up late to watch television. stay with: I prefer staying at home with my dog to going out. steal from: Two policemen were arrested for stealing from the police station. stem from: The high volume of sales of ice cream stemmed from the exceptionally hot weather. step up: The police are stepping up their regular patrols of the area. stick around: Stick around until he arrives, then we will go for a meal. stick to: Stick to the point, otherwise our meeting will never end. stick up: A stranger tried to stick him up, but he fought him off. stick up for: Will you stick up for me? There are too many of them. stir up: You like to stir up her emotions. Look how excited she is now. stoop to: You dont have to stoop to his level and quarrel with him. stop from: His parents tried to stop him from smoking excessively. straighten out: We managed finally to straighten out our differences before he passed away. straighten up: Youd better straighten yourself up if you want to gain respect. stricken with: One wonders how long he will live now that hes stricken with a fatal disease. strike against: The ship sank after its side struck against an iceberg. strike for: The workers unanimously decided to strike for higher wages. strike up: I have struck up a friendship with her after meeting her a few times in the library. strip from: Some members of a tribe stripped the bark from the trees to use as medicine. strip of: The president had been completely stripped of his power in a military coup. strive after: Artists continuously strive after artistic beauty. strive against: Man has to constantly strive against the elements. strive for: We must always strive for perfection in whatever we do. struggle with: Alone, he had to struggle furiously with his attackers till help arrived. study for: She knows she has only two weeks left to study hard for her A level exam. submit to: Both parties agreed to submit their dispute to arbitration. subscribe to: There are still people who subscribe to the flat-earth theory. subsist on: They subsisted on canned food during the winter. subtract from: He thought he could subtract his personal expenses from his gross profit. succeed in: The escaped prisoner succeeded in evading capture for several months. sue for: The minister threatened to sue the opposition member for slander. suffer from: Millions of children in the world today suffer from malnutrition. suggest to: She suggested to me that I should buy her more fresh flowers. suit to: I think you did not suit your dress to the occasion.
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sum up: He finally summed up his speech to the relief of the audience. supplement by: Jack supplemented his income by training parrots to sing. supply with: Only two companies supply the hospital with medical equipment. surpass in: Mary surpasses her sister in beauty. surround by: He emerged from the conference centre and was surrounded by noisy reporters. swarm with: On weekends the zoo is swarmed with visitors. sweat it out: The boxer is sweating it out in the gym until his next fight. swerve off: Driving quickly on a wet road caused his car to swerve off the road into a ravine. switch over: They are going to switch over to the new teaching method. sympathize with: I sympathize deeply with the bereaved family. take aback: I was taken aback by what he said. take after: Jenny certainly takes after her mother. take back: OK, I take back what I just said. Now, dont you curse me anymore. take down: Please take down what Im going to say. take for: Now, dont you take me for a fool. take in: Jill was taken in by the companys false claims about its products. take off: I was late and the plane took off without me. take on: After a new coat of paint, the old house takes on a new look. take out: Its your turn to take out the rubbish. take out on: Its your own fault, why take it out on the children? take over: When you take over the driving, dont sound the horn unnecessarily. take stock of: You should take stock of your bad habits and eliminate them. take to: Jim took to excessive drinking when his girlfriend left him. take up: Since my retirement, Ive taken up stargazing. take up with: Hes taken up with his new neighbours kids. take upon: Mark took it upon himself to paint the whole house. talk about: Will you stop talking about me behind my back? talk around: She doesnt agree with me; do you think you can talk her around? talk back: This kid will never hesitates to talk back to her mother. talk down. Mike often talked down the good things Betty did for him. talk down to: Its wrong to talk down to them like that; they are cleverer than you think. talk into: I didnt want to get involved in the robbery, but he talked me into joining them. talk out of: She talked me out of seeking work overseas. talk over: I think wed better talk it over before we decide to buy a yacht. talk to: I talked to his parents about his throwing stones at my dogs. talk with: I talked with her on the telephone, but she suggested we talk in person. tally with: The two witnesses accounts of the accident dont tally with each other. tamper with: The defence lawyer is going to prove that the evidence had been tampered with. tantamount to: His statement is tantamount to a confession. taste like: The new sauce tasted exactly like sour milk. taste of: The soup tasted strongly of water. tear down: Several houses were torn down to make way for the new highway. tear into: I said she might be wrong and she tore into me. tear up: She tore up the letter after reading it.
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tease about: We teased her about her many childhood fights with boys. tell about: She never told me about the big money she won in a lottery. tell off: John ran for a bus but bumped against a woman who told him off. tell on: Her constant worrying is beginning to tell on her face. tend toward: Joe tends towards obesity. terms come to terms with: He felt he had to come to terms with being a prisoner. thank for: I thanked her warmly for not grumbling the whole day. think about: Money is what I think about all the time. think of: Jack thinks of often of Jill. think over: Jillian prefers to think it over for a while, before deciding on his proposal. think through: George thought through the possible consequences of his action. think up: It was Paul who thought up the plan to raise more money. thirst for: A new entrant in the art world, he is already thirsting for fame. threaten with: Many fish species are threatened with extinction due to over fishing. thrive on: Many marine creatures still thrive on coastal mangrove swamps. throw at: Tom threw a rotten egg at the speakers face. throw away: He threw away his old books and magazines. throw in: With blood coursing down the boxers face, they realized theyd to throw in the towel. throw out: Jane refused to throw out the old books and magazines which cluttered the lounge. throw to: You are supposed to throw the ball to me, not him. throw up: Bob, as usual, threw up after he had overeaten. tie down: She wants to get married, but she doesnt want to be tied down. tie in: It was a disaster when the two events were supposed to tie in, but they didnt. tie up: The accident tied traffic up for hours. tip off: The police must have been tipped off when they made a sudden raid on the warehouse. touch at: Our ship touched at Cape Town for a few hours. touch down: The big crowd cheered when the spacecraft touched down safely. touch on: In his lecture on the subject, he touched on the writer. touch up: She touched her face up before she appeared on stage. toy with: He was toying with his fork and knife while thinking about skiing in Colorado. trade in: The seller allowed him to trade in his old refrigerator so that he could buy a new one. traffic in: John was arrested by the police for trafficking in stolen goods. trample on/upon: Despite the keep off the grass sign, the visitors trampled on the grass. transfer to: We can only transfer a skill from one person to another through training. transform into: The once sleepy fishing village has been transformed into a tourist centre. translate into: Ideas remain ideas unless they are translated into action. trespass on: As its late now, lets leave and not trespass on their hospitality trick into: They were tricked into investing in a dishonest scheme for making money. trip over: He nearly tripped over the toys. triumph over: With perseverance she would ultimately triumph over adversity. trust in: I trust in God.
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trust with: Not all the banks can be trusted with peoples money. try for: Im going to try for that jackpot. try on: She tried it on but it didnt fit her. try out: They tried her out for the role. tuck in: I forgot to tuck in my shirt when I took that photo. tune in: He tunes in to the radio nightly. turn against: His supporters turned against him when he defected to the opposition party. turn around: A new general manager was appointed to turn around the ailing company. turn away: The circus turned people away as all the seats were taken. turn down: She turned down his proposal for the tenth time. turn in: I lost my passport at the airport and someone turned it in to the police. turn into: The audience applauded when the magician turned a carrot into a rabbit. turn off: Her heavy makeup really turned me off. turn on: Girls with long hair really turns me on. turn out: It turned out that the butler was the one who committed the murder. turn out for: An estimated ten thousand people turned out for the fireworks display. turn out to be: The burglar who stole the diamond turned out to be the police inspector. turn over: The abandoned baby was turned over to the welfare department. turn to: She turned to taking drugs for her depression. turn up: A woman who was reported missing a few weeks ago turned up at the press office. UY undertake to: The new government undertook to reduce personal income tax. unite behind: The leader called upon the people to unite behind him to deter foreign aggression. urge on: Urged on by his supporters, he ran the fastest race of his life. use up: Someone has used up all my discs. usher in: There were fireworks and people were reveling to usher in the new year. value at: His wealthy uncle bought paintings valued at over $300,000. vary from: As a street vendor, his takings vary from day to day. veer off: The car veered off the road into a ravine. verge on: Her extreme anxiety at times verges on a nervous breakdown. vie in: John and Johnny have been vying in the same contest for the past four years. vie for: Only three contestants vied for the top prize. vouch for: His long-time friend vouched for him in his application for a new licence. vote on: As the men couldnt agree on the most beautiful lady, they decided to vote on it. vow to: She vowed to devote the rest of her life to caring for the poor. vaccinate against: Nowadays children are vaccinated against a variety of diseases. wager on: Bob wagered one hundred dollars on the white horse. wait for: They waited in vain for her to turn up. wait on: She waits on customers with utmost courtesy and patience. wait up: Sean waits up for her every night. warn about: I warned the kids about the danger of playing with fire. warn against: I was warned against buying the house which was supposedly haunted.
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warn of: They warned us of the risks involved in investments in stocks and bonds. wash down: We had venison steak washed down with red wine. wash off: Robert washed the dirt and dust off the wall before painting it. wash out: The match was completely washed out by the unexpected weather. wash up: The carcass of a whale was washed up the beach. watch for: We watched the screen for the announcement of arrival of the flight. weed out: Those not so physically fit were the first to be weeded out. whisk away: The police arrested the suspect and whisked him away in the police car. wipe out: The recent earthquake wiped out the entire village. wish for: I wish for the luck to strike the lottery jackpot. withdraw from: She withdrew from the beauty contest due to death threats made against her. work for: She was told that she had been working for a crook. work off: Janet always uses swearing words whenever she tries to work off her anxiety. work on: Tommy spent weeks working on the sculpture. work out: The burglars have worked out how theyre going to sneak into the whisky warehouse. work up: I certainly worked up a big appetite after a marathon jog. work with: I find it utterly impossible to work with her unless she changes her attitude. worry about: She worries more about me than I worry about her. worry over: I habitually worry over the slightest thing. write back: Ive written her ten letters in the past weeks, but she has not written back. write down: You dont have a good memory, so youd better write down whenever you need to. write in: Hundreds of viewers wrote in to complain after the show. write out: He couldnt speak due to a bad sore throat, so he wrote it out instead. write up: Each one of us had to write up a report on human rights for the meeting. yank on: He kept yanking on the dogs tail and before long got bitten. yearn for: Joan yearns for Mr. Right to appear. yearn to: He couldnt get used to life in a boarding school and every day he yearned to go home. yell at: They yelled at him not to get into the bullring. yield to: The victims family agreed to yield to the kidnappers demand for ransom. 0001 - 0200 (A - C) PHRASES and IDIOMS Phrases and Idioms acid the acid test 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. across - across the board ado - without further ado alive - alive and kicking all all at once all all in all all all or nothing all - all the same

Meaning Way to determine the quality or workability of something. Applicable to all. Without wasting any more time. Still existing and very active. All done together at the same time. Take into account every part; on the whole Either done completely or in the exact way, or nothing; no compromise. In spite of that.
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9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46.

all its all go argue argue the toss arm - arm in arm arm - up in arms arm with open arms bag - bag and baggage bag - bag of bones balance - balance of payments

balance - balance of trade baptism - baptism of fire bare - bare ones soul bare - the bare bones bat - bat ones eyelashes bated - with bated breath belt - below the belt belt tighten ones belt belt under ones belt bend bend over backwards bend bend someones ear bend bend the rules bend on bended knee best all the best better go one better better one had better better ones better half beyond - beyond the sea bit - a bit part bit - a bit previous bit bit by bit bit - do ones bit bite - bite the bullet bite - bite the dust bite - bite your tongue black black and white (in) black - in the black blaze a trail blessing - a mixed blessing blessing blessing in disguise

Buzzing with activity. To argue against a decision already made. With arms linked. Enraged and protesting vigorously. Receiving with great affection or enthusiasm Ones personal possessions. Used to refer to a very thin person or an animal. The difference in total value between payments for import of and earnings from export of goods and services. The difference in total value between a countrys import and export of goods, excluding services. Ones first experience in an activity which is often difficult and painful. To make known ones previously unknown facts or feelings. The essential parts of something. To make rapid opening and closing of ones eyes. In anxiety and suspense. Unfair; breaking the rules. Cut down on spending. To have achieved something or gained considerable experience. To be helpful with someones wishes or demands. To talk at length with someone. Do what normally is not allowed Requesting someone seriously to do something. An expression of good wishes. Outdo someone else. One would find it more advisable or advantageous to do. Ones spouse In a foreign country; abroad. A minor and insignificant acting part in a film. Before the due time. Gradually. To contribute ones service or do ones share of the work. Forced to perform an unpleasant or difficult task. To die, fail or be defeated. Refrain oneself from saying something. In writing so that its clearly stated, not doubtful. To have money in ones account. Lay a path through unknown territory; to be the first to develop something new. A situation that has both advantages and disadvantages An initial misfortune that later produces good results.
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47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87.

blood - in cold blood blood - in ones blood blow blow a fuse blow blow ones mind blow blow ones nose blow blow ones top blow blow the whistle (on) blow - come to blows blue blue eyed boy blue blue with cold blue boys in blue boat - rock the boat boat - the same boat (in) body body and soul body body of water bone bone of contention bone - make no bones (about) book by the book (go) book - someones good book (in) born - not born yesterday bound - know no bounds bound out of bounds brain - pick someones brains break break new ground break break of day break break ones word break break the ice break - make the break breath waste ones breath breath hold ones breath breath out of breath breath under ones breath breeze be a breeze bridge bridge the gap bright bright and early bright - the bright lights broke go for broke brother - brothers in arms buck a fast buck buck pass the buck bumper bumper-to-bumper

In a deliberate and merciless way. Firmly established in ones character. Lose ones temper. To excite or impress someone very strongly. To clean ones nose by blowing through it into a cloth or piece of tissue paper. Lose ones temper. To inform an authority or expose publicly someones wrongful act or something that is wrong. To start hitting each other or a fight. Someone who is treated with special favour. Extremely cold. The police. Disturb an existing situation. Be in the same difficult situation as someone else. Completely. A large area of water such as a lake. Cause of argument or disagreement. To not hesitate about doing or saying something. To observe exactly the rules and instructions. It means that someone is pleased with or approves of someone else. Not easily deceived or gullible. Have no limits. Outside of allowed area of play. To get information from someone who knows a lot. Venture into new sphere of activity; uncover new information. Dawn. To not do what one has promised. To initiate a conversation between strangers. To end a relationship. To speak without getting the message through. To cease breathing to see what is going to happen. To experience difficulty in breathing after some vigorous exercises. To say in a low voice so that no one can hear. To be something that can be done or dealt with ease. To narrow the difference between two things. Very early in the morning. The kind of life in big cities that attract people. Risk all that one has in a determined attempt to achieve something. Soldiers who have been in combat together in the same war. Money that is quickly and easily earned. Shift the blame or responsibility to someone else. (Traffic) very close together and moving slowly.
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88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125.

burn burn ones boats/bridges Do something that cant be reversed. bury bury the hatchet End a quarrel or conflict and be reconciled. business business is business Used to mean making profit overrides everything else. business like nobodys Exceptional. business butterfly butterflies in ones An unpleasant sensation in ones stomach when one stomach is nervous. buyer - a buyers market Situation in which supply of goods and shares is more than demand, and prices are low. by by and by Before long; soon. by by and large On the whole. by by the by By the way; incidentally. call call attention to To divert peoples attention to something. call call into question To express doubt about something. call call into question To have doubt or uncertainty. call call ones shots To predict ones course of action. call call someones bluff To challenge someone to carry out their threat, so as to expose it as an empty threat call call the shots In a position to decide or initiate action. call - the call of A strong appeal of a place, an occupation, etc. that draws someone. can can of worms An awkward situation that is likely to give rise to many problems and prove embarrassing. cap cap in hand Seeking a favour in a humble way. capture - capture someones To be greatly attracted to someone. heart card - on the cards Likely to happen. carry - carry oneself well To move and behave in an appropriate manner. carry carry the day To be triumphal. carry - get carried away To lose ones self-control. cash cash and carry A shop where goods are paid for in full and carried away by the buyer cast - be cast away To be stranded on a shore or island after a shipwreck. cast - be cast down Feel depressed and discouraged. catch catch ones breath To momentarily stop breathing in shock, surprise or fear. catch catch sight of To suddenly notice someone or something. catch catch someones eye Attract someones attention through eye contact; to be noticed by someone. cause cause and effect An action and its effect. cause make common cause Join together to attain a particular goal. chalk chalk it up Put it to ones credit. chance by any chance Possibly or as is true. chance stand a chance Have the likelihood to succeed. chance take a chance Run a risk of things not happening. chance take a chance on To take a risk in trusting someone or something. change change of air In a different place or climate that is usually better. change change ones tune To react or change ones opinion after something has
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126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136.

change for a change charge free of charge charge in charge of charge on a charge charge put in charge cheap - on the cheap cheek cheek by jowl cheek cheek to cheek chew chew the fat chicken - shes no chicken chop - get the chop

137. chord - strike a chord 138. circle - come full circle circumstance - in suspicious 139. circumstances circumstance - under/in no 140. circumstances circumstance - under/in the 141. circumstances circumstance victim of 142. circumstance 143. claim - lay claim to clean a clean break 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. clean - a clean slate/sheet clear - clear the air clear clear the decks clear -in the clear clip at a clip clip clip someones wings clock - against the clock close - a close shave clutch clutch at straws coast coast is clear

happened. An experience which is different from before and is usually better. No payment required. Having control or command of. Accused of a criminal offence. Entrust someone with power to control or supervise. Incur less cost than is needed Very close together. (dancing) heads close together. To talk in a friendly way. She is no longer young. To lose ones job; to cancel something, e.g. a building project. To express an agreeable opinion or acceptable idea. Return to a past position or situation. Involving foul play. To say that something must not be allowed to happen no matter what. At the given situation. Someone who is unfavourably affected in a difficult situation. To state ones right to or ownership of something. An end to a relationship; freeing oneself from a situation. Free from misbehaviour, mistakes made or a goal scored by the rival team. To reduce a tense situation by discussing in a calm manner. To do something in order to prepare for some other things. Not under suspicion or guilty. At once. To curb someones aspirations. Not having much time left. Narrow escape from an accident or danger. Make a desperate attempt at salvaging a hopeless situation. Safe to do something without the risk of being noticed or caught. To express contempt at. Paper money and coins as opposed to cheques or credit cards. In a cruel and merciless way. Display of ones unfriendliness To attain adulthood. Used to express ones disbelief.
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155. cock cock a snook cold cold hard cash 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. cold in cold blood cold the cold shoulder come come of age come come off it

161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169.

come come on strong come come to mind come come to nothing come come to pass come come up dry come come what may commit commit to paper common in common with common the common good

170. common the common touch 171. concern - a going concern conquer conquer somebodys 172. heart 173. conscience in all conscience conscience on ones 174. conscience conscience prisoner of 175. conscience 176. cook cook somebodys goose 177. cool a cool million 178. cool cool ones heels 179. cool - keep ones cool 180. cool lose ones cool 181. corner around the corner 182. corner corner the market 183. corner fight ones corner 184. corner in someones corner 185. corner turn a corner corridors corridors of power 186. 187. cost cost a bomb 188. cost at all costs 189. cost cost someone dear count - count ones blessings 190. 191. 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. count - count the cost count - count the days cover - cover ones back cover - cover ones tracks crack crack of dawn cradle - the cradle of

To show a confident and forceful personality. (of a though, idea, etc.) suggest itself. To produce no effect or result. To happen eventually. To become unsuccessful. No matter what happens. To write down. To be in the same way as someone else. Something shared by two or more parties and acts as a basis for further interaction. The ability to interact with the ordinary people. A business that is still operating and making a profit. To make that somebody fall in love with one. In fairness; by any reasonable standard. Feeling guilty about something. A person who is detained or imprisoned because of his or her political or religious beliefs. To spoil a persons plans. Large amount that someone can easily earn. To be kept waiting Maintain a calm attitude in a tense situation. To be unable to remain calm in a difficult situation. Very near; imminent; approaching. To control the supply of a commodity. To defend ones position. To offer support and encouragement. To begin to show improvement. Place where crucial decisions of administration are made. Cost a lot of money. Regardless of the obstacles that one has to overcome. To cause someone to suffer a huge loss. Used to tell someone how lucky they are and be grateful for what they have. To examine the effect of ones terrible mistake. To be anxiously waiting for the days to pass. To refrain from acts that will invite criticism. To conceal evidence of ones movement. Daybreak Place in which something important began or was nurtured. The most outstanding group of people. Amount of credit allowed to a borrower Used to mean the criminal will sooner or later be brought to justice. A crime committed in a fit of sexual jealousy.
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197. cream - the cream of 198. credit - line of credit crime crime doesnt pay 199. 200. crime - crime of passion

0201 - 0400 (C - H) PHRASES and IDIOMS Phrases and Idioms 201 critical the critical list 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 cross - at cross purposes cross cross a cheque cross - cross ones fingers cross - cross ones heart cross cross ones mind cross - cross swords with cross - cross the floor cruel - a cruel blow cry - in full cry cudgel cudgel ones brain cudgel - take up cudgels curry - curry favour with cut - a cut above cut - cut a dash cut - cut and dried cut - cut and paste cut - cut and run cut - cut and thrust cut - cut both ways cut - cut in line cut - cut it out cut - cut no ice cut - cut somebody free/loose cut - cut somebody short cut - cut someone dead cut - cut the cord cut - cut the crap cut - cut the mustard cute - get cute with

Meaning A list of hospital patients who are extremely ill or seriously injured and at risk of death Mutual misunderstanding due to each side referring to a different matter To draw or print two parallel lines across a cheque so that it can only be paid into a bank account. Cross one finger with another as a sign of hope that a good or the wished-for thing will happen. Make a sign of the cross over ones heart to emphasize what one is saying is true. Occur in ones thought. To have an argument or dispute with someone. Walk over to join the opposing side in Parliament. A tragic event that is so unfair and occurs so suddenly. In hot pursuit To think very hard about something. To start to fight for or defend something one strongly believes in. To bring oneself into favour with someone by flattering or pleasing them. Noticeably better than others. To appear attractive when one puts on particular clothes. (agreement, decision, etc.) reached and cannot be changed. In computing, remove text from one location to place it on another. Withdraw from a situation that becomes difficult rather than attempt to cope with it. Uncontrolled and rough environment. Have both good and bad sides To jump queue. Used to tell someone to stop saying or doing something. Will not be able to bring about change in someone. To set someone free by cutting the rope that binds them. To stop someone from finishing what they are saying. To deliberately ignore someone. To not continue depending on someone. Used to tell someone to stop wasting time on minor details and concentrate on the important ones. To be good enough to reach certain standard. To be mischievous.
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231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249

dagger at daggers drawn damnedest - do ones damnedest damsel damsel in distress dark in the dark day day of reckoning dead - be dead meat dead dead and buried dead dead mans shoes dead dead on time deal - its a deal deal - strike a deal death at deaths door death - on death row declare declare an interest decline someones declining years delusion delusions of grandeur dice dice with death dish dish the dirt divide divide and rule do do or die do - dos and donts do that does it! dog - a dogs age dog - dog eat dog dog going to the dogs doing take some doing domino - the domino effect done - a done deal done - the done thing dot on the dot dot to a dot dotage in ones dotage double - at/on the double drag drag ones feet drain - down the drain draw - draw a blank

With mutual hatred. To try extremely hard to succeed or obtain something. A young woman who needs to be rescued. In a state of ignorance. The time when someone has to face up to the consequences of their actions. To be in serious trouble. Over and finished, no longer worth considering. Succeeding someone or inheriting his property is only possible on his death. At the stated or agreed time. Used to express ones agreement to something. Mutually agree to do something for each other. So ill that one may die soon. To be kept in the area of a prison where prisoners awaiting execution are confined. To make known publicly that one holds an interest in something. Last years of ones life when one experiences diminishing physical strength and good health. Possessing a very strong sense of self-importance. To place oneself in a rather risky position. To engage in casual conversation or idle gossip about other people. To maintain control over people, and provoke dissent between them to ensure they do not rise in opposition. To persist in a course of action even if the outcome is death. The things that one must and must not do in a given situation. Used to show that one can tolerate no more. A very long time. A situation in which people compete ruthlessly. Deteriorating with no possibility of improving. Involving hard work or much effort. A situation in which one event triggers similar events around it to happen successively. An agreed proposal or a completed business deal. To be socially acceptable. Punctually. Exactly; precisely. In ones old age. Very quickly. To be deliberately slow to do something. Entirely wasted. To be unsuccessful, especially after searching for
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250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266

267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305

something such as evidence, etc. draw draw someones eye To make someone notice something. dress dress a salad Add a mixture of additional ingredients onto a salad. dress dressed to kill Quality clothes worn to make a striking impression. drop drop a bombshell To suddenly reveal a shocking piece of news. drop drop a clanger/brick To pass an embarrassing remark in a social environment. drop drop a hint To convey something in an indirect way by what one says or does. drop drop ones guard To cease keeping careful watch for possible danger. drown drown ones sorrows To forget ones problems by drinking a lot of alcohol. drum drum ones fingers To unconsciously display ones anxiety. due in due course At the appropriate time in the future. due pay ones dues Make regular payments to; fulfil ones obligations. duff - up the duff Pregnant. dust dust and ashes Something that causes great disappointment. early - an early grave Dying too soon. early its early days Early in time for something to happen, etc. earn earn ones keep To do enough work to justify what one receives in return. earth go to earth Go into hiding. eat eat humble pie Admit ones mistake and offer an apology. eat - eat ones words Retract ones statement, usually under pressure. economy economies of To economic benefit of production of an item in large scale quantities. effect - to that effect Getting the desired outcome or meaning. empty empty your bowels To defecate. end be the end Be the limit of what one can tolerate. end - days on end Lasting many days. end end in itself (an) Something that one really wants to do, and not for other reasons. end end it all To kill own self; commit suicide. end end to end Arrange things in a row with ends touching end in the end Eventually; ultimately. end make ends meet To live within ones means. end - to that end To aim at or achieve something. end to this end For this purpose. even - get even with To inflict harm or insult on someone just as much as they have harmed or insulted you. event - in any event Used to emphasize that an event will happen besides others that may happen. event - in the event Used to emphasize what actually happened or might happen in a given situation. ever ever and anon Occasionally; from time to time. every every now and again Occasionally. every every now and then Sometimes but not often. every every other Each alternate item in a list of items. every every so often Occasionally; sometimes.
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306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343

every every Tom, Dick, and Harry every every which way evil - the evil eye eye - be all eyes eye be all eyes eye - catch someones eye eye close ones eyes eye make eyes at eye open someones eyes eye - the naked eye eye to my eye eyeball - eyeball to eyeball face face the music fact facts of life fair - fair and square fair - fairs fair fair - fair-weather friend fair - the fair sex faith act of faith faith breach of faith faith in good faith fall fall foul of fall fall from grace fall fall into line fall fall into place fall fall short of fancy take someones fancy favour in favour of feather feather in (ones) cap feel feel the pinch fiddle play second fiddle (to) fight fight or flight fight fight shy of fill fill someones shoes fill fill the bill find find favour with fine ones finest hour fire fire and brimstone

Used to refer to ordinary people in general. In all directions. A look from the evil eye according to old superstition is believed to cause considerable harm. Be watching something attentively Be watching eagerly and attentively To attract someones attention. To deliberately not notice something unpleasant. To look at someone with sexual interest. To make someone aware of something. Seeing without using a telescope, microscope, etc In ones opinion with regards to how someone or something looks. Face to face with someone in a mutually angry or hostile way. Accept the consequences of something one has done. Information about sex. Accurately; honestly and openly. Request for fair play or treatment, or a statement that something has been fair. A person whose friendship is not genuine, especially in times of crisis. Women. An action demonstrating trust. Betrayal of trust; insincerity. With intention to be honest; sincerity. To break a rule or law. To stop being liked by others, especially those in authority. To conform to what is required of someone. To begin to become clear or make sense. To be less than the amount or standard required. Make something attractive or interesting to someone. In support of or agree to something. An achievement that one should be proud of. Experience difficulties, especially financial. To take a less important role. Instinctive response to a threatening situation. To avoid doing or becoming involved with something. Substitute someones role and perform it acceptably. To have the qualities suitable for a particular purpose. To be liked or approved of. Time when someone experiences their greatest success. Refers to hell.
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344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382

first at first light first first among equals first first and foremost first first of all first first things first flat go flat against flesh flesh and blood flesh - put flesh on floor take the floor fly fly a kite flying - with flying colours follow as follows follow follow suit follow follow the herd foot - feet of clay force by force of force come into force force force of circumstance force force someones hand force force the bidding force force the issue force forces of darkness force forces of nature fortune a small fortune fortune soldier of fortune French take French leave full full steam ahead further - until further notice garbage garbage in, garbage out gauntlet - run the gauntlet get get a life. go go for it go go without saying go - have a go go on the go go who goes there? goalpost move the goalposts grade - make the grade grass the grass roots

Dawn; daybreak. The most outstanding one. The primary purpose of something. Before doing anything else. Dealing with things in or To completely disregard or reject outright. Someone of ones own family. To provide details so as to clarify. To dance or speak at a social event, etc. To try out something new so as to test reaction. Very successfully. To present a list of something. To do the same thing as someone has just done. To just blindly do what other people do. Someone whose faults are not easily known. By means of. Start to operate. External factors that influence ones decisions Exert pressure on someone to do something. To deliberately and quickly drive up a price To pressure someone to make a hasty decision. Evil influences or the devil. Natural forces such as the earthquakes, volcanoes, wind, etc. A large amount of money. A soldier who will fight in return for money; a mercenary. To absent oneself form work, etc. without permission. To proceed or do something energetically and speedily. Until one is notified again. Inferior quality input will produce low quality output. Take whatever criticisms or attacks that come ones way. Used to tell someone that they are boring. Put in all ones effort to get something. To be self-evident. Make an attempt at something. On the move all the time. A sentrys challenge to someone to identify themselves. Alter the rules in an unfair manner. To accomplish what is required. Succeed. The ordinary people as opposed to the leaders in an organization.
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383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392

grease - grease someones palm grease - like greased lightning green - green with envy green - green-eyed monster green - have green fingers grim like/for grim death grind - the daily grind grit grit ones teeth groan moan and groan guard guard of honour guard lower your guard guess - be anybodys guess guest - be my guest guest guest of honour gun jump the gun gutter the gutter press hair - a hairs breath half - half a mind (to)

To bribe someone. Extremely fast. Very envious or jealous Jealousy. Clever at growing plants. With great determination. The monotonous work that one does every day. To persevere in ones efforts to overcome something difficult. Complain constantly. A group of soldiers assembled to ceremonially welcome an important visitor, usually a foreign head of state. Fail to give proper care or attention to. Something that no one knows but only guess at. Used to express permission to someone to do what they have asked to do. The most important person invited to a special function. To act sooner than one should without considering the proper time to do it. Newspapers engaging in sensationalism and considered as fit only for the gutter A very small margin Used when one is unsure about doing something.

393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400

0401 - 0600 (H- M) PHRASES and IDIOMS Phrases and Idioms 401 hammer - hammer something home 402 hammer - under the hammer 403 hand - hand and hand 404 hand - hand in glove 405 hand - hand to mouth 406 hand - hand-and-glove 407 hand lend a hand 408 hand out of hand 409 hang hang your head 410 hard be hard hit 411 hard - be hard on 412 hard be hard put 413 hard - hard done by 414 hard - hard luck story 415 hard - hard of hearing 416 hard hard to take 417 hard - no hard feelings

Meaning To convey ones message across effectively by speaking intelligibly. Be for sale at an auction. Be involved with In close cooperation with someone in an illegal activity. With just enough money and food to survive on. Inseparable or on intimate terms. To help someone in doing something. Out of control. Immediately; without thinking. To look ashamed and guilty. Adversely affected by something. To be too strict or harsh on someone. To have difficulty doing something. To be treated in an unfair or harsh manner. A story told to gain sympathy. Having difficulty in hearing. Difficult to accept or believe. No feelings of resentment.
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418 hard take something hard 419 hard - the hard stuff 420 hard times are hard 421 head - a clear head 422 head - a head for 423 head - come to a head 424 head head over heels 425 head head will roll 426 head keep ones head 427 head lose ones head 428 heart break someones heart 429 heart change of heart 430 heart cross ones heart 431 heart from the heart 432 heart have the heart 433 heart heart and soul 434 heart heart of gold 435 heart heart-to-heart 436 heart learn by heart 437 heart ones hearts desire 438 heart open ones heart 439 heart take to heart 440 hearth hearth and home 441 hedge hedge your bets 442 heel - take to (ones) heels 443 hell hell for leather 444 hell hell on earth 445 high have high hopes 446 high - high and dry 447 high high and mighty 448 history history repeats itself 449 hit hit rock bottom 450 hit hit it off 451 hit hit the bottle 452 hit hit the jackpot 453 hit hit the road 454 hold hold a conversation 455 hold hold ones horses 456 hold hold ones own 457 hold hold the fort 458 hold hold the line 459 hold hold your fire 460 hold no holds barred

Feel very unhappy or disappointed about something. Strong alcoholic drink Time when one has problems and difficulties. Being able to think clearly in a difficult situation. An ability to tolerate something. Reach a crisis. Madly in love with something. Some people will be punished or dismissed. Remain calm. Lose self-control. To make someone feel very sad. Change in ones thinking. Used to make a promise. With the sincerest feeling. Show pity; be merciful. With all ones affections. A kind or generous nature. Frank, sincere (talk) Learn by memorizing. Someones greatest wish for something. To make known ones feelings or thoughts. Take something seriously. Ones home and family. Avoid total loss by placing similar bets on the other side. Run away quickly. At great speed. A place that is extremely unpleasant. Confident of successful outcome. Left with nothing. Feeling self-important; arrogant. Theres a tendency for events to happen again in a similar way. To descend to the lowest level. To become friends in a natural way. To start to drink to excess. To win a huge amount of money. Set forth on a journey To get engaged in a conversation with someone. To stop for some reason. To do something or succeed without help from anyone. To take over someones responsibility while they are away. To not yield; to wait until the other person is ready to answer ones telephone call. Used to order soldiers to cease firing. Without any restrictions or rules.
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461 holier holier than-thou 462 home home and dry 463 honour - do the honours 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 honour in honour of honour man of honour honour on ones honour honour on/upon my honour hook - off the hook hop on the hop hope hope against hope house house of God house on the house

Self-righteous. Having succeeded in getting something done. To do things such as serve food or drink at a social occasion. Used to show respect and admiration of someone. A man of high moral standards. Under a moral duty to do something. Used to express ones sincerity. No longer in a difficult situation. Unprepared; busy. Hope for something that probably will not happen. A church, a temple. A drink or meal paid for by the bar, restaurant, etc. management. A close relationship of communication or understanding. In a risky situation. To start to understand something Have no knowledge of Thats exactly right Feeling uncomfortable or embarrassed. Say something bad about someone. Starting from a time in the distant past which people cannot now recall. Affected by an effect or an imperceptible power exerted by someone or something that causes changes in conduct or the character. The details of a system, workings, etc. Being able to provide internal information. To die without having any children. To dispute the truth or validity of. Have the desire to travel or go somewhere. A person having dual personalities, one good and one evil. The very job that is wanted. While doing work; being part of the work. Combine efforts for a common purpose. To drive past a red traffic light. To be very excited and happy. To begin something without proper planning. Move ahead of other people in a queue. To form a quick opinion without considering the facts. In/not in agreement or harmony with. Stop doing something which one does habitually. To be kept waiting for a long time. Promote someone to an ostensibly higher and more influential position in a business. Die.
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human - the human touch ice on thin ice idea - get the idea idea - have no idea idea - thats the idea ill ill at ease ill speak ill of immemorial since/from time immemorial 481 influence - under the influence 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 ins ins and outs inside on the inside issue die without issue issue take issue with itchy have itchy feet Jekyll Jekyll and Hyde job just the job job on the job join join forces jump jump a light jump jump for joy jump jump the gun jump jump the queue jump jump to conclusions key in/out of key kick kick a habit kick kick ones heels kick kick someone upstairs kick kick the bucket

501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513

killing - make a killing kind of a kind kiss kiss of death kiss kiss of life kiss kiss someones arse knife - under the knife knock knock it off know know by heart know know no bounds know know ones onions know know ones stuff know know the ropes know know whats what

514 large - in large part/measure 515 latest - at the latest 516 law law and order 517 lead lead someone astray 518 least at the very least 519 least least of all 520 least not in the least 521 lend lend an/ones ear 522 lend lend weight to 523 letter - to the letter 524 liberty take liberties with

To make a large profit in a short time. Scarcely worthy of what is specified or described. A kindly act which produces negative outcome Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. To be excessively slavish or obedient to someone. Having a surgery. Used to tell someone to stop doing something. Have learned something by rote and now able to repeat it from memory. Have no limits. Be experienced in or knowledgeable about something. Be fully acquainted with something. To have experience in or familiar with something. Have the necessary experience, ability or knowledge to do something successfully. Mostly; to a great extent.

No later than the time referred to. A situation in which people are abiding by the law. To influence someone to act or behave in a wrong way. At the minimum; adopting the most negative stance. Not less than; if nothing else; Not at all. listen sympathetically to someone. To put more value on something. Pay close attention to every detail. To conduct oneself in an improper manner towards; to deal with rules, writing, etc. without due consideration to facts. 525 liberty take the liberty To do something without permission. 526 lick at a lick Very fast. 527 lick lick ones wounds To think carefully and seriously about ones defeat or disappointment that has just happened. 528 lick lick someones boots More than willing to serve or please others. 529 lie lie in state Display of an important deceased persons body in a public place for people to pay their last respect. 530 life come to life To become exciting, or lively; to start working again. 531 life for dear life Do whatever one can to escape death. 532 life full of life Very lively and happy. 533 life larger than life Someone who attracts a lot of attention due to an exceptional personal attribute they possess. 534 life - way of life The way people choose to live their lives. 535 light bring/come to light To make or become known. 536 light throw light on To clarify things by providing more or new information. 537 line - along party line Acting in accordance to the party one belongs to. 538 line - bring into line To make to conform 539 line - fall into line To conform to the way in which something is done. 540 line - in line with In accordance with 541 line - line of vision The direction in which an observer looks.
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542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551

line - on the line line - out of line lip - pay lip service lip - read ones lips living - in living memory loiter loiter with intent long - at long last loose - on the loose lose lose ones mind lose lose sight of

552 lost a lost cause 553 lost - be lost on 554 luck just my luck 555 556 557 558 559 luck out of luck luck press ones luck luck try ones luck make make away with make make or break

560 man a mans man 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 man be man enough man be someones man man - man about town man - man and wife (be) man - man of God man - man of letters man - man to man man - mans best friend man - to a man manner all manner of many - a good many many a good many many a great many mark leave/make its/a mark mark make ones mark mark mark my words mark near/close to the mark mark off/wide off the mark mark on your marks

at serious risk, (job, etc.) likely to be lost. Behaving unacceptably or inappropriately. express support without action to show it. To listen carefully so as to understand what is said. That can still be remembered by people. Hang around a place with criminal intent. Finally; after a long time Having escaped from prison or cage. To become insane. No longer able to see someone or something; to forget something. Something that is not likely to be achieved. Refuse to appreciate or accept. Used to express disappointment that something bad has happened to one. Suffering misfortune; having bad luck. Take unnecessary risks. To attempt something difficult and hope it will succeed. carry away secretly or illegally. To be a decisive factor in the success or failure of something or someone. A man who moves around and engages with other men at social functions and in manly activities. be strong or brave enough A man who satisfies fully someones requirement. A man who is socially active. To be married. A deeply religious man or a priest. A male writer. In direct and frank engagement between two men. A dog. Without exception. Many different kinds of. Quite a lot A fairly large number of. A very large number of Leave a permanent or significant impression. Attain fame or distinction. Used to tell someone to be attentive to what one is saying. Almost accurate; almost on target. Not correct or inaccurate. Instruction to competitors to correctly position themselves to start a race. Someone who is in danger of being harmed by his enemy. Marriage for other reasons and not for love.
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580 marked - a marked man 581 marriage marriage of

convenience 582 marry marry a fortune 583 marry marry into money 584 matter - matter of fact (a) 585 matter - no matter what 586 means beyond ones means 587 means - by all means 588 means by any means 589 means by means of 590 means by no means 591 means man/woman of means 592 means within ones means 593 measure - for good measure 594 mend mend ones fences 595 mend on the mend 596 middle the middle ground 597 might might is right 598 mincemeat - make mincemeat of 599 mind a close mind (have) 600 mind have in mind

Marry a rich heiress. Marry a wealthy person or someone from a wealthy family. In reality; in fact. One will do something regardless of what happens. More than one can afford. Of course. At all. By using something Not at all. Man/woman who is rich. Not more than one can afford. Additional input to what is already enough or required. Make peace with someone whom one has offended. Improving in ones health or a situation. Something which provides a basis for a discussion, negotiation, meeting, etc. to be carried out. Used to say powerful people/countries are free from prosecution/retaliation and so can do what they like To defeat someone totally. Not willing to consider new ideas. Plan, intend

0601 - 0800 (M - R) PHRASES and IDIOMS Phrases and Idioms 601 mind - have someone in mind 602 mind - in/of two minds (be) 603 mind - mind over matter 604 mind - of one mind (be) 605 mind - of sound mind (be) 606 mind - set your mind (on) 607 mind - to my mind 608 minute any minute now 609 minute - by the minute 610 mirror - a mirror of 611 miss Miss Right 612 miss miss the boat 613 miss miss the point 614 moment for the moment 615 moment have ones moments

Meaning Thinking about someone. Unable to decide on something. The use of willpower to handle a difficult situation Decide unanimously or share the same opinion. Posses the ability to think clearly and act responsibly. To finally decide to do something. Used when expressing an opinion. Very soon. As time passes. A clear idea of something The young woman who would make an ideal wife. Fail to seize an apportunity. Fail to understand the main idea of what is being said. For now; for the time being. Therere times when things are better than other
192

616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637

moment moment of truth moment of the moment moon over the moon more more and more more more or less mould - break the mould mouth be all mouth mouth watch ones mouth move - make a move mover movers and shakers much - a bit much much not much of (a) mug a mugs game nail on the nail name call someone names name in name only near near at hand neck neck and neck nerve bundle of nerves nerve have a/the nerve nerve lose ones nerve nerve touch a raw nerve

638 nerve war of nerves 639 never never day die 640 never never you mind 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 next next to nothing nine nine days wonder none none other than none none the wiser nook nook and cranny nothing come to nothing nothing have nothing on nothing nothing doing nothing nothing less than

650 nothing nothing to it 651 nothing stop at nothing 652 653 654 655 nothing think nothing of now now and again now now and then now now now

times. A time when an outcome of something is known. At the current time. Greatly delighted. Increasingly. Approximately. To change something completely by doing things differently. Not doing what one boastfully says one can do. To be careful of what one says. To leave a place; to take action to achieve something. People who wield enormous power and influence. More than necessary; unfair or unreasonable. Not a good example of. Something that is likely to be unsuccessful Prompt payment of ones debt. To verbally insult someone. Does not really exist but officially it is claimed to exist. Within easy reach; in the immediate future. Level in race, competition, etc. A very tense or worried person. To behave rudely or impudently towards someone. Deprived of the ability to be calm and confident. Comment on something that someone is sensitive about. Use of hostile propaganda to undermine morale. Used to urge someone to refuse to despair or give up. Used to dissuade someone from asking about something. Very little. Event, etc. that brings excitement for a short while. Introducing the surprising someone. Not knowing more at the end than at the beginning of something one does. Every part of something or a place. Wasted efforts with no effect or result to show. Be not wearing anything; be naked. Spoken when one refuses to do something. Used to emphasize something that is especially relevant. Not requiring much effort. Not deterred by anything; having or showing no compassion or morality. To consider something as uninteresting or surprising. From time to time. Occasionally. To calm an angry or agitated person down.
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656 657 658 659 660

nuts nuts and bolts nutshell in a nutshell odds odds and ends old an old hand old old wives tale

661 old - the old country 662 old the old days 663 old the old guard 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 one one after another one one and only one one or two one - be as one one one and all one one by one open - an open invitation open an open mind open - be open with open in open court open in the open open the heavens opened order in order that order in order to order in short order order out of order other ones other half other the other place other in other words other the other woman out out and about out out with it out out-and-out outside - an outside chance outside - at the outside outside - on the outside over over against over over and above over over and out

693 over over and over 694 over over the hill 695 over over the moon 696 pace keep pace with

The practical details. Stating the main facts concisely. Various types of small items of low value Someone who has a lot of experience of something. A long held traditional belief that is now considered to be baseless. Ones country of birth and where one is no longer living in. Times or a period in the past. The original or conservative members of an organization, club, party, etc. One by one. Someone who is known to all; unique. A few, a small number of. To agree about something. Everyone. Someone or something that moves singly in succession. East accessibility to people to visit, to steal, etc. A mind accessible to new arguments or ideas. Speak frankly to. In a court of law that is open to the public. Outdoors. It began to rain heavily. So that. With the purpose of doing Without delay; immediately. No longer working/working properly. Ones spouse. The other world. Used to make an idea, etc. easier to understand. A married mans mistress. Go about ones routine. Used to tell someone to say out what they are thinking. Utter, complete A small possibility of something happening. At the most. The outward appearance of a person. Adjacent to; compare to; in contrast to. In addition to. Used to indicate one has finished transmitted a message. Repeatedly. No longer young; past ones prime of life and beginning to decline. Every happy or delighted. Move or advance at the same rate.
194

697 pain - for ones pains 698 699 700 701 pain on/under pain of pair - the happy pair part part and parcel past - A shady past

702 pay pay ones respects 703 pay pay ones way 704 payment payment in kind 705 peace hold ones peace 706 peace keep the peace 707 peace make ones peace 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 peace rest in peace per - as per usual pick pick a fight pick pick a lock pick pick holes in pick pick ones nose pick pick ones teeth pick pick someones pocket pity - for pitys sake plate on a plate plate on ones plate play come into play play out of play play play for time play play it cool play play it safe play play on words play play second fiddle play play the fool play play with fire plunge take the plunge point - belabour the point point - beside the point point case in point point point the finger poke poke fun at pole - be poles apart poor the poor mans ..

For ones efforts in doing something but not getting a fair return. On/under punishment of. Newly married couple. Essential part of A past that one had committed a criminal or immoral act and is best kept secret. Show ones polite consideration by calling or visiting. To finance ones own cost or expenses. Using goods or services instead of money as settlement Remain silent, even under provocation. To maintain law and order. Restore friendly relations with someone after a personal dispute. Used in funeral service as part of a prayer. As usual. Force a fight. Use something other than the key to open a lock. Criticize adversely; find fault with. To remove mucus from ones nose with ones finger. To remove bits of food from ones teeth with something pointed. To steal secretly from someones pocket. Used to show ones growing irritation. Getting something without working for it. Having so much to occupy ones time. To have significant effect. When a ball goes out of the allowed area of play. To gain time by employing delaying tactics. To behave in a relaxed or unconcerned manner. Avoid taking unnecessary risks. To make use of ambiguous words to amuse or confuse. Play a subordinate role. Acting in a silly way. Do something that could have serious consequences. To finally commit oneself to doing something after much hesitation. Discuss at length. Irrelevant; not important. An example used to clarify the topic being discussed. To openly accuse, blame or implicate someone. Make fun of or ridicule someone. Entirely different from each other. An inferior or cheaper substitute for someone or something as mentioned.
195

736 pop - pop the question 737 pot-luck - take pot-luck 738 pound pound of flesh 739 practice practice makes perfect 740 premium at a premium 741 press go to press 742 press at the press 743 press off the press 744 press press the flesh 745 press send to press 746 pressed pressed for time 747 price at any price 748 prick prick of conscience print appear in print print out of print proportion out of proportion proportion sense of proportion 753 puck pluck a pigeon 754 pull pull ones face 749 750 751 752 755 pull pull ones punches 756 pull pull ones rank 757 pull pull someones leg 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 pull pull the plug pure pure and simple push - at a push push push ones luck quite - not quite rack rack and ruin raise raise the dust rank rank and file ransom - a kings ransom rate - at this rate raw in the raw read - a good read ready - at the ready record - for the record record off/on the record red - in the red red red letter day red - the red planet regard in this regard

To propose marriage to someone. Be willing to take or eat whatever is available. Something thats ones entitled but which will make them to suffer to demand. Perfection comes from habitual doing of something. Not readily available; at a higher than usual price. To get something printed. In the process of printing. Printed; issued. To shake hands with people Send to be printed. Not having enough time. Regardless of the risk involved or what may happen. Feeling of deep regret or guilt for a wrong committed. Have ones work published. No longer available in printed form. More than what it should be; exaggerated. The ability to judge the relative importance of things. To rob a foolish or gullible person. Change ones facial expression to reflect ones feelings. To be less forceful, harsh, etc. than one is capable. Abuse ones senior position to exact obedience, etc. To playfully cause someone to believe something that is not true. Prevent something from continuing. Absolutely by itself, nothing short of. With difficulty but can be done. To assume one will continue to be successful. Not completely or totally. Deteriorate due to neglect. To cause a disturbance. Ordinary members of an organization. A huge amount of money. If things continue to happen in this way In its realistic state; naked. Something that people enjoy reading. Available to put into immediate service. For something to be recorded and remembered. Not made/made as official record. To have no money in ones account. A special day that makes you very happy. Mars Connected with something mentioned previously or just said.
196

777 regard with regard to 778 rein take the reins 779 reinvent reinvent the wheel 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 respect in respect of respect with respect to rest rest on oars rest rest ones case ride be riding high ride ride herd on ride ride roughshod over right as of right right - right-hand man right the right stuff rise give rise to rise on the rise rise rise and shine risk risk ones neck

794 risk run the risk 795 796 797 798 799 rock on the rocks rock rock the boat root - put down roots rope know the ropes rough a rough diamond

800 rough in the rough 0801 - 1000 (R - W) PHRASES and IDIOMS Phrases and Idioms 801 rough rough and ready 802 round go the rounds 803 round in round figures 804 round round of applause 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 round round someone up rub rub ones hands rub rub shoulders with rule - as a rule rule - rule of law rule - rule of thumb rule - rule the roost runner - do a runner

Referring to something one is speaking or writing about. Take over the responsibility. To waste time in devising what is already in existence. Concerning; with reference to; in relation to. Referring to. Rest after a spell of labour. End ones presentation of evidence in a court of law. Successful and popular. Keep watch over. Treat someone without consideration of their feelings. It is ones right. An important assistant. The necessary or required qualities. Cause something to happen. Increasing in value, success, prices, etc. Get out of bed early and quickly. To do something that involves the possibility of being killed. Expose to the possibility of something dangerous or unpleasant happening. Fraught with problems and is likely to fail. To disrupt the existing situation. To become settled in a place. Know all of something through experience A person who is of good character but lacks good manners. In a natural or difficult state

Meaning Simple or crude but effective. To pass from one person to another. Express exact numbers as the nearest whole numbers. Audience or people are clapping to show their appreciation of something. To gather together a number of people Indicate personal satisfaction with what one has done or what has happened. Come into contact with. Usually the case; usually true. Situation in which everyone is subject to and abides by the law. A rough guide based on experience rather than theory. To be in control. To flee the scene so as to escape from or avoid
197

813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853

running in running order running in/out of the running rush rush ones fences sad sadder but wiser safety safety in numbers salt - worth ones salt same same to you save save ones breath save save ones skin save save the day scene - behind the scenes scene hit the scene scene not ones scene score on that score score settle a score scrape - in a scrape scrape - scrape the barrel scratch - scratch a living scratch scratch ones head scratch scratch the surface scratch - up to scratch second - second to none seller - a sellers market sense make sense of serve serve a sentence serve serve ones country serve serve someone right service - be of service set be set on shadow shadow of death shelf - off the shelf shelf - on the shelf shit - be shitting bricks shit full of shit shit in the shit shoestring - on a shoestring short in short supply short short of breath shot a long shot shot a parting shot shoulder shoulder to shoulder

something. Sequence in which events are arranged to take place. In/no longer in a contest. Do something hurriedly Learn something after its effect has become clear or understood. Used to mean less danger in a lot of animals, people, etc. being together. Good at ones job. May you have the same thing. Not worth saying anything. Look after ones own safety. Solve a problem. In secret away from public view. To arrive; appear. Not something someone is interested in. Concerning something just mentioned. To inflict revenge on someone who has caused an injury or harm to oneself. In difficulty. Using the last, remaining, low quality of resources. Manage with just enough to survive on. Be confused, seeking a solution. Deal with a matter but not thoroughly enough. Good enough to meet a certain standard. The best. Situation in which demand of goods and shares is more than supply, and prices are generally high. To find or seek out the meaning of something Spend a period of time in a prison. To fight for ones country. Someone who deserves the punishment or misfortune. Be available to help if help is needed. To be very determined about doing something. Intense gloom or peril. Ready for purchase without having to place an order. No longer useful or desirable; too old to get married. To be in an extreme anxious and frightened state. Use to describe what someone says is stupid. To be in deep trouble. Cheaply, without spending much money. Insufficient to meet the demand of a commodity, etc. Breathing with short, quick breaths. A poor guess or attempt at something A remark that one makes before leaving. Together with mutual cooperation and support.
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854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893

sick sick to death sight at first sight sight raise ones sights sinew -sinews of war six - sixes and sevens, at skin - skin and bone, be skin - skin someone alive sleep put to sleep sleep sleep a wink sleep sleep on it slip let something slip slip slip a disc slip slip of the tongue slip slip ones mind/memory slog - slog it out sly on the sly smell - smell a rat snap in a snap son son of a bitch son son of a gun sort a sort of sort in some sort sort of a sort/of sorts sort - out of sorts sort sort of spare spare no expense sparks spark will fly speak on speaking terms speak so to speak speak speak evil/ill/well of speak speak ones mind spick - spick and span spill spill ones guts spill spill the beans spin spin a story/yarn split a split second split split ones sides sport - be a sport spout - up the spout spread spread ones wings

Extremely fed up and annoyed by constant exposure to something. First impression conveyed by something; when first seen. Aim to achieve something. Money. In a disorganized and confused state. Very thin. To mete out very harsh punishment to someone. To administer drug or anaesthetic to someone to make them unconscious; to kill an animal painlessly. Sleep for a brief moment. To defer (a decision, etc.) to a later date. To accidentally make known information that is meant to be kept secret. Suffer intense pain when a piece of the series of small bones forming the backbone becomes displaced. Make a mistake when speaking. To forget to do something. To battle or compete fiercely for something. Secretly; done in a surreptitious way. To detect something suspicious. In a moment, immediately. Used to show total disrespect for or address someone in an insulting and offensive way. Used to refer to someone. To not exactly describe someone or something. To a certain extent. Of an inferior or unusual kind, not worthy of its name. Not in ones normal good health. To some extent; partly. To use unlimited amount of money as is required. There will be a heated exchange. Slightly acquainted. Not exactly as it means; in some sense. To refer unfavourably/criticize/praise To express freely exactly what one thinks. Completely clean and tidy. Reveal willingly much information about something. To accidentally make known what is previously unknown or secret information. Tell an untrue story to deceive someone. An extremely brief moment of time. Laugh hysterically. Used when seeking favour of someone. Unsuccessful, wasted; pregnant. To expand ones knowledge, experience, or interest
199

894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931

staff - staff of life stand I stand corrected stand stand in line stand stand ones ground start for a start start to start with state state of affairs state state of emergency state state of grace state state of mind stay stay of execution stay stay the course steal steal a kiss steal - steal a march steal steal someones heart steal steal someones thunder steal steal the show steam get/pick up steam steam let off steam steer steer clear of stiff stiff upper lip stock on the stocks stock out of stock stock take stock of stomach - a strong stomach stone - a stones throw (away) strapped strapped for cash straw - the last straw stretch at a stretch stretch at full stretch stretch stretch a point strike strike the eye striking within striking distance string pull the strings strong ones strong point sundry - all and sundry swallow swallow ones pride swing in full swing

Staple food, especially bread. Ready to admit ones view or judgement is wrong. Queue up. Stick resolutely to ones opinion, etc. To begin with. To deal with the first thing or first part of something. Situation. Dangerous situation in which a government assumes absolute power. Having been forgiven for sins committed while alive. The way one feels. A delay in obeying a judicial order. To endure in spite of difficulties to the end of a race, etc. To kiss someone who has not expected it. To start earlier so as to gain an advantage over others. Win someones love. To pre-empt someones action to achieve or impress by acting first so as to gain praise or attention. To divert praise and attention to oneself. To gradually gather momentum. Get rid of excess strong emotion by doing vigorous activity. To avoid or ignore someone or something. Uncomplaining or showing courage in difficult situation. Under construction; in preparation. Not immediately available for sale or distribution. Review or assess a situation. Able to see or do unpleasant things without feeling sick or upset. A very short distance away Not having or short of money. The last of a series of problems which becomes unbearable making one give up, react, etc. Continuously without a pause or break. Using everything that one has To do or go beyond the usual limit. To become particularly noticeable. Close to something or an achievement. To be in control of affairs, events, etc. Something that one is very good at. Everyone. Do what one feels uncomfortable or embarrassed to do by intentionally disregarding ones feelings. Reaching the highest point of activity.
200

932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970

swing swing the balance sword sword of Damocles sync in/out of sync table - turn the tables table - under the table take on the take take take a joke take take ones time take take that talk - be all talk talk now youre talking talk talk sense into talk talk the talk test test the water thin thin on top thrill thrills and spills thumb - under someones thumb tickle - be tickled pink tickle tickle someones fancy time - ahead of time time behind the times time - take ones time time time will tell tit - tit for tat tongue hold ones tongue tongue tongue in cheek tongues - speak in tongues tooth - tooth and nail toss give a toss toss take a toss toss toss ones cookies touch out of touch touch touch a nerve touch - touch-and-go track keep track of track off the track trail trail ones coat trial trial and error trice in a trice

Influence the result of something. Constant threat or danger. Working well/badly together. Turn a disadvantage into an advantage Illegal and secret payment of money in exchange of a favour; bribery. Taking bribes. Able to tolerate being teased or made fun of. Not acting hurriedly. Used to say to someone when hitting them. Much talking, without action, about doing something. Used to express agreement with someones good idea. To persuade someone to be sensible. To convince, persuade or impress by talking. To seek opinions, views or feelings before taking action. Balding. Exciting and pleasant experience. Under someones domination or influence. To be extremely amused or pleased. To make someone interested in something. Happens sooner than expected or the scheduled time. Not aware of or using the latest ideas or techniques. Not in a hurry. The result or the truth will be known in the future. Retaliation against someone who has done something bad to you. To stop or told to stop speaking. With humorous insincerity. Speak in an unknown language during a religious worship. With all ones might Care about something at all. Fall off a horse. Vomit. Not having good understanding of something; lacking up-to-date information. To bring up a sensitive subject. A situation with a possible but uncertain outcome. Follow development of; to be fully aware of something. Derailed; deviated from the subject in question. Deliberately provoke a quarrel or fight. Make repeated attempts or conduct varied experiments until the most successful one is determined. Very quickly.
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971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000

tried tried and tested true out of true true true to form true true to life turn - at every turn two two cents worth up - be up on upper - on ones uppers use use and wont vale - vale of tears walk walk of life walk walk on eggshells walk walk ones talk wanting - be found wanting wear - wear the breeches wet wet ones pants wet - wet ones whistle wheel behind the wheel wheel wheel and deal wheel wheels within wheels wild in the wild wild wild and woolly wild - wild goose chase win win the day wink in a wink word - a good word word - have a word word - word of honour word - words fail me world the outside world

A successfully proven way of doing something. Not accurately or exactly positioned or out of alignment. Matching ones expectation. Matching reality. All the time; every time. Someones opinion. To be well informed about something. Very poor. Established custom. This world as regarded as a place of great sorrow and difficulties. The type of job a person does. To exercise utmost caution in ones words and actions. Used to mean ones actions must suit ones words. Discovered to be inadequate for a particular purpose. Domination of the husband by the wife. Become extremely excited or scared. To have an alcoholic drink. driving a vehicle. Involve in unscrupulous political or commercial schemes. Situation of extreme complexity. In an uncultivated or uninhabited region; a wilderness. Lacking good manners Hunt for something that does not exist or is not worth hunting for. Be victorious in a battle, argument, etc. Very quickly; any moment now. Words in commendation of someone. To speak briefly. Binding engagement or a promise. Too shocked or surprised to say anything. Existing away from a place or area; the rest of the world.

Part 1: A E TWO-WORD PHRASES (PART 1) 1. about time To mean something should have happened earlier or about now. 2. a first The highest level of university degree one can get in Britain. 3. Achillesheel A weak point or vulnerable spot of someone or something. 4. Adams ale Water. 5. Adams apple A projection at the front the neck which moves when we talk or swallow. 6. after dark At night. 7. against time To complete a task, etc. within a time-limit.
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8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.

ahead of all flesh all rise all square alley cat any moment armchair critic as against as ever as for as if as it is as much (as) as one as regards as yet at best at cost at first at first hand at gunpoint at hand at heart at issue at large

33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49.

at last at length at liberty at loggerheads at odds at peace at press at rest at sea at times back-handed compliment bad blood bad egg bad faith bad hat bad lot balance sheet

In front of; before. All humans and animals that have bodily life. Used in a court of law to tell the people to stand up. With all accounts settled, and no money owed. Having equal scores in a game. A stray cat. Very soon. A person who expresses an unfavourable opinion of something but lacks direct experience of or involvement in it. When compared with something else. Usually. With regard to. In a manner that it is true or false. The existing situation as at the particular time. Even though At the same time. Concerning. Until now. Taking the most hopeful view. At cost price. At the beginning (Experience gained) directly. Under threat of injury or death from a gun. Close by or readily accessible; near in time or about to happen. Ones true character and not what one may appear to be. (Matter, subject, question, problem, etc.) under discussion or in dispute. Escaped and still free, not yet captured. In general, e.g. public at large; in a general way, e.g. ambassador-at-large. In the end, usually after long delay. After a long time; in detail. Not in captivity or confinement; free to do something In total disagreement or bitter dispute. In conflict or disagreement Dead. In the process of being printed. Not moving; dead. In a ship on the sea. Occasionally but not usually. Compliment that is ambiguous or means the opposite. Ill feeling between people. Someone or something that comes to no good. Treachery; intent to deceive. A rascal A disreputable or dishonest person. A statement showing the current and fixed assets and
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50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63.

banana republic bare essentials bare facts barefaced lie barnyard humour be done be expecting be long be off be swollen-headed become law beginners luck behind bars Bermuda Triangle

64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83.

beside yourself best man better off beyond belief beyond measure big bang Big Ben Big Brother big deal Big Dipper big gun big ideas big moment big mouth big name big shot big stick big time big top biological father/mother/paren t black belt

liabilities, and capital of a business. A small poor country that is economically dependent on external aids. The most basic things or requirements. The basic details. A clear or undisguised lie. Humour that is rude. To be deceived or cheated. To be pregnant. Take a long time To leave; to be absent. To become excessively proud of oneself. Be officially made a law Quick or unusual success achieved by a novice. In prison. An area of the western Atlantic between Bermuda and Florida, credited since the mid-19th century with a number of unexplained disappearances of ships and aircraft. Unable to control ones feeling. A person appointed to attend to the bridegroom at a wedding ceremony. In a more favourable position as regards money or other personal circumstances. Unbelievable, incredible. Very much, to a very great extent. The violent explosion that is postulated as the origin of the universe. The great bell, or the clock or tower of the Palaceof Westminster in London. A person, organization or system exerting control over peoples lives. Big deal! used to express something is not as important as others think. Also known as the Plough, its a group of seven bright stars in the constellation Ursa Major (the Great Bear) An important person. Ambitious plans A time to showcase ones skill, talent, ability, etc. A very talkative, indiscreet or boastful person. A famous person, especially in show business. An important or powerful person. Force or power. The pinnacle of a persons career in politics, business, etc. The main tent of a circus. The natural father/mother/parent of a child.

84.

A belt worn by exponent in martial arts such as judo, karate, etc. to indicate high rank.
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85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99.

black box black comedy Black Death black diamond black economy black eye black gold black head black hole black magic Black Maria black market Black Panther black sheep black widow

100. blanket ban 101. blind alley 102. blind date 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. blind drunk blind faith/loyalty blind rage blood bank blood brother

108. blood count 109. blood feud 110. blood feud

111. blood group 112. blood money

113. blood relation/relative 114. blue chip

A flight recorder in an aircraft. A funny play, story, etc. that portrays the unpleasant side of human life. The great plague that killed large numbers of people in Europe and Asia in the 14th century. A dark-coloured diamond; a lump of coal. Economic activity that operates unofficially to avoid tax payment to the government. Darkness of the skin around the eye resulting from Oil A small pimple-like spot on skin with black centre. A part of outer space whose gravitational force is so powerful that nothing can escape from it. Magic supposedly uses the power of the Devil for evil purposes. Polices vehicle used to move prisoners. Illegal trade in scarce commodities. Member of a US Black Power movement. Someone regarded as a disgrace or embarrassment within a family. A very poisonous American spider that is black with read marks. A ban that affects everyone. A small narrow street closed at one end. A course of action which produces no useful results. An arranged meeting between two people of opposite sex who have not previously met. Extremely drunk. Unreasoning and strong feelings that one has. Strong feelings that are out of ones control. A place where human blood for transfusion is stored. A man who has sworn as a brother to another, typically in a ceremony in which their blood is mixed together. Examination of a specific quantity of a persons blood to determine the number of corpuscles present. A prolonged dispute between groups or families in which retaliatory killings are carried out against each other. A prolonged and bitter quarrel or dispute between families arising from the killing of or injury caused to a member by members of the other family. One of the groups to which human blood belongs such as A, B, AB and O. Compensatory payment in money to the family of someone who has been killed. Money paid to a hired killer for murdering someone. Someone who is related to another by birth rather than by marriage. Blue chip companies or their shares are considered to be reasonably safe stock exchange investment, though not entirely
205

without risk. 115. bore stiff To bore (someone) completely. 116. bosom friend/buddy An intimate or dear friend. 117. bossy-boots A bossy person. 118. bottle-fed Feeding with milk from a bottle rather than from a mothers breast. 119. bottom dollar A persons last dollar. 120. bottom gear The lowest gear of a vehicle. 121. bottom line The final total of an account or balance sheet. The reality of a situation. The final position or decisive factor. 122. bottoms up Uttered when proposing a toast before drinking. 123. bow legs Legs that curve outwards at the knee. 124. break camp To pack up camping equipment and leave area where they have been camping. 125. break even To make neither a profit nor a loss. 126. break ranks To fail to fall into line. To fail to maintain solidarity. 127. break serve To win a game in tennis when the opponent is serving. 128. break time recess 129. break wind To allow gas to emit from the anus. 130. breakneck speed Dangerously or extremely fast rate. 131. bright spot The only pleasant thing when everything else is unpleasant. 132. bumper crop A lot of crops that are produced in a season. 133. bumper harvest A harvest that produces a very large amount of wheat, rice, etc. 134. burn rubber To start to drive a car so fast that the tyres make a loud noise. 135. butterfly stroke One of the variety of swimming styles. 136. buy time To gain more time to do something, or strengthen ones position. 137. by chance With no planning. 138. by far By a great amount or degree. 139. by force Using violent physical action. 140. by fortune By chance. 141. by hand Done by a person, not by a machine. (Delivery) from one person to another, not through post. (Writing) hand-written, not typed or printed. 142. by heart from memory 143. by law According to the law. 144. by numbers Identified by numbers. 145. by oneself Alone; unaided. 146. by rights Used to say what should be the outcome if things are done fairly or correctly. 147. by turns One after another successively. 148. call girl A prostitute who makes appointments by telephone. 149. capacity crowd A crowd that fills to the maximum or fully occupies a place. 150. capital goods Goods that are used in producing other goods. 151. capital offence A crime for which death is the punishment. 152. captive audience An audience that does not have an alternative to what they are
206

153. car pool

154. cardiac arrest/failure 155. carry weight 156. cast loose 157. casual acquaintance 158. casual attitude 159. casual labourer 160. casual remark 161. casual work 162. cat burglar 163. catch fire 164. cautious optimism 165. change hands 166. character assassination 167. chat show 168. clean break 169. clean sheet 170. clearance sale 171. close finish 172. close on 173. close ranks 174. close relative 175. close shave 176. closet homosexual, etc 177. closing remarks 178. cold comfort 179. cold feet 180. cold snap 181. cold sweat 182. cold turkey

watching or listening. Arrangement by a group of car owners for sharing their cars for regular traveling on different days so that only one car is used at a time. Temporary cessation of the function of the heart. Be influential or important. To set (boat, etc.) adrift. To detach oneself from someone or something. Someone one meets incidentally or only occasionally. Indifferent, uncaring or unconcerned feeling. One who has no permanent employment and works only when work is available. Something said without a reason. Part-time or temporary work. A thief who enters an upper storey of a building by climbing the wall, etc. To begin to burn. Confident of a good outcome but not to be over confident. To pass from one owner to another. To use the other hand in doing something. Deliberate destruction of someones reputation. An entertainment show of interviews on television. A quick and final separation. Free from commitments or imputations. Goods sold cheaply to get rid of ample stock. End of a race where two competitors, especially the first two, are very close to each other. To become very near to something or someone. To unite so as to defend each other. To fall into line. A member of ones own family. A narrow escape. A homosexual, etc. who refuses to own up to it. Something one says at the end of a speech. Something pleasant such as a piece of good news that does not serve as a consolation. A feeling of cowardice or loss of confidence. A sudden brief spell of extremely cold weather. Sweat caused by a feeling of nervousness or fear rather than heat. An abrupt and complete withdrawal of drugs from an addict. Withdrawal symptoms caused by abrupt withdrawal of drugs from an addict. To gain control of oneself by calming down and being able to think clearly and carefully. Used to ask someone to repeat what he has just said.
207

183. collect oneself 184. come again

185. 186. 187. 188. 189.

come clean come first come now come true common decency

190. common ground

191. common knowledge 192. community policing Personal knowledge of and involvement in a community by the police officers who control and maintain law and order there. 193. community spirit A feeling of friendliness and membership of a community to which one belongs. 194. compare notes To discuss or exchange opinions, ideas, information, etc. about something, especially something they have just done. 195. competitive edge An advantage a party has in a competition. 196. concerted effort A jointly arranged or carried out work done with great effort by people working together. 197. conclusive proof A proof that is beyond any doubt. 198. confirmed bachelor Someone who is completely happy with remaining a bachelor, and is unlikely to get married. 199. conspicuous Ostentatious purchase of expensive goods. consumption 200. conspiracy theory The idea that a group or organization causes and covers up an unexplained event. 201. consuming passion Something that is of great interest to someone. 202. convenience foods Pre-prepared food that is frozen, or in tins, packages, etc. and requires quick and easy preparation by the consumer. 203. convincing Victory/win that is indisputable or beyond any doubt. victory/win 204. couch potato A person whose leisure time is mostly spent watching television. 205. count sheep Count imaginary sheep to induce sleep. 206. creature comfort Material possessions such as good food and clothes, accommodation, etc. 207. crocodile tears Expressions of sorrow that is not sincere or natural. 208. crop circle An area of a farm field of standing crops such as wheat, etc. in which the stalks have been flattened to the ground to form circular or more complex patterns. 209. cross swords To argue or have a dispute with someone. 210. crossed line A telephone connection fault that leads to another (second) voice being heard on the phone. 211. cry wolf To make repeated false alarms so that a genuine cry for help is ignored. 212. cultural desert A place where there is a complete dearth of cultural activities. 213. culture shock The feeling of shock or disorientation experienced by a person when suddenly subjected to an unfamiliar cultural
208

To confess to a wrong doing. The most important thing to someone. Used to comfort someone. To actually happen. The basic requirements of acceptable behaviour that everyone should comply with. Something such as opinions, beliefs, views, etc. shared or agreed by two or more parties. Something that is known to most people.

214. custom-built 215. cut corners 216. cut short 217. damn all 218. dark horse 219. dawn raid 220. dead broke 221. dead duck 222. dead end 223. dead hand 224. dead heat 225. 226. 227. 228. 229. 230. dead horse dead house dead march dead shot dead silence dead weight

231. 232. 233. 234.

dead wood deadly enemy deadly sin deal out

235. death blow 236. death cell 237. death knell 238. death penalty 239. death row 240. death sentence 241. deep down 242. deep fried 243. deep space 244. deny bail

environment. Specially designed and made to a particular customers requirement. Do something in an inadequate way in order to save time, effort, or money. Put a sudden end to; stop abruptly while doing or saying something. Nothing at all. A person about who little is known especially one who has surprising qualities or abilities. A surprise attack or operation, usually conducted by the police, at dawn. Completely without money. An unsuccessful or useless person, or a worthless idea, plan, etc. A road with no exit at one end. An undesirable persisting influence, especially a posthumous influence. A race in which two or more competitors finish at exactly the same time. Something that is pointless to revive as it is no longer of use. A mortuary. A slow solemn march for a funeral. An unerring, accurate marksman. Complete silence The heavy weight of an inert person, slaughtered animal, or something. The weight of cargo, fuel, crew, and passengers carried by a ship, etc. Someone or something regarded as unproductive or useless. An enemy who will always remain so and try to cause harm. A sin regarded as leading to damnation. To give out something, especially playing cards to each player in a card game. An action, etc. that causes the failure or end of something. A cell occupied by a prisoner condemned to death. An occasion that signals the end or cessation of existence of something. Punishment by execution in some countries. Area of a prison where prisoners sentenced to death is kept while awaiting their execution. The punishment by execution imposed on a person found guilty by a court of law. To know or feel deep down is to be certain about it. The frying of food in enough fat or oil so that the food is completely covered in it. Outer space, the regions beyond the solar system. To refuse to allow an accused person to be temporarily released on bail.
209

245. devils advocate 246. die hard 247. die laughing 248. diminishing returns 249. 250. 251. 252. dirty look do battle do without doggy paddle

253. domino theory

254. 255. 256. 257. 258. 259. 260. 261. 262. 263. 264. 265. 266. 267. 268.

done for done in donkeys years double date double Dutch double first double take double whammy down tools down with drainpipe trousers draw blood draw breath draw fire draw level

269. draw lots 270. drawn down 271. dream team 272. driving force 273. 274. 275. 276. 277. 278. 279. drop dead dry cough due to Dutch courage Dutch treat eager beaver early bird

280. early days 281. early hours 282. early night

Someone who provokes discussion or debate by supporting the opposing side. To change very slowly. To laugh a lot. The principle that each further increase in expenditure, etc. produces a proportionately smaller return. A look that expresses disapproval, anger, or disgust. Fight. Manage without something. A simple swimming stroke that moves ones legs and arms like a swimming dog. The theory that when one country in South-east Asia becomes Communist-controlled the same thing will happen to its neighbours. To be in serious trouble. To be extremely tired. A very long time. Arranged social engagement for two couples. Speech or writing that cannot be understood. A university degree with first-class honours in two sunjects. A delayed reaction after the initial one. Two bad things that happen together. To stop work. Used to express ones strong dislike or opposition to Trousers with very narrow legs. To cause someone to bleed. Inhale. To attract criticism. To come from behind to a position equal to someone else in a race, game or competition. To decide on something by random selection, such as choosing one from a number of pieces of paper. To make a drawing from a loan, or to borrow. A group of people regarded as the perfect combination for a particular activity. Someone who plays the most influential role in bringing about the success of something. To die suddenly and unexpectedly. A cough which does not produce any phlegm Caused Courage or confidence stimulated by drinking alcohol. A meal, etc. at which each person pays his or her own share. A person who is enthusiastic and works very hard. A person who always rises very early in the morning or arrives early. Early in time for something to happen, etc. The hours immediately after midnight. Sleep that is earlier than usual.
210

283. early riser 284. 285. 286. 287. 288. 289. 290. 291. 292. 293. easy meat eat (someones) salt economy class educated guess ego trip elbow room eleventh hour (the) eligible bachelor emotional cripple empty nest

294. empty promises 295. empty words/gestures 296. enemy lines 297. engaged tone

Someone who habitually gets out of bed very early in the morning. Someone who is easily outwitted or overcome. Accept someones hospitality; be a guest of someone. The cheapest type of seats in air travel. A guess that is based on sufficient information or knowledge. Something one does to increase ones self-esteem. Enough space in which to move easily or work. The last possible moment for something to be done. Someone who is a desirable marriage partner. Someone who is not able to manage their own feelings. A situation in which the children have grown up and left home, leaving the parents alone in the house. Promises which are not intended to be kept. Words or gestures that are not meant to be sincere. The location where the enemy is. The sound one hears on a telephone that signifies that the telephone number called is unavailable because it is already in use. Forcibly and thoroughly clearing an area of people from their homes because of their racial or national origin. Occurring at the same time. No matter if; despite the fact that.

298. ethnic cleansing 299. even as 300. even if

Part 2: E L TWO-WORD PHRASES (PART 2) 30 even now At this very moment. 1 30 even so Nonetheless; in spite of that. 2 303. even though In spite of that. 304. evening class A course of study held in the evening for adults who wish to learn about a particular subject or interest or to acquire a particular skill. 305. evening star The planet Venus, seen as a bright star in the western sky after sunset. 306. ever since Throughout the period/continuously since 307. every bit as As much as 308. every other Each alternate day, number, etc. in a series. 309. excess Bags or cases that exceed legally permitted weight allowed on baggage/luggage board a plane. 310. exclusion zone A zone into which foreign ships, aircraft, etc. are forbidden to enter. 311. expensive A mistake that causes one to suffer a heavy loss financially, etc. mistake 312. exponential A rate of growth/increase that becomes more and more rapid. growth/increase 313. expose oneself To show ones sexual organs in public.
211

314. eye bank 315. 316. 317. 318. 319. 320. eye contact eye pencil eye-opener fail somebody fairs fair fair-weather friend 321. faith healing 322. 323. 324. 325. 326. 327. 328. fall flat fall foul (of) fall guy fall short (of) fall through false dawn false imprisonment 329. far between 330. far gone 331. far removed 332. faraway look 333. 334. 335. 336. fat cat fat chance fatal flaw father figure

Stock of corneas removed from people who have just died and used for replacing defective corneas in blind people. Looking at each others eyes. A pencil for applying lines of make-up around the eyes. Something that surprises as one was not aware of. To breach someones trust by not doing something. Calling for fairness. A person whose friendship is unreliable in times of need. A method of treating illnesses by having religious faith and praying. Fail to produce the desired effect. Become involved in a conflict with someone. A scapegoat; someone who is easily deceived. Be deficient or inadequate; fail to attain desired standard. Fail, not completed successfully. Something good seems likely to happen but does not. The wrongful confinement of someone who is innocent. Not occurring often; rare. Advanced in time. To be in a bad or worsening state such as being very ill, drunk, crazy, tired, etc. Very different. Facial expression that indicates focus on a distant point and an appearance of inattention to immediate surroundings. A wealthy person. No possibility of something happening. A serious weakness in someone or something. An older man, especially of influence, who is respected and trusted for the paternal characteristics he possesses. A famous man such as a politician, sports player, etc. who is popular with people in his native area. A feeling of sympathy towards someone because of shared experiences. Someone whose presence is not wanted. A possibility of achieving something if great effort is applied to it. Drunk and quarrelsome. In excellent health or fit enough to fight. Brave determination Words which express a desire to fight or likely to provoke a fight. Extremely rich or rich to a disgusting extent. The small text that appears in books, magazines, etc. Competitors finishing with same number of points at end of competition. Final detail added to complete a piece of work. Go ahead (spoken). The first shedding of blood in a fight, etc. Someone or something that one likes best.
212

337. favourite son 338. fellow feeling 339. fifth wheel 340. fighting chance 341. 342. 343. 344. 345. 346. 347. 348. 349. 350. 351. fighting drunk fighting fit fighting spirit fighting words filthy rich fine print finish level finishing touch fire away first blood first choice

352. first cousin 353. first degree (burn/murder) 354. 355. 356. 357. 358. 359. 360. 361. 362. 363. 364. 365. 366. 367. 368. 369. 370. 371. 372. 373. 374. first lady first language first light first name first offence first thing flat broke flat out flat refusal flying coffin flying visit follow shortly follow suit fools paradise foot soldier for effect for good for keeps for kicks for love for nothing

375. for now 376. 377. 378. 379. 380. 381. 382. 383. 384. 385. for real for short for starters foreign to forget yourself formative years forty winks freak accident free fall friendly fire

386. from scratch 387. front bench 388. frozen stiff 389. full cry (in)

The child of ones uncle or aunt. The least serious category of burn, affecting only the surface of the skin; The most serious category of murder. The wife of the President of the United States. A persons native language. The light that first appears in the morning. The name one is given as opposed to ones surname. The first illegal act that someone has done. Before anything else early in the morning. Having no money. To be as fast as possible in doing something. Lying down fully exhausted. A refusal that is real and will not be reversed. A risky or vulnerable plane. A quick visit. Happen soon. Do the same as others State of false happiness or satisfaction but seeming or believed to be real or true. A soldier who fights on foot; an infantryman. With the intention to make something impressive. Forever To keep forever; forever or altogether. Only for pleasure or excitement. For pleasure rather than for any other reason. Without paying or charge. Without a reason or for no specific purpose. To refer to something that is happening now but may not continue to be so in the future. To say that something is serious, not make-believe. Shortening of something such as a name, etc. To begin with; for a start. Unfamiliar or uncharacteristic To fail to behave in a proper manner. A length of time when experiences, events, etc. influence the formation or development of someones character. A short daytime sleep. An accident that is very unusual and unexpected. The descent that is made before the parachute opens. Weapon fire from ones own side that causes accidental injury or death to ones own forces. To do something from the beginning without any help or advantage. The front seats on each side of British parliament occupied by members of the cabinet, and shallow cabinet. To feel extremely cold. In hot pursuit
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390. full house 391. 392. 393. 394. 395. 396. 397. 398. 399. 400. 401. 402. 403. full steam further education further to gain ground gain time generation gap get cracking get it get lost get real get rough give chase glass ceiling

404. go bananas 405. go Dutch 406. go far 407. go fifty-fifty 408. go public

409. go steady 410. 411. 412. 413. 414. 415. 416. 417. 418. 419. 420. 421. 422. 423. 424. 425. 426. 427. go straight go west God forbid God knows golden handshake golden oldie golden opportunity good deal good faith good living good looks good sense gospel truth gossip column governing body grand total green belt Green Beret

(Cinema, theatre, concert hall, parliament, etc.) where there is a large attendance or every seat is occupied. Proceeding with as much energy, speed or eagerness as possible. Education below university level for adults. To refer to a previous subject. To advance; to become more popular or successful. To have more time by deliberately doing something slowly. Differences in attitudes, opinions, tastes, etc. between people of different generations, leading to lack of understanding. To start doing or do something more quickly. To understand (something). Use to tell someone rudely to go away. To tell someone to stop being silly, or unreasonable. To act violently towards someone or something. To be in pursuit of. A barrier to advancement in a profession, especially of women or members of ethnic minorities. To become very angry. To share the cost of a meal equally in a restaurant, etc. To be able to achieve much or be successful. To worth much or last a long while. To share the cost (of something) equally. To declare ones plans or intentions, or reveal a secret activity to the people. To become a public company by listing the companys shares on a stock exchange. To have a long regular romantic relationship with a boyfriend or girlfriend. To resume an honest living after being a criminal. To die. Making a wish that something does not happen. I dont know, nobody knows. A large amount of money given to someone to compensate their compulsory retirement or redundancy. A former hit song that still remains popular. A good chance to get something. A large quantity. Honest and sincere intentions A high standard of life, especially with regard to food and drink. Attractive appearance; personal beauty. Common sense. (Something) absolutely true. A section of a newspaper devoted to social news. A group of people who control an institution. The final amount after adding up all other totals. An area of land around a city, on which building is not allowed. A British or American commando.
214

428. 429. 430. 431. 432.

Jealousy. Skill in growing plants. Permission to proceed or start. An ecological political party, especially in the UK. A huge increase in crop production in developing countries due to the introduction of modern farming methods and higher-yielding seeds. 433. greenhouse The gradual heating of Earths lower atmosphere due to the effect greater transparency of the atmosphere to radiation from the sun. 434. greenhouse gas A gas, notably carbon dioxide that contributes to the greenhouse effect by trapping heat above the Earth. 435. grey area A subject or area of activity not clearly defined, categorized or covered by existing rules. 436. guilty conscience Feelings of deep regret or guilt. 437. gunboat The foreign policy of a country supported by the use of or threat diplomacy to use military force. 438. hair-splitting Over attentive to minor and unimportant details. 439. halcyon days Days of happiness. 440. half measures Things done inadequately. 441. hands down With ease, requiring no or little effort. 442. hands off To tell someone not to interfere. 443. hands up Used to order someone to raise their hands to indicate nonresistance or surrender. 444. hang fire To delay or be delayed in taking action or continuing it. 445. hang loose To be relaxed or calm and not anxious 446. happy hour A period when a bar, etc. sells drinks at reduced prices. 447. hard by Very near; close by. 448. hard cash Money that is notes and coins, not cheques or credit cards. 449. hard cheese Used to express ones sympathy. 450. hard core A stubborn or highly committed minority group within a larger group or organization. 451. hard currency A currency that is not likely to suffer sudden depreciation or great fluctuation in value. 452. hard drug Strong drugs such as heroin, cocaine, etc. 453. hard evidence Evidence that is true 454. hard fact Truth that cannot be denied. 455. hard feeling(s) Feeling(s) or indication(s) of angry hurt or indignation 456. hard going Difficult to do or understand. Requiring a great deal of tedious effort. 457. hard line An uncompromising or extreme adherence to a rigid policy. 458. hard luck Used to express sympathy or pity. 459. hard rock Rock music with loud electric guitar sound and a heavy beat. 460. hard up In need of something, especially money. 461. hardened A criminal who is particularly experienced and immensely tough. criminal 462. hardly ever Almost never. 463. head count To count how many people are present. 464. head start Having an advantage that helps one to be successful. To begin earlier or place further ahead of other competitors at
215

green eye green fingers green light Green Party green revolution

465. 466. 467. 468. 469. 470.

heart attack heart failure heaven forbid heavy breathing heavy going heavy industry

471. heavy irony 472. heavy petting 473. 474. 475. 476. 477. 478. 479. 480. 481. 482. 483. 484. 485. 486. 487. 488. 489. 490. 491. 492. 493. 494. 495. 496. 497. heavy seas heavy sentence heavy sky helping hand hidden agenda hidden depths hidden hand high heels high life high opinion high point high profile high roller high sea high society high spirits high street high tech high tide high wind high words hit man Hobsons choice hold court hold everything

498. hold fast 499. hold good/true 500. hold water 501. 502. 503. 504. hop in hop it hopping mad hostile environment

start of race. A sudden malfunction of the heart. A sudden failure of the heart to function normally. Making a wish that something does not happen. Breathing that is loud and done with difficulty Something or someone that is difficult to deal with. Industry concerned with the production of heavy goods such as machines, cars, steel, chemicals, etc. A remark that clearly means the opposite of what it is intended. Stimulation of the genitals between two people without involving sexual intercourse. A sea with big waves. A long term of imprisonment. A sky that is filled with dark and grey clouds. Assistance and support. An unknown motive or reason behind an action, speech, writing, etc. A persons qualities that were not known earlier. A secret influence by a malevolent character. High-heeled shoes. The luxurious existence of rich people. Favourable view or judgement of something or someone. The best state that one has attained or experienced. Being in the limelight. Someone who splurges or gambles for high stakes. The open seas that do not belong to any particular country. A distinct group of wealthy, fashionable, etc. people. Feelings of energy and cheerfulness. The main street of a town and often the principal area for shops and businesses. Having advanced technological development. The rising level of the sea. A very strong wind. Angry discussion. Hired killer. No choice at all as there is only one thing offered. To be focus of attention due to ones amusing way of speaking. Used to tell someone to immediately cease whatever they are doing. To persist in ones belief in a faith, principle, idea, etc. To still remain true. (Theory, argument, statement, etc.) seems to be true, reasonable, sound, etc. To get into something, especially a vehicle. To tell someone to go away. To be furious. Conditions that are difficult to live or exist in.
216

505. hot air 506. hot favourite 507. hot line 508. hot money 509. hot pants 510. hot potato 511. hot pursuit 512. hot seat 513. hot spot

514. hot stuff 515. hot tip 516. house arrest 517. house call 518. house detective 519. 520. 521. 522. 523. 524. 525. 526. 527. 528. 529. 530. 531. 532. 533. 534. 535. 536. 537. 538. 539. 540. 541. 542. house wine human animal humble pie (eat) ice age idiot box idle gossip idle speculation ill fortune ill luck ill temper in all in camera in charge in check in common in consequence in depth in effect in evidence in fact in flames in force in hand in irons

Pretentious or meaningless statement. A competitor that many favour to win a race or competition. A direct exclusive telecommunications link, especially for use by heads of government in emergencies. Capital that is moved from country to country in order to maximize interest gain or to avoid currency devaluation. Very short, tight shorts worn by young women and were fashionable in the early 1970s. A controversial and intractable issue, problem, etc. Following close behind, especially of a criminal. A position of difficult responsibility and unpleasant decisionmaking. A small area with higher temperature than its surroundings. A place of danger or military activity. A popular area of lively entertainment. A person who possesses, or things of outstanding quality. Sexually explicit material. A tip, usually unusually reliable, for the winner of a horse race, etc. Detention as a virtual prisoner in ones own house. A visit to a patients home by a doctor or nurse. A private detective employed on the premises by a hotel, business, etc. Ordinary wine that is sold in a restaurant, to be drunk with food. Human being regarded as belonging to the animal kingdom. To admit ones wrong and offer humble apology. A period of time in the past when ice covered extensive area of the Earth. A television set. Unkind remarks about other people which are not based on facts. Speculation that is not based on facts and unlikely to be true. Bad luck. Bad luck. Bad temper. Giving the total amount Takes place in private with the press and public excluded. In control Under control. In joint use or ownership; shared by two or more people. As a result. In great detail; comprehensively and thoroughly. In practice Noticeable; conspicuous In reality. On fire; burning strongly. In effect. At ones disposal. Being dealt with. Having the feet and hands chained while in captivity.
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543. in kind 544. 545. 546. 547. 548. 549. 550. 551. 552. 553. 554. 555. 556. 557. 558. 559. 560. 561. 562. 563. 564. 565. in line in line for in love in luck in mothballs in one in order in peace in person in print in private in public in short in spate in spirit in stitches in stock in sum in sync in tatters in time in touch

566. in turn 567. inner circle 568. inner voice 569. inside information 570. inside job 571. inspired guess 572. invisible export 573. iron curtain 574. 575. 576. 577. 578. 579. iron jubilee itching palm jolly good jolly well jump bail jump ball

580. jump ship 581. Keep guard

In the same way; likewise; payment with goods or services instead of money. Forming a straight line; in accordance with. Likely to receive something To be filled with love or admiration for; very fond of. Fortunate; enjoying good luck. In storage for an indefinite time. In unison; together. Properly arranged; correctly done. Free from interruptions or disturbance. To be personally present. In printed form. With no other person present. In the presence of other people. In summing up. (River, stream, etc.) full and overflowing. In thought or intention though not physically. Laughing uncontrollably. Available for immediate sale or distribution. In summary. Agreeing or working well with. Ruined or badly damaged. Not too late; soon or early enough; eventually. To be in communication or contact with someone. To be wellinformed about something. One after the other, especially in a particular order. As a result of something. An exclusive group within a larger group such as in an organization, political party, etc. Thoughts and feelings within oneself that one does not express them openly. Information known exclusively to personnel within an organization, group, etc. and is not accessible to outsiders. A crime that involves someone who is working for the place that is robbed or burgled. An intuitive guess that is correct. Earnings derived from the export of services rather than products. An imaginary barrier between the former Soviet bloc of Communist countries of Eastern Europe and the West. The seventieth anniversary of an event. Greed for wealth or material gain. Used to say one is pleased. Used to emphasize ones feeling. Fail to appear for trial while free on bail. A ball that is thrown upwards between two competing players by the referee in a game of basketball. To leave a ship, where one is working, without permission. To watch over someone or something or a place.
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582. keep house 583. keep time 584. kick upstairs 585. kids stuff 586. kind of 587. knee-jerk reaction 588. knock/touch wood 589. knuckle under 590. ladies man 591. laisser-faire 592. lame duck 593. last hurrah 594. last straw 595. 596. 597. 598. 599. Last Supper last thing late developer late riser laughing stock

To manage a household. To adhere to the right rhythm and tempo of the music. To give someone a higher post in a business so as to remove them from an influential position. Something that is very easy to do. Somewhat; to some extent. Reaction that is automatic and done without thinking. To touch something wooden and say touch wood to avert bad luck. To submit to someones authority without wanting to. A man who spends most of his time flirting with women. Non-interference by governments in private businesses. Inability to fulfill ones role. President in the final period of office. The final act or performance. The last in a series of difficulties that makes one give up, get angry, etc. The last supper eaten by Jesus and his disciples. At end of the day, especially just before sleeping. A child who is slow in both physical and mental growth. Someone who habitually gets out of bed very late in the morning. Someone whose stupid act invites derisive laugher or general ridicule. The forefront of technological development.

600. leading edge

Part 3: L R TWO-WORD PHRASES (PART 3) 601. leading The actress/actor who acts the principal female/male part in a film, lady/man play, etc. 602. leading A question that is so framed as to elicit the required answer. question 603. left over Something, especially food, that remains after some of it has been used. 604. leg room Space in which a person can put his legs comfortably when sitting. 605. let alone Not to mention. 606. let fly To attack someone physically or verbally. 607. let slip To carelessly disclose some information 608. lie doggo To remain still and quiet to avoid attention. 609. lie low To hide oneself from or keep out of sight of someone. 610. light industry Industry concerned with the production of small or light goods such as those used in the house. 611. light sentence A short term of imprisonment. 612. line judge A linesman in a tennis match. 613. lions share The largest part of something. 614. live rough Not having a proper home and live and sleep outdoors.
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615. 616. 617. 618. 619. 620. 621. 622. 623. 624. 625. 626. 627. 628. 629. 630. 631. 632. 633. 634. 635. 636. 637.

living death living hell living legend living proof living room lock horns long haul long innings long johns long odds long on look daggers (at) look sharp loom large loose canon loose change loose ends loose tongue lord willing lose face lose heart lose height lose touch

Leading a life of utterly miserable existence. A situation which is a source of constant suffering to oneself. Someone who is famous for being extremely good at something. The perfect example of something A room in a house for general everyday use. Engage in a conflict with someone. A long and difficult task. A long spell of fulfilling life. Warm underwear extending to the wearers ankles. Very slim chance of something happening. Having an excess or sufficient amount of something. To look at someone angrily or with hatred. To tell someone to be quick. (Event) to appear threatening and certain to happen. A person who causes unintentional damage. A quantity of coins that one possesses. Parts of something which remain uncompleted or unsettled. Inclination to speak indiscreetly To mean when one is saying it that one is hoping something is not prevented from happening. Be humiliated or lose ones dignity or reputation. Discouraged; lose confidence or enthusiasm. (Aircraft) to descend to a lower level while in flight. No longer in communication or contact with someone. Not aware of someone or something. Fail to follow development of or be aware of something. Someone who is at a loss as to where they are or what they want; a soul that is condemned to eternal punishment in hell. A romantic or sexual relationship one has with someone else. A private place where illicit lovers meet. The worst period of something. The larger and more representative house of a legislature consisting of two houses. It deals with legislation before passing it to the Upper House. An unforeseen opportunity to do something successfully. One amount of money paid to completely cover the full cost of something. Summary punishment (usually death) upon reputed offenders administered illegally by private persons. Sky covered with small clouds in a pattern resembling a mackerels back. A method that is certain to work successfully. The principal dish of a meal. The principal street of a town. To pretend or imagine that something is true. To manage with whatever one has. To look someone with sexual interest.
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638. lose track 639. lost soul 640. 641. 642. 643. love affair love nest low point Lower House

644. lucky break 645. lump sum 646. lynch law 647. mackerel sky 648. 649. 650. 651. 652. 653. magic formula main course main drag make believe make do make eye (at)

654. make good 655. make history 656. make it 657. make like 658. make love 659. make ready 660. make sail 661. make sense 662. make time 663. make waves 664. make way 665. mares nest 666. 667. 668. 669. 670. mass murderer master copy mean business mean well measure swords 671. mental block 672. mercy flight 673. Midas touch 674. midsummer madness 675. milk tooth 676. minor offence 677. miss out 678. Miss Right 679. missing link 680. money talks 681. monkey business 682. moral victory 683. mortal combat 684. mother earth 685. mount guard 686. move house

To fulfill, perform a promise, etc.; to succeed, satisfy expectations. To influence the course of history. To do something that will be long remembered. To reach a place in time for something. To successfully accomplish something. To pretend in a way so as to get a particular opinion from other people of oneself. To have sex with someone. Get prepared. To open out a sail or sails. To set sail. (Something) to be able to be understood, done or practiced. To be right or a good reason for doing something. To find time to do something. To cause trouble or problem. To make room for others to pass. To make progress. To remove something and replace it with something better. A discovery that is actually deceptive. A confusing situation. A murderer who has killed many people. The original copy. To be determined or serious about doing something. To have good intentions. Fight. Difficulty in recalling or understanding something. The act of killing someone suffering from an incurable and painful disease. Ability to make money out of something. Complete madness. One of the early sets of temporary teeth in young children. An offence that is not very serious. To be deprived of an enjoyment or experience. The young woman who would make the ideal wife for a man; a person destined to be ones wife. Hypothetical intermediate form between two living forms, especially between anthropoid ape and man. Used to mean whoever has money can get what he wants. Behaviour that is mischievous or deceptive. An indecisive result or an actual defeat that can be interpreted as a victory in terms of morals. A fight that will only end when one kills the other. The earth considered as the mother of its inhabitants and productions. To keep watch over a place. To change ones house.
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687. Mr. Right 688. Murphys Law 689. 690. 691. 692. 693. 694. 695. 696. 697. 698. 699. 700. 701. 702. 703. 704. 705. 706. 707. 708. my foot! my Lord nail bomb naked eye naked light naked truth narrow escape narrow majority narrow shave narrow squeak narrow victory natural parent near miss near relative nest-egg never mind new blood new deal New Left new look

The man who would make the ideal husband for a woman; a person destined to be ones husband. A supposed law that states that anything that can go wrong will go wrong. Used to express contemptuously ones strong contradiction. A polite form used to address a judge, etc., especially in the UK. A weapon made of explosive material and nails. Vision without the help of a device such as telescope, microscope, etc. Light that is not enclosed by a cover. Truth that is clear, without concealment or deception. A close escape or something only just achieved. A majority that is only just accomplished. Close thing. An escape or victory that is only just achieved. Victory that is only just achieved. Ones own parent as opposed to adoptive parent. A narrowly missed target, collision, achievement, etc. A closely related relative. Money set aside as savings for the future. Used to tell someone something is not so serious or not to be troubled or distressed. New, energetic recruit with fresh ideas. A new, and usually fairer or improved arrangement A movement originated by young left-wing radicals. A more modern or revised appearance. A style of womens clothing introduced after the 2nd World War featuring long skirts. The moon when it appears as a slender crescent. The class of people who recently become very rich. The second part of the Christian Bible which include the four Gospels recording the life and teachings of Jesus Christ and his earliest followers. The western hemisphere, i.e. North, Central, andSouth America. Someone who habitually stays active or awake at night. Very much A lot of. It will not do or work, or forbidden. Used to assert that one means what one says. Of no importance Nothing else. Used to say one does not expect any trouble, problem or difficulty in what one is going to do. Someone who is not easily tricked or deceived. A city area controlled by a violent gang making it too dangerous to enter. Not at all Not completely.
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709. new moon 710. new rich 711. New Testament 712. 713. 714. 715. 716. 717. 718. 719. 720. New World night owl no end no end of no go (its ) no kidding no matter no other no sweat

721. nobodys fool 722. no-go area 723. not a bit 724. not quite

725. nothing but 726. nothing doing 727. 728. 729. 730. 731. 732. 733. 734. 735. 736. 737. 738. 739. 740. 741. nothing else nothing special nuclear family odd lot of late of old of yore off base off guard old bat old flame old hand old maid olive branch on bail

742. 743. 744. 745. 746. 747. 748. 749. 750. 751.

on balance on board on call on earth on end on faith on fire on guard on hand on hold

752. on ice 753. on line 754. on occasion 755. on offer 756. on order 757. on paper 758. on sight 759. on tap 760. on tenterhooks 761. on time 762. on trial 763. one another

Only. To refuse to comply, accept or do something. Nothing is happening. No chance of success or agreement. Nothing more Neither very good nor very bad; average. A family unit that consists only of husband, wife and children. A random mixture of something. Recently A long time ago in the past. Formerly, long ago. To be completely wrong; mistaken. To be unprepared against attack, etc. An unpleasant old woman. Ones former lover. An expert; a person with considerable experience. An offensive term for unmarried woman who is no longer young. Something offered as a pledge of peace or reconciliation. (An accused person) temporarily released from custody on condition that a required sum of money is placed with a court to ensure his appearance for trial. After considering all the factors. On a ship, aircraft, etc. Available or ready to provide help whenever it is needed. Existing anywhere; used for emphasis, usually in a question. In an upright position. Continuously. On trust. Burning; consumed with passion. To be keeping watch over someone or a place against attack, etc. On standby. In ones possession. (Telephone call) waiting to be connected; left waiting due to some reason, e.g. awaiting approval. Put food or drinks in chilled place to cool them; suspended or put on hold. Controlled by or directly connected to a computer. From time to time; sometimes. Available to be bought; for sale at a lower price for a limited period. Things requested but not yet received. Putting something down in writing. Seemingly true in theory but may not be so in real situation. As soon as something or someone is within sight. Ready to flow from a tap when needed. Easily available whenever needed. In a state of nervous suspense. Punctually. To have ones case examined and judged in a court of law. Being tested or scrutinized. Each other.
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764. 765. 766. 767. 768. 769. 770. 771. 772. 773. 774. 775. 776. 777. 778. 779. 780. 781. 782. 783. 784. 785. 786. 787. 788. 789. 790. 791. 792. 793. 794. 795. 796. 797. 798. 799. 800.

one day ones marbles open air open cheque open fire

At an unspecified time in the past or future. Ones mental faculties. Not enclosed area outdoors A cheque that is not crossed. To start shooting. A fire that burns in a fireplace, etc. not enclosed in a stove, etc. open house A place in which all visitors are welcome. open market A market which is freely accessible to both buyers and sellers. open sea The sea that does not belong to any country. open season The season when hunting or fishing is officially allowed. open secret Something that is supposedly a secret, but is known to many people or does not require much effort to know. open university A university characterized by non restrictions on admission, and courses conducted by correspondence and broadcasting. opposite A persons counterpart in another organization or country. number or so Approximately. other life The life after death. other than Besides. other world A world ones soul inhabits after death; heaven; hell. out of gunshot Outside of the range of a shot from a gun. out of touch Not in communication or contact with someone. Not up to date in ones knowledge or awareness. outside Influences that come from outside ones family and friends. influences over time Gradually. palm off To persuade someone to accept or buy something by deception. palmy days Days of prosperity and comfort. Pandoras box Something which once started will cause many intractable problems. paper Official qualifications as opposed to personal qualities or qualifications experience in something. paper tiger An enemy that appears powerful but not so in reality. party line An idea or a belief as espoused by a political party. pass water To urinate. paths cross Meet unexpectedly. pay dearly To pay a lot of money for something. To suffer greatly for something one has done or has not done. peeping Tom Someone who secretly watches people undressing, etc. per head/a Counted as each person or for each person. head perfect crime Crime in which the criminal is never caught. perfect picture Ideally beautiful. permanent Someone or something that is always present in someone or fixture something else. personal touch A personal element included when dealing with another person. personality A conflict of personal characteristics between two people. clash petticoat Rule by women.pidgin
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government 801. pidgin English 802. pillow talk 803. pipe dream 804. 805. 806. 807. 808. 809. 810. 811. 812. 813. 814. 815. 816. 817. 818. piping hot pitched battle plain sailing platonic love play cupid play gooseberry play possum play rough play safe poisoned chalice poker face poor fellow poor hand (a ..)(at) poor loser poor relation

English that is mixed with the words or grammar of another language. Intimate conversation between lovers in bed. (Hope, idea, plan, etc.) not realistic and highly unlikely to be fulfilled. (Food, water, etc.) very hot. Battle in which time and place are chosen beforehand. (Something) uncomplicated, making it easy to achieve. An intimate and affectionate but not a sexual relationship. To make two people love each other. To be the unwelcome third party in the company of two lovers who would prefer to be left alone. To pretend to be unconscious, dead or ignorant. To play in a violent way. To avoid taking any risks. A job assigned to someone is likely to cause him a lot of problems. A facial expression that displays no emotion. Used to address someone with sympathy. One who is not good enough in a particular activity. To behave unsportingly when one loses a game, etc. Someone that is regarded as less successful or inferior to others in a like group. (Jokes, remarks, etc.) liable to cause offence. A rapid or sudden increase in the population of a country or the world. The practice of granting preferential treatment to groups considered disadvantaged or underprivileged or which suffer discrimination because of their race or sex, etc. Speedily. Someone who controls the distribution of political power in an organization. A situation in which individuals or groups strive very hard against each other to gain complete control in a country or organization. Very little or very few. Very high quality. A diplomat of an embassy who deals with the press. To officially accuse someone of committing an illegal act so that they can be brought to a court of law. An interview in which a person or persons make an announcement to or answer questions from journalists. A group of reporters. Very nearly; almost. Before A skin rash with itchy red spots on the skin.
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819. poor taste 820. population explosion 821. positive discrimination 822. post-haste 823. power broker 824. power struggle 825. precious little/few 826. premium quality 827. press attache 828. press charges 829. press conference 830. press corps 831. pretty much 832. previous to 833. prickly heat

834. prima donna 835. prima facie 836. primary colour 837. primary industry 838. prime cost 839. prime factor 840. Prime Meridian 841. prime minister 842. prime mover 843. prime time 844. Prince Charming 845. princely sum 846. private eye 847. professional foul 848. proof positive 849. public convenience 850. public defender 851. public figure

Chief woman singer in an opera company. A self-important person. Accepted as so until proven otherwise. One of three colours red, yellow, and blue which can be mixed together to obtain any of other colours. An industry such mining or agriculture providing raw materials. The direct cost such as materials, labour, rental, of producing something A number that can be divided only by itself and the number one. Imaginary line from north to south of the earth, from which east and west are measured in degrees on a map. Leader of the government in a country with a parliamentary system of government. Someone who initiates the development of something. The time when the greatest number of people are expected to watch television or listen to radio. A perfect man who any young girl might dream to meet. A generous amount of money. A private detective. A foul deliberately committed on an opposing player to prevent him from scoring a goal, especially in a game of football. A proof that is absolutely certain. Public toilets for everyone to use.

A lawyer employed by the state in a criminal trial to represent a defendant who is unable to afford legal assistance. Someone who is active in public life and is well known to many people; a celebrity. 852. public office A government position that is responsible to the public. 853. public opinion The prevalent view held by the majority of the community. 854. public order The rule of law. 855. public property Facilities provided by the government for anyone to use. 856. public purse The countrys money as managed by the government; the national treasury. 857. pull rank To take unfair advantage of ones seniority. 858. pull strings Exert ones influence to gain or manipulate something. 859. puppet A government that is controlled by another. government 860. pure Speculation that is not based on facts and unlikely to be true. speculation 861. put right To correct or to restore. 862. Pyrrhic victory A victory which is not worthwhile as the cost is too great. 863. quite a bit A fairly large amount 864. quite some Considerably good, interesting, etc. 865. quite Used to describe something that is remarkable or impressive. something 866. raw deal Unfair treatment.
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867. raw recruit 868. real life 869. red admiral 870. red alert 871. red army

872. Red Brigade 873. red card 874. red carpet 875. 876. 877. 878. 879. red cent Red Crescent Red Delicious red dwarf red emperor

880. red giant 881. Red Guard

882. red herring 883. Red Indian 884. red light 885. red meat 886. red planet 887. red spot 888. red star 889. red tape 890. Red Terror 891. 892. 893. 894. 895. 896. 897. 898. 899. 900. red tide reel off relative to relieve guard restless night ride high ride pillion right away right now right on

Someone who is completely untrained. Something that really happens and not as happens in someones imagination or in stories. A migratory species of butterfly that has black wings with bright red and white marks on them. An urgent warning of imminent great danger. The Russian Bolshevik army. The army of the former Soviet Union. The army in Communist countries. A left-wing extremist terrorist group operating inItaly from the early 1970s. A card shown by the referee to a player in a football match, to send him off the field and not allow him to play for the rest of the game. A red carpet rolled out for a foreign head of government to walk along in a ceremonial welcome. A copper coin worth a cent. The smallest amount of money. The society corresponding to the Red Cross in Muslim countries. A variety of eating apple with deep red skin. A small, old and relatively cool star. An Australian marine fish, found especially on theGreat Barrier Reef. A very large luminous star of low surface temperature and is near the middle of its life. An organized detachment of workers during the Russian Bolshevik revolution of 1917. A member of a militant youth movement supporting Mao Zedong during the Chinese Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976. Something introduced to divert attention from important points. A North American Indian. One of the traffic lights instructing traffic to stop. A sign of a brothel. Raw meat such as beef or lamb. The planet Mars. A large reddish oval feature in the atmosphere of Jupiter. Also known as: Great Red Spot. A symbol of the former Soviet Union. Excessive official rules that hinder efficiency. The persecution of opponents by the Bolsheviks after the Russian Revolution of 1917. Seawater discoloured by a bloom of toxic red dinoflagellates. To speak quickly without pause. Compared with; about, concerning, connected with. To take over duty from another guard. A night during which one is unable to sleep or rest. To be successful. To sit behind the rider of a motorcycle or horse. Immediately, without delay. At this very moment. Expressing approval or agreement.
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Part 4: R Y TWO-WORD PHRASES (PART 4) 901. ring hollow To not seem true or sincere. 902. ring true Sound right 903. roaring fire A fire that burns with a lot of flames and heat. 904. rogues galler A collection of photographs of known criminals, used by police to y identify suspects. 905. rotten apple A morally corrupt person belonging to a group, and considered capable of having an adverse influence on others in the group. 906. rough copy A preliminary version or original draft. 907. rough diamond An uncut diamond. 908. rough edges Minor faults 909. rough justice Unfair punishment that is not carried out according to the law. 910. rough ride A difficult time or experience. 911. round robin A competition in which each competitor competes once with each of the others in a group. 912. rub noses A form of greeting in some societies. 913. rubber stamp To approve something uncritically or without careful thought. 914. run amok To suddenly behave in a very violent and uncontrolled way. 915. run dry (River, etc.) to cease to flow because there is no water left in it. To become exhausted; or (supply) to be completely used up. 916. run foul To come into conflict with, e.g. the law. 917. run low To become depleted or have too little left. 918. run rife To spread rapidly in an unrestrained manner. 919. run riot To behave in a violent or unrestrained way. 920. run wild To behave in an uncontrolled manner or without discipline. 921. runaway Inflation that happens quickly at an ever-increasing rate or inflation uncontrollably. 922. running An oral description of an event such as a game, etc. as it is commentary happening. 923. running dog Someone or a nation that slavishly follows another. 924. running mate A candidate who is standing for election for the lesser of two closely connected offices. 925. rush hour The peak time or period when the greatest number of people and traffic are on the move. 926. safe sex Sexual activity in which precautions are taken to minimize the risk of contracting or spreading sexually transmitted diseases, especially Aids. 927. same Amounting to the same thing; no difference. difference 928. same here Used to say that the same thing applies to oneself. 929. same like Just like; the same as. 930. save face To do something to avoid public humiliation or retain ones reputation. 931. scare stiff To make (someone) extremely scared. 932. seamy side The worst or most degraded side of things. 933. second nature An acquired behaviour that has become natural or virtually instinctive to someone.
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934. second sight

935. 936. 937. 938. 939. 940. 941. 942. 943. 944.

945. 946. 947. 948.

949. 950. 951. 952. 953. 954. 955. 956.

957. 958. 959. 960.

961. 962. 963. 964.

Supposed power to see events before they happen. Ability to know distant things happening without being present there. second wind Fresh energy that comes to those during exercise or feeling exhausted. see fit Consider it suitable or proper. see red To become very angry. see stars To seemingly see flashes of light, resulting from a hard blow on ones head. selling point The feature of a product that makes customers buy it. separate eggs To remove the white part from the yellow part. serial killer Someone who has committed murder repeatedly. serve time Undergo imprisonment. set sail Begin a sea journey. shadow cabinet A group of opposition politicians in the British parliament who would become ministers when/if their party wins the next general election. shed tears Cry. sheer heaven An excellent situation or place. sheer hell Extremely disagreeable. sheet anchor Someone whom one can depend on in a difficult or dangerous situation. A ships largest anchor used in emergencies. shinning Something that is evidently excellent. example short commons Inadequate rations short for A shorter version of or abbreviation for something. short of Not having enough or not attaining as much as desired. short shrift Summary dismissal short temper The inability to control ones temper. show business The entertainment industry, especially television, films, the theatre, etc. show trial An unfair trial held publicly not to determine whether someone is guilty but is politically motivated or is intended to appease certain party. side dish/order A smaller dish served or ordered in addition to the main dish. side trip A shorter journey, especially one taken for leisure, in addition to the main one siege mentality A defensive or paranoid attitude adopted by someone based on the false assumption that others are constantly hostile towards them. silent majority A large segment of the population that hardly expresses its opinions or whose views represent those of the majority of the people. silly billy A foolish person. silly season A period in summer when newspapers are filled with trivialities because of a lack of important news. sinking feeling Anxious or fearful feeling of anticipation. sit tight To stay where one is and not move. To not take action or change ones mind in a given situation.
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965. 966. 967. 968. 969. 970. 971. 972. 973. 974. 975. 976. 977. 978. 979. 980. 981. 982. 983. 984. 985. 986. 987. 988. 989.

To be in a comfortable or advantageous position. Someone who makes others work very hard. To engage in casual sex with different partners. To sleep outdoors with no proper bed. Used to say to someone to sleep well. A very slight possibility of something happening. coins of low value Hardly a consolation. A large sum of money. Insignificant people or things. The early morning hours after midnight, about one to four oclock. Someone or something that is unimportant. Light or polite conversation about unimportant subject. A very successful film, play, song, book, etc. Arousing doubt or suspicion. A decision that is made quickly without careful consideration. To abruptly end something, especially someones life. Up to a limited point, degree, distance, etc.Until now. Information stored in or displayed on a computer. Drugs which are considered harmless such as marijuana. Persuasive flattery. A subject that is likely to cause upset or annoyance to someone. To be very conspicuously different. Something that one sees arouses ones sadness or sympathy. An attitude of deliberately disparaging something that is beyond ones reach. 990. spaceship earth The world regarded as a planet. 991. spare part A duplicate part to replace a lost or damaged part of a machine, vehicle, etc. 992. spark out To be completely unconscious. 993. sparks fly To have heated words or angry argument. 994. speak volumes To express a great deal without using words. 995. spice up To enliven something. 996. spick and span Neat, clean and tidy. 997. spill blood To kill or wound someone. 998. spin doctor A spokesperson whose job is to give a favourable interpretation of events to the public. 999. split decision Failure to unanimously choose a winner by the judges at the end of a boxing match. 1000. split ends The ends of a persons hair that have split due usually to dryness. 1001. split hairs To make fine distinction between. 1002. split A mental condition in which a person has two very diverse ways personality of behaving. 1003. sporting A fairly good possibility of winning or succeeding. chance 1004. spot on Exactly right; completely accurate. 1005. square deal A fair arrangement, especially in business. 1006. square meal A good satisfying meal.
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sitting pretty slave driver sleep around sleep rough sleep tight slim chance small change small comfort small fortune small fry small hours small potato small talk smash hit smell fishy snap decision snuffed out so far soft copy soft drug soft soap sore point sore thumb sorry sight sour grapes

1007. squeaky clean 1008. stand bail 1009. 1010. 1011. 1012. 1013. 1014. 1015. 1016. 1017. 1018. 1019. 1020. 1021. 1022. 1023. 1024. 1025. 1026. 1027. 1028. 1029. 1030. 1031. 1032. 1033. 1034. 1035. 1036. 1037. 1038. 1039. 1040. 1041. 1042. 1043. 1044. 1045. 1046. 1047.

Completely clean.Above criticism. To place a required sum of money as a guarantee that an accused person, who is temporarily released, will appear for trial. stand guard To keep watch over a place. stand tall To be proud. stand treat Pay for a treat. stand trial To be tried in a court of law. stark naked Completely naked. start something To cause trouble. starvation Wages that is lower than is necessary for subsistence. wages state line Border between two states. status quo The state of affairs as it is. stay put To remain where one is without moving away. staying power The ability to keep going physically or mentally until completion of a competition, contest, etc. steady income Money received for work or through investments on a regular basis and very likely over a long period of time. steady on Used to tell someone to be more restrained with something. steaming hot So hot as to give off steam. stinking rich Extremely or disgustingly rich. stock exchange Place where stocks and shares are traded. stock market Stock exchange. stone dead Completely dead. stony broke Entirely without money. stop by To make a short visit to someones house stop dead To suddenly cease moving, speaking or doing something. stop short To suddenly cease speaking or doing something. straight away Immediately or at once. straight fight A contest between just two opponents. straight off Without thinking or hesitation. straight up Honestly. strange Someone or something that is closely connected with another. bedfellows strike force A military force equipped and organized for sudden attack. strike home To have exactly the intended effect. strike lucky To suddenly have a lucky success. strike oil To make a lucky discovery or strike it rich. strong accent Manner of pronouncing words that clearly shows from which particular area or country the speaker originates. strong drink An alcoholic drink, especially spirits. strong Speech or writing that contains a lot of swearing. language strong point Something that someone excels at. strong subject A subject one is studying and very good at. subject matter A topic being discussed, talked or written about. success story Someone who has attained success. sum up (Judge) to review the evidence presented in court at the end of a
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1048. 1049. 1050. 1051. 1052. 1053. 1054. 1055. 1056. 1057. 1058. 1059. 1060. 1061. 1062. 1063. 1064. 1065. 1066. 1067. 1068. 1069. 1070. 1071. 1072. 1073. 1074. 1075. 1076. 1077. 1078. 1079. 1080. 1081. 1082. 1083. 1084. 1085. 1086. 1087. 1088. 1089.

Sunday best sweat blood sweat bullets sweet dreams sweet nothings sweet talk sweet tooth sworn enemies table manners table salt table wine take after take chances take charge take cover take five take heart take hold take note take occasion take place take root take sides take stock take time take turns talk big talk dirty talk shop talk tough talk turkey talking point tell tales tender age the beyond the blues the commonplace the downside the earth the fallen the gents the greats

trial before the jury retire to consider the verdict. To summarize the main information at the end of a speech, report, etc. A persons best clothes, usually worn for special occasions. To exert oneself to the utmost in doing something. To be extremely anxious or frightened. Used to say sleep well to someone going to bed. Loving words exchanged by lovers. Flattery. Liking sweet-tasting things. Enemies who are determined to continue remaining as enemies. Ones behaviour at meals. Very small grains of salt used in cooking Cheap wine meant for consumption with meals. To have a similar appearance to someone. To habitually behave riskily. To take over control or responsibility of. Take shelter from something. To have a short break from work. To pluck up courage; to feel encouraged. To begin to be effective. To pay care attention to something. To use an opportunity Happen. (Plant) begins to grow; settle down in a place. To support a person, cause, opinion, etc. Examine ones inventory; review and assess ones situation. (Something) needs a lot of time. (People) to do something one after the other. To talk boastfully. To sexually excite someone by talking in a sexual way. To talk at an inconvenient time or tediously about ones work, etc. To demand something from people by talking strongly to them To talk pleasantly or discuss openly about something. A subject, an issue, etc. that people are interested in. To say things about other people that are not supported or proven by evidence. The time when one is young, inexperienced and vulnerable. The unknown; the other world. Feelings of sadness. Occurring or existing widely and thus is ordinary. The negative side of something. The world we live in. A substantial amount, e.g., money. Soldiers who have been killed in a war. A public toilet for males. The most famous and successful people in sport and entertainment.
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1090. 1091. 1092. 1093. 1094. 1095. 1096. 1097. 1098. 1099. 1100. 1101. 1102. 1103. 1104. 1105. 1106. 1107. 1108. 1109. 1110. 1111. 1112. 1113. 1114. 1115. 1116. 1117. 1118. 1119. 1120. 1121. 1122. 1123. 1124.

the law the Left the lot the many the masses the multitude the state of play the States the wild the wilds thin air think aloud think big think fit this minute thumbs down thumbs up tidy sum tight corner tight ship time off times up to bits to boot to hand to let to spare top gun touch base touch bottom touch down touch on touch up tread water trial balance

The police Political parties or groups favouring socialist views. The whole quantity or number. The majority of the people. All the ordinary people. The common people. Progress of a match at a particular time. United States. The natural state of being uncultivated or uninhabited. A remote area devoid of human activities. The invisible or non-existent state. To express what one is thinking. To be ambitious. Consider it appropriate. Immediately. A sign of rejection or failure. A sign of acceptance or success. A considerable sum of money. To be in a difficulty situation. A company, organization, etc. that is strictly managed. Its time for someone to be away from ones work, activities, etc. (Contest, examination, etc.) no more time left. Into pieces As well (usually added at the end of a sentence.) To be easily accessible. Available for rent. To free someone from something. The most important person in an organization. To make personal contact. Reach the lowest or worst point. (Aircraft, etc.) To land. Mention lightly or in passing; allude to. To finish something by adding lightly to improve it. To fail to make any progress in a particular situation. In bookkeeping, it reflects all the closing entries of the ledger to ensure the sum of the debit side balances that of the credit side. Concealed danger or something intended to undermine the stability in ones own camp Romantic love that lasts for ever. Consistent with. Faithful to. Ones most valuable resource which one may use to gain an advantage. A disinclination to see beyond a single or limited point of view. Attract a great deal of attention. To run away; to flee. Turn over, capsize. The final few years of ones life, career, etc.
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1125. Trojan horse 1126. true love 1127. true to 1128. trump card 1129. 1130. 1131. 1132. 1133. tunnel vision turn heads turn tail turn turtle twilight years

1134. Uncle Sam 1135. Uncle Tom 1136. 1137. 1138. 1139. 1140. 1141. 1142. 1143. 1144.

1145. 1146. 1147. 1148. 1149. 1150. 1151. 1152. 1153. 1154. 1155. 1156. 1157. 1158. 1159. 1160. 1161. 1162. 1163. 1164. 1165.

Government or people of the United States. A black man considered to be too obedient or respectful to white people. under fire Being shot at. Coming under heavy criticism. under siege Surrounded by enemy forces which have cut off essential supplies with the aim of forcing surrender. under way Moving; making progress. unearned Income that is not worked for but comes from other means such as income investments, etc. unholy alliance An agreement entered into by two parties who would not normally cooperate. until/till Forever. doomsday up front (Payment) made in advance for something to be done such as a piece of work, goods supplied, etc. upper crust Group of people of the highest social class. Upper House The smaller and less representative (sometimes unelected) house of a legislature consisting of two houses. It deals with legislation passed by the Lower House. Example: the House of Lords in UK. vicious circle A situation in which two or more elements aggravate each other and worsen the situation that is impossible to stop or prevent. virtual prisoner Someone who is kept as a prisoner but not officially one. virtual reality Computer-generated image or environment that appears real to the senses and can be intereacted with a special electronic device. wage freeze Non-increment in wages imposed by an employer, government, etc. wage restraint Agreement not to put forward demand for or pay big wage increases. walk free To be freed by a court from punishment. walk it To go on a journey; to accomplish an easy victory. walk tall To project a confident and proud posture. walking pace A persons usual speed of walking. watching brief Clients instruction to his lawyer to closely follow on his behalf a case in which he (client) is not indirectly involved. weak link The weakest or least reliable of a number of interdependent items. weak moment A time when one is unusually careless, easily tempted or completely compliant. weak A flaw in someones character, argument, etc. point/spot wear thin (Patience, etc.) to diminish; used so often that its no longer effective well connected Acquainted with or being related to important or powerful people. well off Wealthy; in a satisfactory state. westward ho! An interjection implying the intention to go towards to the west. wet blanket A person who stifles other peoples enjoyment. wet dream A sexually exciting dream that causes one to involuntarily ejaculate semen. wet season A time of year when most rainfall is recorded. whipping boy Someone who is punished for the faults of another.
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1166. white belt 1167. white dwarf 1168. white elephant 1169. white feather 1170. white flag 1171. white horses 1172. white knight

1173. 1174. 1175. 1176.

white lie white night White Paper White Russian

1177. white shark 1178. white slave 1179. white supremacy 1180. white witch 1181. white-collar crime 1182. wild guess 1183. wild speculation 1184. winning combination 1185. with intent 1186. with pleasure 1187. within earshot 1188. 1189. 1190. 1191. 1192. 1193. 1194. 1195. within gunshot within touch without fail without number without prejudice wooden spoon working knowledge working lunch

A belt worn by a beginner in judo or karate and marks the rank of a beginner. A small, very dense star nearing the end of its life. Something that is useless and expensive, and usually costs a lot of money to construct or maintain. A white feather given to someone as a sign of cowardice. A white flag or cloth used as an admission that one is defeated and prepared to surrender. White tops of waves at sea or lake. A person or thing that comes to someones aid. A person or company that averts an unwanted takeover of a company, typically by making attractive counter offer. A harmless lie told to serve a good purpose. Sleepless night. An official report giving proposals or explaining ideas on an issue. A Belorussian; an opponent of the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War. A very large white shark preying on other sea creatures. A woman tricked or forced into prostitution in a foreign country. The belief in the superiority of the white people. A practitioner of witchcraft for benevolent purposes. Crime committed by people who work in offices or other professional environment. A guess that is made without much careful consideration. Speculation that is not based on facts and unlikely to be true. A mixture of people or things that together produce successful result. Having the intention to commit a crime. Gladly, certainly. The distance over which one can hear what someone is saying or what one is saying can be heard by others. Inside the range of a shot from a gun. To be accessible. Definitely, for certain. Too many to be counted; innumerable. Without harming ones own rights or claims. Prize awarded for coming last. To have satisfactory or acceptable information or skills to work with. A lunch at which business meeting or discussion is held simultaneously. An official document with proposals, suggestions, etc. about an idea, plan, subject, problem, etc. To feel extremely worried. Supplement to a telephone directory, printed on yellow paper and
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1196. working paper 1197. worried stiff 1198. Yellow Pages

1199. yeomans service 1200. you bet

listing businesses and organizations Genuine efficient service, help and support. You can be certain.

Writing Sentences Sentence A sentence is a group of words that usually contains a subject and a predicate. A sentence must make sense. It expresses a complete idea or asks a question. It begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop. A sentence may be a word or short sentence used to express a strong feeling such as surprise, excitement or anger. The subject is what the sentence is about. The subject is a noun, pronoun or noun phrase It usually comes before a main verb. It represents the person or thing that performs the action of the verb (Example: She scolds him.), or about which something is stated (Example: Bees are insect.) The predicate tells us something about the subject. It consists of a verb, which may be one word or a verb phrase as indicated in the following table. Subject Noun Jack Jill Pronoun She They Noun Phrase This lady That man Predicate Verb sleeps loves is crying play is lives

Noun

Pronoun him

Adjective

Adverb

football weak here

Each sentence consists of one or more clauses. A clause can be as short as one word (Example: Wait!) or a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate, and usually forms only part of a sentence. Example: He could not lift the box because it was too heavy. The first clause, He could not lift the box is clear in its meaning and is called a Main Clause or Independent Clause. A main clause has a subject and a verb, and does not depend on the other clause to make a complete statement or question. The second clause, because it was too heavy is incomplete in its meaning and is called a Subordinate clause. It too has a subject and verb but depends on the first clause preceding it to make sense. A Subordinate clause may also precede a Main clause. A clause may also be inserted in the middle of another clause. Example: Orchids, which have air roots, are tropical flowers The Main clause here is Orchids are tropical flowers..
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The Subordinate clause: which have air roots. In a sentence, the subject agrees with its verb. A singular verb is used with a singular subject. A plural verb is used with a plural subject Example: A dog barks / Dogs bark. If two subjects are joined by and, the verb should be in the plural. Example: My father and brother are going to Japan next month. If two subjects are joined by or the verb agrees with the subject nearest to it.. Example: Either this book or those books are his. Example: Either they or he is responsible. A sentence must therefore have a main clause or more than one main clause. Writing Paragraph A paragraph is a number of related sentences focused on one topic. It forms a part of a larger piece of writing such as a composition. The first sentence of each paragraph starts on a new line dented from the left. The length of a paragraph varies. A paragraph with a length of five sentences is normally sufficient to expand on an idea. Anything more than this may be better organized into a separate paragraph. This ensures not more than one idea is covered in one paragraph. After all, the purpose of paragraphs is to separate ideas. A new paragraph means a new idea is being talked about. A paragraph starts off with a topic sentence. This first sentence introduces the main idea of the paragraph. The sentences that follow the topic sentence discuss the idea. Some of the things the writer does here to expand on the idea include establishing the facts, providing details, and quoting examples. They must strictly be about the idea and not deviate to something else. The last sentence in a paragraph is the concluding sentence of the paragraph. Use different words to restate the idea as introduced by the topic sentence in this concluding sentence a summary of what has been discussed. WRITING COMPOSITIONS Whatever you choose to write for a composition, you usually follow the same basic structure: Introduction Body Conclusion Begin a composition with an introduction which is the first paragraph. This paragraph begins with a specific sentence called the thesis statement. What you intend to convey in your composition is contained in this statement. It introduces the main idea of what your entire composition will be discussing. Ensure your thesis statement is a specific statement and is focused on a single idea rather than several. The opening paragraph should be designed to capture the interest of your reader. It focuses on your assertion, on what you are going to write about. The body is a group of paragraphs that develop on the main idea as introduced in the thesis statement. The main idea must now be elaborated with each developmental paragraph discussing a supporting point for the main idea. Each paragraph argues, describes, explains, discusses, defines, clarifies, illustrates or whatever on the thesis statement. Each body paragraph has the same basic structure. It has a topic sentence followed by four or five supporting sentences. One idea is discussed in each paragraph. Introduce supporting details,
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facts, examples, quotations for each of these ideas. A concluding sentence summarizing or restating the idea ends each paragraph. The conclusion is a summary paragraph. You complete the composition by summarizing, reviewing or restating the main idea in different words or briefly stating your opinion, feelings or suggesting a solution. Ensure the concluding paragraph is not too long; three or four sentences will be enough. Your composition should leave the reader satisfied. http://www.myenglishgrammar.com/english/introduction.html http://www.examples-help.org.uk/parts-of-speech/index.htm

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