DEPARTMENT OF QUALITY CONTROL - Jithesh DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOIL SOLIDS

AIM To determine the specific gravity of soil solids. THEORY AND APPLICATION Specific gravity of soil solids is the ratio of weight, in air of a given volume; of dry soil solids to the weight of equal volume of water at 4C.Specific gravity of soil grains gives the property of the formation of soil mass and is independent of particle size. Specific gravity of soil grains is used in calculating void ratio, porosity and degree of saturation, y !nowing moisture content and density. The value of specific gravity helps in identifying and classifying the soil type. APPARATUS ". $. '. 4. %. +. -. #ycnometer 4%& mm sieve (eighing alance )ven *lass rod ,istilled water ,etermine the specific gravity of soil grains .*/ using the following equation . ( $ 0 (" / *1 . ( $ 0 (" / 2 . ( ' 0 (4 / (here (" 1 3mpty weight of pycnometer. ($ 1 (eight of pycnometer 4 oven dry soil (' 1 (eight of pycnometer 4 oven dry soil4 water (4 1 (eight of pycnometer 4 water RESULT Average specific gravit !f s!i" s!"i#s G $

DEPARTMENT OF QUALITY CONTROL - Jithesh

DETERMINATION OF FIELD DENSITY %UNIT &EIGHT ' OF SOIL (Y CORE CUTTER METHOD AIM To determine the fields density of soil y core cutter method. THEORY AND APPLICATIONS 5nit weight is designed as the weight per unit volume. 6ere the weight and volume of soil comprise the whole soil mass. The voids in the soil may e filled with oth water and air or only air or only water consequently the soil may e wet, dry or saturated. 7n soils the weight of air is considered negligi le and therefore the saturated unit weight is ma8imum, dry unit weight is minimum and wet unit weight is in etween the two. 7f soils are elow water ta le, su merged unit weight is also estimated. 5nit weight of soil reflects the strength of soil against compression and shear. 5nit weight of soil is used in calculating the stresses in the soil due to its over urden pressure. 7t is useful in estimating the earing capacity and settlement of foundations. 3arth pressure ehind the retaining walls and in cuts is chec!ed with the help of unit weight of the associated soils. 7t is the unit weight of the soil which controls the field compaction and it helps in the design of em an!ment slopes. #ermea ility of soil depends on its unit weight .7t may e noted here that , in the field the unit weight refers to dry unit weight only ecause the wet unit weight of soil at location varies from season to season and ased on the fluctuations of the local water ta le level and surface water. APPARATUS Cylindrical core cutter, Steel rammer, Steel dolly , 9alance, :oisture content cups RESULT )* Dr +,it -eig.t !f t.e s!i" /* &et +,it -eig.t !f t.e s!i" 0* V!i# rati! !f t.e s!i" 1* P!r!sit !f t.e s!i" 2* Degree !f sat+rati!,

DEPARTMENT OF QUALITY CONTROL - Jithesh DETERMINATION OF FIELD DENSITY %UNIT &EIGHT ' OF SOIL (Y SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD
AIM To determine the field density of soil at a given location y sand replacement method. APPARATUS Sand pouring Cylinder, Cali rating can, :etal tray with a central hole ,ry sand .#assing through +&& micron sieve/, 9alance, :etal tray, Scraper tool, *lass plate THEORY AND APPLICATIONS 7n core cutter method the unit weight of soil o tained from direct measurement of weight and volume of soil o tained from field. #articularly for sandy soils the core cutter method is not possi le. 7n such situations the sand replacement method is employed to determine the unit weight. 7n sand replacement method a small cylindrical pit is e8cavated and the weight of the soil e8cavated from the pit is measured. Sand, whose density is !nown, is filled into the pit. 9y measuring the weight of sand required to fill the pit and !nowing the density of soil , volume of the pit is calculated .;nowing the weight of soil e8cavated from the pit and the volume of pit the density of soil is calculated. Therefore in this e8periment there are two stages ."/ Cali ration of sand density and .$/ :easurement of soil density RESULT )* Dr +,it -eig.t !f t.e s!i" /* &et +,it -eig.t !f t.e s!i" 0* V!i# rati! !f t.e s!i" 1* P!r!sit !f t.e s!i" 2* Degree !f sat+rati!,

DEPARTMENT OF QUALITY CONTROL - Jithesh

through the soil e8erts considera le seepage forces which has direct effect on the safety of hydraulic structures. The quantity of water escaping through and eneath and earthen dam depends on the permea ility of the em an!ment and the foundation soil respectively. The rate of settlement of foundation depends on the permea ility properties of the foundation soil. APPARATUS #ermea ility apparatus with accessories, Stop watch, :easuring <ar O(SERVATIONS Calculate the coefficient of permea ility of soil using the equation ; 1 => ? @th (here ; 1 Coefficient of permea ility = 1 =uantity of water collected in time t sec .cc/ t 1 Time required .sec/ @ 1 Cross sectional area of the soil sample .sq.cm/ h 1 Constant hydraulic head .cm/ > 1 >ength of soil sample .cm/ RESULT C!efficie,t !f per3ea4i"it !f t.e give, s!i" sa3p"e$ 55555

DETERMINATION OF PERMEA(ILITY OF SOIL (Y CONSTANT HEAD METHOD AIM To determine the coefficient of permea ility of the soil y conducting constant head method. THEORY AND APPLICATION The property of the soil which permits water to percolate through its continuously connected voids is called its permea ility .(ater flowing

DEPARTMENT OF QUALITY CONTROL - Jithesh

The property of the soil which permits water to percolate through its continuously connected voids is called its permea ility .(ater flowing through the soil e8erts considera le seepage forces which has direct effect on the safety of hydraulic structures. The quantity of water escaping through and eneath and earthen dam depends on the permea ility of the em an!ment and the foundation soil respectively. The rate of settlement of foundation depends on the permea ility properties of the foundation soil. APPARATUS #ermea ility apparatus with accessories, Stop watch, measuring <ar, Bunnel O(SERVATIONS Calculate the coefficient of permea ility of soil using the equation. ; 1 $.'&' @l ? @t >og"&.h"?h$/ ; 1 Coefficient of permea ility a 1 @rea of stand pipe .sq.cm/ t 1 Time required for the head to fall from h" to h$ .sec/ @ 1 Cross sectional area of the soil sample .sq.cm/ > 1 >ength of soil sample .cm/ h" 1 7nitial head of water in the stand pipe a ove the water level in the reservoir .cm/ h$ 1 final head of water in the stand pipe a ove the water level in the reservoir .cm/ .i/ ,iameter of the stand pipe .cm/ 1 .ii/ Cross sectional area of stand pipe .sq.cm/ 1

DETERMINATION OF PERMEA(ILITY OF SOIL (Y VARIA(LE HEAD METHOD

AIM To determine the coefficient of permea ility of a given soil sample y conducting Aaria le head test. THEORY AND APPLICATION

DEPARTMENT OF QUALITY CONTROL - Jithesh

.iii/ >ength of soil sample .cm/ .iv/ @rea of soil sample .sq.cm/ RESULT 1 1 >iquid limit is the water content e8pressed in percentage at which the soil passes from zero strength to an infinitesimal strength, hence the true value of liquid limit cannot e determined. Bor determination purpose liquid limit is that water content at which a part of soil, cut y a groove of standard dimensions, will flow together for a distance of "$.%mm under an impact of % lows in a standard liquid limit apparatus with a height of fall of "cm. The moisture content e8pressed in percentage at which the soil has the smallest plasticity is called the plastic limit. Cust after plastic limit the soil displays the properties of a semi solid Bor determination purposes the plastic limit it is defined as the water content at which a soil <ust egins to crum le when rolled into a thread of 'mm in diameter. The values of liquid limit and plastic limit are directly used for classifying the fine grained soils. )nce the soil is classified it helps in understanding the ehaviour of soils and selecting the suita le method of design construction and maintenance of the structures made2up or and resting on soils. APPARATUS Casagrande >iquid limit device, :oisture content ins, *rooving tool, ,rying oven, *lass plate, Sensitive alance, 4$% micron sieve, Spatula, :i8ing owl, (ash ottle RESULT )* Li7+i# "i3it !f t.e s!i" $ /* P"astic "i3it !f t.e s!i" $

C!efficie,t !f per3ea4i"it !f t.e give, s!i" sa3p"e $

DETERMINATION OF LI6UID LIMIT AND PLASTIC LIMIT OF SOIL

AIM To determine liquid limit and plastic limit of the given soil sample and to find the flow inde8 and toughness inde8 of the soil. THEORY AND APPLICATION

DEPARTMENT OF QUALITY CONTROL - Jithesh

0* F"!- I,#e8 !f t.e s!i" $ 1* T!+g.,ess I,#e8 !f t.e s!i" $ *rain size analysis is used in the engineering classification of soils. #articularly coarse grained soils. #art of suita ility criteria of soils for road, airfield, levee, dam and other em an!ment construction is ased on the grain size analysis. 7nformation o tained from the grain size analysis can e used to predict soil water movement. Soils are roadly classified as coarse grained soils and fine grained soils. Burther classification of coarse grained soils depends mainly on grain size distri ution and the fine grained soils are further classified ased on their plasticity properties. The grain size distri ution of coarse grained soil is studied y conducting sieve analysis. APPARATUS @ set of Sieves 4.-% mm, $.'+ mm ,"."D mm ,&.+&mm, &.'& mm &."% mm &.&-%mm including lid and pan, Tray, (eighing 9alance, )ven, Sieve Sha!er, 9rush RESULT %A' Perce,tage !f grave" %:1*;233' $ %(' Perce,tage !f c!arse sa,# %1*;233 < /*== 33' $ %C' Perce,tage !f 3e#i+3 sa,# %/*==33 < =*1/2 33' $ %D' Perce,tage !f fi,e sa,# %=*1/233 < =*=*=;2 33' $ %E' Perce,tage !f fi,es %>=*=;2 33' $ %F' U,if!r3it C!efficie,t C+ $ %G' C!efficie,t !f C+rvat+re Cc $

DETERMINATION OF GRAIN SI9E DISTRI(UTION OF SOIL (Y SIEVE ANALYSIS

AIM To conduct sieve analysis of soil to classify the given coarse grained soil. THEORY AND APPLICATION

DEPARTMENT OF QUALITY CONTROL - Jithesh

Compaction is the process of densification of soil mass, y reducing air voids under dynamic loading. )n the other hand though consolidation is also a process of densification of soil mass ut it is due to the e8pulsion of water under the action of continuously acting static load over a long period. The degree of compaction of a soil is measured in terms of its dry density. The degree of compaction mainly depends upon its moisture content during compaction, compaction energy and the type of soil. Bor a given compaction energy, every soil attains the ma8imum dry density at a particular water content which is !nown as optimum moisture content .):C/ APPLICATIONS Compaction of soil increases its dry density, shear strength and earing capacity. The compaction of soil decreases its void ratio permea ility and settlements. The results of this test are useful in studying the sta ility earthen structures li!e earthen dams, em an!ments roads and airfields .7n such constructions the soils are compacted. The moisture content at which the soils are to e compacted in the field is estimated y the value of optimum moisture content determined y the #roctor compaction test. APPARATUS Cylindrical mould of capacity "&&&cc, internal diameter "&&mm and height "$-.' mm, Eammer, :ould accessories, 9alance, *raduated <ar, Straight edge, Spatula, )ven, :oisture ins RESULT

STANDARD PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST AIM To determine )ptimum :oisture Content and :a8imum dry density for a soil y conducting standard proctor compaction test. THEORY

DEPARTMENT OF QUALITY CONTROL - Jithesh

)* Opti3+3 M!ist+re C!,te,t OMC %?' /* Ma8i3+3 #r #e,sit %g3@cc' $ $ content is reduced elow from the relation RESULT )* S.ri,Bage "i3it /* S.ri,Bage rati! 0* V!"+3etric s.ri,Bage the shrin!age limit. 7t can e determined $ $ $

DETERMINATION OF SHRINAAGE LIMIT OF SOILS

AIM To determine shrin!age limit of the soil APPARATUS Shrin!age dish, #orcelain evaporated dish, :ercury, 9alance T.e!r The shrin!age limit is the water content of the soil when the water is <ust sufficient to fill all the pores of the soil and the soil is <ust saturated. The volume of the soil does not decrease when the water

DEPARTMENT OF QUALITY CONTROL - Jithesh

Shear strength of a soil is its ma8imum resistance to shearing stresses. 7t is equal to the shear stress at failure on the failure plane. Shear strength is composed of .i/ internal frictions, which is the resistance due to the friction etween the individual particles at their contact points and inter loc!ing of particles. .ii/ Cohesion which is the resistance due to inter particle forces which tend to hold the particles together in a soil mass. Coulom has represented the shear strength of the soil y the equationF C f $ C D E ta, F C f $ shear strength of the soil C $ Cohesion E 1 normal stress on the failure plane F $ @ngle of internal friction APPLICATION Shear parameters are used in the design of earthen dams and em an!ments. The sta ility of the failure wedges depends on the shear resistance of the soil along the failure plane. The strength parameters C and G are used in calculating the earing capacity of soil foundation systems. Burther shear parameters help in estimating the earth pressures ehind the retaining walls. @##@E@T5S E3=57E3,F a/ SpecialF Shear test frame housing the motor, loading yo!e, etc., Shear o8 of internal dimension +& mm 8 +& mm 8 $% mm. (ater <ac!et for shear o8. :etallic *rid plates. 9ase plate #orous stones loading pad.

DETERMINATION OF SHEAR PARAMETERS OF SOIL (Y DIRECT SHEAR TEST

AIM To determine shear strength parameters of the given soil sample at !nown density y conducting direct shear test. THEORY AND APPLICATION

DEPARTMENT OF QUALITY CONTROL - Jithesh

#roving ring of capacity $&& ;gf. Slotted weights to impart appropriate normal stress on soil sample. / *eneralF 9alance of capacity " ;g and sensitivity &." gms. Scale. ,ial *auge of sensitivity &.&" mm @ soil specimen is e8truded from a '-.% mm diameter cutting tu e, capped top and ottom and covered with a ru er mem rane to minimize loss of moisture. ii. The sample is placed in position .see diagram/ and pressure head is applied to the water in the transparent cylinder surrounding the specimen. iii. This pressure is applied to the soil and is called lateral pressure or cell pressure and is termed minimum principal stress. @ vertical load is now applied to the sample at a constant rate of strain until the sample fails. iv. The vertically applied stress at failure, called the deviatoric stress, may e measured on the proving ring, and when added to the cell pressure gives the ma8imum principal stress. v. (ith the ma8imum . "/ and minimum principal stresses .'/ e drawn. vi. The procedure is repeated with different cell pressures. ' / and a series of :ohr circles drawn. vii. These circles have a common tangent called the :ohr envelope which defines the Coulom equation. ,ifferences etween tria8ial test and shear o8 testH i.

Tria8ia" S.ear Test Ai3G

To determine soil shear strength.

Pr!ce#+reG

DEPARTMENT OF QUALITY CONTROL - Jithesh

Shear o8 tests are generally suita le for cohensionless soil e8cept fine sand and silt whereas tria8ial test is suita le for all types of soils. #ressure changes and volume changes can e measured directly in tria8ial test which is not possi le in shear o8 test. #ore water pressure can e measured in the case of tria8ial test which is not possi le in direct shear test. Tria8ial machine is more adapta le. The stress distri ution across the soil sample in the failure plane is more uniform in tria8ial test. The complete state of stress is !nown at all intermediate stages up to failure during the tria8ial test whereas only the stress at failure are !nown in the direct shear test. 7n tria8ial test, there is complete control over the drainage conditions, where control of drainage conditions is very difficult in shear o8 test.

D!HsG ". Bollow proper dress code. $. (ear shoes always during the la oratory hours. '. 3nter the la with o servation and la records. 4. Iever wor! in the la oratory without the supervision of a faculty. %. Strictly o serve the instructions given y the teacher?>a 7nstructor. +. Tie ac! loose hair.

DEPARTMENT OF QUALITY CONTROL - Jithesh

-. Clean thoroughly the wor! space at the end of the la oratory session. D. @fter completion of e8periment complete the calculation in the la oratory. J. ;eep the wor! area neat and free from any unnecessary materials. "&. "". "$. "'. 5se first aid o8 in case of in<ury. 7n case of emergency switch off the main switch. 5se the fire e8tinguisher in case of fire. Clean and place proper position the instruments ? D!,HtsG ". ,o not wander and waste time in the la oratory. $. ,o not wear ornaments L loose clothes while wor!ing in la . '. ,o not wear wrist watch, gold ring and chain while doing e8periment. 4. ,o not write anything on wor! ench. %. ,o not distur others y tal!ing. +. ,o not loc! the flow of water in sin! drains with de ris. -. ,o not use cell phone inside the la .
"%.

7tKs a good practice to wash your hands when you enter the la and when youKre a out to leave the la .

glassware etc., efore leaving the la . "4. 6andle the equipments properly and with at most care.

DEPARTMENT OF QUALITY CONTROL - Jithesh

D. ,o not rest on wor! ench. J. ,o not touch the terminal and electrical connections. "&. ,o not scatter around unwanted things li!e waste paper

etc., while doing e8periment. "". "$. "'. "4. "%. ,o not ring food or drin! and eat in the la . Safet Preca+ti!,sG @ solutely I) 6)ES3#>@M is allowed in the la areaN ". ;eep the floor clean, free from all waste materials, scrap, oil L I3A3E e8periment on your own. grease. ,o not chew gum or eat candy during la e8ercises. $. (ear proper uniform while wor!ing in la . I3A3E use electrical equipment around water. '. (ear shoes always during the practical hours. 4. @void loose clothing, watches, ring etc. %. ;eep the unused tools and materials at their proper place efore leaving the la .

DEPARTMENT OF QUALITY CONTROL - Jithesh

+. @lways place the tools on the ta le with sharp edge facing away from you. -. ;eep always all the furniture in their proper places. D. 6andle Sharp tools with care. J. )perate the machine in the presence of la incharge. "&. ;eep the first aid o8 and fire e8tinguisher visi le to use in "'. "4. "%. Contact lenses may e not e worn in the la oratory. Eeport all accidents and rea!age to your teacher. Iever enter the la oratory unless a teacher is present.

case of emergency. "". 9e alert and proceed with caution at all times in the

la oratory. Iotify the teacher immediately of any unsafe conditions you o serve. "$. ;eep hands away from face, eyes, mouth, and ody while

using chemicals or la equipment. (ash your hands with soap and water after performing all e8periments.