Chapter 4 The Components of the System Unit

The System Unit

Box-like case that contains computers electronic components Sometimes called the chassis Processor Memory module Expansion cards o Sound card o Modem card o Video card o Network inter ace card

What are common components inside the system unit?

Ports and !onnectors Main circuit "oard in system unit !ontains chips# inte$rated circuits# and transistors %lso called system "oard sin$le ed$e contact 'SE!( cartrid$e dual inline packa$e ')*P( lip chip-P+% ',!-P+%( packa$e pin $rid array 'P+%

What is the mother"oard?

What chip packa$es are a&aila"le?

Central Processing Unit

What is the central processin$ unit '!P-( ?

*nterprets and carries out "asic instructions that operate a computer %lso called the processor !ontrol -nit %rithmetic./o$ic -nit '%/-( )irects and coordinates operations in computer !ontrol unit repeats our "asic operations0 1

What are the components o the !P-?

What is the control unit?

,etch - o"tain pro$ram instruction or data item rom memory )ecode - translate instruction into commands Execute - carry out command Store - write result to memory

What is a machine cycle?

,our operations o the !P- comprise a machine cycle %lso called instruction cycle

*nstruction time 'i-time( - time taken to etch and decode Execution time 'e-time( - time taken to execute and store

%n example o a machine cycle

Student enters math pro"lem '122 x 34( into computers memory 5esult in memory displays on monitors screen %ccordin$ to how many millions o instructions per second 'M*PS( it can process !*S! 'complex instruction set computin$( o Supports lar$e num"er o instructions o !P- executes complex instructions more 7uickly

6ow is the !P-s speed measured?

What are two desi$ns used or the !P-?

5*S! 'reduced instruction set computin$( o Supports smaller num"er o instructions o !P- executes simple instructions more 7uickly

What is the arithmetic.lo$ic unit '%/-( ?

!P- component that per orms execution part o the machine cycle o %rithmetic 'addition# su"traction# multiplication# and di&ision( o !omparison '$reater than# e7ual to# or less than( o /o$ical '%N)# 85# N89(

What is pipelinin$?

!P- "e$ins executin$ second instruction "e ore completin$ irst instruction 5esults in aster processin$ 9emporary stora$e area that holds data and instructions o Stores location rom where instruction was etched o Stores instruction while it is "ein$ decoded 4

What is a re$ister?

o Stores data while %/- processes it o Stores results o calculation What is the system clock?

Synchroni:es all computer operations Each tick is clock cycle M6: me$ahert: 'millions( +6: $i$ahert: '"illions( Sin$le processor chip ound in personal computers *ntel - P! %M) - P! Motorola - Mac !hip that assists processor in per ormin$ speci ic tasks 8ne type is a loatin$-point coprocessor# also known as a math or numeric coprocessor -sin$ multiple processors simultaneously to execute pro$ram aster 5e7uires special so tware to di&ide pro"lem and "rin$ results to$ether

What is a microprocessor?

6ow do personal computer processors compare?

What is a coprocessor?

What is parallel processin$?

Data Representation
6ow do computers represent data?

Most computers are di$ital 5eco$ni:e only two discrete states0 on or o Num"er system with two uni7ue di$its0 2 and 1 Ei$ht "its $rouped to$ether 43; characters %S!** - %merican Standard !ode or *n ormation *nterchan$e EB!)*! - Extended Binary !oded )ecimal *nterchan$e !ode -nicode - codin$ scheme capa"le o representin$ all worlds lan$ua$es Step 10 Press letter 9 <

What is the "inary system?

What is a "yte?

What are three popular codin$ systems to represent data?

6ow is a character sent rom key"oard to computer?

Step 40 Electronic si$nal or letter 9 sent to system unit Step <0 Si$nal chan$ed to its %S!** code '21212122( and stored in memory Step =0 % ter processin$# "inary code or letter 9 is con&erted to ima$e on output de&ice

Memory
What is memory?

9emporary stora$e area or operatin$ system# application pro$rams# and data !onsists o one or more chips on mother"oard Each "yte stored in uni7ue address By num"er o "ytes a&aila"le o >B o MB o +B o 9B

6ow is memory measured?

What are two types o system unit memory?

&olatile memory o /oses its contents when computer?s power is turned o non&olatile memory o )oes N89 lose its contents when computers power is turned o

What is random access memory '5%M(?

Memory chips that can "e read rom and written to "y processor Most 5%M is &olatile 9he more 5%M a computer has# the aster it operates )ynamic 5%M ')5%M(
o o

What are two "asic types o 5%M chips?

Most common type %lso called main memory -sed or special applications such as cache ,aster and more relia"le than )5%M chips

Static 5%M 'S5%M(

o o

6ow much 5%M is needed?

So tware packa$e usually indicates 5%M re7uirements =

6ow much 5%M is needed?

)epends on type o applications you intend to run on your computer 6elps speed computer processes "y storin$ re7uently used instructions and data %lso called memory cache# cache store# or 5%M cache /1 cache "uilt in processor /4 and /< cache not "uilt in processor /4 ad&anced trans er cache most common Memory chips that contain data# instructions# or in ormation that is recorded permanently )ata can only "e read@ cannot "e modi ied in 58M 58M is non&olatile A !ontents not lost when computer is turned o o B*8S '"asic input.output system( o Stored on 58M

What is cache

What is read-only memory '58M(?

Se7uence o instructions computer ollows to load operatin$ system and other iles when you turn on the computer

9ypes o 58M

,irmware 58M chips manu actured with permanently written data# instructions# or in ormation P58M 'pro$ramma"le read-only memory( o Blank 58M on which you can place items permanently EEP58M 'electrically erasa"le pro$ramma"le read-only memory( o 9ype o P58M containin$ microcode pro$rammer can erase

What is lash memory?

Non&olatile memory that can "e erased electronically and repro$rammed -sed with handheld computers and di$ital cameras# cellular phones# and automo"ile !omplementary metal-oxide semiconductor memory Stores in ormation a"out the computer o type o disk dri&es o key"oard o monitor o current time and date 3

What is !M8S?

-ses "attery to retain in ormation when computer is turned o Speed at which processor can access data rom memory directly Measured in nanoseconds 'ns(# which is one "illionth o a second *t takes 1.12 o a second to "link your eye@ a computer can per orm up to 12 million operations in same amount o time

What is memory access time?

Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards

What is an expansion slot?

%n openin$# or socket# where circuit "oard is inserted into mother"oard Expansion card inserted in expansion slot

6ow are expansion cards used? What is Plu$ and Play?

!omputer automatically can con i$ure cards and other de&ices as you install them !redit card-si:ed de&ice used to add capa"ilities to note"ook computers P!M!*% - Personal !omputer Memory !ard *nternational %ssociation -ses include modem# additional memory# and stora$e o Memory B 9ype * o Modem B 9ype ** o 6ard )ri&e B 9ype ***

What is a P! card?

What is a lash memory card?

%dds memory to handheld computers# di$ital music players# cellular telephones# and similar de&ices

Ports
What is a port?

!onnects external de&ices to system unit o key"oard port o -SB port o serial port o monitor port o $ame port o network port o mouse port ;

o parallel port o speaker port o microphone port What are di erent types o connectors? What is a serial port?

9ransmits one "it o data at a time -sed to connect slow-speed de&ices# such as mouse# key"oard# mode !onnects de&ices that can trans er more than one "it at a time# such as a printer !onnector that supports newer peripherals and plu$ and play !an connect 14C de&ices 8ther popular ports include 1<D=# M*)*# S!S*# and *r)%

What is a parallel port?

What is a uni&ersal serial "us port '-SB( ?

Buses
What is a "us?

!hannel that allows de&ices inside computer to communicate with each other 8n the mother"oard System "us connects processor and 5%M Bus width determines num"er o "its transmitted at one time Word si:e determines num"er o "its processor can interpret and execute at a $i&en time o -sually same as "us width

What is an expansion "us?

%llows processor to communicate with peripherals o *S% B most common# slowest o /ocal Bus B hi$h-speed# connects hi$her speed de&ices o %+P B desi$ned "y *ntel to impro&e <-) $raphics

Bays
What is a "ay?

8pen area inside system unit used to install additional e7uipment

Power Supply
What is a power supply?

!on&erts alternatin$ current '%!( to direct current ')!( C

Some peripheral de&ices ha&e %! adapter

Mobile Computers
What is a mo"ile computer?

Note"ook# which wei$hs "etween 4E3 and F pounds# or handheld >ey"oard.mouse port *r)% port Serial port Parallel Port Video port -SB port %n *r)% port allows the handheld computer to communicate wirelessly with other computers or de&ices 6andheld computers also can rest in a cradle# so you can trans er data to your desktop computer

What ports are on a note"ook computer?

6ow is data trans erred rom a handheld computer?

Putting t !ll Together

What are su$$ested processor# clock speed# and 5%M re7uirements "ased on the needs o &arious types o users?

PentiumG = or *taniumH or %thlonH 1 +6: or hi$her 43; MB 5%M