Behaviour and Design of Structures 3 Loads Tutorial

The University of Edinburgh School of Engineering and Electronics

1. What is a partial safety factor? Why are they used in preference to load factors or strength factors in modern design codes? 2. Why are partial safety factors on imposed loads usually greater than those on dead loads? 3. Eurocode 0 uses factors in addition to partial safety factors. What is the role of factors? 4. Obtain values for the following from Eurocodes 0 and 1 (assume UK values apply): a. The characteristic density of steel, b. The characteristic density of hardened, lightweight concrete with a normal level of reinforcement, c. The characteristic imposed load in a hotel bedroom, d. The partial safety factor for the self-weight of concrete, e. The factor to be applied to office loading when taken as the leading variable action in the Frequent serviceability limit state. 5. A simply supported steel beam with span 6m and cross-sectional area of 95cm2 carries a uniformly distributed characteristic imposed load of 5kN/m. Calculate the design bending moment according to Eurocodes 0 and 1. 6. The loads shown acting on the structure in Fig. 1 are unfactored (characteristic) loads. Wind-loads, imposed loads and dead loads are indicated as WL,IL and DL, respectively. Wind loads can act from left to right or the other way around. Calculate the maximum and minimum design vertical reactions at the two supports. To do this it will be necessary to consider a variety of design situations. For example, dead load, imposed load and wind load acting together.

WL 5

DL 10 WL 5

Each panel is 4m x 4m All loads in kN

IL 20 WL 5 DL 25 DL 25

Figure 1

Answers. Q4: (a)77-78.5kN/m , (b)15-17kN/m , (c) 2kN/m , (d) Assuming acting as a unfavourable permanent load, 1.35, (e) 0.5 Q5: 38.3kNm Q6 See solution sheet

Behaviour and Design of Structures 3

Loads Tutorial 1

MG, TJS, January 2009

Behaviour and Design of Structures 3 Loads Tutorial

7.

The University of Edinburgh School of Engineering and Electronics

A three-span continuous beam carries a uniformly distributed permanent action of Gk = 25 kN/m and a free variable action of Qk = 18 kN/m (characteristic values).
A B C D

5.0m

5.0m

5.0m

The free action can act in any (or none) of the three spans. For example, if the free action acts in the left and central spans:

G Gk + Q Qk

G Gk + Q Qk

G Gk

Also, G can either be favourable (1.0) or unfavourable (1.35) in different spans. Identify different possible combinations of load, and: determine the support reactions for each load case; plot the shear force diagrams for all load cases on a single set of axes; plot the bending moment diagram all load cases on a single set of axes; and draw on the shear force envelope and bending moment envelope. Identify the maximum and minimum: support reactions bending moment at the centre of the beam; and bending moment over a central support.
SUPPORT REACTIONS FOR EQUAL SPAN CONTINUOUS BEAMS WITH UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOADS Reaction = coefficient w L where w is the distributed load (e.g. in kN/m) and L is one span.

The three databook cases on the right can be used to find the support reactions (by superposition). Similar databook cases can be found at the back of the Steel Designers Manual. More complicated continuous beams, such as beams with unequal spans, would need to be analysed using moment distribution (taught in ToS3) or computer methods (taught in CMS3).

w
(i)
0.40 1.10

w
1.10

w
0.40
MG, TJS, January 2009

w
(ii)
0.05 0.55 0.55 0.05 0.017

w
(iii)
0.433 0.65 0.10

Behaviour and Design of Structures 3

Loads Tutorial 1