CHAPTER

ON
LETTERING
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CHAPTER
ON
LETTERING
SAMPLES OF
Figures, Headings, Initials,
Scrolls and Titles.
PRICE 25 CENTS.
THE BROWNING PRESS
COLLINWOOD, OHIO
CONTENTS.
Sample Style of Lettering
Practice Sheet
Common Errors in Mechanical Drawings
Block Type .
Faucy Letters
Initial Letters
Monograms .
Headings and Show Cards
Scrolls and Tail Pieces
Titles on Drawings
Borders
Title Plate
LIBI!ARY of CONGRESS
Two Ooo!es P.eceived,"
APR 1906
ll':.ri:ht Entry
L{sS V
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COPY B.
REMARKS.
3
4
6
7
13
18
20
21
24
25
27
28
The sketches for the following pages were made by 1\lr. E. H . Browning, 1\lr. \V.
E. King, Mr. C. C. Riester, Mr. F. H. Sibley, Mr. J. S. Meyers and l\Ir. W . .-\ .
Thompson.
ERRATA.
Page 2, unJer "Form of Letters, " read Fig. 7 ins tead of Fig. 5.
Page 3, Fig. 9 should read Fig. 7.
SECOND f':OITION.
COPYRIG IITED HY
W. D. BR O WNING,
C OLLI N \\'0 01>, 0.
GL A CHAPTER ON LETTERINO.
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& J idea of instruction as
to the forming of
letters and figures as
in mor e extensive
text-books, as it is
to giYe a collection of alphabets,
headings, titles aud borders that
will aid the student in the arrange-
ment of snch things on drmYings.
The student will do well to make
a collection of engravings, fnll
designs, letterings, comics, figures,
initials, tail-pieces, etc., from cata-
logues, magazines, papers, books,
etc., and to put them in a scrap
book for future use.
Tl!e pencil should be held at right
angles to the line to be drawn when
drawing straight lines. and at an
angle of about 30" to the paper,
while in order to insure good smooth
lines, tbe ruling pen or right line
should be held perpendicular to the
right . line.
NOTE.-See Errata on opposite page.
Any of the many styles of pens
used for writing may be used for
free-band lettering, but the tee-
Fig. 2-How to hold a ruling pen.
square aud ruling pen and compass
will be needed for many of the
other styles. Tlle pen which is
best adapted for a certain piece of
work can be decided only by tria!
Some draftsmen and artists prefer a
Gillott, sorne a Spencerian, sorne a
ball-pointed, sorne a stub, and the
coarseness of the point and the
pressure determines the line.
A new pen shonld be cleaned of
the oil coating by dipping in the
2 Slant and Form of Letters.
ink and wiping severa! times, or by
moistening with the tongue. The
pen should be wiped clean every
time it is laid away, and should not
be used in com!Pon writing inks,
for they wi.ll it badly.
Keep the bottle off the drawing,
and take the pen to the ink, and
carry it carefully to avoid a blot.
Assume an easy. position as in
writing, and avoid gripping the pen
to cramp the fingers.
Fig. 3.
ordinarily atJ. angle of 45 with the
horizontal will suffice for the up
strokes and the axis of ellipses,
excepting that of the letter O. The
latter angle will ha ve to be increased
of course when the lettering is com-
pressed as shown in Fig. s.
An augle of 6o
0
with the hori-
zontal ( Fig. 4) will make the letter
lay over considerable more than in
Fig. 2, but stili makes a good look-
ing letter. It is very imp0rtant
that all letters in the same \Vord and
sentence have the same inclination.
_
Extended Lettering
is used for
Fig. 6.
The Form of Letters.
N e ver use a blotter on the letter- A lmost every curve of the letters
ing as one does in writing, butallow ancl figures of the vertical and
the ink time to dry, thus avoiding inclined types may be considered as
brown and thin lines. When the embodied in the letter o or O, so
that it would be well for the
eDiripressetf [ompressed lellenng is u_sed student to practice on it
_ to save sfJace 011 a dl:?M!1fl . .
' untll he can make lt neatly,
Fig. 5.
flow has been too rapid, and the ink
is piled high, tear off a piece of the
blotter and bring the tip clown to
the top of the globule of ink to
absorb sorne of it without spreading
it over the paper, as is the case if
the blotter is laid ftat upon the iuk.
The stndent, and in fact the drafts-
man, should layout guide lines for
the height and slant of the lines.
The Slant of Letters.
It has been suggested by Mr.
Reinhardt that a slope of r to 2-!
( Fig. 3) is sufficient for the stems
or down strokes of the letters, and
as indicated in Fig. 5
Style of Letters.
A n easy style of lettering is shown
in Fig. 7, and the height may be
made as shown in FiR. 8. Divide
the body into three and the total
height into five parts, except the t,
which should be only four parts.
Printers class the letters such as
a, b, e, l, o, &c., as "lower case"
letters,and C,D,X, Y &c. as " caps,"
or "upper case" letters. So that a
"font" of type is a quantity made
up of upper and lowP.r case letters.
The practice sheet (Fig. 9) is
arranged to go on a sheet r4 x 19,
with border 13'' x r7', allowil1g 1-}"
margin at the left and f' at the top,
bottom and rigbt, leaving room for a
title in the lower right hand corner.
If sorne of the lettering is cramped,
and tbe lines do not fill out, simply
repeat sorne of the words or figures.
abe 45
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Fig. 8.
Following the practice sheet is a
plate giving a few ''Common Errors
in Mechanical Drawing," which
will no doubt give suggestions that
will be of value to the student.
The Block Type.
On page 8 is another sheet
may be used as a practice sheet,
though on much smaller paper, and
the block type (p. 6) could be ar-
ranged for a cass sheet too. (See
tbat tbe letter J is made right. )
This type is arranged on tbe basis
of 5 squares high 'and in most cases ..
4 squares wide, exceptl, 1/Vand M.
By using tbe compass with centers
at tbe center of the second square
from side or top, the rounded type
is produced (Fig. w).
The type shown at -the left on p. 7
is built up mi the body of that on p.6,
but appears to show a side and bot-
tom of the letter, this being accom- .,_
plished by aid of the 45 triangle,
going down or up as desired to i of
the next square. This offset may be
blacker, shaded or open, as shown.
Suggestions.
Following these arestylesof letters
and figures that can be used in vari-
ousways,such as headings, titles, &c.
In all cases of lettering i t is better
for the student if be will sketch in
the letters with pencil, and note if
the whole lay-out is symmetrical
with a center line. It so often hap-
pens that inscriptions, headings and
titles are placed " any old way,"
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Fig. 9.
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234 567890
4 S 'C D' t F 'G -H' f J: 'lf. t!. 'M tfV (P tP' '(,> Jfi!' $ f '!,/' !/! W 'lf .? 1 .1! J1[ lY Y YI Yl JlJl! IX X L
The size or this Drawing is fo be !4"x!8" Oimensions and !3"x !7'inside !he Border Line Puf everyff11nq on
!he piafe Exocl!y os shawn except fhe figures which tndicate the heiqhl of" !he Le#ers. These are fo be Lefl o!T & &
To !ay out the piafe beqin al !he left hand border and Measure off f"or an /nch for a marqin. Then Divide !he
Piole Verticaf!y tnlo spoces (wide Pul two Lines of letlers in each One inch space, !he fines lo be !aid ouf os fo!lows
The Bo#om o( !he le#ers in !he lower fine of each ' Spoce mus/ Coincide mlh /he Divtsion /Jne of !he spoce ond lhl!
boltom of !he Upper fine tn eoch one mch space is lo be placed [ above !he Division !tne of !he Space. Bo!h Horizon-
tal and Diagonal Gutde fines musf be drawn befare !he !elters Are pul tn. The diagonals hove a s!ope of ZJ lo/ as Shown.
Thts gives !he slope of !he slems. The Dlrpses Which form /he bolloms of /he .sma/1 Lelters Hove a slope of 4.5. The body or !he
le/ter should be J of" /he who/e heighl and !he slems of !he !ellers q j p e should exlend lwo fj"flhs of /he whole heighl
Be/ow !he h1e. In !he firsl lwo fines On lhis piole /he Arrows .fhow !he Direr:lion of /he slrokes. . The oppearance of a
Orawinq is oflen spotled by Coreless /ellering. There are lhree Rules i'Yhich il is Necessary lo observe in arder lo /eller we/1.
The fi'rsl .rule is lo seled a stinple slyle of Lelfer and Always slick lo ti. A pradical le/ter is one lhal Can be rapidly ond
eosi!y Mode f"reehand -The second rule is Praclice. The third rule is more Praclice. The !ype o( leller shown on lhis . Piole
is recommended as CYJe of !he mosl prac!ica/ fr Ordinary mechan/cal Drawings tls principal advonlage Beinq the speed w1Yh
which /he Le!!ers con be made. COre shou/d be token lo Keep !he spacinq even, fr if lhe slanl is Untorm and !he
Spacing qood !he work WJlh look Righl even if /he /ndivJdual lelfers ore nol al! we/1 made. This sly!e. of !ellenn!oolrs
/he bes/ When /he lelfers are kepl ralher Narrow in proporlion lo !he Heiqhl o'nd /he spacing i.s Clase. The size o( /he
lelters here 1:S ,f for /he Body, ond lhe slems ex/ene/ -. above and be!ow The 1ne. The Capila/s are al/ ,i- Hiqh.
A complete Oiscussion ond descriplion o( lhis Slyle con he lund in Reinhardls Lelfenng for Dral.smen, Engineers. and
Sludenls: Pub!ished by O Van Noslrand Co., Ne;r York . Price one do/lar. This Jale must be penetled in ond aproved o/
!he !nstruclor befare ony ink t:S pul on it. The !JY!e. name and dale is lo be p!aced in lhe corner
as shown, in a lf x3' in .size. The bes/ pen for lhis work is a 67/olls 303 which has
we/1 broken tn, lhof is oughf lo hove been. u sed enough lo reman: !he sharp poinf and ber:ane rtextble.
Piole 1
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Common Errors m /lfechanical Drawing.
e oMMoN E RRoRs IN ME:CHF\NICF\1.. DRPIWING.
SUPERF"L.UOUS
POORL.V OISP06E:0 1
TFfNT ONE OM ITTE.D,
No DI$,.1NC.'TION ,,.. 'V'I.IE.\G.HT
PROPEAL"t" D lMENS.IONE.D4
C LEF\J:\ 0\STINC.'TIO N.
R 6 RD L.1NE.o
F\ Gooc I..INE..
BY
A BAo oo,..,.e:o
AN RVE.FII\GE ONE.
WK\CH DcES
TI1E ARROW'Mt:AN?
51 DE V1e. W OMITTEO.
E.tTHER Wl\y o. K.
lE:rERIAJt:ltKr: THIS TFTKES u TOO MUCI-I YCRTICFIL .sFtcE.
r-Be Gr5fu/ ,/?.bot.IT ,liTro _7QiJs k__de::s

tlsed more ;n s/ruclro/ 7/iOn mach;ne wor.k
MRHE IT .so IT I.N!I-L PRINT VVE:LL.,
Don.t .lYltx StYles o.f p,,,..,ti..n..:. FoRGOT HE .S"TRRTE:.D
../lcld; ./YGthiW.
Two WAYS OF SRYING THE SRME THING-.
DRILL ANOTAP F"OR f GRS PIPE. SR'r, TRP.
*' COF\Et> HoLE.S. Bt:TTE;R S01v, !"CoRE 6 011'1. BOAED- SRY, 6 BOR.E.
ONE HR,..o, MRRK szo.J
8
{ 1 A:s si1<>V..N. s2o.
" LEFT , 82.1. ETTI:.I'lSAY IOPPHRNO. 621.
RtGH'T Hf\ND ONE IS SHOWN MI\I<E TITI.E& COMPLI<TE BuTVERY CoNCtS"
W"'STEo.TlME.
SL.oppy F"RIR.
DoN'T Ofltf\W BOL.TCS UNLE.8S TkEV
L \F"Es Too St-toRT To 5Hovv NuTs tN PL."N
C. l.= CAaT IRoN. W.I.WR<>u&HT IR<>N.
MFIL.l. MRI..L.EABLE; IRON. s.c.cs,. .. EL
CAsTINC>. C. R,S, =CoLO Rc'-'-E'> S'TILitl.,
Mcc., ST. =MEDIUM ST""'- ST. =- M1LD
MRK'E D'"'"""''""'cas P"OIII "THE STLEL. L.G. T. S.=
WORKMP.N. ,. PIO:'TuRE DAIIWoN&S """ GRADE TooL STEI:L. M.S.= MIICHlNEFIY
RE.QIUI"I::I) RN A RTlS'T.
STI::EL. Bz..= BR<>NZ.E.
F ig . 10.
Bloc/.: L clters. 7
1111 1 111 11 1
1
11 1111
1; 1 1 1 11111
UIJ rnB 1 1 1
i 11! IWII 1 IMI
1111; li 1 1 1! 11
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FIG. 11-Piain Block Letters and Figures. (J is wrong.)
FIG. 12- Plain Block Let ters Rounded.



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ABCDEFGHIJKLM
NOPQRSTUVWXYZ '\----
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e o E:::-- c.rl-1@) KL M
l\1 o p Q n l) VV X
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Samples of Lettering. 1 [iand -foo
Practice Piafe. 9
11 11 11

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KLM NO
PO RST UVWXYZ&.,-:;
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cbcdefg hij kl m no pq rs tuvwxyz.
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obcde/'ghi;l<ln71'Jtopqrstuvwx..Y.Z:
AB C DE F G HIJ_KLik12VXYZ.


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abcdefghijklm:nopqrstuvwxyz.
8
abcd'(?/'gh{/klrnnopqrstuvwxyz.
9
AI3CDEFGHUKLmnOPQRST
UYWXYZ &.12 34567890781
o..bcdefqhijklmnopqrstuvwxyz


TUVWXYZ &
abcdefqhklmnopqrst u vw XYZ
EACH ONE ON HEAVY DRAWING PAPf:R
ABOUT S(II(N BY ELEVEN INCHE:S
ror letterinq wor...inq drawinqs.
PfiOffiEJ1 PLA TL
INSTRUMENTAL ANO
FREE J-!;\fiJD
LEi'Tf{f/Yr;,
PROBLEM 4 4.
A B G D f. f t ! J K lM
urn o n Ta w l V - X y
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This and the styles on the next following pages are samples to be used in headings, titles, etc.
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ABC-DEFGHIJ?
KL OPQRST
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41'10' ltp Deicacy, .
t.fl i.Jj\13 . Sfte]gt? Q: Bealtty. _
Skeleton Letters.
Shaded aud Fancy.
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Heavy Bod
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Scro/l 7)'pe.
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1 : l ti 8 N 8 : 1 N 1 1111 1 11::
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No alphabet is susceptible of so many variations as is the Sickels. This alphabet.by Mr. Flickinger shows the style most commonly
by engrossing artists. It can be line shaded, ora brush may be used with pleasing effect.
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bzitial Lctters.
INITIAL LETTERS.
THESE are usually placed at the
beginning of a_chapter. Sorne-
times each main section of a chap-
ter is honored with an initialletter.
The same style is generally re-
t ained throughout the book as well
as on the cover, a type being selected
and used for the complete work.
D
otdBiatlt
J:etttr4'-
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Wtrt as early
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JNLAN.O TYPC I ..!
ome J)05&ible e.:nd tmposstble
rtlle e!'iects for lnitie.ls *tlh fue
INLAND TYPr. l'OUNDERS CO. /'3
Blancnard Series c"P" & o r na-
tnents. :e>etng done b y }>en
&.ink as o. .study for effeci-
ve Imhal dll!>play.
demon.stratin!l ihe Wle
of Blanchard Fe.ee for lnttie.t, the
i\tustrahons -serve to lnove lhe.l:
!he \Jp-to-Dale com}>os \ior can
proMably uhlite \hl& melhod
for .the study of ru1e effeci.s.
N o re..t a.rhstic Dl>ilily lS rec\\i r-
ed, only lhe t.bih\y tu =e a
m }'encil &t Strail)hl-edl!e
lf 'you cannot dra.w lne i.nilial
fmd ihe lelter you desire,
i\, !)et an 1mprees1on on
of whtie c;:,.:rd-board , then
ce.ed to dra.w your tule 0-hout
the ldler , ca.1e to im-
iiate \he l'oint required, re-
n1.en:,be1itt2_ thallf.e or tne
fa ce ofihe t-ule m.akes or mws Jhe
;:,.rlis\ic rffect desired.
':r'H!C BEST TYPE

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lnilial Letters.
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20 Jlfonograms.
Headiugs aud CarJs. 21
HEAOINOS ANO CAROS.
T
HE same style of type should be used for the headng-. throughout a
book, magazine or catalog. Page headngs may be plan or ornamental.
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In his \,' ;ndow
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22
llradings and Cards.
-
Headings and Cards.

i/ERV
FINEQJT
N fooAY Nf' J.

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STRUCTURAL.

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. PRA(JI([
.Si:ro/ls and Tail Pieces.
SCROLLS ANO TAIL PIECES.
A few scrolls ancl tail pieces are here shown.
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Tilles oj Drawings.
TITLES OF DRAWINOS.
T
HE title of the drawing is the
inscription describing what the
drawing is supposed to represent,
the name of the firm for whom
made, and the maker and date.
This title may be ornamental or
plain, as the draftsman thinks best.
arrangement and number of words ,
and then the style of lettering may
be selected.
_/i)l{ ________________________________________ _
7HE WIRNER & SWAS!Y Co. CLEVELAND, o.
DATE- SCALE --
OHAWN BY---- APPROVEJJ BY----
M:_ ___ , ........... .
In sorne drafting rooms the space
allotted for tbe title is filled by a
few words and lines put on by a
rubber stamp, and some additional
data added by the draftsman. '---------------..J
A few forms are here shown to
give an idea of thedifferent arrange-
ment of wording.
A title shonld first be sketched
out on a piece of paper to get the
The lettering is put in so as to
lie equally on each side of the cen-
ter line, as shown in the following
illustrations, which are shown half
. skeleton and half finished.
Br/dge Big A'on, Evonsvil/e, .llrizono.
#. K cmd T. RY. Jv!JOOLE O! V. .
..!! S,.oons, Sin.!Jie lrock, 175!oc.c.End.ffn.s.
lP CHOROS fiNlJ ENO POSTS.
Seo/e- -J'4 - /I'J
AMERICAN BRIDCE OO.,
EDGEMOOR PLANT.
A. B. Co. Con>r. No. . . ___ ... ...
M&de by. J.C. ____________ ___ fl!J.Q ..
Checkod /( ............. - . .
11t E No.L(,2,2_Q __ No . .l2 . ... .
Showing title put on with stamp and pen, also sizes of border
lines of Drawing, Tracing and Blue Print.
Tilles.
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ftoorArcf], &CGJrrrr&er&
lU.o <o 9
ROCK
ROCK IS+A!Wlli:il lilb,lL.
q.=-A<e ' r; _ /V
-r-- .=-..::J, 2s /'-:1/"'-_
e::;._,=:;?_.., -r- 1-'Y E'__;_- .!!!Z>V e;:. ., C::<::1.
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Eancy Borders. 27
FANCY BORDERS.
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Sorne fancy border lines are here shown that can be used for general
drawings and t itle sheets.
28 A Title Plate.
A TITLE PLATE.
This plate is on paper I4x19, with 2 " margin on left and 1' on right end
and 1" on top and bottom.
The type for this title plate was taken from pages 7 and 8, and the
blocks each ,
3
inch for the first, third and fifth rows, and inch each
for the others.
APR ~ 1906