Integrated Mine Haul Road Design

GSFM AnIntegratedApproachto MineHaulRoadDesign
RogerThompson
WesternAustralianSchoolofMines CurtinUniversity
www.mining.curtin.edu.au
AimofPresentation
GSFM fourcomponentsof mineroaddesign GSFMandrollingresistance interactions Whatdoesroaddesignand constructioninvolve?
Geometric Structural Functional Maintenance.Design components
Introduction
Poorroaddesignimpacts safety,trafficmanagement,& costpertonne hauled. Ideally,SHMS/SOP specificationsshouldincludea formalapproachtoroaddesign. Butwhatshoulddesign considerand;
Howisitspecified? Howisconformance monitored?
Engineering &Mining Journal, vol 210,n5 June 2009. Mining Media Ltd.
RollingResistance
Primarymeasureofmine roadperformance isoften basedonrollingresistance
Frequentlythebasisofa costbenefitevaluation, but whatisrollingresistance andhowisitgenerated?
RollingResistance
Rollingresistanceisthe resistancetotruckmotion duemostlyto:
Roaddeformationunder thetyre, Tyre penetrationintothe road, Tyre deformationeffects ontheroadsurface.
Roaddeformationundertyre pressure
Tyre penetrationintotheroadsurface
Tyre deformationeffectsontheroadsurface
RollingResistance
RR %
RR%
GR% (+ve against the load) (-ve with the load)
Totalresistance%=RR% GR%
PracticalApplication
Ramps
1%RR 10%KPH
Surfaceroads
1%RR 26%KPH
RR %
Ramps
Percent reduction in speed per 1% RR increase (%)
Effect of rolling resistance on truck speed Base case rolling resistance (RR) = 2%
1%RR
10%KPH
25 20 15 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 4
Liebherr T282B 4.32kW(net)/tonne GVM 50/80R63 Tyres and 37.33:1 Drive ratio
Empty truck (EVM = 229 tonnes) Full truck (GVM = 592 tonnes)
GR%
Surfaceroads
1%RR 26%KPH
Performance Chart
7
ad
Grade (%) of ro
20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 1
Effective Grade (%)
9 10 11 12
1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900
Propulsion Retard Propulsion (trolley)
2% to 3% RR 3% to 4% RR 4% to 5% RR Rear dump truck (electric drive) with 4,27kW/t GVM
Rimpull (kN)
800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Speed (km/h)
Effective grade (UPHILL) % = Grade % + rolling resistance% Effective grade (DOWNHILL)% = Grade % rolling resistance%
HaulRoadDesign
Howdowedeveloparoad designwhich;
Maximises safety Maximises utilityof environment(materialsand equipment),and Minimises rollingresistance andtotalroaduserscosts?
HaulRoadDesign
Fromasafetyperspective;
Geometricdesign Excessiveshearforcesand truckinstability. StructuralDesign Damage totyre andchassis,truck instability,missalignment. FunctionalDesign wet slipperiness,tractionand skidresistance,dust. MaintenanceDesign runningsurface.
HaulRoadDesign
Fromarollingresistance perspective,minimise;
deformationundertyre StructuralDesign penetrationandtyre deformation Functional Design roaddeteriorationrate MaintenanceDesign
ImprovingMineHaulRoads
Unsprung mass acceleration due to two 100mm road defects 374t GVM RDT
15 Acceleration (m/s 2) 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 Arbitrary time (s)
Measured truck response Actual road defect
0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
Road defect height (m)
First,youneedtoknowwhat iswrongbeforeyoucan decidedtofixit. Realtimemonitoringcanbe usedtorecordthetruckand tyreresponsetotheroad, andwhenlinkedwithGPS, givesthefirstindicationof WHEREandWHATthehaul roadproblemsare.
2 6 2 0 00 0 . 00
Truck path
start Defect 0.05 to 0.10m
Defect 0.11 to 0.20m

2 6 1 9 0 0 0. 00
0 0 0. 00
Thecureisnotnecessarily justmorefrequent maintenance. Noamountofmaintenance willfixapoorlydesigned road.Eachcomponentofthe roadinfrastructuremustbe correctlyaddressedatthe designstage.
Investigatetherootcauseof theunder performance before decidingona remediationstrategy. Followanintegrated approachtoroaddesign, examineeachdesign component.
BASIC HAUL ROAD DESIGN DATA
GEOMETRIC DESIGN GUIDELINES
STRUCTURAL DESIGN GUIDELINES
MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES
AND
DELIVERING MINIMUM TOTAL ROAD-USER COSTS?
MOST COST EFFICIENT SOLUTION TO HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND OPERATION
CHEMICAL PALLIATION OR WATER-BASED SPRAYING
IS PERFORMANCE OPTIMUM
MODIFY WEARING COURSE MATERIAL
FUNCTIONAL DESIGN GUIDELINES
IntegratedRoadHaulDesign
BASIC HAUL ROAD DESIGN DATA GEOMETRIC DESIGN GUIDELINES STRUCTURAL DESIGN GUIDELINES
AND
MODIFY WEARING COURSE MATERIAL MATERIAL
GeometricDesign
IntegratedHaulRoadDesign
AND
StructuralDesign
AND
FUNCTIONAL DESIGN DESIGN GUIDELINES
FunctionalDesign
AND
Costs
Minimum total cost solution
Max Min
Maintenance frequency Rolling resistance
Min Max
GeometricDesign
Geometricdesign;
Determinestheroadlayout oralignment,both horizontallyandvertically. Practically,weoftenneed tocompromisebetweenan ideallayoutandwhatmine geometryandhauling economicswillallow.
Establish start and end points of road.
Feasible (mine plan) and economic route (topography) selection.
Optimise truck performance against route grades and speeds and construction costs.
Design horizontal and vertical alignments. Check sight distances throughout.
Check additional road geometric requirements against ALL roadroad-user vehicles.
Assess junction and intersection layouts and associated safety components. Check drainage requirements with topographic contours in vicinity of route.
Survey and peg the route centre lines. Test soil properties for Structural Design phase
GeometricDesignVertical Alignment
Alignmentoftheroadin;
Thevertical plane here wedesignforsafeand efficient;
Stoppingandsight distances(howreliably canwedeterminethese values??), Optimumrampgradients andverticalcurve transitions.
Stoppingdistances;
Truckmanufacturersand sitetestingshouldconfirm thedistancesrequiredto bringatrucktoastop undervariousconditionsof load(NBempty),speed, gradeandtraction wet, dry,wearingcourse(s).
Sightdistances;precautions shouldbeappliedwhensight distancefallsbelowstopping distance;
Benchedgeobstructionsrequire laybacksorbatter, Verticalcurves crestsoften requireflatteningtoimprove sightdistances, Useaminimumverticalcurve lengthof150mandradiusof 1500mfordesignwork. Applyspeedlimits.
Sightdistancesandmachine factors; Inadditiontosightdistances alsoconsiderdriverblind spots wherethedriverhas limitedornosightofpartsof theroad.
Final Report Blind Area Study Large Mining Equipment, Contract Report 200-2005-M-12695, CDC/NIOSH, USA, 2006.
GeometricDesignHorizontal Alignment
Alignmentoftheroadinthe horizontalplane herewe designforsafeandefficient;
Roadwidth, Curvatureandsuper elevations, Crownorcrossfall.
GeometricDesignHorizontalAlignment
Ramp 5 RampW W5
Ramp Ramp W3 W3
m 50
50 m
Ramp RampW W4 4
Ramp 1 (W) Ramp W W1 (W) Ramp Ramp W1 W 1 (E) (E)
Main Main haul haul road road
50m
50m
Widthofroad;
Sufficientfortherequired numberoflanes (pavementwidth),and shoulders(carriageway width)andallthe associatedsafetyand drainagefeatures (formationwidth). 3.5W why?Effectof largervehicles.
Thewidestvehicles proposeddeterminethe pavementwidth. TheTablesummarizesthese designroadwaywidths.
Truck images courtesy Caterpillar Inc
Curvesandswitchbacks;
Designedwiththe maximumradiuspossible andbekeptsmoothand consistent. Changesincurveradii (compoundcurves)should beavoided.Alargercurve radiusallowsahighersafe roadspeedandincreased truckstability >200m minimumradiusideal.
Superelevation;
Bankingappliedonthe outsideofacurvetoallow thetrucktomaintain stabilityinthecurveat speed. Shouldnotexceed5%7%, unlesshighspeedhaulageis maintainedandthe possibilityofsliding minimizedbyusingmedian berms tosplitsuper elevations.ReferTable.
Crossfall(usewithextreme caution),crownorcamber;
Critical tothedesignand successfuloperationof mineroads. Ensureswaterdoesnot gatheronandpenetrate intotheroadsurface.
Crossslopeshouldbeused withcaution,possibilityof collisionincreasesorrunoff benchedge. Largedeflectionberms shouldbeplacedattheroad centerandedge. Crossslopeeasierto maintain.
Camber (crown) example Center-line 2-3% 2-3% Drain Cross-slope example Drain
2-3%
Drain
GeometricDesign
Safetyberms;
A'crest'orroadedgeberm willnoteffectivelystop trucks(especiallyhigh speedladenorunladen trucks)fromleavingthe road. Atbest,theywillprovide limiteddeflectionand warningtothedriverthat thetruckpathneeds correcting.
GeometricDesign
Berm slopeshouldbeassteep aspossible(1.5V:1Hideally), butensurestabilityand maintenanceofheight. Forlargehaultrucks,theberm heightshouldbeatleast50% 66%ofthetruckwheel diameter. Steepberm sideaidsdeflection. Flatterberms allowthetruckto climb andoverturn. Medianberms considertraffic managementimplications.
Section A-A Outslope Conventional berm
Median berm
Bench face
Section on A-A Median berm Downgrade unladen Height Outslope
Conventional berm
GeometricDesign
Alsoincludedinthe geometricdesignisdrainage;
Nomatterhowgoodthe design,waterwillalways damageamineroad. Keep waterOFFtheroads orat theveryleastleadwater offtheroadassoonas possible. Investigategeometry AND localtopographicdrainage patterns.
AND
StructuralDesign
Structuraldesignrefersto theloadcarryingcapacityof theroad; Betterpavementresponse toappliedloads, Reduceddeflectionon surface,betterwearing courseperformance Eliminatedeformationin subgradeorinsitu.
StructuralDesign
Twoapproaches;
Mechanisticdesign approachusingpavement layerlimitingverticalstrain criteria& CBRcovercurveapproach usingpavementlayerCBR values.
StructuralDesign Mechanistic
Mechanisticdesignapproach usingpavementlayer limitingverticalstrain criteria;
Limitingstraincriteria tailoredtotrafficvolumes, typeandlifeofmineroad (ramp,pitormainhaul).
Wearing course
Selected blasted waste rock (structural) layer In-situ
The strains resulting from the truck wheel loads decrease with depth except where these strain fields overlap. Here, higher strains are found and if more than 2000 microstrains the in-situ material is liable to collapse leading to structural failure.
Haul Road Category
Limiting microstrains Limiting pavement layer vertical compressive strain values for mine haul road structural design 10000
CategoryI Permanentlifeofmine highvolumemainhauling roadsandrampsin and expit.Operatinglife>20 years CategoryII Semipermanenthigh volumeramproadsinpit. Operatinglife>10years CategoryIII Semipermanentmedium tolowvolumeinpitbench access,expitdump,or ramproads.Operatinglife <5years(>50kt/day)or<10 years(<50kt/day)
Category III Haul Road Category II Haul Road
1000
Category I Haul Road
100 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 Traffic volume (kt/day) x performance index
Maximum permissible vertical strains can also be determined from (kt/day x performance index). Where performance index is defined as; 1 Adequate but fairly maintenance intensive, 2 Good with normal maintenance interventions, 3 Outstanding with low maintenance requirements .
Whenabaselayerofselected blastedwasterockisusedin thestructure,amechanistic approachismoreappropriate. Theselectedwasterocklayeris locatedunderthewearing course,
Roadperformanceis significantlyimproved, primarilyduetotheload carryingcapacityofthe wasterocklayer.
PracticalApplication Mechanistic
Thickness (mm)
Designchart(examples)are basedonafullyladenhaul truck,atmaximumGVM,(tons) withstandardradialtyres, inflatedto800kPa. Theroaddesignincorporates 200mmofsheetingwith CBR=80%,aselectedblasted wasterockbaselayer,builton 3mofinsitumaterialwiththe indicatedEmodulusshownon thecharts.
CAT789C Base Layer Thickness Design

800kPa tyre pressure, fully laden truck at OEM GVM
For limiting strains of 2000

1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 10 Insitu Thickness 3000mm Wearingcourse 200mm E= 350MPa Base layer thickness E= 3000MPa
Eeff Modulus of In-situ material (MPa) E Modulus (MPa)

Category I Category II Category III
100
1000
CAT789C Base Layer Thickness Design

800kPa tyre pressure, fully laden truck at OEM GVM
For limiting strains of 2000

1400 1200
Thickness (mm)
1000 800 600 400 200 0 10
Wearingcourse 200mm E= 350MPa Base layer thickness E= 3000MPa Insitu Thickness 3000mm
Eeff Modulus of In-situ material (MPa) E Modulus (MPa)

Category I Category II Category III
100
1000
StructuralDesign CBRCoverCurve
CBRcovercurvedesign approachusespavement layerCBRvalues;
Thicknessofsuccessive layersbasedonCBR (strength)ofunderlying layerandtruckwheelload (tonnes).
CaliforniaBearingRatioCBR (%)
1 10 100
55
CoverThickness(mm) 40 25
0.0
15
500.0 1000.0
Truck Truckwheel GVM(t)load(t) 1500.0 9015 150 25 240 40 320 55 390 65 450 75 510 85 570 95 630 105
CBR (%)
Modulus (Eeff)(MPa) . 10
2000.0 2500.0 3000.0 3500.0 4000.0 4500.0

.
1
21 .
2
28
3
35
4
41
6
55
8 . 10
69
20
138
40 60 80 100
207 276 345 . 414
14
104
Wearing course CBR 80% Base CBR 55% Sub-base CBR 30% Compacted In-situ CBR 13%
In-situ CBR 7%
AND
FUNCTIONAL DESIGN DESIGN GUIDELINES
FunctionalDesign
Wearingcoursematerial selection.Designfor;
Improvedtraction,skid resistance,reduceddust, Reducedrollingresistance throughreducedwearing coursedefects, Reduceddeterioration ratesandmaintenance frequency.
Inthiscase thewearing coursehastoomuchfine materialanditformsa slipperysoftlayeronthe road.Carryover?
Here,thestonesinthemix or aggregate istoobig thiscant easilybegradedandifitis,the largestoneswillcomeloose seeding potholesanddamaging trucktyres.

FunctionalDesign
Thisisprobablyagoodmixof crushedrocktouse,everything smallerthan40mminsizeand nottoomuchfinematerial (<20%smallerthan2mm). Watchoutforsmoothround alluvialaggregateinthemix.
Thiswillnoteasilyinterlock andwillraveloutofthe wearingcourse.
FunctionalDesign
Asmalljawcrushercanbeused toprepareblastedrockasa wearingcourseaggregate, ofteninamixofoneormore othermaterialstoformthe finalproduct. Itisalsousefulforcreatinga fineaggregatefromwasterock tobeplacedasadressingin loadingareas toreducetyre damageintheseareas.
FunctionalDesign
Shrinkage Product .
Correctwearingcourse materialselectionwill;
Reduceroadrolling resistance through reducedwearingcourse defects & Reduceroaddeterioration ratesandmaintenance frequency.
Wearing Course Selection

400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Grading Coefficient
Loose stones Tyre damage Dustiness Slippery w hen w et
Corrugates
Loose material
Recommended (1)
Recommended (2)
FunctionalDesign
Wearing Course Selection
400 Shrinkage Product . 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Grading Coefficient
Loose stones Tyre damage Dustiness Slippery w hen w et
Corrugates
Loose material
Recommended (1)
Recommended (2)
550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0
S h r in k a g e p ro d u c t
Dustiness
Wet skid resistance
Loose stoniness
10
2 1
Loose material Dry skid resistance

40 50
Corrugations
20 30
Grading coefficient
550
. S h r in k a g e p ro d u c t
500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 10 20 30 40 50
Grading coefficient
DustPalliatives
Dustiscausedthroughloss offines,soconsider specifically;
Wearingcoursematerial selection;
Sizedistribution,clay content, Restraintoffines,
Trafficvolumes, Climaticconditions.
DustPalliatives
Allsuppressionsystemsaim tominimise erosivity ofthe wearingcourse.Options include;
Improvedwearingcourse material, Regularwatering, Useofchemical suppressants.
DustPalliatives
Chemicalpalliativesavailable include;
Water/wettingagents, Hygroscopicsalts, Lignosulphonates, Modifiedwaxes, Polymers, Tar/bitumenproducts, Sulphonated oils, Enzymes.
DustPalliatives
Useofchemicaldust suppressants;
Shouldbeconsideredonlyas anadjuncttoother methods, Chemicaldustsuppressants havealimitedlifeandwill requireregularapplications, Variousgenerictypesto choosefrom,basedmainly onclimaticconditionsand wearingsurfacematerial.
DustPalliatives
Trialachemicaldust suppressantfirstbefore makingafirm commitment, Carefulattentionshouldbe giventowholeoflife costingbeforeusinga chemicaldustsuppressant.
DustPalliatives
Locality Data
Themostappropriate selectionandmanagement strategyshouldconsider;

Safetyandhealthbenefits, Roadmanagement philosophy, Improvedcostefficiency.
Road, Climate, Wearing course parameters Hours per day of dust control required
Equipment Data
Productivity and operating costs of road (re)-construction, maintenance and (spraying) equipment
Set Maximum Dust Defect Allowable
Palliative Data
Cost ($/litre) and application rates (establishment and rejuvenation)
Water Data
Cost ($/kilo-liter) and application rates (l/m 2)
Determine Cost of Establishment Determine Cost of Water-based Spraying
Determine Cost of Rejuvenation (reapplication) and Interval
Determine Wearing Course Maintenance Interval and Cost with Palliative Applied
Determine Wearing Course Maintenance Interval and Cost with Water-based Spraying
Summarise Annual Costs (Application and Road Maintenance)
Method selection
Locality Data
Road, Climate, Wearing course parameters Hours per day of dust control required
Equipment Data
Productivity and operating costs of road (re)-construction, maintenance and (spraying) equipment
Set Maximum Dust Defect Allowable
Palliative Data
Cost ($/litre) and application rates (establishment and rejuvenation)
Water Data
Cost ($/kilo-liter) and application rates (l/m 2)
Determine Cost of Establishment Determine Cost of Water-based Spraying
Determine Cost of Rejuvenation (reapplication) and Interval
Determine Wearing Course Maintenance Interval and Cost with Palliative Applied
Determine Wearing Course Maintenance Interval and Cost with Water-based Spraying
Summarise Annual Costs (Application and Road Maintenance)
Method selection
AND
MaintenanceManagement
Maintenancedesignand management;
Routineroadmaintenance asaresultofprogressive wearingcourse deterioration.
Asatisfactoryroaddesign willrequireminimum maintenance. Toofrequent maintenance?Review designdatatofindrootof problem.
Costs
Minimum total cost solution
Costs
Minimum total cost solution LOW VOLUME SURFACE ROADS
Max Min
Min Max
Minimum total cost solution - RAMPS

Costs
Max Min Min Max
Max Min
Min Max
Percentage increase in total road-user costs with maintenance interval
40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Days between maintenance B02 B05 B03 S Ramp B04 Percent change
PracticalApplications
Whyisthesegment maintenanceintensive?
Poordesignand/orbuild specs;
Geometrics, Structure(layerworks andmaterials), Functional(wearing course surfacing materials).
BenchmarkingRolling Resistance
Roadperformance evaluation,
Usedefectdegreeand extenttodetermineRR%.
Defect extent
Not seen or isolated only Intermittent Regular Frequent Extensive
% road area effected

<5 6-15 16-30 31-60 >60
Extent score
1 2 3 4 5
Defect Degree Extent Degree (1-5) (1-5) x Extent 5 3 3 5 5 1 3 5 2 2 Total score 5 9 15 10 10 49
Potholes Corrugations Rutting Loose material Stones - fixed
3,25%
49
Percentage increase in total road-user costs with maintenance interval

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Days between maintenance B02 B05 B03 S Ramp B04 Percent change
Resources
Formoreinformationonissuedraisedtoday; http://mining.curtin.edu.au/people clickonRJTfor furtherlinkstohaulroadpublications www.edumine.com searchforhaulroaddesignand construction Uni BritishColumbiaandABET/ISO/IACET accreditedselfstudycourse. www.smartmines.com/mhroad/guidelines.pdf haul roaddesignguidelines(2000)forOilSandsMines (AlbertaCanada).
Resources
www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/pubs searchfor IC8758.pdf 1977USBMhaulroaddesignguidelines www.mhsa.gov/readroom/handbook searchforph99I 4.pdfdesignandauditguidelinesformineroads SMEMiningEngineering www.smenet.org Handbook,ThirdEdition,2011,Ch10MineHaulRoads
Copyofpresentationandfullsupportingnotesavailable throughDEEDIMinesSafetyandHealthwebsite.

Integrated Mine Haul Road Design

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GSFM AnIntegratedApproachto MineHaulRoadDesign

GR% (+ve against the load) (-ve with the load)

1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900

Propulsion Retard Propulsion (trolley)

2% to 3% RR 3% to 4% RR 4% to 5% RR Rear dump truck (electric drive) with 4,27kW/t GVM

800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

Road defect height (m)

Defect 0.11 to 0.20m

Defect 0.21 to 0.30m

Defect 0.31 to 0.40m

Defect 0.41 to 0.50m

BASIC HAUL ROAD DESIGN DATA

GEOMETRIC DESIGN GUIDELINES

STRUCTURAL DESIGN GUIDELINES

MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES

DELIVERING MINIMUM TOTAL ROAD-USER COSTS?

MOST COST EFFICIENT SOLUTION TO HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND OPERATION

CHEMICAL PALLIATION OR WATER-BASED SPRAYING

MODIFY WEARING COURSE MATERIAL

FUNCTIONAL DESIGN GUIDELINES

MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES

DELIVERING MINIMUM TOTAL ROAD-USER COSTS?

MOST COST EFFICIENT SOLUTION TO HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND OPERATION

CHEMICAL PALLIATION OR WATER-BASED SPRAYING

MODIFY WEARING COURSE MATERIAL MATERIAL

FUNCTIONAL DESIGN GUIDELINES

MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES

DELIVERING MINIMUM TOTAL ROAD-USER COSTS?

MOST COST EFFICIENT SOLUTION TO HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND OPERATION

CHEMICAL PALLIATION OR WATER-BASED SPRAYING

MODIFY WEARING COURSE MATERIAL MATERIAL

FUNCTIONAL DESIGN GUIDELINES

MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES

DELIVERING MINIMUM TOTAL ROAD-USER COSTS?

MOST COST EFFICIENT SOLUTION TO HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND OPERATION

CHEMICAL PALLIATION OR WATER-BASED SPRAYING

MODIFY WEARING COURSE MATERIAL MATERIAL

FUNCTIONAL DESIGN DESIGN GUIDELINES

MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES

DELIVERING MINIMUM TOTAL ROAD-USER COSTS?

MOST COST EFFICIENT SOLUTION TO HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND OPERATION

CHEMICAL PALLIATION OR WATER-BASED SPRAYING

MODIFY WEARING COURSE MATERIAL MATERIAL

FUNCTIONAL DESIGN GUIDELINES

Minimum total cost solution

Maintenance frequency Rolling resistance

Establish start and end points of road.

Feasible (mine plan) and economic route (topography) selection.

Design horizontal and vertical alignments. Check sight distances throughout.

Check additional road geometric requirements against ALL roadroad-user vehicles.

Main Main haul haul road road

Truck images courtesy Caterpillar Inc

Section on A-A Median berm Downgrade unladen Height Outslope

MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES

DELIVERING MINIMUM TOTAL ROAD-USER COSTS?

MOST COST EFFICIENT SOLUTION TO HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND OPERATION

CHEMICAL PALLIATION OR WATER-BASED SPRAYING

MODIFY WEARING COURSE MATERIAL MATERIAL

FUNCTIONAL DESIGN GUIDELINES

Selected blasted waste rock (structural) layer In-situ

Category III Haul Road Category II Haul Road