Spectrum Sensing and Identification

Chapter 4
Spectrum Sensing and Identification
Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice By A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, Y. T. Hou (Elsevier, December 2009)
Outline
Introduction Primary Signal Detection Spectrum Opportunities Detection Performance vs. Constraint Sensing Accuracy vs. Sensing Overhead
Introduction
Limited supply
Introduction
Growing demand
Current Policy & Spectrum Scarcity
Spectrum Opportunities in Space, Time, & Frequency
(Credit: DARPA XG)
(Credit: ACSP Cornell)
Primary Signal Detection

Choice of detectors
Criteria:
Bayesian Neyman-Pearson Parameter settings?
Energy detection
Pros: easily implemented; minimal assumptions Cons: poor performance with noise uncertainty and with multiple secondary users Performance 1/SNR2 at low SNR
Choice of Detectors - Cyclic Detectors (2)

Exploit guard bands in frequency, known carriers, data rates, modulation type Pros:
fc, Ts easy to detect via square-law devices, or cyclic approaches Cyclic approaches useful when 2n is unknown (avoid SNR wall) Easily implemented via FFTs Timing and frequency jitter can be detrimental Requires long integration times RF non-linearities; Spectral leakage (ACI).
Cons:

Choice of Detectors: Matched Filter (3)

Exploit pilots or sync (PN) sequences in primary (WRAN 802.22) Pros:
Correlation detection is usually better than energy detection. Performance 1/SNR at low SNR
Cons:
fading may null pilot; need to cope with time and freq sync
Other Detectors
Receiver leakage Wild-Ramachandran, Dyspan05 Signal correlation Zeng et al, PIMRC07 Fast fading Larson-Regnoli, CommLett07 Multiple antennas Pandhripande-Linnartz, ICC07 HMM classifier Kyouwoong et al, Dyspan07 Wavelet-based Tian-Giannakis, CrownCom06 Multi-resolution sensing Neihart-Roy-Allstot, ISCAS07 Compressed sensing Tian-Giannakis, ICASSP07
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Spectrum Opportunities Detection
A channel is an opportunity for A B if the transmission from A to B can succeed the interference power to primary is below a prescribed level
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Spectrum Opportunity: Definition
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Spectrum Opportunity: Definition
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Spectrum Opportunity: Properties
Determined by both transmitting and receiving activities of primary users. Asymmetric (an opportunity for AB may not be one for BA).
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Detection of Primary Receivers
rI: interference range, Rp: primary tx range, rD: detection range Detecting primary Rx within rI by detecting primary Tx within rD
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Detecting Primary Signals (LBT)
rD: detection range. H0: no primary Tx within rD, H1: alternative. False alarms and miss detections occur due to noise and fading.
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From Detecting Signal to Detecting Opportunity
H0: opportunity, H1: alternative. Even with perfect ears, exposed Tx(X) FA, hidden Rx(Y) MD. Adjusting detection range rD leads to different operating points.
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When Is Detecting Signal = Detecting Opportunity?
A Necessary and Sufficient Condition: NS condition: X Ptx(A) Pctx(B), its receivers are in Prx(A) Perfect detection achieved when detecting Ptx(A) Ptx(B)
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Miss Detection May not Lead to Collision
There is no primary receiver around A There are primary transmitters around B

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Miss Detection May Lead to Success
There are primary receivers around A There is no primary transmitter around B

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Correctly Identified Opportunity May Not Lead to Success
Successful data transmission and failed ACK
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Performance vs. Constraint

Performance
Optimal under relaxed constraint on the average number of active arms. Asymptotically optimal (N w. M/N fixed) under certain conditions. Near optimal performance observed from extensive numerical examples.
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Two Models
Global Interference Model Local Interference Model
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Throughput comparison.
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Sensing Accuracy vs. Sensing Overhead
Optimal sensing time: efficiency versus sensing window length n for various SNRs and PMD.
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Sensing Accuracy vs. Sensing Overhead
Optimal sensing time: efficiency and optimal window length n/N versus slot length N.
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Chapter 4 Summary
The following topics have been covered:
Different types of detectors for primary signal detection Detection of spectrum opportunities based on the detection of primary signals. The trade-off between performance and interference constraint. The trade-off between sensing accuracy and sensing overhead.
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Spectrum Sensing and Identification

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Chapter 4

Spectrum Sensing and Identification

Current Policy & Spectrum Scarcity

Spectrum Opportunities in Space, Time, & Frequency

(Credit: DARPA XG)

(Credit: ACSP Cornell)

Primary Signal Detection

Choice of Detectors - Cyclic Detectors (2)

Choice of Detectors: Matched Filter (3)

Spectrum Opportunities Detection

Spectrum Opportunity: Definition

Spectrum Opportunity: Definition

Spectrum Opportunity: Properties

Detection of Primary Receivers

Detecting Primary Signals (LBT)

From Detecting Signal to Detecting Opportunity

When Is Detecting Signal = Detecting Opportunity?

Miss Detection May not Lead to Collision

There is no primary receiver around A There are primary transmitters around B

Miss Detection May Lead to Success

There are primary receivers around A There is no primary transmitter around B

Correctly Identified Opportunity May Not Lead to Success

Successful data transmission and failed ACK

Performance vs. Constraint

Performance vs. Constraint

Performance vs. Constraint

Sensing Accuracy vs. Sensing Overhead

Sensing Accuracy vs. Sensing Overhead

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