Linguistic Society of America

Dravidian and Uralian: The Lexical Evidence Author(s): Stephen A. Tyler Source: Language, Vol. 44, No. 4 (Dec., 1968), pp. 798-812 Published by: Linguistic Society of America Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/411899 . Accessed: 10/03/2014 14:13
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DRAVIDIAN AND URALIAN: THE TFIXTCAL EVIDENCE

STEPHEN A. TYLER Tulane University This paper presents positive evidence for a genetic relation between Dravidian and Uralian. The major evidence consists of systematic phonemic correspondences between 153 Proto-Dravidian and Proto-Uralian lexical items. Impressionistic structural resemblances support the lexical evidence. A linguistic relationship between Dravidian and Uralian has been suspected for many years.l Yet, after the early work of Caldwell, Schrader, von Hevesy, and others, the problem failed to interest linguists until the publication of Burrow 1943. Even then, little interest was generated. Sebeok questioned some of Burrow's correspondences and argued that comparison between Dravidian and Uralian was premature. In this he was repeating the words of Caldwell (1913:62), who observed that the relation between Dravidian and Uralian could 'never be definitely solved without previously ascertaining, by a careful intercomparison of dialects, what were the most ancient grammatical forms and the most essential characteristics of the Dravidian languages and of the various families of languages included in the Scythian group respectively.'2 But with the publication of the Dravidian Etymological Dictionary (Burrow & Emeneau 1961, hereafter DED) and the comparative work of Collinder (1955, 1957, 1960), at least a minimum of the conditions noted by both Caldwell and Sebeok have been fulfilled. It is the purpose of this paper to provide further evidence of a genetic relationship between Dravidian and Uralian. This evidence consists of a list of 153 proto-forms related by systematic phonemic correspondences. Borrowing seems unlikely as an explanation for these correspondences. Many of the correspondences are so complex that they can only be explained as the result of a series of historical changes in each language family, and a fair number involve words for items of everyday use ('basic vocabulary') that are generally felt to be resistant to replacement. It is also significant that, of the 72 items in Collinder's list of Uralic-Altaic correspondences in the Fenno-Ugric Vocabulary 1Summary and discussion of earlier work can be found in Burrow 1943,Menges 1964,and Sebeok 1945. 2More recently, three papers on the relation between Dravidian and Altaic have appeared: Meile 1949, Bouda 1953, and Menges. Meile's paper has been unavailable to me. Menges discusses a number of morphological and syntactic resemblances between Dravidian and Uralic-Altaic. Bouda lists 137 pairs of etyma for Dravidian-Altaic and an additional 28 Dravidian-Altaic-Uralic etyma; the majority of the latter appear in my own list. Even though Bouda's list is not based on proto-forms for either language family, his suggested correspondences for Dravidian can easily be checked. Systematic correspondences will, of course, depend upon comparisons between proto-forms; but Bouda's list, in conjunction with the present materials and with Collinder's materials for the relation between Uralic and Altaic (1952:121-42,1955:142-9), can probably be taken as further evidence for a 'super family' consisting of Dravidian, Uralian, and Altaic. As an item of historical interest, Uralic and Altaic are precisely the language groups Caldwell called 'Scythian'. In view of the probable inclusion of Korean in the Altaic family, it is also interesting to note that Hulbert attempted to demonstrate a relationship between Dravidian and Korean! 798

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DRAVIDIAN AND URALIAN: THE LEXICAL EVIDENCE

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(1955, hereafter FUV), roughly half also have correspondences with Dravidian. These facts indicate that even if borrowing occurred, it must have occurred so far back in time that we cannot distinguish it from common heritage. On an impressionistic level, Uralian and Dravidian languages share a number of structural features. There are typically two major word classes, nouns and verbs, to which a smaller class of case, tense-mood, and personal suffixes are added. In Uralian, nouns are divided into two categories, either animate/inanimate or human/non-human. Dravidian similarly divides nouns into rational/ non-rational categories. Gender distinctions in both language families are rarely expressed grammatically. Adverbs and adjectives are relatively scarce, being usually derived from nominal and verbal phrases. Syntactically, both Dravidian and Uralian languages make considerable use of noun-noun equivalence sentences (predicate nouns) and lack a verb 'have', using genitive or dative constructions to denote possession. In word order, modifiers precede the modified word, and the sentence-governing finite verb occurs finally. Sentences tend to have a cumulative aspect, with the critical information conveyed by the verb phrase at the end of the sentence. Agreement in number and case between modifiers and the word modified is lacking. Negation is expressible by an auxiliary negative verb (Collinder 1965:37-64). Such structural similarities are hardly proof of genetic connection, but in conjunction with systematic phonemic correspondences, they do add credibility to a genetic relationship. Moreover, it should be noted that some of the phonemic realizations of these structural correspondences appear to be held in common by Uralian and Dravidian. For example, both have a genitive in -n and a dative or lative-dative in -k, and the Uralian accusative -m may correspond to the sporadic Dravidian accusative -n (Collinder 1960:284-6). Dravidian plurals in -k either correspond to the Fennic, Mordvin, and Hungarian plural in -k or to the ProtoUralic dual in -ka- (ibid., 297-303). The Uralian optative-imperative corresponds to the Dravidian hortative-potential in -k. In both Dravidian and Uralian this -k suffix seems to have had two functions, one as the formant for the optativeimperative/hortative-potential, and another as a suffix for the present tense (ibid., 303-4). The Uralian imperfect preterit or preterit in -j or -i corresponds to the Dravidian past tense suffix -i. Note also that in both languages these -i forms tend to function occasionally as present tense formants. Other Uralic preterit formants in -?, -st may correspond to Dravidian past tense suffixes in -t, -tt (ibid., 306-7).3 In the table of correspondences given below, the Uralic proto-phoneme is listed first, followed by the corresponding Dravidian proto-phoneme. All examples of the correspondence are then listed in the same order.4Unless otherwise indicated, comparisons are restricted to initial syllables. Each correspondence is supplied with an English translation tag intended to suggest a tentative proto8 For a summary of these features, see Collinder 1965:122-35. For Dravidian forms, see Bloch 1954:6-21.As Menges has pointed out, many of these features and others are also common to Dravidian and Altaic. 4 Uralian-Dravidian forms cited in the list of correspondences are proto-forms, but are not provided with asterisks. Proto-forms cited in the list of etymologies are provided with asterisks.

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800

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4 (1968)

meaning. I have not attempted to provide a set of reconstructions for ProtoDravidian-Uralian. Even though such a reconstruction would seem to be fairly straightforward for many of the consonants, the paucity of evidence for high front vowels and the complex developments of fricatives and affricates in Uralian make me think that it would be premature. In constructing the proto-forms I have relied on the DED, on Burrow & Bhattacharya's Comparative Vocabulary of the Gondi Dialects (1960, hereafter CVG), on the FUV, and on the reconstructions in Collinder 1960. Where Uralian reconstructions were not available, I have utilized the phonemic correspondences in Collinder 1957, the tables in Collinder 1965, and the vowel correspondences in Steinitz 1944. With some exceptions, Uralian proto-forms are from Collinder; my reconstructions are indicated by a following asterisk. The Dravidian reconstructions are based on the table of phonemic correspondences in the DED and on Emeneau 1963. Additional sources are noted in the discussion of etyma. The list of etyma arranges 153 sets of Uralian and Dravidian words or roots according to the alphabetic order of their English tags. Following each English tag are data from each language family.5 Uralian etyma are given a page reference to the FUV. Dravidian etyma are preceded by their appropriate DED or CVG index number. I have listed only a representative sample from each source; for the full set, readers should refer to the designated page and index numbers in the FUV, DED, or CVG. Where glosses are omitted, they should be understood as being the same as for the item just preceding. Transcription of Uralian lexemes adheres strictly to Collinder's rendering, and Dravidian items correspond to usage in the DED. For precise particulars in the matter of interpreting the sound systems for individual languages, readers are directed to Collinder and to Emeneau. Since my aim is to establish a relationship rather than construct a protosystem, I have been rather conservative about meaning/form correspondences. A less conservative approach would result in a much larger list of correspondences (An additional 75 problematic etyma were eliminated from the present list.) Included are approximately half the etyma originally suggested by Burrow.
LIST OF CORRESPONDENCES

Ur. a, Dr. a: akk-*/akk- 'elder sister', ackolo/ac- 'step', afia/ain- 'brother's wife', ay-*/ank- 'open', ay-*/an-k- 'jaw', jam-*/cam- 2'die', jam3/amp- 'soup', canc3/can-k- 'jump', camc3/cavv- 'membrane', tak-al*/tak-al 'adhere', tay-*/ tar- 'give', pak-*/pak- 'burst', pas-*/pac- 'green', pata/pat- 'pot', palj3/pal 'many', palye/palli 'village', par-*/par- 'cut', ma-*/man- 'earth', lank*/alarku
6 Abbreviations used in this paper are: Fi. Finnish, Kr. Karelian, Vt. Vote, Est. Estonian, Lv. Livonian, Lp. Lappish (S = southern, etc.), Md. Mordvin (E = Erza, M = Moksha), Ch. Cheremis, Vty. Votyak, Zr. Ziryene, Vg. Vogul, Os. Ostyak (S = southern, etc.), Hu. Hungarian, Yr. Yurak, Tv. Tavgi, Yn. Yenisei (H Hatanga dialect, B Baiha dialect), Sk. Selkup (C from Castren), Km. Kamassian, Yk. Yukagir; Ta. Tamil, Ma. Malayalam, Ko. Kota, To. Toda, Ka. Kannada, Kod. Kodagu, Tu. Tulu, Te. Telugu, Kol. Kolami, Nk. Naiki, Pa. Parji, Ga. Gadba, Go. Gondi (for abbreviations of dialects, see CVG, p. 80), Kur. Kurukh, and Br. Brahui.

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DRAVIDIAN AND URALIAN: THE LEXICAL EVIDENCE

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"arrow', man3-*/manl- 'abuse', lampg/alam 2'marsh', rakka/ar- 'near', racka/ar2'dirt', wa6alvac- 'belly'. Ur. a, Dr. a: kanta/ka-(n)- 'carry', say3-lcar- 'reach', aa6k3/na-(c)- 'wet', nato/nanr- 'husband's sister', patkalpac- 'diarrhoea', pam-/pdl- 'dam', wal'kal vdl- 'white', war-*/var 'ridge'. Ur. a, Dr. a: d6a/acc- 'father', al-*/al(l)- 'be not', jayka/cavu-k- "marsh', 4Ycam3/cam'ferment', tdy-*/tar- 'lungs', pakk3/par-k- 'lie'. Ur. a, Dr. a: jal-/car- 'sap', 6ai-/cac- 2'breast', Aalma/ndl- 'tongue'. Ur. a, Dr. e: kdt-*/key 'tell', kdlu/kel- 'wife's brother', tam-/tev- 'fill'. Ur. a, Dr. j: ndke/ni- 'see', kdmda/km- 'hard'. Ur. a, Dr. ay: kate/kay 'hand'. Ur. a, Dr. i: pa5'3-/pit- 'milk'. Ur. e, Dr. e: et-*/et- 'front', kere/ker- 'scab', pe(p)t-*/pet-av- 'lip', pera*/per'rear', per-k-*/per-k- 'entrail', per3/per- 'skin', kele/lke- 'speech'. Ur. e, Dr. a: eka/akk- 'grandfather', ema/amma 'mother', pekse/pak- 2'arrow', ,.men-*/man- 'bend'. Ur. e, Dr. d: Aiel-*/nal- 'four', pell*/pel 'ear'. Ur. i, Dr. i: ikefeli/k-iru 'gums', ime/cdmp- 'suck', Siy3-/ciikk-'comb', Ai(l')ma/ 'cim- 'eye', pitd/pie- 'hold'. Ur. i, Dr. e: cijele/cey- 'hedgehog', sitta/cett- "dirt'. Ur. i, Dr. ay: miida/may- 'daughter-in-law', pil3-/ pay-al 'divide'. Ur. i, Dr. uy: miye/muy 'dowry'. Ur. y, Dr. i: wy6'k3-/vic- 'throw'. Ur. y, Dr. dy: ky*/kay 'ripen'. Ur. o, Dr. u: ora/ur- 'squirrel', omtj/ut- 'body', kota/kuf- 'hut', kol-*/kuy2'hole', poska/pucki 'cheek', por-*/piir- 'dust', por-*/pur- 'roll', moS'kj/mu(c)'wash', mor3/mur- 'break', wo6-/ut- 'restrain', wolJ/u4- 'be'. Ur. o, Dr. a: korn-*/kav-un- 'armpit', .'ol&'-/call- 'pole', mort3/var- 'shore', 'hole', wos3/ac- 'buy'. W-voVka/vaAi-kUr. o, Dr. 6: pocalp6tu 'male animal', niol-k-/01ii3'mucus', rokka/61- 'broth'. Ur. o, Dr. 'a: koskalk'ac- 'mother's sister', nola-/n'ar- 'creep'. Ur. 6, Dr. u: j6'ya/cur- 'drink', jJyks7j/cuntu 'ffick', s&YJ/1tur'row'. Ur. J, Dr. o: wJtta/ott- 'take'. Ur. u, Dr. u: ur-/ur-a 'strength', ulakk*/u4 'house', ur3-/u-r- 'drink', kuhitJ-/ kucc- 'urinate',kur-*/kur- 'cavity', surm3/Cur- 'wrinkle',.u(nt)/cuntu 'mouth', Burka/cur- 'flood', tuy-*/turC-'river', tu&/ltut- 'point', tur-p-*/tur_t- '1ip', puSa/ putta 'scrotum', puna-/puw- 'twist', mu6-k-/mut-aiTku 'corner', mun-*/munt'-egg', luwj/el-um- 'bone'. Ur. u, Dr. o: ukte/ok- 'one', kup-*/kopp- 'bubble', Aur3/tor- 'herd', pukta/ pon-k- 'flee', pu.W3/pott'kindle', puyk- */poAitk 'boil', purk3/por- 'time'. Ur. u, Dr. 'a: ku63-/kfz-(c)- 'call', tu-w1l*tit9val 'feather', puwe*/piaru 'anus', ,pur-*/p'ar 2'enter', mul-*/mjjr- 'dehorned'. Ur. u, Dr. a: kuma/kav- 'capsize', jutta/catta 'join'. Ur. u, Dr. 'i(y): tu(l)"*/tT(y)'fire', AuuE3-/niZ(y)'stretch". Ur. u, Dr. a: pur-*/par- 'crowbar'. Ur. u, Dr. 6: ujkl-*/k- 'swim', kunta/k6nta 'bull', ?uy3/c6A-k- 'ghost'.

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802

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4 (1968)

Ur. il, Dr. u: kiirk3/kur- 'throat', kid1*/kur- 'millet', siikese/cuk(k)- 'autumn'. Ur. ii, Dr. o: kiiind-/kn- 'elbow', siil'ke/col-k- 'saliva', piikk3/pokk- 'navel'. Ur. ii, Dr. zi: piiVelpir- 'quail'. Ur. k..., Dr. k..: kanta/kd-(n)- 'carry', kdt-*/key- 'tell', kdmd/kim- 'hard', kate/kay 'hand', kdlu/kel- 'wife's brother', kelel/ki- 'speech', kere/ker- 'scab', koska/kaic- 'mother's sister', kotalkut- 'hut', kon-*/kavun- 'armpit', kop-ar-*/ kor-ov- 'fist', kol-*/kuy- 'hole', kolJ/kol- 'die', kuC3/kki-(c)- 'call', ku'i&5M/kucc'urinate', kunta/ky3nta'bull', kuma/kav- 'capsize', kup-*/kopp- 'bubble', kur-*/ kur- 'cavity', kiirk3/kur- 'throat', kiinia/k5n- 'elbow', kiil-*/kur- 'millet', ky-*l kay 'ripen'. Ur. ..k, Dr. .. k: akk-*/akk- 'elder sister', eka/akk- 'grandfather', ikefiel ik-iru 'gums', uktelok- 'one', ujkl-*/3k 'swim', siikese/cuk(k)- 'autumn', tak-al*/ tak-al 'adhere', pak-*/pak- 'burst', pekse/pak- 'arrow', posk6/pucki 'cheek', piikk3/pokk- 'navel'. Ur. j.., Dr. c. .: jam-*/cam- 2'die', jaar-/cur- 'curly', jaVkd/cavu-k- 'marsh', dl-*/cdr- 'sap', jJyJ-/ cur- 'drink', jJyksJ/cuntu 'flick', juttalcatta 'join'. Ur. j. ., Dr. 0.. jam3/amp- 'soup'.
Ur. . .c, Dr. ..t: pocalpe3tu 'male animal'.

Ur. a'.., Dr. c..: 'membrane'.

Ur... Ur...

cafan3/carA-k'jump', &ims/cam- 'ferment', c5am63/cavv-

c', Dr. . .c: d--*/cadc- 'breast', nta6k3/lnd-(c)- 'wet'. c', Dr. .f.: mukca/mut-aftku 'corner'.

Ur. 6.., Dr. c. .: cdc'-/cadc'breast', 6'ijele/cey-'hedgehog'. Ur. ..6 Dr. ..c: da6a/acc-'father', a6kJlJ/ac- 'step', pa6'ka-/pdc- 'diarrhoea', wa6a/vac- 'belly', wy6'k3/vic-'throw'.
Ur. . .6, Dr. .t.: wo6-lu(- 'restrain'. Ur. ..6, Dr. . .t: ofii6a/ontu 'portion'. Ur. s.., Dr. c.. : say3-lcar- 'reach', sitta/cett- 'dirt', siY3-/cikk- 'comb', soyJ/

coil-k- 'enter', surm3/cur- 'wrinkle', siikes'elcuk(k)- 'autumn'. Ur. .s., Dr. ..c: koskalkfic- 'mother's sister', poskJ/pucki 'cheek', wos3/ac'buy'.
Ur. s.., Dr. t. .8: &yj/tur'row'.

Ur. S4 ., Dr. c..: S'aiyro/dr 'nit', .'i(1)m-/cim 'eye', .'ol6J/call- 'pole', .'u(nt)/ cuntu 'mouth'. Ur. 8'. ., Dr. t. A ur3ltor- 'herd'. Ur. s'.., Dr. c. .: SuyJ/c3i?i-k-'ghost', Su'rka/cur-'flood'. Ur. . ., Dr. .c: pas'-*Ipac- 'green'. Ur. S'., Dr.. t: pu?31pott- 'kindle'. Ur. y, Dr r.: jJiyi/cur- 'drink', tuy-*/tur- 'river'. Ur. y, Dr. r: sJyi/tur- 'row', tay-*/tar- 'lungs'. Ur. -y, Dr. r: sa-y3/car- 'reach', 'aiyrolcir 'nit', tay-*/ta(r)- 'give'. Ur. 8, Dr. t: tuM-/tut-'point', pa8'3-/pit- 'milk'. Ur. 6, Dr. t: pu6a/putta 'scrotum'. Ur.t, Dr. L : tak-al*/tak-al 'adhere', tay-*/ta-(r)- 'give', tdy-*/tar- 'lung', tdim-/tev- 'fill', tuy-*/tur- 'river', tu(1)/ff(y) 'fire', tur-p*/tur-t 'lip', tu-wl/tua-val 'feather'.

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DRAVIDIAN AND URALIAN: THE LEXICAL EVIDENCE

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UJr... t, Dr. .. t: et-*Iet-ir 'front', k;unta/k5inta 'bull', sittalcetta 'dirt,) patalpat'pot', witta/ott- 'take'. Ur. . .t, Dr. . t: pita/pit- 'hold', kotalkut- 'hut', juttalcatta 'join', omtJ/ut'body'.
Ur. Ur.
..

t, Dr. ..nr:

nato/n&nr- 'husband's sister'.

Ur. n.

., Dr. n. . : nato/ndnr- 'husband's .n, Dr. . .n: kunta/k&mta 'bull'.

sister', ndke/ni- 'see'.

Ur. . .n, Dr. . .nL:puna-/pun- 'twist', man3-/man- 'abuse', mun */muntf 'egg'. Ur. Ai.., Dr. n..: iaak3/nd-(c)- 'wet', Ailma/nad- 'tongue', niel-*/ndl- 'four', Aiola/ndir-'creep', ,iul3-/ni(y)I- 'stretch'. Ur. Ai.., Dr. i: fiol-k-/4Ft3-'mucus.
Ur. .n.i, Dr.
..

i: aia/aifini- 'brother's wife'.

Ur. . .ni, Dr... n: ofica/ontu 'portion'. Ur..n.i, Dr... n: kiifid/k5n- 'elbow', meh-*/man- 'bend'. Ur..n.i, Dr. ..,i: ktit63/caii-k- 'jump'. Ur. . .V, Dr. . . itk: ay-*/aAik- 'open', soy&/coAi-k'enter', ?uVj/e6it-k- 'ghost', puyk-*/poitk 'boil', layk/alaAiku 'arrow', woyka/va?i-k- 'hole'. Ur. ..y, Dr. . .n-k-: ay -*/an-k- 'jaw'. Ur. p.., Dr. p..: pak-*/pak- 'burst', pac6kalpac-'diarrhoea', pu3/pott- 'kindle', pata/pat- 'pot', pam-*/pdl- 'dam', palye/pal- 'many', palye/palli 'village', par-*/par- 'cut', pdkk3/par-k- 'lie', pdb'3/pit- 'milk', pekse/pak- 'arrow', pe(p)t_*/ pet-av- 'lip', peljd/pal 'ear', perdi/per- 'rear', per3/per- 'skin', per-k-/per-k- 'entrail', pitd/pit- 'hold', pil3-/pay-(al) 'divide', poca/p3tu 'male animal', poc6a/ po-r- 'wet', poskj/pucki 'cheek', por */pfthr'dust', por-*/pur- 'roll', pukta/poi-k'flee', pu.?3/pott- 'kindle', pu6a/putta 'scrotum', puna-/punt- 'twist', puyk-*/ poAik-'boil', puyelpiir- 'quail', pur-*/pdr- 'crowbar', pur-"*/pir- 'enter', purk3/ por- 'time', puwe/pfzru 'anus'. Ur. . . p, Dr. . . p: app/lapp- 'father', kup-*/kopp- 'bubble'. Ur. m.., Dr. m..: ma*/man- 'earth', man3-/man- 'abuse', mei- */man- 'bend', miidil/may- 'daughter-in-law', miye/muy- 'dowry', mogko/mu-(c)- 'wash', mor-*/ mol- 'udder', mor3/mur- 'break', muc`-k-/mut-aitku'corner', mun-*/munt- 'egg', ar- 'dehorned'. mul-*/mz Ur. . .m, Dr. . .m: emdt/amma'mother', im3-/cimp- 'suck', kdiml/kim- 'hard', cdim3/cam- 'ferment', jam-*/cam_ 2'die', jam3/amp- 'soup', 'i(l)m/cim- 'eye', lamp6/alam 'marsh'. Ur. i.., Dr. v..: mort3/var- 'shore'. Ur. . .mn, Dr. .. v: kuma/kav- 'capsize', camin3/cavv-'membrane', tdm-/tev'fill', luw5/el-um 'bone'. Ur. 1.., Dr. Vl. . : layk/aIaitku 'arrow', luwJ/el-um 'bone'. Ur. 1.., Dr. VI. .: lampip/akam 'marsh', lik- */il-ak- 'agitate'. Ur. . .1, Dr. .. (: ulak-*/i4- 'house', kIlii/kel- 'wife's brother', kele/kjc(-'speech', 'saliva' Arol-kc-lfi&-k 'mucus', AuuE3-/M(y)I 'stretch', palye/palji 'vilsiil'kCelcol-Iklage', pelj/lpdl- 'ear', wolJ6/u- 'be'. Ur. ..1, Dr. ..1: d1-*/al(l) 'be not', kolJ/kol- 'die', SoWii/call-'pole', AtdIma/ nat- 'tongue', palj3/pal- 'many', wal'kalvdl- 'white'. Ur...1, Dr. r. 'dehoned'. .: fiola-/nar- 'creep', mul */mmdr-

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804

LANGUAGE, VOLUME 44, NUMBER 4 (1968)

Ur. .. , Dr. . . r: jal-*/car- 'sap'. Ur. r. ., Dr. Vr..: rakka/ar- 'near', rat3/ur-k 'steam', ryta/ur- 'trap'. Ur. r.., Dr. Vr. .: rask/ar- 'dirt'. Ur. r.., Dr. V. .: rokka/ol- 'broth'. Ur. . .r, Dr. ..r: ur-*/ur-a 'strength', ur3-/u-r- 'drink', kiirk3/kur- 'throat', kere/ker- 'scab', surm3/cur- ,wrinkle', surka/cur- ,flood', tur-p-*/tur-t- "lip', par-*/ par- 'cut', per3/per- 'skin', per-k-*/per-k- 'entrail', por-*/pur- 'roll', pur-*/pur2'enter', pur-*/pdr- 'crowbar', mor3/mur- 'break', mort3/var- 'shore', war-*/vdr'ridge'. Ur. ..r, Dr. ..r: kur-*/kur- 'cavity', por-*/pur- 'dust', purk3/por- 'time', worka/or-uk 'sew'. Ur. . .r, Dr. . .r: ora/ur- 'squirrel', sur3/tor- 'herd', perd/per- 'rear'. Ur. . r, Dr. . 1: mor-*/mol- 'udder'. Ur. w.., Dr. v..: waca/vac- 'belly', wal'ka/vdl- 'white', war-*/vdr- 'ridge', 'throw', woyka/vani-k- 'hole'. wyck3-/vicUr. w.., Dr. 0..: wo6/ut- 'restrain', wos3/ac- 'buy', wotta/ott- 'take', wolo/ ul- 'be', worka/or-uk 'sew'.
LIST OF ETYMA

1. ABUSE. FUV 33 Fi. manaa- 'curse', Hu. mond- 'say', Yr. maan- 'say'. DED 3822 Ko. mayn- (manc-) 'talk, abuse', Tu. ma.nipuni 'speak'; CVG 2884 Go. munddr 'abuse'. 2. ADHERE. FUV 61 Fi. takeltu- 'get stuck', Sk. tokuat- 'get stuck', Os. tahart- 'stick'. DED 2434Ka. tagalu 'touch', Te. tagulu 'touch, catch', tagalincu 'adhere, stick to', Malto take 'touch'. Note Vg. tagep 'obstacle', DED 2436 Ta. takai 'deter', Ka. tage 'obstruct'. 3. AGITATE. FUV 32 Fi. likku 'move, stir', Vg. Idkw- 'be in motion', SkC laga- 'stir'. DED 432 Ta. ilaku 'shake, agitate', Ma. ilakuka 'move', Kod. elak 'make to leave a position'. Perhaps this should go with DED 203 Ta. alanku 'to move, shake', < *ala-nku? The Uralic vowel is uncertain. 4. ANUS. FUV 51 Fi. puo 'posterior, sexual organs', Os. puj 'arse', Sk. puu 'rear part'. DED 3591 Ta. puru 'anus', Kod. puri 'female privates', Tu. pUti 'female privates', Te. puda 'anus'. Either Dravidian -r is derivational, or Uralian should reconstruct as *puyrather than *pUW3. 5. ARMPIT. FUV 84 Fi. kainalo 'armpit', Vty. kunul 'underpart', Hu. hona alatt 'under one's arm. DED 1034Ta. kamukattu'armpit', Ka. kavunkur, Pa. kavkor. (Cf. Burrow 1943, no. 26.) *kav-un- > kaun- > kon- ? FUV 30 Vg. lah 'blunt pointed arrow', OsS layk 'dull arrow', Yr. luuky 'dull 6. 'ARROW. arrow'. DED 201 Ta. alaku 'head of an arrow', Ka. alagu 'blade of a knife', Te. alugu 'tip of an arrow'. 7. 2ARROW. FUV 108 Ch. pikg 'arrow', Vg. piiwt, Os. poh. DED 3152 Ta. pakari 'arrow', Tu. pagari. 8. AUTUMN. FUV 116Fi. syksy 'autumn', Vg. tiks, Os. sagas. DED 2176Ka. suggi 'harvest time', Tu. suggi. 9. BE. FUV 103 Fi. ole- 'be', Md. ule-, Os. wdl, Hu. val-, vol-. DED 599 Ta. ul- 'be', Ko. ol-, Te. uzndu. 10. BE NOT.FUV 4 Fi. ala 'be not', Md. il'a-, Os. dl, Km. ele. (Collinder *eld.) DED 198

Ta. al- 'be not', Ka. alla, Br. all-. 11. BELLY. FUV 123 Fi. vatsa 'belly', Vg. vag 'stomach'. DED 4299 Ta. vayiru 'belly', Ka. basuri, Konda vdskiy 'intestines'. (Burrow 1943, no. 39.) 12. BEND. FUV 34 Md. mene- 'bend', Os. mani-, Tv. mun'- 'bend of a sledge runner'. DED 3824 Ta. maZnikattu 'wrist'; DED 3796 Ka. ma.ni-kal 'knee', Kod. mana-kay 'elbow'; DED 3828 Ka mandi 'what is bent'. (Collinder *mii3.) (Burrow 1943, no. 31; see his discussion of this item on pp. 342-3.)

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13. BODY.FUV 104 Fi. onte- 'hollow', Lp. vuow'dd'cavity inside an animal's body', Hu. odu 'cavity', Vg. dntar 'interior of human body, stomach, uterus'. DED 501 Ta. utal 'body', Ka. odal 'body, belly, stomach', Ko. orl 'belly, interior of body', Te. odalu (obl. ont-) 'body'. 14. BOIL. FUV 109 Est. pung 'rounded protruberance', Lp. bug'ge 'bump, lump', Vg. puuyhldp 'which has knob', Os. p6qykpsi 'boil'. DED 3658 Ta. ponku 'swell', Tu. boigu 'protruberance', Malto pigto 'a boil'. 15. BONE. FUV 32 Fi. luu 'bone', Os. log, Yr. ly. DED 714 Ta. elumpu 'bone', Ka. elu, Te. emmu. (Burrow 1943, no. 62; see his discussion of this item on p. 350.) 16. BREAK.FUV 36 Fi. muru 'crumb, fragment', Os. muragt'break', Yr. marda 'shatter', Sk. morru 'piece, morsel'. DED .4078 Ta. muri 'break', Ko. mury, Kol. murk, Te. muri 'a bit, piece'. 17. BREAST.FUV 75 Hu. csecs 'breast', Lp. ci'je, Os. cdci. DED 2009 Ta. cdci 'mother's milk', Ka. caci 'breast' (child's word), Te. caci. 18. BROTH.FUV 111 Fi. rokka 'soup, broth', Os. rok 'boiled fat'. DED 902 Ta. olan 'vegetable dish', Ma. 51am 'seasoning broth'.
19. BROTHER'S WIFE. FUV 3 Hu. dngy 'elder brother's wife', Lp. vy6nnje, Zr. ona 'sister-

in-law', Sk. oora 'aunt'. DED 4292 Kol. vanna 'elder brother's wife'; DED 53 Ta. ainnai 'mother', Pa. ainna'father's sister'. 20. BUBBLE. FUV 92 Fi. kupla 'bubble', Ch. kowol 'water bubble', Os. h6oml 'blister'. DED 1752 Ta. koppul, kumir 'bubble, blister', Ma. koppul, kumiri. 21. BULL. FUV 12 Lp. god'de 'wild reindeer', Vg. konka, Km. kouna. DED 1837 Ka. 'ox'. gonde 'bull, ox', Kol. kondd 'bull', Go. kon1da 22. BURST. FUV 105 Fi. pakku- 'burst, split', Vg. pokat- 'open', Hu. fakad 'open'. DED 3154 Ta. paku 'be split', Te. pagulu 'burst', Kur. pdkhna 'force open'. 23. BUY. FUV 104 Fi. osta 'buy', Lp. oases- 'commerce', Zr. vuz 'payment'. CVG 103 Go(W) assina 'buy', Go(Mu) as-, Go(M) as-. 24. CALL. FUV 93 Fi. kutsu- 'call, summon', Lp. go6co- 'call, order', OsS hut'- 'call, entice'. DED 1551Ta. ku, kuccal 'outcry', Konda kuk 'to call', Go. kussana 'to crow'. 25. CAPSIZE. FUV 27 Fi. kumossa 'upside down', Lp. gomo, Yr. hawa 'fall over'. DED 1121Ta. kavir 'be capsized', Ka. kavicu 'be turned upside down', Tu. kabya 'upside down'. (Cf. Burrow 1943:353). 26. CARRY. FUV 22 Fi. kanta- 'carry', Os. kantam- 'carry on one's back', Vg. huunt'lift upon one's back', Yr. haana- 'carry away'. DED 1193Ta. kdvu-'carry on the shoulder', Te. kadti 'a yoke', Pa. kda 'carry with a yoke'. 27. CAVITY. FUV 92 Fi. kuri 'bottom of ditch', Zr. guran 'pit, ditch, ravine', Os. kor 'cavity, bed of brook'. DED 1511 Ta. kuri 'pit, cavity', Ka. kuri 'hole', To. kus 'ditch'. 28. CHEEK. FUV 50 Fi. poski 'cheek', Vg. payt, OsS pohtam, Sk. puudal. DED 3485 Ka. buggi 'cheek', Te. pukkili 'inside of cheek', Kol. pukli 'cheek'. 29. COMB. FUV 56 Md. seme 'brush', Zr. syn- 'to comb', Km. tipsin 'comb'. DED 2059 Ta. cikkam 'comb', Ka. sikkati, Te. cikkantu. 30. CORNER. FUV 36 Fi. mutka 'bend of path, curve', Lp. mok'ke 'bend, corner', Sk. mut 'bend'. DED 4028 Ta. mutanku 'bend, turning in a street', Pa. mudt-'to bend'; DED 4012 Ta. mukku 'corner', To. musk. Both Uralian and Dravidian may have two forms here: *muc-, mut-/*muk-. 31. CREEP. FUV 40 Lp. njoalle 'crawl, creep', Yr. nalo 'crawl'. DED 3076 Ta. nurai 'creep through a narrow passage', Kol. nolang- '(snake) crawls', Ma. nuruka, niuuka 'to creep in'. 32. CROWBAR. FUV 52 Fi. puras 'chisel', Os. p6rat' 'crowbar', Sk. parey 'icepick'. DED 3367 Ta. parai 'crowbar', Ka. parengi, Te. para 'spade'. 33. CUT. (Collinder 1960:401) Hu. farag- 'cut, hew', Vg. pdr- 'to plane', Yr. wara- 'to plane', Km. paarga- 'to scrape, cut'. DED 3267 Ta. pari- 'cut', Pa. parkit 'to split', Kui paja 'hew', Malto parge 'to split'. 34. DAM. FUV 108 Zr. pom 'dam up', Os. pfim. DED 3372 Ta. palam 'dam', To. polm. *pal-am > palm > pam. 35. DAUGHTER-IN-LAW. FUV 35 Fi minid 'daughter-in-law', Vty. men 'sister-in-law,

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husband's younger brother's wife', Yr. meeje 'younger brother's wife', Hu. meny 'younger brother's wife'. DED 4189Ta. maittuni 'wife's sister, brother's wife', Kod. mayma 'daughterin-law', Te. mena 'connected through a woman's brother or man's sister'. FUV 36 Fi. muli 'hornless', Kr. mul'u, Yr. malk. DED 4144 Ta. mauli 36. DEHORNED. 'maimed, amputated', Ka. muzra'state of being deprived'; DED 4199 Ta. morai 'hornless or dehorned cattle', Te. mo.nti 'maimed, amputated'. FUV 78 Md. 7pkiia- 'have the diarrhoea', Hu. fos 'liquid excrement', 37. DIARRHOEA. Vg. pog 'excrement'. DED 3340 Ta. pacanam 'diarrhoea', Ka. bdsu 'void excrement', Te. pdcanamu 'evacuation'. 38. IDIE. FUV 28 Fi. kuole- 'die', Hu. hal-, hol-, Yr. haa-. DED 1772 Ta. kol 'kill', Ko. kol 'act of killing', Ka. kole 'murder'. 39. 2DIE. FUV 17 Lp. jame 'die', Yk. jaba-. DED 1935Ta. camai 'kill', Te. samayu 'die'. 40. IDIRT. FUV 57 Fi. sitta 'dirt', Zr. sit, Tv. t'ii'. DED 2279 Ta. cettai 'rubbish', Tu. sede 'dirt', Te. cetta 'dirt'. 41. 2DIRT. FUV 110 Fi. rahka 'dregs', Lp. rek'ce 'mildew', Vg. raht 'dirt'. DED 241 Ta. arukku 'dirt', To. osk 'dirty', Tu. adaka 'unclean place'. 42. DIVIDE. FUV 49 Vty. pil' 'divide, split', Zr. pel'em 'small piece', Tv. filimia 'fragment'. DED 3247 Ta. payal 'share', Kol. pay- 'divide', Go. paiand 'be split'. *pay-al > pdl; cf. DED 3371 Ta. pal 'part, portion, share'. 43. DOWRY.FUV 37 Fi. myymi 'gifts of a bride to her parents-in-law', Lv. maum 'gifts of a bride to her parents-in-law', Sk. mi 'deliver, render'. DED 4206 Ta. moy 'presents given at a wedding', Ka. muy(i) 'present given to bride and bridegroom', Tu. muyi 'gift of money at a wedding'; cf. DED 3997 Ta. mil 'return'. 44. IDRINK. FUV 16 Md. irede 'get intoxicated', Yr. n5or- 'to drink', Motor (Samoyed) urniam. DED 516 Ta. un 'eat or drink', Kol. airt 'give to drink', Go(M) uhtana 'make drink', Kui u.rpa 'cause to drink'. (Dravidian *a-r-; the -r- forms are causative-transitive; but see Emeneau 1945). See also next item. 45. 2DRINK.FUV 84 Fi. juo 'drink', Lp. jukkd, Zr.ju-, Hu. iv-. DED 2235Ta. uri 'snuff up, sip up', Te. jurru 'drink'. 46. DUST. FUV 50 Fi. poro 'hot ashes, dust', Os. per, par 'ashes', Hu. por 'dust, powder', Km. pure 'sand'. DED 3541 Ta. puri 'powder, sacred ashes, dust', Ma. puri 'dust', Tu. poyye 'sand'. 47. EAR. FUV 79 Hu. fal 'ear', Ch. palas 'ear', Os. pol 'ear'. Dravidian: Ka. pale 'earlobe', Tu. pade-tale 'helix of the ear', Kui badi 'earlobe' (from Burrow 1943, no. 7. These etyma are not in DED, and the correspondences for *-l are problematic.) 48. EARTH. FUV 33 Fi. maa 'earth, soil', Zr. mu 'earth', Tv. mou. (Collinder reconstructs *mayo, but the evidence for *y is slight.) DED 3817 Ta. man 'earth, soil', Ko. man 'earth, mud', Te. manu 'earth, soil'. 49. EGG. FUV 36 Fi. muna 'egg', Ch. muno, Hu. mony. (Collinder *muna.) DED 4048 Ta. muttai, muntai 'egg', Tu. motte, Kod. mutte. (*mutt-ai < *mun.t-ai?) 50. ELBOW. FUV 94 Fi. kyyndra'elbow', Zr. gyrga, Hu. konyok.DED 1834Ta. koh 'angle', Te. konamu. For discussion of this set, see Burrow 1943, no. 30. There are probably several related forms in both Uralian and Dravidian; cf. FUV 92 Fi. kulma 'angle', DED 1619 Ta. kentai 'joint', DED 1062Ta. karatu 'ankle', DED 974 Ta. kan 'joint'. 51. ELDER SISTER. Fi. akka 'old woman' (Collinder 1957:8), Lp. ak'ko 'grandmother' (Goodenough 1964:227-8), Ch. aka, ak 'elder sister' (Sebeok & Zeps 1961). DED 24 Ta. akkd 'elder sister', Tu. akka 'elder sister, elderly woman', Ka. akka 'elder sister, woman older than ego'. 52. 1ENTER. FUV 4 Hu. av- 'penetrate', Vg. tuu- 'enter', YkS sog-. DED 2349 Kol. soyg'enter', Ga. soyg- 'be pierced into', Kuwi honai 'enter'. 53. 2ENTER. FUV 78 Hu. ftr- 'arrive', Ch. pore- 'enter', Zr. pyr-. DED 3481 Ta. puku 'enter', Ma. pukk-, pur-, Tu. pogguni. (For the development *par-ukku > puku, pukku in Dravidian, see Krishnamurti 1955;a similar process is manifested in the next item.) 54. ENTRAIL. FUV 50 Os. parak 'entrails', Yn. fed'iko, Sk. pdrgd.DED 3445 Te. p(r)egu 'entrails', Nk. pegul 'intestines', Go. purug. (Burrow 1943, no. 40.)

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55. EYE.FUV 57 Fi. silmi 'eye', Md. sel'me, Os. sem, Km. sajma. DED 2097 Ta. imai 'eyelid, wink', Ma. cima 'eyelash', Te. cimutu 'wink'. (Burrow 1943, no. 2; the semantic change in this set is discussed on p. 332. In commenting on Burrow's paper, Sebeok, 61, argued that the Uralian forms correspond to *-e-, not *-i-; but *-e- does not correspond for Fi. -i-, Lp. -d-, Tv. -a-, -E-, or Vg. -d-, whereas *-i- fails only for Lp. and Tv.) FUV 2 Lp. aH6e'father', Vg. daai 'grandfather', Os. at'i 'father', Yk. e6ie, 56. 1FATHER. (Sebeok & Zeps) Ch. a6a, ata. DED 46 Ta. accan 'father', Kod. ajji 'grandfather', Tu. ajje; DED 121 Ta. attan 'father'. 57. 2FATHER. FUV 72 Fi. appi 'father-in-law', Lp. vuop'pa, Vg. up, Os. op. DED 133 Ta. appan 'father', Ka. appa, Kod. appe. 58. FEATHER. FUV 62 Hu. toll, tolva 'feather', Vg. towl 'wing', Yr. too, tuu 'feather'. (Collinder proposes *tulka rather than *tu-wl- for the Uralian set.) DED 2790 Ta. tu, tuval 'feather', Tu. tuy, To. tufy. (Burrow 1943, no. 55.) 59. FERMENT.FUV 118 Vty. som 'leaven', Zr. Som 'sourness', Os. Eim- 'ferment, rot, spoil'. DED 1933Ta. avi 'ferment, rot', Te. aviyu 'rot', Pa. cam- 'become rotten'. 60. FILL.FUV 119 Ch. teme 'fill', Lp. dievvd'become full', Hu. tom, tim 'cram'. DED 2735 Ta. tevil 'be full', Ma. tivirruka 'cram', Ka. tivu 'become full'. (For this reconstruction, see Krishnamurti 1958:464.) 61. FIRE. FUV 63 Fi. tuli 'fire', Yr. tuu, Km. ui. (Collinder proposes *tulo for this set.) DED Ta. tZyal,tZ'fire', Tu. tu, su, Br. tin. *tZ-al(tZy-al)> tiyl > t?l? 62. FIST. FUV 91 Fi. koura, kopra 'hollow of hand', Zr. gabyr 'fist', OsE kdgar 'hollow of hand'. CVG938 Go(Tr) korop 'double handful', Go(Ma) korov.*kop-ar-/*kor-ovmetathesis? 63. FLEE. FUV 12 Hu. fut- 'run, flee', Os. pot- 'flee', Sk. pakta- 'run away'. DED 3661 Kur. boygnd 'run, run away', Malto bonqe 'run, flee'. 64. FLICK. FUV 19 Fi. joutsi 'bow',Md.joys, Os. jogal, Sk. ynty. (Collinder's reconstruction of *jonkso is problematic: *nk has doubtful correspondences in Fi., Vg., Os., Hu., Tv., Yn., Sk., Km. Since some of the correspondencesfit *n-k and others *n-t, the stem is probably *jon- with variable suffixes in -t, -k.) DED 2192 Ta. cu.itu 'flipping', Ma. cu.tu-villu 'crossbow', Te. cuny/u'be flicked'. The basic idea in the Dravidian set seems to be the recoil of an elastic body. 65. FLOOD. FUV 3 Hu. dr 'flood', Vty. sur 'brook', Zr. sor, Tv. turku 'lake'. DED 2353 Ta. cura 'to flow', Te. toragu,Malto ture 'overflow'. 66. FOUR. FUV 102Fi. nelja 'four', Zr. iol, Hu. negy. (Collinder reconstructs ieljd.) DED 3024 Ta. nal 'four', Ko. ndng, Pa. nelvir 'four men'. 67. FRONT. FUV 77 Fi. edessa 'in front', OsS it, ila 'forth', Hu. elo 'forward'. DED 680 Ta. etir 'in front', Ka. edir, Te. eduru 'forepart'. 68. GHOST. FUV Fi. huu 'ghost', Zr. 9on, Os. juvk 'a deceased'. DED 2346 Ta. coku
'goblin, vampire', Tu. sonkuni 'infect' (by spirits), Te. soku 'possessed by evil spirits'.

69. GIVE. FUV 64 Fi. tuo 'bring', Tv. taa-, Yn. te-d'a- 'give, bring'. (Collinder's *to'yois doubtful since only Fi. and Tv. have the expected correspondences for *-o-. *taTyis more likely, since only Fi. does not have the expected correspondence for *-a-.) DED 2526 Ta. taru 'give' (to first or second person), Te. teccu 'bring', Go. tattana. In Dravidian *ta-r-, the -r- forms are transitive-causative (but see Emeneau 1945). 70. GRANDFATHER. FUV 4 Lp. sekke'father's brother', Vg. aki 'father's elder brother, paternal grandfather', OsN aki 'paternal great-grandfather'. DED 25 Pa. akka 'mother's father', Go. akk5 'maternal grandfather', Kui ake 'grandfather, ancestor'. 71. GREEN. FUV 50 Md. pize 'green', Yr. pade 'gall, bile', Sk. paty, Km. poda. (Collinder reconstructs *pysa, but neither Md. nor Km. have the appropriate reflexes of *-y-. *pas-is better, but Md. should not have -i- as a reflex of *-a-.) DED 3161 Ta. pacu 'green', Ko. paty 'moss', Kol. payt 'bile'. (Burrow 1943, no. 45, hypothesizes an *-i- for the Dravidian etyma.) 72. GUMS. FUV 82 Fi. ikene- 'gum', Zr. an, Hu. iny. DED 472 Ta. iru, eyiru 'gums', Ka. igaru, Te. iguru. (Burrow 1943, no. 16.) 73. HAND. FUV 87 Fi. kdsi, kdte- 'hand', Os. kot, Hu. k6z. DED 1683Ta. kai 'hand, arm', Kol. ki, Kur. khekkha.(Burrow 1943, no. 29.)

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74. HARD. FUV 87 Fi. kamed 'stout', Md. keme 'hard', Hu. kemeny.DED 1666 Ma. keman 'strength', Ka. kema 'callosity'. (Burrow 1943, no. 66.) 75. HEDGEHOG. FUV 113 Fi. siili 'hedgehog', Md. kula, Hu. sil. DED 2283 Ta. ey 'porcupine', Te. edu 'hedgehog', Nk. sed. 76. HERD. FUV 75 Lp. Eord 'herd of reindeer', Os. sur 'herd of moose, horses, cows'. DED Ta. toru 'herd of cows', Te. torru 'cow' (cf. DED 1513Ta. kuru 'herd'). 77. HOLD.FUV 108 Fi. pita- 'keep, hold', MdE ped'a- 'attach oneself', Hu. fuiz 'knit, bind'. DED 3412Ta. piti 'to keep, adhere', Ka. pidi 'hold', Kod. pudi. 78. 1HOLE. FUV 44 Fi. onkalo 'cave', OsN oyk, Yn. baggota 'fox hole'. DED 4262 Ta. vainku 'cave, rat hole', Tu. onka 'rat hole'. 79. 2HOLE. FUV 90 Fi. kolo 'hollow, hole', Zr. kolas 'crack, interval', Vg. kal 'crack'. DED 1469Ta. kuyil 'to bore', n. 'a hole', Kod. kuy- 'to bore'. *kuy-al > kuyl > kul? 80. HOUSE.FUV 94 Fi. lakka 'eaves, attic', Vg. loqa 'primitive hut', Hu. -lak 'residence', lak- 'to reside'; (Collinder 1957:128)Fi. ullakko 'garret, attic'. DED 600 Ta. u[ 'interior of a place', Te. loga 'in, inside', Pa. ole(k) 'house'; CVG 3077 Go(Ma) 1on 'house'.
81. HUSBAND'S SISTER. FUV 38 Fi. nato 'husband's sister, wife's sister', Ch. nud5 'hus-

band's younger sister, wife's younger sister', Yr. naado 'wife's younger brother', Km. nado 'husband's younger brother'. DED 3017Ta. ndttandr'husband's sister', Konda nanra 'wife's sister', Kui nanja 'younger sister-in-law'. 82. HUT. FUV 130 Fi. kota 'conical cooking hut', Md. kudo 'house', Zr. kola 'primitive hut'. DED 1379 Ta. kuti 'house', Malto kurya 'hut in fields'. 83. JAW.FUV 95 Hu. all 'chin', Vty. ay 'jaw bone', OsE 6yal 'jaw', Km. oyaj. (Collinder reconstructs *ono, but *o does not correspond to Vty., Zr., Os., Km. On the other hand, *a does not correspond to Vty., Zr., Os. DED 97 Ta. anal 'chin, side of upper jaw', Ko. a.ng 'lower cheek', Ka. a.nal'under part of mouth'. (Burrow 1943,no. 20.) 84. JOIN. FUV 18 Vty. jity- 'join', Zr. jit- 'join, connect', Yr. jute- 'add a piece'. DED 1909Ka. jadda 'union', Te. jakdla'connected with'. 85. JUMP. FUV 60 MdM sanga 'a leap', Tv. tantta- 'to run'. DED 1885 Ka. caigu 'jump',Tu. caiga 'gambol', Te. cenguna 'agile leaping'. 86. KINDLE. FUV 51 Fi. puhu- 'blow, speak', Zr. pusky- 'blow up fire', Vg. pot- 'sprinkle'. DED 3691 Ta. pottu 'light fire', Tu. pottavuni 'to kindle fire'; CVG 2384 Go. potusand 'to light (fire)'. 87. LIE. FUV 78 Hu. fek- 'lie', Ch. pikte- 'hatch', Zr. puk- 'sit'. DED 3301 Ko. pak 'act of lying down', Ka. parke 'lying down', Te. pakka 'bed'. 88. 1LIP. FUV 120 Fi. turpa 'muzzle, snout', MdM torva'lip', Vty. torpo, OsN t6rap.DED 2698 Ta. tuti 'lip', Tu. dudi, Go(Tr) toddi, Kui toda. 89. 2LIP. FUV 5 Lp. bdvsd'lip' Os. patam, Sk. peptej. (Collinder reconstructs *piysg, but *-y is hardly possible.) DED 3609 Te. pedavi 'lip', Kol. pedave; CVG 2251Go(L) pilvi 'lip'. Are there two forms here: *pep-/pet? (Burrow 1943,no. 10.) 90. LUNG. FUV 62 Fi. tdvy'lung', MdE tevil'av,Vty. ty, Yr. tiwak. (Collinder reconstructs
*tdw3, but *tdy- is preferable, since Yr. -w- derives from *-y- and not from *-w-. Vty. -y- and

Zr. -y- may derive from *-y- with the loss of *-d-.) DED 2546Tu. taika 'lungs', Kol. taryguJd, Konda tarki. (Burrow 1943, no. 42.) 91. MALE ANIMAL. FUV 6 Lp. boano 'domesticated reindeer', Vg. paaMi 'reindeer fawn', Km. pootu 'wild goat'. DED 3747 Ta. pottu 'male of animals', Ka. pota 'he goat', Te. potu 'male buffalo'. 92. MANY. FUV 46 Fi. paljo 'much', Ch. pula, YkN pojooj 'much, many'. DED 3289 Ta. pala 'many', Ka. pala 'much', Te. palu 'many'. 93. 1MARSH. FUV 84 Fi. janka 'bog, marsh', ZrN jegyr 'marshy forest', OsN jeyk 'open place in a marshland'. DED 1983Ka. javugu, jogu 'swampy ground', Te. javuku, jauku, joku
'be marshy'. *cav-unku > cavugu , cavik- > caik-? 94. 2MARSH. FUV 30 Fi. lampi 'small lake without an outlet', Kr. Iambi 'lakelet', Yr.

lymbad 'marsh'. DED 255 Ta. a[am 'saltpan, maritime tract', Ma. a[am 'salt marsh', Te. upp-alamu 'saltpan'.

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95. MEMBRANE. FUV 115Lp. cuog'?d 'membrane', Os. 6unE.DED 1985 Ta. cavvu 'membrane', Ma. cavvu'omentum'. 96. MILK.FUV 78 Hu. fej- 'to milk', Md. ped'a. DED 3426 Ta. pituinku'to be expressed', Te. pituku 'to milk', Kur. pedkha'ana'to squeeze'. Cf. DED 3474Pa. pzd- 'to milk'. 97. MILLET. FUV 93 Fi. kylva 'to sow', Ch. kwolds 'millet', Vg. koelas'flour', Hu. koles 'millet'. DED 1797Ta. kural 'Italian millet', Go. kohala, Kui kueri. FUV 10 Fi. emd 'mother', Hu. eme, Sk. amy. DED 154 Ta. amma 'mother', 98. MOTHER. Te. amma, Br. amma.
99. MOTHER'S SISTER. FUV 12 Lp. goas'ke 'mother's sister', Yr. haada 'maternal grand-

mother', Yn. kara'a. DED 1554 To. kux 'girl, daughter', Te. kituru; CGV 821 Go(Tr) kuco 'mother's younger sister'. FUV 58 Fi. suu 'mouth', Vg. sunt 'orifice', Sk. soj 'throat'. (Collinder re100. MOUTH. constructs *suwo, but either *-w- or *-nt- is possible.) DED 2193 Ta. cu.n.tu'beak', Ka. cuntu 'bird's beak', Pa. cond 'beak, mouth'. (Burrow 1943, no. 13.) FUV 102 Est. nolg 'mucus', Md. nolgo, Hu. nydl 'slime, spittle'. (Collinder 101. MUCUS. *ftolko.) DED 2397 Ma. iola 'saliva, glutinous fluid in fish, snails', Tu.noli 'saliva', Te. noccillu 'saliva, spittle'. (Burrow 1943, no. 18.) 102. NAVEL.FUV 108 Md. pokoiA 'navel', Vg. pukni, OsN pkAs. DED 3652 Ta. pokku[ 'navel', Te. pokkili, Kuwi puleri. 103. NEAR.FUV 54 Fi. rakas 'beloved', Vg. rdw- 'draw near, approach', Hu. rokon 'near', Yr. lak 'close by'. DED 185 Ta. aruku 'approach', Ma. arikil 'near', Ka. aragu 'vicinity'. 104. NIT. FUV 149 Fi. saivar 'nit', Md. Aarko,Zr. Aerol.DED 2158 Ta. ,r 'nit', Kol. sir, Kur.dcr. (Burrow 1943, no. 57.) 105. ONE. FUV 126 Fi. yksi 'one', Lp. ok'ta, Vty. odik, ok, Zr. 6t. DED 834 Te. oka 'one', Pa. ok, Ga. ukut 'one thing', Ta. onru 'one', Ko. od, Go. undi. 106. OPEN. FUV 72 Fi. avaa 'open', MdE aykisma 'ice hole'. DED 36 Ta. anka- 'to open the mouth', Kol. aygasi 'a yawn', Te. dvalincu 'to yawn'. 107. POINT. FUV 120Fi. tutkain 'point, end', Vty. tul'ym 'upper tender sprouts of a tree', Vg. tal'k 'top, point, end', Os. toj 'point, top'. (Collinder *tu5'ka).DED 2716 Ta. tuti 'point', Tu. tudi 'point, end, top', Te. tuda 'end, tip, point'. (Burrow 1943, no. 1, equates this set with DED 2529 Ta. talai 'top, head,' Ma. talakkam'top of tree'.) 108. POLE. FUV 9 LpS 6uol&e 'pole, rod, lever', Yr. sal 'pole', Km. soll'e 'stump'. DED 1965 Ma. callam 'boatman's pole', Tu. jalla; DED 1968Ka. jalle 'bamboo pole', Kod. jalle 'cane of sugar'. 109. PORTION. FUV 104 Fi. osa 'portion', Ch. os 'piece', Hu. oszt 'divide'. DED 826 Ka. ontu 'portion', Te. vantu. 110. POT. FUV Fi. pata 'cooking pot', Vg. poot 'kettle', Sk. patd 'earthenware pot'. DED 3230 Ta. patalai 'large-mouthed pot', To. paos, Malto patli 'cooking pot'. 111. QUAIL. FUV 53 Fi. pyy 'hazel grouse', Est. puiZ 'wood-grouse', Sk. peege. DED 3587Ta. pur 'quail', Ka. burli, Te. puredu. The consonantism *y/r is unusual. 112. REACH. FUV 54 Fi. saa- 'arrive', Ch. sua- 'arrive, get', Zr. su- 'reach', Km. tu'arrive'. DED 2030 Ta. car- 'reach', Ka. sar- 'approach, be obtained', Tu. sdrti 'encountering' (cf. DED 2312 Ta. cer- 'arrive, reach'). 113. REAR. FUV 107 Fi. pera 'rear, back (end)', Vty. ber 'back part of something', Zr. bor 'back, posterior', Vg. pdri 'back'. DED 3542 Ta. pirakku 'back, rear', Ka. pera 'hind part', Nk. pirra 'buttock'. 114. RESTRAIN. FUV 44 Fi. otava 'kind of salmon net', Lp. oacce 'something which hinders', Vg. uu? 'fence', Yr. waad 'enclosing fence'. DED 804 Ta. otunku 'be restrained', Ka. udugu 'restrain', Kui duppa 'contract, draw in'. 115. RIDGE. FUV 121 Fi. vaara 'hill, mountain, wooded hill', Zr. vor 'forest', OsN war 'wooded mountain ridge'. DED 4390 Ta. varam 'mountain slope, side', Ka. vara 'side, declivity'. The following are probably derived from the same stem: FUV 126 Fi. vuori 'mountain', Vg. wor, ur 'ridge', OsS ur 'ridge, forest'; DED 896 To. wiry 'steep hillside', Kod. Ore 'slanting'.

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810

LANGUAGE, VOLUME 44, NUMBER 4 (1968)

116. RIPEN. FUV 23 Fi. keittd 'boil', Est. kee, Yr. kuu 'ripen'. (In Uralian, two forms overlap: 'boil/ripen'.) DED 1220 Ta. kay 'bear fruit, ripening of fruit', Te. kaya 'unripe fruit', Kol. kay- '(fruit) is produced'. Cf. DED 1219 Ta. kayccu 'boil', Kod. kay-: *kdy-/kdc. Compare these with FUV 22 Fi. katku 'heavy smoke', Sk. kacko 'smoke': *kacku. I have reconstructed *ky by default, since none of the correspondences fit any proto-vowel. 117. RIVER.FUV 62 Hu. tava 'lake', Vg. too 'river', Os. taw, Yr. to. (Collinder *towo,toVo.) DED 2773 Ta. turai 'river', Ka. tore 'river, stream', Tu. tude. 118. ROLL.FUV 78 Md. puvra 'turn, revolve', Vty. porjal 'turn round', Vg. poger 'roll'. DED 3516 Ta. pural 'roll over', Ka. poral, Te. por(a)lu 'roll'. 119. ROW.FUV 57 Fi. souta- 'to row', Lp. suw'de 'to ferry', Sk. tua- 'to row', Vg. tow-. DED 2701 Ta. tutuppu 'oar', Ka. tuduppu, Ta. turavu 'row a boat', Tu. sulayi 'rudder', suldvuni 'row a boat'. 120. SALIVA. FUV 117 Fi. sylki 'saliva', MdE sel'ge 'spit', Vty. galal-, Os. scjag-. DED 2340 Ta. colHu'dribbling at the mouth', Ko. jol 'saliva', Te. collu, Malto tulgpe 'spittle'. (Burrow 1943, no. 17.) 121. SAP.FUV 18 Fi. jalsi 'sap', Zr. jol 'milk', Sk. iile 'sap'. DED 2050Ta. caru 'sap', Tu. sdru, Te. ceru 'tamarind soup'. FUV 87 Lp. gdrrd'crust', OsN ker 'snow crust', Hu. kereg 'crust'. DED 1302 122. SCAB. Ka. keraku 'scab', Tu. kera.ni'kind of scab'. (Burrow 1943,no. 67.) 123. SCROTUM. FUV 6 Yr. paada 'leather bag, scrotum', LpN buYta 'testicle', Tv. foadaj 'scrotum'. DED 3504 Ta. putta 'swelled testicle, elephantoid scrotum', Te. bulda 'swollen testicle', Pa. buddla'genitals'. 124. SEE.FUV 101 Fi. nake- 'see', Md. neje, Os. miw, Hu. nez 'see, look'. DED 3144 Ta. nokku 'see, look at', Ka. nodtu'to look', Ko. not 'to look at'; DED 3121 Ta. netu 'see', Ka. nittisu 'look at'. I have reconstructed *no-/ne- with suffixes -kk, -t for Dravidian. 125. SEW. FUV 123 Fi. varr- 'to sew', Ch. urge, Vty. vur(y), Zr. vur. DED 851 Ta. orukku 'to draw out, as gold thread', Ko. ork 'to embroider', To. wirk, Kui osa 'to sew'. 126. SHORE. FUV 34 Hu. mart 'bank, shore', Tv. moru 'shore', Km. mara 'edge, end', Sk. moor 'edge, limit'. DED 4301 Ta. varai 'bank, shore, limit', Tu. baraigayi 'shore', Te. varuju 'ridge or dam dividing fields'. 127. SKIN. (Collinder 1960:401)Hu. bor 'hide, skin', OsE par 'bark', Yr. pir. DED 3618Ka. pere 'skin or slough of a serpent', Tu. perevuni 'to be peeled', Kur. caya-pere 'snake's old skin'. Cf. DED 3285 Ka. pare 'coat of an onion', DED 3524 Ta. porukku 'skin, bark'. (Burrow 1943, no. 52. Sebeok, 61, objected to the Uralian etyma for this set in Burrow, but they are accepted by Collinder.) 128. soUP. FUV 17 Md. jam 'soup, porridge', Tv. jamaa. DED 146 Ta. ampali 'porridge', Ka. ambali, Kol. amba 'cooked rice'. 129. SPEECH. FUV 25 Fi. kieli 'tongue, speech, language', Md. kel' 'tongue, language', Zr. kyl 'tongue, speech, language, word', Ch. kol 'to hear, listen', Yr. sie 'to hear'. DED 1677 Ta. kel 'hear, listen, ask', kelvi 'hearing, sound, word', Ko. kel 'hear', kelyv 'question, words, speech', Ka. kel 'hear, listen, ask'. 130. SQUIRREL. FUV 44 Fi. oravu 'squirrel', Md. uro, ur, Zr. ur. DED 611 Ta. uruttai 'squirrel', Te. uruta. 131. STEAM. FUV 111 Zr. ru 'steam, vapor', Os. rut 'mist'. DED 486 Ka. uga 'steam, vapor', Go. ukkad 'perspiration' (cf. DED 565 Ta. uru 'to burn'). 132. STEP. FUV 4 Fi. askel 'step, pace', Vty. u6kyl 'step', Zr. o?kol 'step over', Sk. aasel. DED 47 Ko. aj 'footprint', To. oj 'step', Te. anja. Is *-koloin *ackolo equivalent to Dravidian *kal 'leg, foot'? 133. STRENGTH. FUV 121 Fi. uros 'adult man, brave man, hero', Lp. vdres 'male animal, male', Hu. ur, ura- 'lord, husband'. DED 558 Ta. ura 'strength', Ka. uratu 'stoutness', Ko.
orp- 'to excel'.

134. STRETCH. FUV 103 Hu. nyul 'stretch, lengthen', Vty. nujal 'stretch'. DED 3059Ta. nil 'to be long', Te. nmlugu'to stretch'. Burrow 1945 compares these two sets and reconstructs initial *n- for Dravidian. The development *ni(y)-al > nmyl> nul is the same as that hypothesized for 'fire', no. 61 above. 135.sucK. FUV 15 Fi. ime 'suck', Zr. nim, Yk. ibi. DED 2154 Ta. cippu 'suck', Ma.

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DRAVIDIAN AND URALIAN: THE LEXICAL EVIDENCE

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zmpuka, Te. cibuku. (Reconstruction of Dravidian *-mp- may be wrong; Krishnamurti 1955:249reconstructs *cZp-ukku.) FUV 64 Fi. ui- 'to swim', Vg. uj-, Lp. vuoggjd,Sk. uurna-. (Collinder *ujo, 136. SWIM. wojo.) DED 868 Kur. ogna (igyas) 'to swim', Malto oge. Burrow (1943:322) connects the Uralian etyma with DED 3054Ta. nintu 'to swim'. Dravidian *oy-kk/uy-kk? 137. TAKE. FUV 105 Fi. otta 'take', Est. votta, Zr. vot 'pick, gather, collect'. DED 823 Kui 'to take out'. (Dravidian forms ota 'to fetch persons', Malto otre 'to take out', Kur. otthornd probably derive from DED 831 Ta. oy- 'take'.) 138. TELL.FUV 12 Lp. giet'to- 'tell', Yr. hoota-, Sk. keeta-, kada 'say, speak'. (*a is reconstructed in Uralian on the basis of Lp. -ie-; Yr. and Sk. point to *oo.) DED 1626Ta. ceppu 'say, speak', Te. ceppu 'say, tell, relate'; CVG856 Go(A) key- 'to call', Koya (from my field notes) key- 'tell, relate' (cf. DED 1658 Ka. kegu 'to cry'). Connecting these two sets of Dravidian etyma provides for a stem in *ke(y)- with suffixes -k, -pp. 139. THROAT. FUV 89 Md. kirga 'neck', Ch. korgo 'interior', Zr. gyrk 'cavity of body', Vg. kiwr 'cavity of body'. DED 1477Ta. kural 'throat', Kod. kora 'gullet, neck', Tu. kurelu 'nape of neck'. (Burrow 1943, no. 21.) 140. THROW. FUV 125 Fi. viskaa 'throw', OsN w6Sk,Vg. wosk 'hew'. DED 4479 Ta. vZcu 'to throw', Ma. vzcuka'a fan', Kui viska 'swift'. 141. TIME.FUV 53 Zr. pyr (in ot-pyr 'once'), Vg. pTexr'time, occasion', Sk. par. DED 3724 Ta. porutu 'time, opportunity', Ma. parutu 'time, occasion', Te. proddu 'time'. 142. TONGUE. FUV 43 Hu. nyelv 'tongue, language', Vg. &eelm'tongue', Yr. nemii. DED 3009 Ta. nd, navu 'tongue', Ko. ndalg, Te. nalika, Pa. nevad. (Burrow 1943, no. 14.) 143. TRAP. FUV 54 Fi. ryta 'trap', Zr. ri, Sk. lata. DED 564 Tu. urIu 'snare', Te. uri, Kui rusu 'snare, trap'. 144. TWIST. FUV 51 Fi. puno- 'twist', Hu. fon- 'spin', Yr. paygal- 'braid, twist'. DED 3423bTa. pu.nai 'tie', Ka. ponar 'be joined' (cf. DED 3423aTa. piZai 'entwine'). 145. UDDER. FUV 33 Os. maran esan 'cartilaginous udder', Km. mor 'udder', Yr. mar 'gland'. DED 4087 Ta. mulai 'woman's breast', To. mis 'woman's breast', Ka. mole 'female breast, dug of animal'. (Burrow 1943, no. 37, compares the Dravidian set with FUV 98 'breast'. *mdalye 146. URINE. FUV 140 Fi. kuse- 'make water, urinate', Vg. kuA?- 'urinate', Os. k6s-, Km. kinzi. DED 1362 Ka. korcu 'smell of urine', Tu. kujaru 'any bad smell', Konda kuskig 'urine'. (Burrow 1943, no. 71.) 147. VILLAGE. FUV 77 Hu. falu 'village', Vg. pdwl, Os. pugal, Kr. palvi 'dwelling place'. DED 3309 Ta. palli 'village', Ma. palli 'hut', Te. palli 'village'. 148. WASH. FUV 35 Est. moske- 'wash', Vty. mygky-, Sk. musa-. DED 3995 To. mny'bathe', Ga. muy, mt, Kui mispa 'wash', musi 'wash the head', Kur. mujna 'wash the face of'. Dravidian has two forms *muy- > mi(y)-/*muc-. -y/-c variation is common; cf. Krishnamurti 1955:242-3. (Burrow 1943:355.) 149. 1WET. FUV 102 Ch. nacko 'wet', Lp. njouksds, OsN ieWah'damp'. DED 3006 Ta. nanai 'become wet', nacai 'dampness', Ko. nanc 'to make wet', To. not 'to make wet in rain'. 150. 2WET. FUV 53 Vty. pycal 'be absorbed', Vg. pos- 'be drenched', Yr. pooda- 'become wet'. DED 3731 Kol. bok- 'become wet', Ga(S) poc- 'be soaked', Malto porge 'be soaked'. Dravidian *po- with suffixes -r, -c, -y. 151. WHITE. FUV 122 Fi. valkea 'white', Lp. vil'gis 'white', Vty. val' 'lustre', Hu. vildg 'light'. DED 4395Ta. val 'whiteness', Ma. val 'purity'. Uralian may have two separate stems as in Dravidian; cf. DED 4524 Ta. vel 'white', vilakku 'lustre, lamp'. 152. WIFE'S BROTHER. FUV 23 Fi. kdly 'husband's sister, wife's sister, husband's brother's wife', YnB seri 'brother-in-law', Sk. sal 'wife's sister's husband, wife's brother's wife'. CVG 3472 Go(Tr) serandu 'wife's brother', serandal 'wife's sister', Konda seron 'husband's young brother' (cf. DED 1647Ta. keruvu 'to unite', DED 1678k5e'kindred', DED 1107Kur. khallt 'father's younger brother's wife'). 153. WRINKLE. FUV 115 MdE sorma- 'fold, become wrinkled', Os. pbmar 'crumple, wrinkle'. DED 2213Ta. curunku 'wrinkle', Ka. suinku'a wrinkle', Pa. curk- 'shrivel'.

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812

LANGUAGE, VOLUME 44, NUMBER 4 (1968) REFERENCES

BLOCH,JULES. 1954. The grammatical structure of the Dravidian languages. Poona:

Deccan College. 25.161-73. KARL. 1953. Dravidischund Uralaltaisch.Ural-Altaische Jahrbiicher BOUDA, T. 1943. The body in Dravidianand Uralian.BSOAS11.328-56. BURROW, - . 1945.Dravidianstudies V. BSOAS11.595-616.
1960. A comparative vocabulary of the Gondi BURROW, T., and S. BHATTACHARYA. BURROW, T., and M. B. EMENEAU. 1961. A Dravidian etymological dictionary. London: Oxford University Press. A. 1913. A comparative grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian ROBERT CALDWELL, family of languages. 3rd ed. Madras. BJORN.1952. Uralaltaisch. Ural-Altaische Jahrbiicher 24.121-42. COLLINDER, . 1955. Fenno-Ugric vocabulary. Stockholm. - . 1957. Survey of the Uralic languages. Stockholm. - . 1960. Comparative grammar of the Uralic languages. Stockholm. .1965. An introduction to the Uralic languages. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. M. B. 1945. The Dravidian verbs 'come' and 'give'. Lg. 21.184-213. EMENEAU, --. 1963. Sketch of Dravidian comparative phonology. Berkeley (mimeographed). GOODENOUGH, W. H. 1964. A componential analysis of the K6nkama Lapp kinship terminology. Explorations in cultural anthropology, ed. by W. H. Goodenough, 221-38. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1905. A comparative grammar of the Korean language and HULBERT, HOMERBEZALEEL. the Dravidian languages of South India. Seoul. KRISHNAMURTI, BH. 1955. The history of vowel length in Telugu verbal bases. JAOS 75.237-52. -- . 1958. Alternations i/e and u/o in South Dravidian. Lg. 34.458-68. MEILE, PIERRE.1949. Observations sur quelques caracteres communs des langues dravidiennes et des langues altaiques. Actes du XXI Congres International des Orientalistes, 207-9. Paris. MENGES, KARLH. 1964.Altajischund Dravidisch.Orbis13.66-103. THOMAS A. 1945. Finno-Ugric and the languages of India. JAOS 65.59-62. SEBEOK, and V. J. ZEPS. 1961. Concordance and thesaurus of Cheremis poetic language. -, KARL.1944. Geschichte des finnisch-ugrischen Vokalismus. Stockholm. STEINITZ, [Received 6 March 1968]

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