Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SR.NO
TOPIC
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INTRODUCTION
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PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT
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RELEVANCE OF PORTFOLIO
MANAGEMENT
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RISK
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PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT SERVICE
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CONCLUSION
1. INTRODUCTION
Meaning of investment
Investment is the employment of funds with the aim of getting return on it.
Investing is a way to make money with your money. Generally, investment
is the application of money for earning more money. Investment also means
savings or savings made through delayed consumption . In its broadest sense,
an investment is sacrifice of current money or other resources for future
benefit. It is rare to find investor investing their entire savings in a single
security. Instead, they tend to invest in a group of securities. Such a group of
securities is called portfolio. Portfolio management deals with the analysis
of individual securities as well as theory and practice of optimally
combining securities into portfolios
Investment analysis, defined as the process of evaluating an investment for
profitability and risk. Ultimately has the purpose of measuring how the
given investment is a good fit for a portfolio. An investor considering
investment in securities is faced with problem of choosing from among a
large number of securities. His choice depends upon the risk return
characteristic of individual securities .the investor faces an infinite number
of possible portfolios or groups of securities. The risk and return
characteristic of portfolios differ from those of individual securities
combining to form a portfolio.
Objectives of investment
Investment avenues
Money market instruments:
Money market instrument is a segment of the financial market in which
financial instruments with high liquidity and very short maturities are traded.
(Less than one year)
It does not actually deal in cash or money but deals with substitute of cash
like trade bills, promissory notes etc which can be converted into cash
without any loss at low transaction cost.
Modern Instruments:
Repo Instruments :
Repo instrument is a form of short-term borrowing for dealers in
securities. The dealer sells the securities to investors, usually on an
overnight basis, and buys them back on the agreed date. .
Features:
1) Helps in liquidity management and speculation
2) Involves bankers as middleman
3) Generally used by commercial banks.
Money Market Mutual Fund :
Money market mutual fund is an open-end mutual fund which invests
only in money markets. The main goal is the preservation of principal,
accompanied by modest dividends.
Miscellaneous Investment Options:
Real Estate Investments and Markets
1) The capital appreciation of the house can favorably be used in the
form of a mortgage loan for business purpose
2) The risk with real estate is that it can go down sharply too.
Gold :
Of all the precious metals, gold is the most popular as an investment.
Investors generally buy gold as a hedge or safe haven against any economic,
political, social or currency-based crises. These crises include investment
market declines, burgeoning national debt, currency failure, inflation, war
and social unrest. Investors also buy gold early in a bull market and sell it
before a bear market begins, in an attempt to gain financially.
Commodities like gold are a hedge against inflation.
Provident Fund:
Types of Provident Fund:
Statutory provident fund
Recognized provident fund
Unrecognized provident fund
Public provident fund
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Benefits:
It is a simple and sturdy investment. Many people use this money to
set up a life after retirement.
Decent return of 8 to 12% on.
It is backed by the government; hence the money invested is safe
Mutual Funds:
Diversification: There is an opportunity to invest in a number of blue
chip companies which would ensure a fairy good and dependable rate
of return.
Cost advantages: The risk is split between all. Hence it works out
advantageous for the investors.
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Interest Rate: The interest paid varies as declared by the Directorate, Small
Savings from time to time.
The interest received is taxable.
National Savings Certificate (NSC)
National Savings Certificates (NSCs) are popular as Tax Saving instruments.
NSCs are a long term tax saving option for investors.
Who can purchase
Any individual singly or jointly with other adult. A guardian on behalf of a
minor.
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2. PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT
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investor tries to choose the optimal portfolio taking into consideration the
risk return characteristics of all possible portfolios.
An investor invests his funds in a portfolio expecting to get good returns
consistent with the risk that he has to bear. The return realized from the
portfolio has to be measured and the performance of the portfolio has to be
evaluated. It is evident that rational investment activity involves creation of
an investment portfolio. Portfolio management comprises all the processes
involved in the creation and maintenance of an investment portfolio. It deals
specifically with the security analysis, portfolio analysis, portfolio selection,
portfolio revision & portfolio evaluation.
Portfolio management makes use of analytical techniques of analysis and
conceptual theories regarding rational allocation of funds. Portfolio
management is a complex process which tries to make investment activity
more rewarding and less risky
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Selection of Portfolio
The selection of portfolio depends upon the objectives of the investor. The
selection of portfolio under different objectives are dealt subsequently
Objectives and asset mix If the main objective is getting adequate amount
of current income, sixty percent of the investment is made in debt
instruments and remaining in equity. Proportion varies according to
individual preference.
Growth of income and asset mix Here the investor requires a certain
percentage of growth as the income from the capital he has invested. The
proportion of equity varies from 60 to 100 % and that of debt from 0 to 40
%. The debt may be included to minimize risk and to get tax exemption.
Capital appreciation and Asset Mix It means that value of the investment
made increases over the year. Investment in real estate can give faster capital
appreciation but the problem is of liquidity. In the capital market, the value
of the shares is much higher than the original issue price.
Safety of principle and asset mix Usually, the risk adverse investors are
very particular about the stability of principal. Generally old people are more
sensitive towards safety.
Risk and return analysis The traditional approach of portfolio building has
some basic assumptions. An investor wants higher returns at the lower risk.
But the rule of the game is that more risk, more return. So while making a
portfolio the investor must judge the risk taking capability and the returns
desired. Diversification Once the asset mix is determined and risk return
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relationship is analyzed the next step is to diversify the portfolio. The main
advantage of diversification is that the unsystematic risk is minimized.
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fraud, and of course the main objective is to ensure that the investors money
is safe.
With the advent of computers the whole process of portfolio management
has become quite easy. The computer can absorb large volumes of data,
perform the computations accurately and quickly give out the results in any
desired form. Moreover simulation, artificial intelligence etc provides means
of testing alternative solutions. The trend towards liberalization and
globalization of the economy has promoted free flow of capital across
international borders. Portfolio not only now include domestic securities but
foreign too. So financial investments cant be reaped without proper
management. Another significant development in the field of investment
management is the introduction to Derivatives with the availability of
Options and Futures. This has broadened the scope of investment
management. Investment is no longer a simple process. It requires a
scientific knowledge, a systematic approach and also professional expertise.
Portfolio management is the only way through which an investor can get
good returns, while minimizing risk at the same time.
2) Capital growth
Capital appreciation has become an important investment principle.
Investors seek growth stocks which provide a very large capital
appreciation by way of rights bonus and appreciation in the price of share
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3) Liquidity
An investment is a liquid asset. It can be converted into cash with the
help of a stock exchange. Investment should be liquid as well as
marketable. The portfolio should contain a planned proportion of high
grade readily salable investment
4) Safety
Safety means protection for investment against loss under reasonably
variations .in order to provide safety careful review of economic and
industry trends is necessary
5) Tax incentives
The portfolio manager has to keep a list of such investment avenues
along with the return risk, profile, tax implications, yields and other
returns
Construction of portfolio
Portfolio construction means determining the actual composition of
portfolio. it refers to the allocation of funds among a variety of financial
assets open for investment .the portfolio manager has to set out all the
alternative investments along with their projected re turn and risk and choose
investments which satisfy the requirements of the investor
Portfolio construction requires knowledge of the different aspects of
securities. The components of portfolio construction are asset allocation,
security selection, portfolio structure .asset allocation means setting the asset
mix. Security selection involves choosing the appropriate security to meet
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the portfolio targets and portfolio structure involves setting the amount of
each security to be included in the portfolio. Investing in securities
presupposes risk. A common way of reducing risk s to follow the principle
of diversification
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3. Taxation
There may be strong incentive for many investors in the high tax brackets
to invest in tax exempt securities rather than common stock. it offers
investors to combine a high effective yield with relatively low risk
4. Temperament
A higher return may be expected from a well diversified portfolio. Some
investors may not be willing to accept the greater risk associated with the
common stock. Thus temperament is the most important principle on the
formulation of portfolio objectives. It indicates the investors willingness
to accept risk. Some investors are able to accept risk
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Portfolio diversification
Diversification is a technique of reducing the risk involved in a portfolio. It
is also a process conscious selection of assets i.e. securities in a manner that
a total risk is brought down. This helps to reduce the unsystematic risk and
promotes the optimization of returns for a given level of risks in a portfolio.
Here are two types of risk in a portfolio, systematic and unsystematic risk.
Systematic risk is the fluctuation in an investment return attributable to
change sin broad economic, social, political sectors which influence the
returns on an investment on portfolio. Therefore, systematic risk is
undiversifiable risk because the investors cannot avoid or reduce the risk
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arising form the above factors. On the other hand, unsystematic risk is the
variation in returns on an investment due to factors related to the individual
company or security.
The diversification of portfolio risk can be made in the following manner
1) Changing the type of asset
2) Changing the type of instrument
3) Changing the industry line
4) Changing the companies
Portfolio evaluation
A portfolio manager by evaluating his own performance can identify sources
of strength or weakness .good performance in the past might have resulted
from good luck, in which case such performance may not be expected to
continue in the future. On the other hand poor performance in the past might
have been the result of bad luck. Therefore the first takes in performance in
performance evaluation is to determine whether past performance was good
or poor. Then the second task is to determine whether such performance was
due to skill or luck. Good performance in the past may have resulted from
the actions of a highly skilled portfolio manager .the performance of a
portfolio should be measured periodical, preferably once in a month or a
quarter. The performance of an individual stock should be compared with
the overall performance of the market as indicated by a market index like the
BSE Sensex
The evaluation of a portfolio performance during the scheduled time horizon
is very important from the point of view of both the investor and the
portfolio manager. Therefore portfolio performance is adjudged at the end of
time period. Investment analysts and portfolio managers have to monitor and
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disciplined approach that keep on track. Instead, they get caught up in their
own emotional responses to market fluctuations
Six steps process guided by seven key principles:
1) Emphasize a disciplined process to eliminate an emotional response
to short term market volatility: the fact show that investor left out their
own devices. Will let their emotions make their decision for them and that
these emotion based decision are often the primary cause of erratic returns.
The ability to invest dispassionately by focusing on what is rational enables
investors to avoid making mistakes that cost them dearly
2) Deliver great capabilities to all investments management decision
making:
Good intentions you are own or those of any investment professionals you
many work with are not enough to maximize your chances of success. Good
intention must be supplemented with the types of world class capabilities
and resources that are found only amount the best investment institutions
3) Align your investment strategy with your long term objectives and
tolerance for risk
Rational investor must accurately assess where they are today and where to
go in order to determine the appropriate path they will take towards
achieving their goals. This requires identifying crucial but often overlooked
issues such as your objectives, the amount of financial resources you can
commit, your time horizon, how much money you are comfortable losing
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asset classes such as stocks and bonds as market condition change in order
to maintain their design balance between potential and risk. Many also seek
to enhance returns using tactical asset allocation strategies, in which
manager opportunistically make subtle shifts to their portfolios when they
identify areas of the market that their research indicates are over or
undervalued. These firms also regularly monitor investment managers in
order to hold them accountable, asking such question: is the manager with
whom they investor asserts still at the firm? Are the decisions making
process and capabilities still in place? And are they adding value by
delivering competitive performance?
7) Assess your progress regularly
When your investment account statement arrives each month, do we read it?
More important do we understand what we read? As a result many of us
dont understand what investment we are holding, and even more of us dont
know how to gauge your performance relative to an appropriate benchmark.
Such confusion is to often cause investor to make the wrong moves at the
wrong time. This process will reveal the technique that top institutional
investors use to assess how they are progressing towards their goal and
answer the question on every investors mind: how am I doing
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the asset classes and how they interact with each other to make the most
accurate constraint and capital market assumptions
3) Investment policy committees composed of senior investment
professionals who engage in a disciplined investment process:
Advanced technology alone is not sufficient to perform superior asset
allocation. Portfolio strategists understand this fact and use investment
policy
committees(IPCs)to
scrutinize
and
evaluate
their
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4. RISK
Low levels of uncertainty (low risk) are associated with low potential
returns, whereas high levels of uncertainty (high risk) are associated with
high potential returns. According to the risk-return tradeoff, invested money
can render higher profits only if it is subject to the possibility of being lost.
Because of the risk-return tradeoff, you must be aware of your personal risk
tolerance when choosing investments for your portfolio. Taking on some
risk is the price of achieving returns; therefore, if you want to make
money, you can't cut out all risk. The goal instead is to find an
appropriate balance - one that generates some profit, but still allows you
Deciding what amount of risk you can take while remaining comfortable.
In the investing world, the dictionary definition of risk is the chance that an
investment's actual return will be different than expected. Technically, this is
measured in statistics by standard deviation. Risk means you have the
possibility of losing some, or even all, of our original investment.
Low levels of uncertainty (low risk) are associated with low potential
returns. High levels of uncertainty (high risk) are associated with high
potential returns. The risk return tradeoff is the balance between the desire
for the lowest possible risk and the highest possible return. This is
demonstrated graphically in the chart below. A higher standard deviation
means a higher risk and higher possible return.
A common misconception is that higher risk equals greater return. The
risk/return tradeoff tells us that the higher risk gives us the possibility of
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higher returns. There are no guarantees. Just as risk means higher potential
returns.
The relationship between risk and return is a fundamental financial
relationship that affects expected rates of return on every existing asset
investment. The Risk-Return relationship is characterized as being a
"positive" or "direct" relationship meaning that if there are expectations of
higher levels of risk associated with a particular investment then greater
returns are required as compensation for that higher expected risk.
Alternatively, if an investment has relatively lower levels of expected risk
then investors are satisfied with relatively lower returns.
Types of risk
Market Risk - This is the most familiar of all risks. Also referred to as
volatility, market risk is the day-to-day fluctuation in a stock's price. Market
risk applies mainly to stocks and options. As a whole, stocks tend to perform
well during a bull market and poorly during a bear market - volatility is not
so much a cause but an effect of certain market forces. Volatility is a
measure of risk because it refers to the behavior, or "temperament", of your
investment rather than the reason for this behavior. Because market
movement is the reason why people can make money from stocks, volatility
is essential for returns, and the more unstable the investment the more
chance there is that it will experience a dramatic change in either direction.
Interest Rate Risk change in interest rate will impact price of bonds (or
NCDs). There is negative relation between price of bond & interest rates if
interest rate will increase price of bond will go down & vice versa. This risk
can be reduced if you hold bonds till maturity. Interest rate risk also affects
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Unsystematic risk is the variation in the returns due to factors related to the
individual firm or security. That portion of total risk which arises from
factors that are specific to a particular firm such as plant breakdown, labors
strikes, sources of materials unsystematic risk is referred as diversified risk,
the sum of systematic risk and unsystematic risk is the total risk of a security
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portfolio managers cannot assure any fixed return to their clients. The
investments made by them are subject to risk which the client has to bear.
The investment consultancy and management have to be charged at rates
which are fixed at the time of entering into a contract. The clients are not
permitted to share the profits or discounts or any other incentives from the
portfolio managers. The portfolio managers are also prohibited to lend their
clients, badla financing and bill discounting as per SEBI norms. The
portfolio manager cannot put the clients fund in any investment.
Investments are allowed both in capital and money market.
The norms also provide that the clients money should be kept in a separate
account with the public sector bank. These funds cannot be mixed with his
own funds. All the deals done for a clients account should be entered in his
name. A separate ledged account is maintained for all purchases or sales on
clients behalf, which should be done at the market price. Final settlement
and termination of contract should also be completed as per the terms of
contract. Portfolio managers act only on a contractual basis and also on a
fiduciary basis. No contract for less than a year is permitted by the SEBI as
per the norms
CONCLUSION.
Investment is the employment of funds with the aim of getting return on it.
Investing is a way to make money with your money. Generally, investment
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is the application of money for earning more money. Investment also means
savings or savings made through delayed consumption an investment is the
current commitment of dollars for a period of time in order to derive future
payments that will compensate the investor for the time the funds are
committed The expected rate of inflation To keep the value of your money
from inflation: The money you have today will not have the same value
tomorrow. Yes, inflation decreases the value of money you have.
Short term high priority objectives-investors have high priority towards
achieving certain objectives in short time. For example a young couple will
give high priority to buy a house. Thus investors will go for high priority
objectives and invest money accordingly
Long term high priority objectives-some investors look forward and invest
on the basis of objectives of long term needs. They want to achieve financial
independence in long period. For example investing for post retirement
period
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