Grammar List

Comparative Adjectives

Comparatives

Use: Use the comparative form to talk about how two things are different. I am taller than you. This book is thicker than that one. Form: 1) If an adjective has one syllable, add er to the end. If it ends in e already, just add r. tall => taller thick => thicker nice => nicer late => later

2) If an adjective ends in one vowel and one consonant, write the consonant again, then writeer. But never write a w twice. big => bigger new => newer (NOT newwer) thin => thinner slow => slower (NOT slowwer) slim => slimmer

My brother is thinner than me. 3) If an adjective has two syllables and ends in y, change the y to i and add er. funny => funnier silly => sillier

Which of these books is funnier? 5) Some adjectives have irregular superlative forms. These are listed below. good => better bad => worse far => further Add than after a comparative adjective to compare one thing with another. However, this is not always necessary. My house is smaller than yours.

Superlatives

Superlatives

Use: Use the superlative form to describe something that is greater than any other thing.

The Amazon is the longest river in the world. Helen is the most intelligent student in the class. Form: 1) 2) Write the before all superlatives. If an adjective is short and has one syllable, add est to the end. If it ends in e already, just add st. tall thick 2) => => the tallest the thickest nice late => => the nicest the latest

If an adjective ends in one vowel and one consonant, write the consonant again, then write est. But never write

a w twice. big thin slim => => => the biggest the thinnest the slimmest new slow => => the newest(NOT newwest) the slowest(NOT slowwest)

The biggest cat in the world is the lion. 3) If an adjective has two syllables and ends in y, change the y to i and add est. funny => the funniest silly => the silliest

Its the silliest film Ive ever seen! 4) For other adjectives with two or more syllables, DONT add est. Write most before the adjective. interesting => the most interesting surprising => the most surprising

Its the most interesting book Ive ever read. 5) Some adjectives have irregular superlative forms. These are listed below. good bad far 6) => => => the best the worst the furthest

a) In is often (but not always) used after a superlative adjective to describe where this statement is true. London is the biggest city in England. Everest is the highest mountain in the world. My brother is the tallest person in my family.

Adverbial phrases of frequency, time and place.

Adverbial phrases of frequency, time and place

Use: An adverbial phrase is a group of words which always go together. they describe where, when or how often something happens. Adverbial phrases of frequency describe how often something happens. every morning, every afternoon every day daily every week weekly every month monthly every year annually every Sunday on Sundays on Sunday afternoons once a day twice a day three / four / five times a day all the time Form: 1) Adverbs of frequency often go in present simple sentences. I have toast for breakfast every day. We visit our grandparents twice a month. 2) Note that on Saturday refers to one day. On Saturdays means every Saturday. Common mistakes 1) Some students write adverbs of frequency in the wrong place. We every day go the park. 2) => We go to the park every day.

Some students use the plural form with every. John goes swimming every days. => John goes swimming every day.

_____________________________________________________________________ Use: Use adverbs and adverbial phrases of time to talk about when you do something. Adverbs of time include: today, tomorrow, tonight, yesterday, tomorrow, nowadays now, first of all, beforehand soon, afterwards, later, next, then Form: 1) Adverbs of time usually go at the beginning or the end of a sentence or clause. Tomorrow, Im going to the beach. Im going to the beach tomorrow.

First of all, we had a drink at a caf. We had a drink at a caf first of all. Im going to the supermarket, and afterwards Im going to the library. Im going to the supermarket, and Im going to the library afterwards. 2) It is more common to use then at the beginning of a sentence or clause. Then we arrived at the castle. Im going to finish my work and then Im going to have a drink. It is more common to use soon and now at the end of a sentence. Were going on holiday soon. Im going home now. Common mistakes 1) Dont use an adverb of time between the subject and the object of a sentence. => => I went to the zoo yesterday. / Yesterday I went to the zoo. Im going to the bank now.

I went yesterday to the zoo. Im going now to the bank. 2)

You must use a noun after After and Before. Otherwise, use afterwards orbeforehand. Ill be late to class tomorrow. Im going to the

Ill be late to class tomorrow. Im going to the doctors before. => doctors beforehand. Im going to my English class and Im going to the bar after. bar afterwards. =>

Im going to my English class and Im going to the

_____________________________________________________________________ Use: Use adverbs and adverbial phrases of place to talk about where something happens. Adverbs of place include: outside, inside, indoors, upstairs, downstairs (over) here, (over) there abroad, overseas Form: 1) Adverbs of place usually go after a verb. She lives abroad. Lets go indoors. 2) Adverbs of place can also go after the object of the sentence. Rachel works in the office upstairs. Your bag is on the table over there.

Adverbs
Use: Adverbs can be used to describe verbs. They describe HOW you do something. Examples: She walks quickly; He sings nicely. Form: 1) You can make many adverbs by adding ly to an adjective. slow -> slowly; loud -> loudly If an adjective ends in y, change it to an i. heavy -> heavily; funny -> funnily Add ally to adjectives ending in ic. Physical -> physically; energetic -> energetically 2) Some adverbs are irregular, and do not end in ly. These include: good -> well She dances well. hard -> hard He works hard. fast -> fast He runs fast. late -> late He arrives late. 3a) Usually, the adverb goes after the verb it describes. She talks quietly NOT She quietly talks. He runs fast. NOT He fast runs. 3b) If the verb has a direct object WITHOUT A PREPOSITION the adverb should go after the object. You sang that song nicely. NOT You sang nicely that song. He did the job well. NOT He did well the job. 3c) If the verb is followed by a preposition and an object, you can put the adverb in different places. He quickly walked to the shop. He walked quickly to the shop. He walked to the shop quickly. 4) Adverbs are NOT used to describe the following verbs. These verbs use adjectives. Be I am quiet. NOT I am quietly. Seem It seems strange. NOT It seems strangely. Look That looks nice. NOT That looks nicely. Smell That smells good. NOT That smells well. Sound That sounds great. NOT That sounds greatly. Feel That feels funny. NOT That feels funnily.

5) Some words end in ly but they are not adverbs. Friendly is an example. Friendly is an adjective. We can say She is friendly but not She talks friendly. There is no adverb for friendly, but we can say She talks in a friendly way. Elderly and lonely are also adjectives, not adverbs.Kindly and early are adjectives and adverbs.

Articles /countable and uncountable/

Uncountable Nouns

Use: Some nouns are countable you can count them. These include: apples, books, cars, trees Some nouns are uncountable you cannot count them. These include: water, oil, rice, fruit, bread, information, money Uncountable nouns have different grammar rules from countable nouns. countable singular nouns e.g. apple countable plural nouns e.g. apples uncountable nouns e.g. fruit

Singular countable nouns always need a determiner: a, this, that, my, the etc. Look at that cat! Can I have an apple? Is this your bag?

Plural countable nouns do not need a determiner. I like apples. Dogs are friendly. But they can be used with determiners: Where are my shoes? Are those pens yours?

Uncountable nouns do not need a determiner. I like fruit. But they can use singular determiners: This fruit is nice.

You can count countable nouns. You cannot count Can I have five apples please? uncountable nouns. Can I have five breads please?

Use singular verbs and determiners.

Use plural verbs and determiners.

Use singular verbs and determiners.

This apple is nice.

These apples are nice.

This bread is nice.

Some determiners can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns. some, a lot of, lots of, loads of, plenty of, any Weve got some potatoes. We need some bread. We dont have any potatoes. We dont have any bread. Some determiners can only be used with countable nouns: several, various, a few, many Some determiners can only be used with uncountable nouns: much, a bit of, a little

-Definite and indefinite articles

Definite and indefinite articles

Use: 1) Use a before a singular noun. I've got a brother and a sister. Use an if the noun begins with a vowel. I've got an aunt in Texas. 2) Use plural nouns or uncountable nouns to talk about things in general. Don't use an article here. I like cats. Dolphins are very intelligent. Crime is increasing.

3) Use the to talk about one particular thing, or a particular group of things. Books are interesting. The book on the table is interesting. Children are noisy. The children in this class are noisy. 4) Use a to introduce a new thing or person. Use the when you already know this person or thing. There is a restaurant near my house. The restaurant serves good food. 5) Use the when there is only one of these things. The moon is very big tonight. My dad is the only doctor in our village. Joe is the best student in the class.

6) Use the when there are many things, but it is clear which one you mean. Let's go to the pub! We need to go to the supermarket. 7) Most 'general' nouns do not use an article. Life is not the same as it used to be NOT: The life Health is important to everyone. NOT: The health We're worried about pollution. NOT: The pollution

But some general nouns use the: the environment People are increasingly worried about the environment. the weather What's the weather like today? the countryside I love walking in the countryside. the sea / ocean I'd love to live near the sea. the radio There's an interesting programme on the radio. the theatre / cinema We went to the theatre last night. the economy The economy is affecting everyone. Common mistakes:

1) Some students use the when they talk about things in general. I love the romantic films! => I love romantic films!

2) Some students use singular nouns without a or the. I want book about the weather. => I want a book about the weather. 3) Some students use the when they talk about things in general. I want the book about the weather. => I want a book about the weather.

Countable and uncountable/How much and how many

How
Use: Use How to get information about numbers and quantities. You can use it to find out about age, size, length, cost and much more. Form: 1) Dimensions

Use How big to find out about size. How big is your car? Use How long to find out about length, and How wide to ask about width. How long is the River Nile? How wide is it?

Use the words long and wide in your answers to make them clear. Its a hundred miles long. Its a mile wide. 2) Age

Use How old to find out about age. How old is your sister? You can reply: Shes ten or Shes ten years old NOT Shes ten years. 3) Time

Also use How long to ask about time. How long is the film? Its about two hours long. About three hours.

How long does it take to get there? 4) Quantity

Use How much to ask about cost. Also use How much with uncountable nouns. Remember to put any uncountable nouns directly after much. How much is this bag? How much money do you have? NOT How much do you have money?

Use How many to ask about countable nouns. Remember to put any countable nouns directly after many. How many people are coming? NOT How many are coming people?

How many questions often use the word there. How many people are there in your class? NOT How many people are in your class?

Gerunds and Infinitives

Gerunds and Infinitives

Use: 1) A gerund is a verb in its ing form, used as a noun. For example: Gerunds are used: a) As the subject of a sentence. Smoking is bad for you. eating, going, seeing

b) After some verbs, such as: like, hate, enjoy, quit, suggest, dislike, deny I like cooking. I enjoy fishing. A good learners dictionary will tell you whether a verb is followed by a gerund or not.

c) After prepositions. Im interested in buying a computer. Im scared of walking alone in the dark.

2) The infinitive form of the verb is the original verb. It can be with or without to. For example: The infinitive form is used: a) After some verbs, such as; agree, arrange, ask, promise, decide, afford I agreed to do the work. I arranged to see the doctor, They decided to get married. A good learners dictionary will tell you whether a verb is followed by an infinitive or not. (to) eat, (to) go, (to) see.

b) To show the reason why you did something. Tony went to the post office to pay a bill. c) After adjectives. I was surprised to see Erica. Im pleased to meet you. 3 a) Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or infinitive with NO CHANGE in meaning: For example: start, begin, hate, like, prefer, continue She started to cry = She started crying. I hate watching horror films = I hate to watch horror films. b) Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or a infinitive, but there is a change in meaning. For example: try, remember, stop I tried to get into the house. (Getting into the house is your goal or objective). I tried climbing through the window. (Climbing through the window is one thing you tried in order to obtain your final objective.) I stopped cleaning the windows. (I was cleaning the windows and then I stopped). I stopped to clean the windows. (I was driving, and I stopped driving in order to clean the windows). I remembered to lock the door. (I remembered, and after that I locked the door). I remember locking the door. (I remember (now) that I locked the door (in the past)).

Going To

be going to
Use: Use be going to to talk about your personal plans for the future.

Im going to see my sister at the weekend. Are you going to marry Paul? Form: 1) The form of the positive and negative sentences and questions is shown below. Positive I you he / she / it we they Negative I you he / she / it we they Questions Am Are Is Are Are I you he / she / it we they going to verb (infinitive form) ? m not arent isnt OR arent arent OR re not s not OR re not OR re not going to verb (infinitive form) am / m are / re is / s are / re are / re going to verb (infinitive form)

2) The short reply to a be going to question is Yes, I am, Yes, she is etc. You cannot contract these short sentences. Yes, hes. => Yes, he is. The short negative replies are: No, Im not. No, youre not / No, you arent. No, hes not / No he isnt. No, shes not / No she isnt. No, its not / no it isnt.

No, were not / No, we arent. No, theyre not / No, they arent.

Common mistakes: 1) Some students forget to add the verb be before going to. I going to see my friends tonight. => Im going to see my friends tonight. 2) Some students forget to invert the subject and be in questions.

What time you are going to leave? => What time are you going to leave?

Imperatives

Imperative Forms

Use: Use the imperative form to give instructions, orders and warnings. Must is often used in signs and notices to give instructions. Form: 1) Do not use a subject when giving orders. => Wash your hands.

You wash your hands.

Always use the infinitive form of the verb, without to. To sit down please. => Sit down please.

Use Dont to make the negative form. Dont sit there! 2) Written instructions on signs often use Do not, not Dont.

Do not cross this line. 3) When giving instructions to a friend, you can soften the order by using you. However, this is usually only done in

spoken English. First you put the mixture into a bowl, and then you add two eggs. Then you whisk it. 4) Some written signs use Must / Must not.

All visitors must wear a badge. Passengers must not talk to the driver. Notice how plural nouns (visitors / passengers) are generally used in signs.

Common mistakes: 1) Some students use to after Dont / Must => Dont go in that door.

Dont to go in that door.

Modals-Can /Could

Can / Could

Use: 1) Use can / cant to talk about your abilities now. I can speak English. I cant speak German.

Use could / couldnt to talk about abilities in the past. I could speak French when I was a child, but I can't now. I couldnt speak English when I was a child, but I can now. 2) Use can and could to make requests. Could is more polite. Can you cook this evening please? Could you pass me the salt? Use can to reply to requests. Can I sit here? => Yes, you can. => Sorry, you cant. Yes, I can. Sorry, I cant.

Can you cook this evening please? DONT use could in replies. Could you lend me some money? Yes, I could. Form: =>

Yes, sure! Sorry, I cant.

1) Can and could are the same for all persons. I can/could speak English speak English can/could speak English

you can/could he / she / it we they can/could can/could

speak English speak English.

2) The negative form of can is cannot, or cant. The negative form of could is couldnt. 3) There is always a verb after can and could, and the verb is always in the infinitive form(without to). Sally can help you. NOT Sally can helps you. / Sally can to help you.

4) Make questions by inverting can and the subject. I can see you this afternoon. You could help me. => => Can I see you this afternoon?

Could you help me?

5) Use can/cant and could/couldnt in short answers. Can your brother swim? Could you do the test? Common mistakes: 1) Some students make questions incorrectly. You can speak English? I could sit here? => => Can you speak English? => => Yes, he can. No, he cant. Yes, I could. No, I couldnt.

Could I sit here?

Modals- Have To

Have to
Use: Use have to to talk about something you must do. I have to start work at eight. Use dont have to to talk about something that is not necessary. You dont have to work tomorrow, its Saturday. Form: The positive, negative and question forms are shown in the table. Positive

I, you, we, they he / she / it

Negative

have to has to

verb (infinitive form) (go, sleep, work)

I, you, we, they he / she / it

Question

dont doesnt

have to

verb (infinitive form) (go, sleep, work)

Do

I, you, we, they have to

verb (infinitive

Does

he / she / it

form) (go, sleep, work)

Common mistakes 1) Some students think that dont have to means must not, but this is not correct. You mustnt use your mobile phone in class.

You dont have to use your mobile phone in class. 2)

Some students use havent / hasnt to make negative sentences and questions. My sister doesnt have to work today. Do you have to leave now?

My sister hasnt to work today. Have you to leave now?

Modals- Should

Should and Ought to

Use: Use Should and Ought to give advice. Examples: You should see a doctor.

You ought to find a new job. Form: Should Should is a modal verb, like can and will, so it follows the same rules. 1) Do not add s to the third person singular. He should buy a new car. NOT He should buys a new car.

2) To form a negative, add not / nt after should. You shouldnt do that! 3) To form questions, invert should and the subject. What time should we arrive? 4) Should is always followed by a verb in the infinitive form. I should to go. =>I should go.

5) You can also use should in the continuous form. Use should + be + verb-ing. Why are you watching TV? You should be working! Ought Ought is a semi-modal verb. It is similar to should in some ways: 1) Do not add s to the third person singular. He oughts to buy a new car. => He ought to buy a new car.

2) To form a negative, add not / nt after ought. You ought not to do that! However, ought is not often used in negative sentences 3) To form questions, invert ought and the subject. What time ought we to arrive? However, ought is not often used in questions. Ought is different to should because: 1) Ought is always followed by to + a verb in the infinitive form. I ought go. =>I ought to go.

Past Continuous
Past continuous
Use: 1) Use the past to set the scene of a story before describing what happened. It was raining. I was walking in the park. Some kids were playing football nearby. Suddenly 2) Use the past continuous to talk about an action which happened for some time in the past and was then interrupted. Use the past simple tense to talk about the interruption. I was cooking dinner when suddenly there was a knock at the door. 3) Use the past continuous to talk about events that were in progress at a certain time. At 5 oclock yesterday afternoon, I was driving home from work. Note the difference in meaning: When James got home, I cooked dinner:- I started cooking AFTER he got home. When James got home, I was cooking dinner: - I started cooking BEFORE he got home. Form: Positive I You He / She / It We / They Negative I wasnt was were was were verb+ing

You He / She / It We / They Question Was Were Was Were Spelling Rules:

werent wasnt werent

verb+ing

I you he / she / it we / they verb+ing ?

If a verb ends in e, delete the e before you add ing. have =>I was having lunch. If a verb ends in one vowel and one consonant, double the consonant (except w and y). get play =>He was just getting up. =>We were playing.

Common mistakes 1) Some students remember the verb be but forget ing. I was watch television. =>I was watching television. 2) Some students make spelling mistakes. I was studing. =>I was studying. We were eatting =>We were eating.

Past simple
Use: Use the past simple to talk about finished events in the past. Use it to tell stories, jokes and anecdotes. Form: 1) want start Many past tense verbs are formed by adding -ed to the end of the verb. => => wanted started

If a verb ends in e, just add d (liked, hoped). If a verb ends in y, delete y and add ied (studied, carried). But dont do this if the verb ends in avowel + y (played, NOT plaied. stayed, NOT staied)

But a lot of past tense verbs are irregular. You need to learn each one separately. Here are some examples. have take get => => => had took got make sit feel => => => made sat felt

Past simple verbs are the same for all persons. I went; you went; he went; she went; they went; we went... 2) Form negatives this way: didnt infinitive verb know, see, go Dont use the past verb in negative sentences. I didnt had dinner. => I didnt have dinner.

I, you, he , she, we, they...

3) Form questions this way: Did I, you, he , she, we, they... infinitive verb know, see, go Common mistakes: Some students use the past verb in questions. Did you saw the film? => Did you see the film?

Inseparable phrasal verbs

Use: Phrasal verbs consist of a verb and one or more prepositions. They are often used, especially in informal spoken English. The meaning of phrasal verbs is often completely different from the meaning of the verb alone. Form: 1) Some phrasal verbs never use an object. get up = get out of bed I get up at seven oclock every morning. take off = leave the ground The plane took off on time. look out = beware! be careful! Look out! That car is going to hit you! get on = be good friends

My dad and my brother dont get on. break down = stop working (for vehicles) Our car broke down on the way home from Scotland. make up = become friends again after an argument The kids often fight but they always make up afterwards.

2) Some phrasal verbs need an object. get on / off something = exit transport Get off the bus at the next stop. look after someone / something = take care of someone / something Please can you look after our cats while were on holiday? see to something = do, arrange, prepare, organise Dont worry about dinner. Ill see to it. look into something = investigate There has been a burglary at the school. Police are looking into it. get to = arrive at When you get to the end of the street, turn right.

3) Some phrasal verbs contain three words and an object. look up to someone = respect someone I look up to my teachers. look forward to something = be excited about (a future event) Im looking forward to the party. get on with someone = be good friends with someone I dont get on with Karen. get on with something = continue doing something Please be quiet and get on with your work. put up with something = tolerate I cant put up with that noise any longer!

present continuous

Use: 1) Use the present continuous to talk about actions which are happening now.

Ellen is having a bath at the moment. Right now, Mark is talking to her manager. Form: Positive I You He / She / It We / They Negative I You He / She / It We / They Question Am Are Is Are Spelling Rules: If a verb ends in e, delete the e before you add ing. come => have => Im coming. Hes having lunch. I you he / she / it we / they verb+ing m not arent / re not isnt / s not arent / re not verb+ing am / m are / re is / s are / re verb+ing

Common mistakes 1) Some students forget the verb be. I watching television. She not coming. 2) => => Im watching television.

Shes not coming.

Some students make questions incorrectly. She is working? => Is she working?

3)

Some students make spelling mistakes.

Im studing law. =>

Im studying law.

Present Continuous for Future

Use: The present continuous tense has two uses: 1) Use it to describe what is happening at the moment. Wheres dad? Hes watching TV in the living room. 2) Use it to describe plans and arrangements in the future. Tom is arriving on the three oclock train tomorrow. Form: Make the present continuous in this way. Positive

I you / they / we he / she / it

am / m are / re is / s

verb-ing

Examples: Im going / Hes going / Were going to Spain next week. Negative

I you / they / we he / she / it

m not arent / re not isnt / s not

verb-ing

Examples: Im not going / Youre not going / She isnt going to the meeting. Questions

Are Is

you / they / we he / she / it

verb-ing?

Examples: Are you coming / Is James coming to the party? Common Mistakes: 1) Some students use will to talk about future plans. However, present continuous is the correct tense to use. Ill visit my cousin in Paris this weekend. => Im visiting my cousin in Paris this weekend.

Present Perfect
Comparatives

Use: The present perfect is used for several reasons: 1) Use it to describe events that happened in the past and are still true now because you can see the result. Ive broken my leg! David has painted his house. 2) Use it to describe experiences in your life. Ive been to New York three times in my life. However, you cannot use the present perfect to describe experiences in someones life if that person has died. Michael Jackson performed in Britain many times. NOT Michael Jackson has performed in Britain many times. 3) Use it to describe events that started in the past and are still happening now. Ive lived here all my life (and I live here now). John has worked here for 10 years (and he works here now). Never refer to a finished time with a present perfect verb.

Form: Make the present perfect in this way. Positive I / you / they / we he / she / it have / ve has / s Ive seen him; theyve gone; shes taken my bag. past participle

Examples: Negative I / you / they / we he / she / it

havent / ve not hasnt / s not

past participle

Examples: Questions Have Has

I havent seen him; they havent gone yet; shes not been here.

you / they / we he / she / it

past participle?

Examples:

Have you seen him? Has she taken my bag?

Common mistakes: 1) Dont use the present perfect to refer to a finished time. Ive hurt my arm yesterday. Johns been to New York last month. => => Ive hurt my arm. Johns been to New York.

How Questions
How

Use: Use How to get information about numbers and quantities. You can use it to find out about age, size, length, cost and much more. Form: 1) Dimensions

Use How big to find out about size. How big is your car? Use How long to find out about length, and How wide to ask about width. How long is the River Nile? How wide is it? Use the words long and wide in your answers to make them clear. Its a hundred miles long. Its a mile wide. 2) Age

Use How old to find out about age. How old is your sister? You can reply: Shes ten or Shes ten years old NOT Shes ten years. 3) Time

Also use How long to ask about time. How long is the film? Its about two hours long. About three hours.

How long does it take to get there? 4) Quantity

Use How much to ask about cost. Also use How much with uncountable nouns. Remember to put any uncountable nouns directly after much. How much is this bag? How much money do you have? NOT How much do you have money?

Use How many to ask about countable nouns. Remember to put any countable nouns directly after many. How many people are coming? NOT How many are coming people?

How many questions often use the word there. How many people are there in your class? NOT How many people are in your class?

Gerunds and Infinitives

Use: 1) A gerund is a verb in its ing form, used as a noun. For example: Gerunds are used: a) As the subject of a sentence. Smoking is bad for you. eating, going, seeing

b) After some verbs, such as: like, hate, enjoy, quit, suggest, dislike, deny I like cooking. I enjoy fishing. A good learners dictionary will tell you whether a verb is followed by a gerund or not.

c) After prepositions. Im interested in buying a computer. Im scared of walking alone in the dark.

2) The infinitive form of the verb is the original verb. It can be with or without to. For example: The infinitive form is used: a) After some verbs, such as; agree, arrange, ask, promise, decide, afford I agreed to do the work. I arranged to see the doctor, They decided to get married. A good learners dictionary will tell you whether a verb is followed by an infinitive or not. (to) eat, (to) go, (to) see.

b) To show the reason why you did something. Tony went to the post office to pay a bill. c) After adjectives. I was surprised to see Erica. Im pleased to meet you. 3 a) Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or infinitive with NO CHANGE in meaning: For example: start, begin, hate, like, prefer, continue She started to cry = She started crying.

I hate watching horror films = I hate to watch horror films. b) Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or a infinitive, but there is a change in meaning. For example: try, remember, stop I tried to get into the house. (Getting into the house is your goal or objective). I tried climbing through the window. (Climbing through the window is one thing you tried in order to obtain your final objective.) I stopped cleaning the windows. (I was cleaning the windows and then I stopped). I stopped to clean the windows. (I was driving, and I stopped driving in order to clean the windows). I remembered to lock the door. (I remembered, and after that I locked the door). I remember locking the door. (I remember (now) that I locked the door (in the past)).

Would like/ like

Use: 1) Would like means want, but it is more polite.

You can use it in sentences and questions. Id like a biscuit. Would you like some tea? 2) You can also use it to talk about your dreams and ambitions.

Id like to go to Japan. I wouldnt like to live here! You can also use Id love and Id hate to talk about dreams. Id hate to live in the countryside. Id love to work with Simon. Form: 1) Would like is the same for all persons.

I would like some tea. You would like some tea. He / she / James would like some tea. We would like some tea. They / our clients would like some tea. 2) To make questions, invert the subject and would.

Would you / James / your clients like some tea? 3) Use wouldnt to make the negative form.

I wouldnt like to work there.

4) noun: verb: 5)

Would like can be followed by a noun or to + verb. Would you like a biscuit? Would you like to go to Malaysia? In positive sentences, you can contract would to d. => Id like to go to the USA.

I would like to go to the USA. But NOT in negative sentences:

Idnt like to work in a factory. => And NOT in short answers: Would you like to have a horse? Yes, Id. 6) => Yes, I would.

I wouldnt like to work in a factory.

Be careful not to confuse would like and like.

Use like to talk about things you like all the time. I like chocolate cake. Its my favourite food. Use would like to talk about things you want now, or at some time in the future. Id like a cup of coffee please. Id like to work in a chocolate factory.

will / wont
Use: Will and wont are used to talk about the future. Will is positive and wont is negative. I will be late tomorrow. John wont be at the party next Saturday. Use will and wont to: a) Make predictions. In the year 2050, people will live under the sea. b) Make an offer or promise. Ill buy you a drink. John will help you with that box. c) Make a decision about the future at the same time as you speak. Sorry, we dont have any tea. Thats OK, Ill have coffee. Form: 1) Will is the same for all persons. I will go, you will go, he / she will go, we will go, they will go.

2) Always write a verb in the infinitive form after will. You will happy when you hear the news. 3) You can contract will to ll for pronouns. Ill buy it. Well be late. Theyll be delighted. => You will be happy when you hear the news.

Hell be late home today.

But dont contract will with names. Markll be late. => Mark will be late.

4) To write questions, write will before the subject. Will you buy me a drink? Will Tom get the job? 5) The short answer for Will questions is: Yes, I/you/he/she/he/they/we will No, I/you/he/she/he/they/we wont. Do not contract will in short answers.

Will John be late? Yes, hell.=> Yes, he will. Common mistakes: 1) Some students forget to write will before the subject in questions. You will be late? => Will you be late? 2) Many students use will to talk about their plans. But you should use going to or the present continuous. I will meet my friends on Friday. => Im meeting my friends on Saturday. Im going to meet my friends on Saturday.

Zero Conditional

Use: The first conditional structure is used to talk about something which is always true. It always happens, on the condition that something else happens. Example: If it rains a lot, our garden floods. Form: 1. If Make the first conditional in this way. I present simple , I present simple

When Unless

you he she...

you he she...

Examples:

If you fly on a budget airline, you have to buy your own drinks. When we visit Geoff, he always cooks us a roast dinner.

Or I you he she... Examples: present simple if when unless I you he she... You have to buy your own drinks if you fly on a budget airline. Geoff always cooks us a roast dinner when we visit him. 2. You can also form the zero conditional with the imperative form. If you have a membership card, enter through the door on the left. Enter through the door on the left if you have a membership card. 3. You can also form the zero conditional using a modal verb. If the alarm goes off, we should leave the building. If its rainy and sunny at the same time, you can often see a rainbow. 4. Different tenses can be used in the If / When (condition) clause. However, only the present simple, a modal or present simple

imperative form can be used in the result clause. If weve finished all our work, we can leave early. If people are getting enough exercise, they usually feel better emotionally as well as physically.

First Conditional
Use: The first conditional structure is used to talk about something which will or may happen in the future as a result of something else. Example: If it rains tomorrow, Ill stay at home. Form: Make the first conditional in this way. If When I you he present simple , I you he will / wont might / might not verb (infinitive form)

she... Examples: If I see Tom, I will tell him the news. When you visit, we might go to the park. Or I you he she... Examples: Shell be late if she doesnt hurry up. will / wont verb if

she...

I you he she...

present simple

might / might not (infinitive form)

when

You might not pass your exams if you watch television all the time. Common Mistakes: 1) Dont use will or might directly after will or might. If I will arrive first, Ill make lunch. => If I arrive first, Ill make lunch.

2) Always use an infinitive verb after will and might. I might to go out tonight, if Im not too tired. => I might go out tonight if Im not too tired.