CONSTITUTIONAL LAW II CASES WHO EXERCISES THESE GOVT POWER cases:

ERMITA-MALATE HOTEL & MOTEL OPERATORS ASSOC., INC VS MAYOR OF MANILA G.R. No. L-24693 Police Power Due Process Clause On 13 June 1963, !e "anila "unici#al $oar% enac e% Or% 4&6' an% !e sa(e was a##ro)e% *+ !en ac in, (a+or -s or,a. Or% 4&6' sou,! o re,ula e !o els an% (o els. . classi/ie% !e( in o 1s class 0 a1e% a 623+r4 an% 2n% class 0 a1e% a 4.523+r4. . also co(#elle% !o els3(o els o ,e !e %e(o,ra#!ics o/ an+one w!o c!ec2s in o !eir roo(s. . co(#elle% !o els3(o els o !a)e wi%e o#en s#aces so as no o conceal !e i%en i + o/ !eir #a rons. 6r(i a-"ala e i(#u,ne% !e )ali%i + o/ !e law a)errin, !a suc! is o##ressi)e, ar*i rar+ an% a,ains %ue #rocess. 7!e lower cour as well as !e a##ella e cour rule% in /a)or o/ 6r(i a-"ala e. ISSUE: 8!e !er or no Or% 4&6' is a,ains #rocess clause. !e %ue

On !e le,isla i)e or,ans o/ !e ,o)ern(en , w!e !er na ional o/ local, #ri(aril+ res !e e1ercise o/ !e #olice #ower, w!ic!, i canno *e oo o/ en e(#!asi<e%, is !e #ower o #rescri*e re,ula ions o #ro(o e !e !eal !, (orals, #eace, ,oo% or%er, sa/e + an% ,eneral wel/are o/ !e #eo#le. Police #ower is *ase% u#on !e conce# o/ necessi + o/ !e 9 a e an% i s corres#on%in, ri,! o #ro ec i sel/ an% i s #eo#le.43 Police #ower !as *een use% as =us i/ica ion /or nu(erous an% )arie% ac ions *+ !e 9 a e. 7!ese ran,e /ro( !e re,ula ion o/ %ance !alls,44 (o)ie !ea ers,45 ,as s a ions46 an% coc2#i s.4& 7!e aweso(e sco#e o/ #olice #ower is *es %e(ons ra e% *+ !e /ac !a in i s !un%re% or so +ears o/ #resence in our na ion>s le,al s+s e(, i s use !as rarel+ *een %enie%. "a+ Cour s .n;uire ?#on !e 61ercise o/ Police Power@ .n )iew o/ !e re;uire(en s o/ %ue #rocess, e;ual #ro ec ion an% o !er a##lica*le cons i u ional ,uaran ies, !owe)er, !e e1ercise o/ suc! #olice #ower inso/ar as i (a+ a//ec !e li/e, li*er + or #ro#er + o/ an+ #erson is su*=ec o =u%icial in;uir+. 8!ere suc! e1ercise o/ #olice #ower (a+ *e consi%ere% as ei !er ca#ricious, w!i(sical, un=us or unreasona*le, a %enial o/ %ue #rocess or a )iola ion o/ an+ o !er a##lica*le cons i u ional ,uaran + (a+ call /or correc ion *+ !e cour s. Two t !"# o$ D%" P&o'"## Procedural Due ProcessA Proce%ural %ue #rocess re/ers o !e #roce%ures !a !e ,o)ern(en (us /ollow *e/ore i %e#ri)es a #erson o/ li/e, li*er +, or #ro#er +.49 Proce%ural %ue #rocess concerns i sel/ wi ! ,o)ern(en ac ion a%!erin, o !e es a*lis!e% #rocess w!en i (a2es an in rusion in o !e #ri)a e s#!ere. 61a(#les ran,e /ro( !e /or( o/ no ice ,i)en o !e le)el o/ /or(ali + o/ a !earin,. Substantive Due ProcessA 9u*s an i)e %ue #rocess co(#le es !e #ro ec ion en)isione% *+ !e %ue #rocess clause. . in;uires w!e !er !e ,o)ern(en !as su//icien =us i/ica ion /or %e#ri)in, a #erson o/ li/e, li*er +, or #ro#er +. CHURCHILL (#. RAFFERTY, G.R. NO. L-1'5&2, Dece(*er 21, 1915 0 32 P!il 5B'4 FACTS: 7!e case arises /ro( !e /ac !a %e/en%an , Collec or o/ .n ernal Re)enue, woul% li2e o %es ro+ or re(o)e an+ si,n, si,n*oar%, or *ill*oar%, !e #ro#er + o/ !e #lain i//s, /or !e sole reason !a suc! si,n, si,n*oar%, or *ill*oar% is, or (a+ *e o//ensi)e o !e si,! . 7!e #lain i//s alle,e

HELD: 7!e 9C rule% in /a)or o/ -s or,a. 7!ere is a #resu(# ion !a !e laws enac e% *+ Con,ress 0in !is case "un $oar%4 is )ali%. 83o a s!owin, or a s ron, /oun%a ion o/ in)ali%i +, !e #resu(# ion s a+s. -s in !is case, !ere was onl+ a s i#ula ion o/ /ac s an% suc! canno #re)ail o)er !e #resu(# ion. :ur !er, !e or%inance is a )ali% e1ercise o/ Police Power. 7!ere is no ;ues ion *u !a !e c!allen,e% or%inance was #recisel+ enac e% o (ini(i<e cer ain #rac ices !ur /ul o #u*lic (orals. 7!is is o (ini(i<e #ros i u ion. 7!e increase in a1es no onl+ %iscoura,es !o els3(o els in %oin, an+ *usiness o !er !an le,al *u also increases !e re)enue o/ !e l,u concerne%. -n% a1a ion is a )ali% e1ercise o/ #olice #ower as well. 7!e %ue #rocess con en ion is li2ewise un ena*le, %ue #rocess !as no e1ac %e/ini ion *u !as reason as a s an%ar%. .n !is case, !e #recise reason w!+ !e or%inance was enac e% was o cur* %own #ros i u ion in !e ci + w!ic! is reason enou,! an% canno *e %e/ea e% *+ (ere sin,lin, ou o/ !e #ro)isions o/ !e sai% or%inance alle,e% o *e )a,ue. POLICE POWER

o !erwise. 8as !ere )ali% e1ercise o/ #olice #ower in !is case@ HELD: Ces. 7!ere can *e no %ou* !a !e e1ercise o/ !e #olice #ower o/ !e P!ili##ine Go)ern(en *elon,s o !e Le,isla ure an% !a !is #ower is li(i e% onl+ *+ !e -c s o/ Con,ress an% !ose /un%a(en als #rinci#les w!ic! lie a !e /oun%a ion o/ all re#u*lican /or(s o/ ,o)ern(en . -n -c o/ !e Le,isla ure w!ic! is o*)iousl+ an% un%ou* e%l+ /orei,n o an+ o/ !e #ur#oses o/ !e #olice #ower an% in er/eres wi ! !e or%inar+ en=o+(en o/ #ro#er + woul%, wi !ou %ou* , *e !el% o *e in)ali%. $u w!ere !e -c is reasona*l+ wi !in a #ro#er consi%era ion o/ an% care /or !e #u*lic !eal !, sa/e +, or co(/or , i s!oul% no *e %is ur*e% *+ !e cour s. D7!e #ower )es e% in !e le,isla ure *+ !e cons i u ion o (a2e, or%ain, an% es a*lis! all (anner o/ w!oleso(e an% reasona*le laws, s a u es, an% or%inances, ei !er wi ! #enal ies or wi !ou , no re#u,nan o !e cons i u ion, as !e+ s!all =u%,e o *e /or !e ,oo% an% wel/are o/ !e co((onweal !, an% o/ !e su*=ec s o/ !e sa(e.D D7!e #olice #ower o/ !e 9 a e, so /ar, !as no recei)e% a /ull an% co(#le e %e/ini ion. . (a+ *e sai%, !owe)er, o *e !e ri,! o/ !e 9 a e, or s a e /unc ionar+, o #rescri*e re,ula ions /or !e ,oo% or%er, #eace, !eal !, #ro ec ion, co(/or , con)enience an% (orals o/ !e co((uni +, w!ic! %o no ... )iola e an+ o/ !e #ro)isions o/ !e or,anic law.D D. E !e #olice #owerF !as /or i s o*=ec !e i(#ro)e(en o/ social an% econo(ic con%i ione% a//ec in, !e co((uni + a lar,e an% collec i)el+ wi ! a )iew o *rin, a*ou D!e ,rea es ,oo% o/ !e ,rea es nu(*er.DCour s !a)e consis en l+ an% wisel+ %ecline% o se an+ /i1e% li(i a ions u#on su*=ec s callin, /or !e e1ercise o/ !is #ower. . is elas ic an% is e1ercise% /ro( i(e o i(e as )ar+in, social con%i ions %e(an% correc ion.D D. (a+ *e sai% in a ,eneral wa+ !a !e #olice #ower e1 en%s o all !e ,rea #u*lic nee%s. . (a+ *e #u /or ! in ai% o/ w!a is sanc ione% *+ usa,e, or !el% *+ !e #re)ailin, (orali + or s ron, an% #re#on%eran o#inion o *e ,rea l+ an% i((e%ia el+ necessar+ o !e #u*lic wel/are.D D. is (uc! easier o #ercei)e an% reali<e !e e1is ence an% sources o/ !is #olice #ower !an o (ar2 i s *oun%aries, or o #rescri*e li(i s o i s e1ercise.D ACE)EDO OPTICAL Co. (. CA G.R. No. 1''152, "arc! 31, 2''' Police Power as e1ercise% *+ LG?s, res ric ions an% ;uali/ica ions Power o/ ci + (a+or o ,ran 3cancel3re)o2e *usiness #er(i s

Gran in, o/ *usiness #er(i s )s. ,ran in, o/ #er(i #rac ice #ro/ession

FACTS: Pe i ioner a##lie% wi ! !e O//ice o/ !e Ci + "a+or o/ .li,an /or a *usiness #er(i . Per(i was !ere/or issue%, su*=ec o cer ain con%i ions li2e #ro!i*i ion o/ #u in, u# an o# ical clinic, e1a(inin, an%3or #rescri*in, rea%in, an% si(ilar o# ical ,lasses, e c. 8!en i was /oun% !a #e i ioner )iola e% !ese con%i ions, i s *usiness #er(i was cancelle%. ISSUE: 8!e !er or no !e i(#osi ion o/ s#ecial con%i ions *+ !e #u*lic res#on%en s were ac s ul ra )ires RULING: Police Power e1ercise% *+ LG?s Police #ower as an in!eren a ri*u e o/ so)erei,n + is !e #ower o #rescri*e re,ula ions o #ro(o e !e !eal !, (orals, #eace, e%uca ion, ,oo% or%er or sa/e + an% ,eneral wel/are o/ !e #eo#le. 7!e 9 a e, !rou,! !e le,isla ure, !as %ele,a e% !e e1ercise o/ #olice #ower o local ,o)ern(en uni s, as a,encies o/ !e 9 a e, in or%er o e//ec i)el+ acco(#lis! an% carr+ ou !e %eclare% o*=ec s o/ !eir crea ion. 7!is %ele,a ion o/ #olice #ower is e(*o%ie% in !e ,eneral wel/are clause o/ !e Local Go)ern(en Co%e 111 7!e sco#e o/ #olice #ower !as *een !el% o *e so co(#re!ensi)e as o enco(#ass al(os all (a ers a//ec in, !e !eal !, sa/e +, #eace, or%er, (orals, co(/or an% con)enience o/ !e co((uni +. Police #ower is essen iall+ re,ula or+ in na ure an% !e #ower o issue licenses or ,ran *usiness #er(i s, i/ e1ercise% /or a re,ula or+ an% no re)enue-raisin, #ur#ose, is wi !in !e a(*i o/ !is #ower. Power o/ ci + (a+or o ,ran *usiness #er(i s 7!e au !ori + o/ ci + (a+ors o issue or ,ran licenses an% *usiness #er(i s is *e+on% ca)il. . is #ro)i%e% /or *+ law. Gowe)er, !e #ower o ,ran or issue licenses or *usiness #er(i s (us alwa+s *e e1ercise% in accor%ance wi ! law, wi ! u (os o*ser)ance o/ !e ri,! s o/ all concerne% o %ue #rocess an% e;ual #ro ec ion o/ !e law. $u can ci + (a+or cancel *usiness #er(i s or i(#ose s#ecial con%i ions@ -s a# l+ %iscusse% *+ !e 9olici or General in !is Co((en , !e #ower o issue licenses an%

#er(i s necessaril+ inclu%es !e corollar+ #ower o re)o2e, wi !%raw or cancel !e sa(e. -n% !e #ower o re)o2e or cancel, li2ewise inclu%es !e #ower o res ric !rou,! !e i(#osi ion o/ cer ain con%i ions. Di% !e con%i ions or res ric ions i(#ose% a(oun con/isca ion o/ !e *usiness@ o a

%a+. -/ er %ue !earin,, !e rial cour %enie% !e issuance o/ #reli(inar+ in=unc ion. On a##eal, !e C- ren%ere% a Decision on !e (eri s o/ !e case /in%in, !a !e ""D- !as no au !ori + o or%er !e o#enin, o/ Ne# une 9 ree , a #ri)a e su*%i)ision roa% an% cause !e %e(oli ion o/ i s #eri(e er walls. . !el% !a !e au !ori + is lo%,e% in !e Ci + Council o/ "a2a i *+ or%inance. ISSUE: 8ON !e ""D- !as au !ori + o o#en Ne# une Roa% o !e #u*lic HELD: No Ra ioA ""D- clai(s !a i !as !e au !ori + o o#en Ne# une 9 ree o #u*lic ra//ic *ecause i is an a,en o/ !e s a e en%owe% wi ! #olice #ower in !e %eli)er+ o/ *asic ser)ices in "e ro "anila. One o/ !ese *asic ser)ices is ra//ic (ana,e(en w!ic! in)ol)es !e re,ula ion o/ !e use o/ !orou,!/ares o insure !e sa/e +, con)enience an% wel/are o/ !e ,eneral #u*lic. . is alle,e% !a !e #olice #ower o/ ""D- was a//ir(e% *+ !is Cour in !e consoli%a e% cases o/ 9an,alan, ). .-C. :ro( !e #re(ise !a i !as #olice #ower, i is now ur,e% !a !ere is no nee% /or !e Ci + o/ "a2a i o enac an or%inance o#enin, Ne# une s ree o !e #u*lic. Police #ower is an in!eren a ri*u e o/ so)erei,n +. . !as *een %e/ine% as !e #ower )es e% *+ !e Cons i u ion in !e le,isla ure o (a2e, or%ain, an% es a*lis! all (anner o/ w!oleso(e an% reasona*le laws, s a u es an% or%inances, ei !er wi ! #enal ies or wi !ou , no re#u,nan o !e Cons i u ion, as !e+ s!all =u%,e o *e /or !e ,oo% an% wel/are o/ !e co((onweal !, an% /or !e su*=ec s o/ !e sa(e. 7!e #ower is #lenar+ an% i s sco#e is )as an% #er)asi)e, reac!in, an% =us i/+in, (easures /or #u*lic !eal !, #u*lic sa/e +, #u*lic (orals, an% !e ,eneral wel/are. . *ears s ressin, !a #olice #ower is lo%,e% #ri(aril+ in !e Na ional Le,isla ure. . canno *e e1ercise% *+ an+ ,rou# or *o%+ o/ in%i)i%uals no #ossessin, le,isla i)e #ower. 7!e Na ional Le,isla ure, !owe)er, (a+ %ele,a e !is #ower o !e Presi%en an% a%(inis ra i)e *oar%s as well as !e law(a2in, *o%ies o/ (unici#al cor#ora ions or local ,o)ern(en uni s. Once %ele,a e%, !e a,en s can e1ercise onl+ suc! le,isla i)e #owers as are con/erre% on !e( *+ !e na ional law(a2in, *o%+. M"t&o!o*+t,- o& M"t&o M,-+*, +# , .o/ 'o0!o#"/ o$ #"("&,* *o',* 1o("&-0"-t %-+t# - i.e., wel)e 0124 ci ies an% /i)e 054 (unici#ali ies, na(el+, !e ci ies o/ Caloocan, "anila, "an%alu+on,, "a2a i, Pasa+, Pasi,, Jue<on, "un inlu#a, Las Pinas, "ari2ina, Parana;ue an% Halen<uela, an% !e (unici#ali ies o/ "ala*on, , Na)o as, , Pa eros, 9an Juan an% 7a,ui,. W+t2

Dis inc ion (us *e (a%e *e ween !e ,ran o/ a license or #er(i o %o *usiness an% !e issuance o/ a license o en,a,e in !e #rac ice o/ a #ar icular #ro/ession. 7!e /irs is usuall+ ,ran e% *+ !e local au !ori ies an% !e secon% is issue% *+ !e $oar% or Co((ission as2e% o re,ula e !e #ar icular #ro/ession. - *usiness #er(i au !ori<es !e #erson, na ural or o !erwise, o en,a,e in *usiness or so(e /or( o/ co((ercial ac i)i +. - #ro/essional license, on !e o !er !an%, is !e ,ran o/ au !ori + o a na ural #erson o en,a,e in !e #rac ice or e1ercise o/ !is or !er #ro/ession. .n !e case a *ar, w!a is sou,! *+ #e i ioner /ro( res#on%en Ci + "a+or is a #er(i o en,a,e in !e *usiness o/ runnin, an o# ical s!o#. . %oes no #ur#or o see2 a license o en,a,e in !e #rac ice o/ o# o(e r+ as a cor#ora e *o%+ or en i +, al !ou,! i %oes !a)e in i s e(#lo+, #ersons w!o are %ul+ license% o #rac ice o# o(e r+ *+ !e $oar% o/ 61a(iners in O# o(e r+. MMDA VS )EL AIR VILLAGE ASSOCIATION Da eA "arc! 2&, 2''' Pe i ionerA "e ro#oli an "anila De)elo#(en -u !ori + Res#on%en A $el -ir Hilla,e -ssocia ion .nc FACTS: ""D- is a ,o)ern(en a,enc+ as2e% wi ! !e %eli)er+ o/ *asic ser)ices in "e ro "anila. $el--ir Hilla,e -ssocia ion, .nc. is a non-s oc2, non-#ro/i cor#ora ion w!ose (e(*ers are !o(eowners in $el--ir Hilla,e, a #ri)a e su*%i)ision in "a2a i Ci +. $-H- is !e re,is ere% owner o/ Ne# une 9 ree , a roa% insi%e $el--ir Hilla,e. On Dece(*er 3', 1995, res#on%en recei)e% /ro( #e i ioner, !rou,! i s C!air(an, a no ice %a e% Dece(*er 22, 1995 re;ues in, res#on%en o o#en Ne# une 9 ree o #u*lic )e!icular ra//ic s ar in, Januar+ 2, 1996. $-Hwas a##rise% !a !e #eri(e er wall se#ara in, !e su*%i)ision /ro( !e a%=acen Iala+aan -)enue woul% *e %e(olis!e%. On Januar+ 2, 1996, $-H- ins i u e% a,ains #e i ioner *e/ore !e R7C a ci)il case /or in=unc ion. Res#on%en #ra+e% /or !e issuance o/ a 7RO an% #reli(inar+ in=unc ion en=oinin, !e o#enin, o/ Ne# une 9 ree an% #ro!i*i in, !e %e(oli ion o/ !e #eri(e er wall. 7!e rial cour issue% a e(#orar+ res rainin, or%er !e /ollowin,

t2" !,##,1" o$ RA 3456 +- 7448, M"t&o!o*+t,- M,-+*, w,# /"'*,&"/ ,# , 9#!"'+,* /"("*o!0"-t ,-/ ,/0+-+#t&,t+(" &"1+o-9 ,-/ t2" A/0+-+#t&,t+o- o$ 90"t&o-w+/"9 .,#+' #"&(+'"# ,$$"'t+-1 t2" &"1+o- !*,'"/ %-/"& 9, /"("*o!0"-t ,%t2o&+t 9 &"$"&&"/ to ,# t2" MMDA. 7!e +0!*"0"-t,t+o- o/ !e ""D->s #lans, #ro,ra(s an% #ro=ec s is un%er a2en *+ !e local ,o)ern(en uni s, na ional ,o)ern(en a,encies, accre%i e% #eo#le>s or,ani<a ions, non-,o)ern(en al or,ani<a ions, an% !e #ri)a e sec or as well as *+ !e ""D- i sel/. :or !is #ur#ose, !e ""D- !as !e #ower o en er in o con rac s, (e(oran%a o/ a,ree(en an% o !er coo#era i)e arran,e(en s wi ! !ese *o%ies /or !e %eli)er+ o/ !e re;uire% ser)ices wi !in "e ro "anila. Clearl+, !e sco#e o/ !e ""D->s /unc ion is li(i e% o !e %eli)er+ o/ !e se)en 0&4 *asic ser)ices. One o/ !ese is rans#or an% ra//ic (ana,e(en w!ic! inclu%es !e /or(ula ion an% (oni orin, o/ #olicies, s an%ar%s an% #ro=ec s o ra ionali<e !e e1is in, rans#or o#era ions, in/ras ruc ure re;uire(en s, !e use o/ !orou,!/ares an% #ro(o ion o/ !e sa/e (o)e(en o/ #ersons an% ,oo%s. . also co)ers !e (ass rans#or s+s e( an% !e ins i u ion o/ a s+s e( o/ roa% re,ula ion, !e a%(inis ra ion o/ all ra//ic en/orce(en o#era ions, ra//ic en,ineerin, ser)ices an% ra//ic e%uca ion #ro,ra(s, inclu%in, !e ins i u ion o/ a sin,le ic2e in, s+s e( in "e ro "anila /or ra//ic )iola ions. ?n%er !is ser)ice, !e ""D- is e1#ressl+ au !ori<e% D o se !e #olicies concernin, ra//icD an% Dcoor%ina e an% re,ula e !e i(#le(en a ion o/ all ra//ic (ana,e(en #ro,ra(s.D .n a%%i ion, !e ""D- (a+ Dins all an% a%(inis er a sin,le ic2e in, s+s e(,D /i1, i(#ose an% collec /ines an% #enal ies /or all ra//ic )iola ions. . will *e no e% !a !e #owers o/ !e ""D- are li(i e% o !e /ollowin, ac sA /or(ula ion, coor%ina ion, re,ula ion, i(#le(en a ion, #re#ara ion, (ana,e(en , (oni orin,, se in, o/ #olicies, ins alla ion o/ a s+s e( an% a%(inis ra ion. T2"&" +# -o # **,.*" +- R. A. No. 3456 t2,t 1&,-t# t2" MMDA !o*+'" !ow"&, *"t ,*o-" *"1+#*,t+(" !ow"&. 6)en !e "e ro "anila Council !as no *een %ele,a e% an+ le,isla i)e #ower. ?nli2e !e le,isla i)e *o%ies o/ !e local ,o)ern(en uni s, !ere is no #ro)ision in R. -. No. &924 !a e(#owers !e ""D- or i s Council o Denac or%inances, a##ro)e resolu ions an% a##ro#ria e /un%s /or !e ,eneral wel/areD o/ !e in!a*i an s o/ "e ro "anila. 7!e ""D- is, as er(e% in !e c!ar er i sel/, a D%e)elo#(en au !ori +.D . is an a,enc+ crea e% /or !e #ur#ose o/ la+in, %own #olicies an% coor%ina in, wi ! !e )arious na ional ,o)ern(en a,encies, #eo#le>s or,ani<a ions, non-,o)ern(en al or,ani<a ions an% !e #ri)a e sec or /or !e e//icien an% e1#e%i ious %eli)er+ o/ *asic ser)ices in !e )as

(e ro#oli an area. A** +t# $%-'t+o-# ,&" ,/0+-+#t&,t+(" +-,t%&" an% !ese are ac uall+ su((e% u# in !e c!ar er i sel/ Pe i ioner canno see2 re/u,e in !e cases o/ 9an,alan, ). .n er(e%ia e -##ella e Cour w!ere we u#!el% a <onin, or%inance issue% *+ !e "e ro "anila Co((ission 0""C4, !e #re%ecessor o/ !e ""D-, as an e1ercise o/ #olice #ower. 7!e /irs S,-1,*,-1 %ecision was on !e (eri s o/ !e #e i ion, w!ile !e secon% %ecision %enie% reconsi%era ion o/ !e /irs case an% in a%%i ion %iscusse% !e case o/ Y,.%t (. Co%&t o$ A!!",*#. Co-t&,& to !"t+t+o-"&# '*,+0, t2" two Sangalang ',#"# /o -ot ,!!* to t2" ',#" ,t .,&. F+&#t* , *o ! in)ol)e% <onin, or%inances #asse% *+ !e (unici#al council o/ "a2a i an% !e ""C. .n !e ins an case, !e *asis /or !e #ro#ose% o#enin, o/ Ne# une 9 ree is con aine% in !e no ice o/ Dece(*er 22, 1995 sen *+ #e i ioner o res#on%en $-H-, !rou,! i s #resi%en . 7!e no ice %oes no ci e an+ or%inance or law, ei !er *+ !e 9an,,unian, Panlun,so% o/ "a2a i Ci + or *+ !e ""D-, as !e le,al *asis /or !e #ro#ose% o#enin, o/ Ne# une 9 ree . Pe i ioner ""D- si(#l+ relie% on i s au !ori + un%er i s c!ar er D o ra ionali<e !e use o/ roa%s an%3or !orou,!/ares /or !e sa/e an% con)enien (o)e(en o/ #ersons.D Ra ionali<in, !e use o/ roa%s an% !orou,!/ares is one o/ !e ac s !a /all wi !in !e sco#e o/ rans#or an% ra//ic (ana,e(en . $+ no s re c! o/ !e i(a,ina ion, !owe)er, can !is *e in er#re e% as an e1#ress or i(#lie% ,ran o/ or%inance-(a2in, #ower, (uc! less #olice #ower. "is=uris S"'o-/* , t2" MMDA +# -ot t2" #,0" "-t+t ,# t2" MMC +- Sangalang. A*t2o%12 t2" MMC +# t2" $o&"&%--"& o$ t2" !&"#"-t MMDA, ,- ":,0+-,t+o- o$ P&"#+/"-t+,* D"'&"" ;P. D.< No. =56, t2" '2,&t"& o$ t2" MMC, #2ow# t2,t t2" *,tt"& !o##"##"/ 1&",t"& !ow"&# w2+'2 w"&" -ot ."#tow"/ o- t2" !&"#"-t MMDA. J=le1 I- 744>, P&"#+/"-t A?%+-o +##%"/ E:"'%t+(" O&/"& ;E. O.< No. @45 ,-/ 'o-#t+t%t"/ t2" M"t&o!o*+t,M,-+*, A%t2o&+t ;MMA<. T2" !ow"&# ,-/ $%-'t+o-# o$ t2" MMC w"&" /"(o*("/ to t2" MMA. It o%12t to ." #t&"##"/, 2ow"("&, t2,t -ot ,** !ow"&# ,-/ $%-'t+o-# o$ t2" MMC w"&" !,##"/ to t2" MMA. T2" MMA# !ow"& w,# *+0+t"/ to t2" 9/"*+("& o$ .,#+' %&.,#"&(+'"# &"?%+&+-1 'oo&/+-,t+o- +- M"t&o!o*+t,M,-+*,.9 T2" MMA# 1o("&-+-1 .o/ , t2" M"t&o!o*+t,- M,-+*, Co%-'+*, ,*t2o%12 'o0!o#"/ o$ t2" 0, o&# o$ t2" 'o0!o-"-t '+t+"# ,-/ 0%-+'+!,*+t+"#, w,# 0"&"* 1+("- t2" !ow"& o$: ;7< $o&0%*,t+o- o$ !o*+'+"# o- t2" /"*+("& o$ .,#+' #"&(+'"# &"?%+&+-1 'oo&/+-,t+o- ,-/ 'o-#o*+/,t+o-A ,-/ ;5< !&o0%*1,t+oo$ &"#o*%t+o-# ,-/ ot2"& +##%,-'"#, ,!!&o(,* o$ , 'o/" o$ .,#+' #"&(+'"# ,-/ t2" ":"&'+#" o$ +t# &%*"-0,B+-1 !ow"&.

U-/"& t2" 74=3 Co-#t+t%t+o-, !e local ,o)ern(en uni s *eca(e #ri(aril+ res#onsi*le /or !e ,o)ernance o/ !eir res#ec i)e #oli ical su*%i)isions. 7!e MMA# C%&+#/+'t+o- w,# *+0+t"/ o a%%ressin, co((on #ro*le(s in)ol)in, *asic ser)ices !a ranscen%e% local *oun%aries. It /+/ -ot 2,(" *"1+#*,t+(" !ow"&. . s #ower was (erel+ o #ro)i%e !e local ,o)ern(en uni s ec!nical assis ance in !e #re#ara ion o/ local %e)elo#(en #lans. -n+ se(*lance o/ le,isla i)e #ower i !a% was con/ine% o a Dre)iew Eo/F le,isla ion #ro#ose% *+ !e local le,isla i)e asse(*lies o ensure consis enc+ a(on, local ,o)ern(en s an% wi ! !e co(#re!ensi)e %e)elo#(en #lan o/ "e ro "anila,D an% o Da%)ise !e local ,o)ern(en s accor%in,l+.D W2"- R.A. No. 3456 tooB "$$"'t, M"t&o!o*+t,M,-+*, ."',0" , 9#!"'+,* /"("*o!0"-t ,-/ ,/0+-+#t&,t+(" &"1+o-9 ,-/ t2" MMDA , 9#!"'+,* /"("*o!0"-t ,%t2o&+t 9 w2o#" $%-'t+o-# w"&" 9w+t2o%t !&"C%/+'" to t2" ,%to-o0 o$ t2" ,$$"'t"/ *o',* 1o("&-0"-t %-+t#.9 T2" '2,&,'t"& o$ t2" MMDA w,# '*",&* /"$+-"/ +- t2" *"1+#*,t+(" /".,t"# "-,'t+-1 +t# '2,&t"&. It +# t2%# ." o-/ /o%.t t2,t t2" MMDA +# -ot , *o',* 1o("&-0"-t %-+t o& , !%.*+' 'o&!o&,t+o- "-/ow"/ w+t2 *"1+#*,t+(" !ow"&. . is no e)en a Ds#ecial (e ro#oli an #oli ical su*%i)isionD as con e(#la e% in 9ec ion 11, -r icle K o/ !e Cons i u ion. 7!e crea ion o/ a Ds#ecial (e ro#oli an #oli ical su*%i)isionD re;uires !e a##ro)al *+ a (a=ori + o/ !e )o es cas in a #le*isci e in !e #oli ical uni s %irec l+ a//ec e%. R. -. No. &924 was no su*(i e% o !e in!a*i an s o/ "e ro "anila in a #le*isci e. 7!e C!air(an o/ !e ""D- is no an o//icial elec e% *+ !e #eo#le, *u a##oin e% *+ !e Presi%en wi ! !e ran2 an% #ri)ile,es o/ a ca*ine (e(*er. .n /ac , #ar o/ !is /unc ion is o #er/or( suc! o !er %u ies as (a+ *e assi,ne% o !i( *+ !e Presi%en , w!ereas in local ,o)ern(en uni s, !e Presi%en (erel+ e1ercises su#er)isor+ au !ori +. 7!is e(#!asi<es !e ,/0+-+#t&,t+(" '2,&,'t"& o/ !e ""D-. C*",&* t2"-, t2" MMC %-/"& P. D. No. =56 +# -ot t2" #,0" "-t+t ,# t2" MMDA %-/"& R. A. No. 3456. U-*+B" t2" MMC, t2" MMDA 2,# -o !ow"& to "-,'t o&/+-,-'"# $o& t2" w"*$,&" o$ t2" 'o00%-+t . . is !e local ,o)ern(en uni s, ac in, !rou,! !eir res#ec i)e le,isla i)e councils, !a #ossess le,isla i)e #ower an% #olice #ower. .n !e case a *ar, !e 9an,,unian, Panlun,so% o/ "a2a i Ci + %i% no #ass an+ or%inance or resolu ion or%erin, !e o#enin, o/ Ne# une 9 ree , !ence, i s #ro#ose% o#enin, *+ #e i ioner ""D- is ille,al an% !e res#on%en Cour o/ -##eals %i% no err in so rulin,. 8e %esis /ro( rulin, on !e o !er issues as !e+ are unnecessar+. 6s(so

8e s ress !a !is %ecision %oes no (a2e li,! o/ !e ""D->s no*le e//or s o sol)e !e c!ao ic ra//ic con%i ion in "e ro "anila. 6)er+%a+, ra//ic =a(s an% ra//ic *o lenec2s #la,ue !e (e ro#olis. 6)en our once s#rawlin, *oule)ar%s an% a)enues are now cra((e% wi ! cars w!ile ci + s ree s are clo,,e% wi ! (o oris s an% #e%es rians. 7ra//ic !as *eco(e a social (alaise a//ec in, our #eo#le>s #ro%uc i)i + an% !e e//icien %eli)er+ o/ ,oo%s an% ser)ices in !e coun r+. 7!e ""D- was crea e% o #u so(e or%er in !e (e ro#oli an rans#or a ion s+s e( *u un/or una el+ !e #owers ,ran e% *+ i s c!ar er are li(i e%. . s ,oo% in en ions canno =us i/+ !e o#enin, /or #u*lic use o/ a #ri)a e s ree in a #ri)a e su*%i)ision wi !ou an+ le,al warran . 7!e #ro(o ion o/ !e ,eneral wel/are is no an i !e ical o !e #reser)a ion o/ !e rule o/ law. ART. @ S"'. 7 SCOPE OF PROTECTED LIFE, LI)ERTY AND PROPERTY cases: DUNCAN ASSOC. OF DETAILMAN-PTGWO VS. GLAXO WELLCOME PHILS., INC. 43B 9CR- 343 FACTS: 7ecson was !ire% *+ Gla1o as a (e%ical re#resen a i)e on Oc . 24, 1995. Con rac o/ e(#lo+(en si,ne% *+ 7ecson s i#ula es, a(on, o !ers, !a !e a,rees o s u%+ an% a*i%e *+ !e e1is in, co(#an+ rulesL o %isclose o (ana,e(en an+ e1is in, /u ure rela ions!i# *+ consan,uini + or a//ini + wi ! co-e(#lo+ees or e(#lo+ees wi ! co(#e in, %ru, co(#anies an% s!oul% (ana,e(en /in% !a suc! rela ions!i# #oses a #rossi*le con/lic o/ in eres , o resi,n /ro( !e co(#an+. Co(#an+Ms Co%e o/ 6(#lo+ee Con%uc #ro)i%es !e sa(e wi ! s i#ula ion !a (ana,e(en (a+ rans/er !e e(#lo+ee o ano !er %e#ar (en in a noncoun erc!ec2in, #osi ion or #re#ara ion /or e(#lo+(en ou si%e o/ !e co(#an+ a/ er 6 (on !s. 7ecson was ini iall+ assi,ne% o (ar2e Gla1oMs #ro%uc s in !e Ca(arines 9ur-Ca(arines Nor e area an% en ere% in o a ro(an ic rela ions!i# wi ! $e s+, an e(#lo+ee o/ -s ra, Gla1oMs co(#e i ion. $e/ore ,e in, (arrie%, 7ecsonMs Dis ric "ana,er re(in%e% !i( se)eral i(es o/ !e con/lic o/ in eres *u (arria,e oo2 #lace in 9e# . 199B. .n Jan. 1999, 7ecsonMs su#eriors in/or(e% !i( o/ con/lic o/ in res . 7ecson as2e% /or i(e o co(#l+ wi ! !e con%i ion 0 !a ei !er !e or $e s+ resi,n /ro( !eir res#ec i)e #osi ions4. ?na*le o co(#l+ wi ! con%i ion, Gla1o rans/erre% 7ecson o !e $u uan-9uri,ao Ci +-

-,usan %el 9ur sales area. -/ er !is re;ues a,ains rans/er was %enie%, 7ecson *rou,! !e (a er o Gla1oMs Grie)ance Co((i ee an% w!ile #en%in,, !e con inue% o ac as (e%ical re#resen a i)e in !e Ca(arines 9urCa(arines Nor e sales area. On No). 15, 2''', !e Na ional Concilia ion an% "e%ia ion $oar% rule% !a Gla1oMs #olic+ was )ali%... ISSUE: 8!e !er or no !e #olic+ o/ a #!ar(aceu ical co(#an+ #ro!i*i in, i s e(#lo+ees /ro( (arr+in, e(#lo+ees o/ an+ co(#e i or co(#an+ is )ali% RULING: On 6;ual Pro ec ion Gla1o !as a ri,! o ,uar% i s ra%e secre s, (anu/ac urin, /or(ulas, (ar2e in, s ra e,ies, an% o !er con/i%en ial #ro,ra(s an% in/or(a ion /ro( co(#e i ors. 7!e #ro!i*i ion a,ains #esonal or (ari al rela ions!i#s wi ! e(#lo+ees o/ co(#e i or co(#anies u#on Gla1oMs e(#lo+ees is reasona*le un%er !e circu(s ances *ecause rela ions!i#s o/ !a na ure (i,! co(#ro(ise !e in eres s o/ !e co(#an+. 7!a Gla1o #ossesses !e ri,! o #ro ec i s econo(ic in eres canno *e %enie%. . is !e se le% #rinci#le !a !e co((an%s o/ !e e;ual #ro ec ion clause are a%%resse% onl+ o !e s a e or !ose ac in, un%er color o/ i s au !ori +. Corollaril+, i !as *een !el% in a lon, arra+ o/ ?9 9u#re(e Cour %ecisions !a !e e;ual #ro ec ion clause erec s o s!iel% a,ains (erel+ #ri)a el+ con%uc , !owe)er, %iscri(ina or+ or wron,/ul. 7!e co(#an+ ac uall+ en/orce% !e #olic+ a/ er re#ea e% re;ues s o !e e(#lo+ee o co(#l+ wi ! !e #olic+. .n%ee% !e a##lica ion o/ !e #olic+ was (a%e in an i(#ar ial an% e)en-!an%e% (anner, wi ! %ue re,ar% /or !e lo o/ !e e(#lo+ee. On Cons ruc i)e Dis(issal Cons ruc i)e %is(issal is %e/ine% as a ;ui in,, an in)olun ar+ resi,na ion resor e% o w!en con inue% e(#lo+(en *eco(es i(#ossi*le, unreasona*le or unli2el+L w!en !ere is %e(o ion in ran2, or %i(inu ion in #a+L or w!en a clear %iscri(ina ion, insensi*ili +, or %is%ain *+ an e(#lo+er *eco(es un*eara*le o !e e(#lo+ee. None o/ !ese con%i ions are #resen in !e ins an case. HELD: 7!e c!allen,e% #olic+ !as *een i(#le(en e% *+ Gla1o i(#ar iall+ an% %isin eres e%l+ /or a lon, #erio% o/ i(e. .n

!e case a *ar, !e recor% s!ows !a Gla1o ,a)e 7ecson se)eral c!ances o eli(ina e !e con/lic o/ in eres *rou,! a*ou *+ !is rela ions!i# wi ! $e s+, *u !e ne)er a)aile% o/ an+ o/ !e(. D8G6R6:OR6, !e #e i ion is D6N.6D /or lac2 o/ (eri .D

TWO DINDS OF DUE PROCESS cases:

)ANCO ESPANOL FILIPINO (. PALANCA G.R. No. L-1139', "arc! 26, 191B J?R.9D.C7.ON, GO8 -CJ?.R6DA Juris%ic ion o)er !e #ro#er + w!ic! is !e su*=ec o/ !e li i,a ion (a+ resul ei !er /ro( a sei<ure o/ !e #ro#er + un%er le,al #rocess, w!ere*+ i is *rou,! in o !e ac ual cus o%+ o/ !e law, or i (a+ resul /ro( !e ins i u ion o/ le,al #rocee%in,s w!erein, un%er s#ecial #ro)isions o/ law, !e #ower o/ !e cour o)er !e #ro#er + is reco,ni<e% an% (a%e e//ec i)e. 7!e ac ion o /oreclose a (or ,a,e is sai% o *e a #rocee%in, ;uasi in re(, *+ w!ic! is e1#resse% !e i%ea !a w!ile i is no s ric l+ s#ea2in, an ac ion in re( +e i #ar a2es o/ !a na ure an% is su*s an iall+ suc!. D?6 PROC699 .N :OR6CLO9?R6 PROC66D.NG9A Pro#er + is alwa+s assu(e% o *e in !e #ossession o/ i s owner, in #erson or *+ a,en L an% !e (a+ *e sa/el+ !el%, un%er cer ain con%i ions, o *e a//ec e% wi ! 2nowle%,e !a #rocee%in,s !a)e *een ins i u e% /or i s con%e(na ion an% sale. FACTS: 6n,racio Palanca 7an;uin+en, + Li(;uin,co (or ,a,e% )arious #arcels o/ real #ro#er + in "anila o 6l $anco 6s#anol-:ili#ino. -/ erwar%s, 6n,racio re urne% o C!ina an% !ere !e %ie% on Januar+ 29, 1B1' wi !ou re urnin, a,ain o !e P!ili##ines. 7!e (or ,a,or !en ins i u e% /oreclosure #rocee%in, *u since %e/en%an is a nonresi%en , i was necessar+ o ,i)e no ice *+ #u*lica ion. 7!e Cler2 o/ Cour was also %irec e% o sen% co#+ o/ !e su((ons o !e %e/en%an >s las 2nown a%%ress, w!ic! is in -(o+, C!ina. . is no s!own w!e !er !e Cler2 co(#lie% wi ! !is re;uire(en . Ne)er !eless, a/ er #u*lica ion in a news#a#er o/ !e Ci + o/ "anila, !e cause #rocee%e% an% =u%,(en *+ %e/aul was ren%ere%. 7!e %ecision was li2ewise #u*lis!e% an% a/ erwar%s sale *+ #u*lic auc ion was !el% wi ! !e *an2 as !e !i,!es *i%%er. On -u,us &, 19'B, !is sale was con/ir(e% *+ !e cour . Gowe)er, a*ou se)en +ears a/ er !e con/ir(a ion o/ !is sale, a (o ion was (a%e *+ Hicen e Palanca, as a%(inis ra or o/ !e es a e o/ !e ori,inal %e/en%an ,

w!erein !e a##lican re;ues e% !e cour o se asi%e !e or%er o/ %e/aul an% !e =u%,(en , an% o )aca e all !e #rocee%in,s su*se;uen !ere o. 7!e *asis o/ !is a##lica ion was !a !e or%er o/ %e/aul an% !e =u%,(en ren%ere% !ereon were )oi% *ecause !e cour !a% ne)er ac;uire% =uris%ic ion o)er !e %e/en%an or o)er !e su*=ec o/ !e ac ion. ISSUEA 8!e !er or no !e lower cour ac;uire% =uris%ic ion o)er !e %e/en%an an% !e su*=ec (a er o/ !e ac ion 8!e !er or no %ue #rocess o/ law was o*ser)e% RULING: On Juris%ic ion 7!e wor% N=uris%ic ionO is use% in se)eral %i//eren , !ou,! rela e%, senses since i (a+ !a)e re/erence 014 o !e au !ori + o/ !e cour o en er ain a #ar icular 2in% o/ ac ion or o a%(inis er a #ar icular 2in% o/ relie/, or i (a+ re/er o !e #ower o/ !e cour o)er !e #ar ies, or 024 o)er !e #ro#er + w!ic! is !e su*=ec o !e li i,a ion. 7!e so)erei,n au !ori + w!ic! or,ani<es a cour %e er(ines !e na ure an% e1 en o/ i s #owers in ,eneral an% !us /i1es i s co(#e enc+ or =uris%ic ion wi ! re/erence o !e ac ions w!ic! i (a+ en er ain an% !e relie/ i (a+ ,ran . Gow Juris%ic ion is -c;uire% Juris%ic ion o)er !e #erson is ac;uire% *+ !e )olun ar+ a##earance o/ a #ar + in cour an% !is su*(ission o i s au !ori +, or i is ac;uire% *+ !e coerci)e #ower o/ le,al #rocess e1er e% o)er !e #erson. Juris%ic ion o)er !e #ro#er + w!ic! is !e su*=ec o/ !e li i,a ion (a+ resul ei !er /ro( a sei<ure o/ !e #ro#er + un%er le,al #rocess, w!ere*+ i is *rou,! in o !e ac ual cus o%+ o/ !e law, or i (a+ resul /ro( !e ins i u ion o/ le,al #rocee%in,s w!erein, un%er s#ecial #ro)isions o/ law, !e #ower o/ !e cour o)er !e #ro#er + is reco,ni<e% an% (a%e e//ec i)e. .n !e la er case !e #ro#er +, !ou,! a all i(es wi !in !e #o en ial #ower o/ !e cour , (a+ ne)er *e a2en in o ac ual cus o%+ a all. -n illus ra ion o/ !e =uris%ic ion ac;uire% *+ ac ual sei<ure is /oun% in a ac!(en #rocee%in,s, w!ere !e #ro#er + is sei<e% a !e *e,innin, o/ !e ac ion, or so(e su*se;uen s a,e o/ i s #ro,ress, an% !el% o a*i%e !e /inal e)en o/ !e li i,a ion. -n illus ra ion o/ w!a we er( #o en ial =uris%ic ion o)er !e res, is /oun% in !e #rocee%in, o re,is er !e i le o/ lan% un%er our s+s e( /or !e re,is ra ion o/ lan%. Gere !e cour , wi !ou a2in, ac ual #!+sical con rol o)er !e

#ro#er + assu(es, a !e ins ance o/ so(e #erson clai(in, o *e owner, o e1ercise a =uris%ic ion in re( o)er !e #ro#er + an% o a%=u%ica e !e i le in /a)or o/ !e #e i ioner a,ains all !e worl%. .n !e er(inolo,+ o/ -(erican law !e ac ion o /oreclose a (or ,a,e is sai% o *e a #rocee%in, ;uasi in re(, *+ w!ic! is e1#resse% !e i%ea !a w!ile i is no s ric l+ s#ea2in, an ac ion in re( +e i #ar a2es o/ !a na ure an% is su*s an iall+ suc!. 7!e e1#ression Dac ion in re(D is, in i s narrow a##lica ion, use% onl+ wi ! re/erence o cer ain #rocee%in,s in cour s o/ a%(iral + w!erein !e #ro#er + alone is rea e% as res#onsi*le /or !e clai( or o*li,a ion u#on w!ic! !e #rocee%in,s are *ase%. 7!e ac ion ;uasi re( %i//ers /ro( !e rue ac ion in re( in !e circu(s ance !a in !e /or(er an in%i)i%ual is na(e% as %e/en%an , an% !e #ur#ose o/ !e #rocee%in, is o su*=ec !is in eres !erein o !e o*li,a ion or lien *ur%enin, !e #ro#er +. -ll #rocee%in,s !a)in, /or !eir sole o*=ec !e sale or o !er %is#osi ion o/ !e #ro#er + o/ !e %e/en%an , w!e !er *+ a ac!(en , /oreclosure, or o !er /or( o/ re(e%+, are in a ,eneral wa+ !us %esi,na e%. 7!e =u%,(en en ere% in !ese #rocee%in,s is conclusi)e onl+ *e ween !e #ar ies. 111 . is rue !a in #rocee%in,s o/ !is c!arac er, i/ !e %e/en%an /or w!o( #u*lica ion is (a%e a##ears, !e ac ion *eco(es as o !i( a #ersonal ac ion an% is con%uc e% as suc!. 7!is, !owe)er, %oes no a//ec !e #ro#osi ion !a w!ere !e %e/en%an /ails o a##ear !e ac ion is ;uasi in re(L an% i s!oul% !ere/ore *e consi%ere% wi ! re/erence o !e #rinci#les ,o)ernin, ac ions in re(. On Due Process 111 -s a##lie% o a =u%icial #rocee%in,, !owe)er, i (a+ *e lai% %own wi ! cer ain + !a !e re;uire(en o/ %ue #rocess is sa is/ie% i/ !e /ollowin, con%i ions are #resen , na(el+L 014 7!ere (us *e a cour or ri*unal clo !e% wi ! =u%icial #ower o !ear an% %e er(ine !e (a er *e/ore i L 024 =uris%ic ion (us *e law/ull+ ac;uire% o)er !e #erson o/ !e %e/en%an or o)er !e #ro#er + w!ic! is !e su*=ec o/ !e #rocee%in,L 034 !e %e/en%an (us *e ,i)en an o##or uni + o *e !ear%L an% 044 =u%,(en (us *e ren%ere% u#on law/ul !earin,. Passin, a once o !e re;uisi e !a !e %e/en%an s!all !a)e an o##or uni + o *e !ear%, we o*ser)e !a in a /oreclosure case so(e no i/ica ion o/ !e #rocee%in,s o !e nonresi%en owner, #rescri*in, !e i(e wi !in w!ic! a##earance (us *e (a%e, is e)er+w!ere reco,ni<e% as essen ial. 7o answer !is necessi + !e s a u es ,enerall+

#ro)i%e /or #u*lica ion, an% usuall+ in a%%i ion !ere o, /or !e (ailin, o/ no ice o !e %e/en%an , i/ !is resi%ence is 2nown. 7!ou,! co((onl+ calle% cons ruc i)e, or su*s i u e% ser)ice o/ #rocess in an+ rue sense. . is (erel+ a (eans #ro)i%e% *+ law w!ere*+ !e owner (a+ *e a%(onis!e% !a !is #ro#er + is !e su*=ec o/ =u%icial #rocee%in,s an% !a i is incu(*en u#on !i( o a2e suc! s e#s as !e sees /i o #ro ec i . . will *e o*ser)e% !a !is (o%e o/ no i/ica ion %oes no in)ol)e an+ a*solu e assurance !a !e a*sen owner s!all !ere*+ recei)e ac ual no ice. 7!e #erio%ical con ainin, !e #u*lica ion (a+ ne)er in /ac co(e o !is !an%s, an% !e c!ances !a !e s!oul% %isco)er !e no ice (a+ o/ en *e )er+ sli,! . 6)en w!ere no ice is sen *+ (ail !e #ro*a*ili + o/ !is recei)in, i , !ou,! (uc! increase%, is %e#en%en u#on !e correc ness o/ !e a%%ress o w!ic! i is /orwar%e% as well as u#on !e re,ulari + an% securi + o/ !e (ail ser)ice. . will *e no e%, /ur !er(ore, !a !e #ro)ision o/ our law rela i)e o !e (ailin, o/ no ice %oes no a*solu el+ re;uire !e (ailin, o/ no ice uncon%i ionall+ an% in e)er+ e)en , *u onl+ in !e case w!ere !e %e/en%an Ms resi%ence is 2nown. .n !e li,! o/ all !ese /ac s, i is e)i%en !a ac ual no ice o !e %e/en%an in cases o/ !is 2in% is no , un%er !e law, o *e consi%ere% a*solu el+ necessar+. 7!e i%ea u#on w!ic! !e law #rocee%s in reco,ni<in, !e e//icac+ o/ a (eans o/ no i/ica ion w!ic! (a+ /all s!or o/ ac ual no ice is a##aren l+ !isA Pro#er + is alwa+s assu(e% o *e in !e #ossession o/ i s owner, in #erson or *+ a,en L an% !e (a+ *e sa/el+ !el%, un%er cer ain con%i ions, o *e a//ec e% wi ! 2nowle%,e !a #rocee%in,s !a)e *een ins i u e% /or i s con%e(na ion an% sale. Di% !e /ailure o/ !e cler2 o sen% no ice o %e/en%an >s las 2nown a%%ress cons i u e %enial o/ %ue #rocess@ 7!e o*ser)a ions w!ic! !a)e =us *een (a%e lea% o !e conclusion !a !e /ailure o/ !e cler2 o (ail !e no ice, i/ in /ac !e %i% so /ail in !is %u +, is no suc! an irre,ulari +, as a(oun s o a %enial o/ %ue #rocess o/ lawL an% !ence in our o#inion !a irre,ulari +, i/ #ro)e%, woul% no a)oi% !e =u%,(en in !is case. No ice was ,i)en *+ #u*lica ion in a news#a#er an% !is is !e onl+ /or( o/ no ice w!ic! !e law uncon%i ionall+ re;uires. 7!is in our o#inion is all !a was a*solu el+ necessar+ o sus ain !e #rocee%in,s. . will *e o*ser)e% !a in consi%erin, !e e//ec o/ !is irre,ulari +, i (a2es a %i//erence w!e !er i *e )iewe% as a ;ues ion in)ol)in, =uris%ic ion or as a ;ues ion in)ol)in, %ue #rocess o/ law. .n !e (a er o/ =uris%ic ion !ere can *e no %is inc ion *e ween !e (uc! an% !e li le. 7!e

cour ei !er !as =uris%ic ion or i !as no L an% i/ !e re;uire(en as o !e (ailin, o/ no ice s!oul% *e consi%ere% as a s e# an ece%en o !e ac;uirin, o/ =uris%ic ion, !ere coul% *e no esca#e /ro( !e conclusion !a !e /ailure o a2e !a s e# was /a al o !e )ali%i + o/ !e =u%,(en . .n !e a##lica ion o/ !e i%ea o/ %ue #rocess o/ law, on !e o !er !an%, i is clearl+ unnecessar+ o *e so ri,orous. 7!e =uris%ic ion *ein, once es a*lis!e%, all !a %ue #rocess o/ law !erea/ er re;uires is an o##or uni + /or !e %e/en%an o *e !ear%L an% as #u*lica ion was %ul+ (a%e in !e news#a#er, i woul% see( !i,!l+ unreasona*le o !ol% !a /ailure o (ail !e no ice was /a al. 8e !in2 !a in a##l+in, !e re;uire(en o/ %ue #rocess o/ law, i is #er(issi*le o re/lec u#on !e #ur#oses o/ !e #ro)ision w!ic! is su##ose% o !a)e *een )iola e% an% !e #rinci#le un%erl+in, !e e1ercise o/ =u%icial #ower in !ese #rocee%in,s. Ju%,e in !e li,! o/ !ese conce# ions, we !in2 !a !e #ro)ision o/ -c o/ Con,ress %eclarin, !a no #erson s!all *e %e#ri)e% o/ !is #ro#er + wi !ou %ue #rocess o/ law !as no *een in/rin,e%. SEC OF EUSTICE VS EUDGE RALPH LANTION Due Process "ar2 Ji(ene< was c!ar,e% o/ (ul i#le cri(es ran,in, /ro( a1 e)asion o wire a##in, o cons#irac+ o %e/rau% !e ?9-. Ji(ene< was !en wan e% in !e ?9. 7!e ?9 ,o)ern(en , #ursuan o !e RP-?9 e1 ra%i ion rea + re;ues e% o !a)e Ji(ene< *e e1 ra%i e% !ere. Ji(ene< re;ues e% /or a co#+ o/ !e co(#lain a,ains !i( as well as !e e1 ra%i ion re;ues *+ !e ?9-. 7!e DOJ sec re/use% o #ro)i%e !i( co#+ !ereo/ a%)isin, !a i is s ill #re(a ure o ,i)e !i( so an% !a i is no a #reli(inar+ in)es i,a ion !ence !e is no en i le% o recei)e suc! co#ies. Ji(ene< sue% !e DOJ 9ec an% !e lower cour rule% in /a)or o/ Ji(ene<. ISSUE: 8!e !er or no Ji(ene< is %e#ri)e% o/ %ue #rocess. HELD: 7!e 9C a//ir(e% !e rulin, o/ !e lower cour . 7!e case a,ains Ji(ene< re/er o an i(#en%in, !rea o/ %e#ri)a ion o/ one>s #ro#er + or #ro#er + ri,! . No less is !is rue, *u e)en (ore so in !e case *e/ore us, in)ol)in, as i %oes !e #ossi*le %e#ri)a ion o/ li*er +, w!ic!, *ase% on !e !ierarc!+ o/ cons i u ionall+ #ro ec e% ri,! s, is #lace% secon% onl+ o li/e i sel/ an% en=o+s #rece%ence o)er #ro#er +, /or w!ile /or/ei e% #ro#er + can *e re urne% or re#lace%, !e i(e s#en in incarcera ion is irre rie)a*le an% *e+on% reco(#ense. SECRETARY OF EUSTICE (. LANTION 322 9CR- 16' 02'''4

Na ureA Pe i ion /or re)iew o/ a %ecision o/ !e "anila R7C FACTS: On June 1B, 1999 !e De#ar (en o/ Jus ice recei)e% /ro( !e De#ar (en o/ :orei,n -//airs a re;ues /or !e e1 ra%i ion o/ #ri)a e res#on%en "ar2 Ji(ene< o !e ?.9. 7!e Gran% Jur+ .n%ic (en , !e warran /or !is arres , an% o !er su##or in, %ocu(en s /or sai% e1 ra%i ion were a ac!e% alon, wi ! !e re;ues . C!ar,es inclu%eA 1. Cons#irac+ o co((i o//ense or o %e/rau% !e ?9 2. - e(# o e)a%e or %e/ea a1 3. :rau% *+ wire, ra%io, or ele)ision 4. :alse s a e(en or en ries 5. 6lec ion con ri*u ion in na(e o/ ano !er 7!e De#ar (en o/ Jus ice 0DOJ4, !rou,! a %esi,na e% #anel #rocee%e% wi ! !e ec!nical e)alua ion an% assess(en o/ !e e1 ra%i ion rea + w!ic! !e+ /oun% !a)in, (a ers nee%e% o *e a%%resse%. Res#on%en , !en re;ues e% /or co#ies o/ all !e %ocu(en s inclu%e% in !e e1 ra%i ion re;ues an% /or !i( o *e ,i)en a(#le i(e o assess i . 7!e 9ecre ar+ o/ Jus ice %enie% re;ues on !e //. ,roun%sA 1. Ge /oun% i #re(a ure o secure !i( co#ies #rior o !e co(#le ion o/ !e e)alua ion. - !a #oin in i(e, !e DOJ is in !e #rocess o/ e)alua in, w!e !er !e #roce%ures an% re;uire(en s un%er !e rele)an law 0PD 1'69P P!ili##ine 61 ra%i ion Law4 an% rea + 0RP-?9 61 ra%i ion 7rea +4 !a)e *een co(#lie% wi ! *+ !e Re;ues in, Go)ern(en . 6)alua ion *+ !e DOJ o/ !e %ocu(en s is no a #reli(inar+ in)es i,a ion li2e in cri(inal cases (a2in, !e cons i u ionall+ ,uaran ee% ri,! s o/ !e accuse% in cri(inal #rosecu ion ina##lica*le. 2. 7!e ?.9. re;ues e% /or !e #re)en ion o/ unau !ori<e% %isclosure o/ !e in/or(a ion in !e %ocu(en s. 3. :inall+, coun r+ is *oun% o Hienna con)en ion on law o/ rea ies suc! !a e)er+ rea + in /orce is *in%in, u#on !e #ar ies. 7!e res#on%en /ile% /or #e i ion o/ (an%a(us, cer iorari, an% #ro!i*i ion. 7!e R7C o/ NCR rule% in /a)or o/ !e res#on%en . 9ecre ar+ o/ Jus ice was (a%e o issue a co#+ o/ !e re;ues e% #a#ers, as well as con%uc in, /ur !er #rocee%in,s. ISSUES: 1. 8ON #ri)a e is res#on%en en i le% o !e wo *asic %ue #rocess ri,! s o/ no ice an% !earin, Ces. Q20a4 o/ PD 1'B6 %e/ines e1 ra%i ion as N !e re(o)al o/ an accuse% /ro( !e P!ili##ines wi ! !e o*=ec o/ #lacin, !i( a !e %is#osal o/ /orei,n au !ori ies o ena*le

!e re;ues in, s a e or ,o)ern(en o !ol% !i( in connec ion wi ! an+ cri(inal in)es i,a ion %irec e% a,ains !i( in connec ion wi ! an+ cri(inal in)es i,a ion %irec e% a,ains !i( or !e e1ecu ion o/ a #enal + i(#ose% on !i( un%er !e #enal or cri(inal law o/ !e re;ues in, s a e or ,o)ern(en .O -l !ou,! !e in;uisi orial #ower e1ercise% *+ !e DOJ as an a%(inis ra i)e a,enc+ %ue o !e /ailure o/ !e D:- o co(#l+ lac2s an+ =u%icial %iscre ion, i #ri(aril+ se s !e w!eels /or !e e1 ra%i ion #rocess w!ic! (a+ ul i(a el+ resul in !e %e#ri)a ion o/ !e li*er + o/ !e #ros#ec i)e e1 ra%i e. 7!is %e#ri)a ion can *e e//ec e% a wo s a,esA 7!e #ro)isional arres o/ !e #ros#ec i)e e1 ra%i e #en%in, !e su*(ission o/ !e re;ues R !e e(#orar+ arres o/ !e #ros#ec i)e e1 ra%i e %urin, !e #en%enc+ o/ !e e1 ra%i ion #e i ion in cour . Clearl+, !ere>s an i(#en%in, !rea o a #ros#ec i)e e1 ra%i ee>s li*er + as earl+ as %urin, !e e)alua ion s a,e. $ecause o/ suc! conse;uences, !e e)alua ion #rocess is a2in o an a%(inis ra i)e a,enc+ con%uc in, an in)es i,a i)e #rocee%in,, !e conse;uences o/ w!ic! are essen iall+ cri(inal since suc! ec!nical assess(en se s o// or co((ences !e #roce%ure /or R ul i(a el+ !e %e#ri)a ion o/ li*er + o/ a #ros#ec i)e e1 ra%i e. .n essence, !ere/ore, !e e)alua ion #rocess #ar a2es o/ !e na ure o/ a cri(inal in)es i,a ion. 7!ere are cer ain cons i u ional ri,! s !a are or%inaril+ a)aila*le onl+ in cri(inal #rosecu ion. $u !e Cour !as rule% in o !er cases !a w!ere !e in)es i,a ion o/ an a%(inis ra i)e #rocee%in, (a+ resul in /or/ei ure o/ li/e, li*er +, or #ro#er +, !e a%(inis ra i)e #rocee%in,s are %ee(e% cri(inal or #enal, R suc! /or/ei ure #ar a2es !e na ure o/ a #enal +. .n !e case a *ar, si(ilar o a #reli(inar+ in)es i,a ion, !e e)alua ion s a,e o/ !e e1 ra%i ion #rocee%in,s w!ic! (a+ resul in !e /ilin, o/ an in/or(a ion a,ains !e res#on%en , can #ossi*l+ lea% o !is arres , R o !e %e#ri)a ion o/ !is li*er +. 7!us, !e e1 ra%i ee (us *e accor%e% %ue #rocess ri,! s o/ no ice R !earin, accor%in, o -3 Q14014 R 024, as well as -3 Q&P !e ri,! o/ !e #eo#le o in/or(a ion on (a ers o/ #u*lic concern R !e corollar+ ri,! o access o o//icial recor%s R %ocu(en s 7!e cour !el% !a !e e)alua ion #rocess #ar a2es o/ !e na ure o/ a cri(inal in)es i,a ion, !a)in, conse;uences w!ic! will resul in %e#ri)a ion o/ li*er + o/ !e #ros#ec i)e e1 ra%i e. - /a)ora*le ac ion in an e1 ra%i ion re;ues e1#oses a #erson o e)en ual e1 ra%i ion o a /orei,n coun r+, !us e1!i*i in, !e #enal as#ec o/ !e #rocess. 7!e e)alua ion #rocess i sel/ is li2e a #reli(inar+ in)es i,a ion since *o ! #roce%ures (a+ !a)e !e sa(e resul !e arres an% i(#rison(en o/ !e res#on%en . 7!e *asic ri,! s o/ no ice R !earin, are a##lica*le in cri(inal, ci)il R a%(inis ra i)e #rocee%in,s. Non-

o*ser)ance o/ !ese ri,! s will in)ali%a e !e #rocee%in,s. .n%i)i%uals are en i le% o *e no i/ie% o/ an+ #en%in, case a//ec in, !eir in eres s, R u#on no ice, (a+ clai( !e ri,! o a##ear !erein R #resen !eir si%e. Ri,! s o no ice an% !earin,A Dis#ensa*le in 3 casesA a. 8!en !ere is an ur,en nee% /or i((e%ia e ac ion 0#re)en i)e sus#ension in a%(inis ra i)e c!ar,es, #a%loc2in, /il !+ res auran s, cancella ion o/ #ass#or 4. *. 8!ere !ere is en a i)eness o/ a%(inis ra i)e ac ion, R !e res#on%en isn> #re)en e% /ro( en=o+in, !e ri,! o no ice R !earin, a a la er i(e 0su((ar+ %is rain R le)+ o/ !e #ro#er + o/ a %elin;uen a1#a+er, re#lace(en o/ an a##oin ee4 c. 7win ri,! s !a)e *een o//ere%, *u !e ri,! o e1ercise !e( !a% no *een clai(e%. 2. 8ON !is en i le(en cons i u es a *reac! o/ !e le,al co((i (en s an% o*li,a ion o/ !e P!ili##ine Go)ern(en un%er !e RP-?9 7rea +@ No. 7!e ?.9. an% !e P!ili##ines s!are (u ual concern a*ou !e su##ression an% #unis!(en o/ cri(e in !eir res#ec i)e =uris%ic ions. $o ! s a es accor% co((on %ue #rocess #ro ec ion o !eir res#ec i)e ci i<ens. 7!e a%(inis ra i)e in)es i,a ion %oesn> /all un%er !e !ree e1ce# ions o !e %ue #rocess o/ no ice an% !earin, in !e 9ec. 3 Rules 112 o/ !e Rules o/ Cour . 3. 8ON !ere>s an+ con/lic *e ween #ri)a e res#on%en >s *asic %ue #rocess ri,! s R #ro)isions o/ RP-?9 61 ra%i ion rea +

!is reason, !e is en i le% o !a)e access o !e e)i%ence a,ains !i( an% !e ri,! o con ro)er !e(. Puno, %issen in,A Case a *ar %oes no in)ol)e ,uil or innocence o/ an accuse% *u !e in er#re a ion o/ an e1 ra%i ion rea + w!ere a s a2e is our ,o)ern(en >s in erna ional o*li,a ion o surren%er o a /orei,n s a e a ci i<en o/ i s own so !e can *e rie% /or an alle,e% o//ense co((i e% wi !in !a =uris%ic ion.

administrative due process: cases:

SERRANO VS NLRC F ISETANN FACTS: 9errano was a re,ular e(#lo+ee o/ .se ann De#ar (en 9 ore as !e !ea% o/ 9ecuri + C!ec2er. .n 1991, as a cos cu in, (easure, .se ann #!ase% ou i s en ire securi + sec ion an% en,a,e% !e ser)ices o/ an in%e#en%en securi + a,enc+. Pe i ioner /ile% a co(#lain /or ille,al %is(issal a(on, o !ers. La*or ar*i er rule% in !is /a)or as .se ann /aile% o es a*lis! !a i !a% re renc!e% i s securi + sec ion o #re)en or (ini(i<e losses o i s *usinessL !a #ri)a e res#on%en /aile% o accor% %ue #rocess o #e i ionerL !a #ri)a e res#on%en /aile% o use reasona*le s an%ar%s in selec in, e(#lo+ees w!ose e(#lo+(en woul% *e er(ina e%. NLRC re)erse% !e %ecision an% or%ere% #e i ioner o *e ,i)en se#ara ion #a+. ISSUE: 8!e !er or no !e !irin, o/ an in%e#en%en securi + a,enc+ *+ !e #ri)a e res#on%en o re#lace i s curren securi + sec ion a )ali% ,roun% /or !e %is(issal o/ !e e(#lo+ees classe% un%er !e la er. RULING: -n e(#lo+er>s ,oo% /ai ! in i(#le(en in, a re%un%anc+ #ro,ra( is no necessaril+ #u in %ou* *+ !e a)ail(en o/ !e ser)ices o/ an in%e#en%en con rac or o re#lace !e ser)ices o/ !e er(ina e% e(#lo+ees o #ro(o e econo(+ an% e//icienc+. -*sen #roo/ !a (ana,e(en ac e% in a (alicious or ar*i rar+ (anner, !e Cour will no in er/ere wi ! !e e1ercise o/ =u%,(en *+ an e(#lo+er. ./ er(ina ion o/ e(#lo+(en is no /or an+ o/ !e cause #ro)i%e% *+ law, i is ille,al an% !e e(#lo+ee s!oul% *e reins a e% an% #ai% *ac2wa,es. 7o con en% !a e)en i/ !e er(ina ion is /or a =us cause, !e e(#lo+ee concerne% s!oul% *e reins a e% an% #ai% *ac2wa,es woul% *e o a(en% -r 2&9 *+ a%%in, ano !er ,roun% /or consi%erin, %is(issal ille,al. ./ i is s!own !a !e e(#lo+ee was %is(isse% /or an+ o/ !e causes (en ione% in -r 2B2, !e in accor%ance wi !

RULING:
No. Doc rine o/ incor#ora ion un%er in erna ional law, as a##lie% in (os coun ries, %ecrees !a rules o/ in erna ional law are ,i)en e;ual s an%in, wi !, *u are no su#erior o na ional le,isla i)e ac s. 7rea + can re#eal s a u e an% s a u e can re#eal rea +. No con/lic . Heil o/ secrec+ is li/ e% %urin, rial. Re;ues s!oul% i(#ose )eil a an+ s a,e. Ju%,(en A Pe i ion %is(isse% /or lac2 o/ (eri . Ia#unan, se#ara e concurrin, o#inionA 8!ile !e e)alua ion #rocess con%uc e% *+ !e DOJ is no e1ac l+ a #reli(inar+ in)es i,a ion o/ cri(inal cases, i is a2in o a #reli(inar+ in)es i,a ion *ecause i in)ol)es !e *asic cons i u ional ri,! s o/ !e #erson sou,! o *e e1 ra%i e%. - #erson or%ere% e1 ra%i e% is arres e%, /orci*l+ a2en /ro( !is !ouse, se#ara e% /ro( !is /a(il+ an% %eli)ere% o a /orei,n s a e. Gis ri,! s o/ a*o%e, o #ri)ac+, li*er + an% #ursui o/ !a##iness are a2en awa+ /ro( !i(Pa /a e as !ars! an% cruel as a con)ic ion o/ a cri(inal o//ense. :or

!a ar icle, !e s!oul% no *e reins a e% *u (us *e #ai% *ac2wa,es /ro( !e i(e !is e(#lo+(en was er(ina e% un il i is %e er(ine% !a !e er(ina ion o/ e(#lo+(en is /or a =us cause *ecause !e /ailure o !ear !i( *e/ore !e is %is(isse% ren%ers !e er(ina ion wi !ou le,al e//ec . ANG TI)AY VS COURT OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS D%" P&o'"## G A/0+- )o/+"# G CIR 7eo%oro7ori*io owns an% o#era es -n, 7i*a+ a lea !er co(#an+ w!ic! su##lies !e P!ili##ine -r(+. Due o alle,e% s!or a,e o/ lea !er, 7ori*io cause% !e la+ o// o/ (e(*ers o/ Na ional La*or ?nion .nc. NL? a)erre% !a 7ori*io>s ac is no )ali% as i is no wi !in !e C$-. 7!a !ere are wo la*or unions in -n, 7i*a+L NL? an% Na ional 8or2er>s $ro !er!oo%. 7!a N8$ is %o(ina e% *+ 7ori*io !ence !e /a)ors i o)er NL?. 7!a NL? wis!es /or a new rial as !e+ were a*le o co(e u# wi ! new e)i%ence3%ocu(en s !a !e+ were no a*le o o* ain *e/ore as !e+ were inaccessi*le an% !e+ were no a*le o #resen i *e/ore in !e C.R. ISSUEA 8!e !er or no !ere !as *een a %ue #rocess o/ law. HELD: 7!e 9C rule% !a !ere s!oul% *e a new rial in /a)or o/ NL?. 7!e 9C rule% !a all a%(inis ra i)e *o%ies canno i,nore or %isre,ar% !e /un%a(en al an% essen ial re;uire(en s o/ %ue #rocess. 7!e+ areL 014 7!e ri,! o a !earin, w!ic! inclu%es !e ri,! o/ !e #ar + in eres e% or a//ec e% o #resen !is own case an% su*(i e)i%ence in su##or !ereo/. 024 No onl+ (us !e #ar + *e ,i)en an o##or uni + o #resen !is case an% o a%%uce e)i%ence en%in, o es a*lis! !e ri,! s w!ic! !e asser s *u !e ri*unal (us consi%er !e e)i%ence #resen e%. 034 8!ile !e %u + o %eli*era e %oes no i(#ose !e o*li,a ion o %eci%e ri,! , i %oes i(#l+ a necessi + w!ic! canno *e %isre,ar%e%, na(el+, !a o/ !a)in, so(e !in, o su##or i s %ecision. - %ecision wi ! a*solu el+ no !in, o su##or i is a nulli +, a #lace w!en %irec l+ a ac!e%. 044 No onl+ (us !ere *e so(e e)i%ence o su##or a /in%in, or conclusion *u !e e)i%ence (us *e Nsu*s an ial.O 9u*s an ial e)i%ence is (ore !an a (ere scin illa . (eans suc! rele)an e)i%ence as a reasona*le (in% (i,! acce# as a%e;ua e o su##or a conclusion.

054 7!e %ecision (us *e ren%ere% on !e e)i%ence #resen e% a !e !earin,, or a leas con aine% in !e recor% an% %isclose% o !e #ar ies a//ec e%. 064 7!e Cour o/ .n%us rial Rela ions or an+ o/ i s =u%,es, !ere/ore, (us ac on i s or !is own in%e#en%en consi%era ion o/ !e law an% /ac s o/ !e con ro)ers+, an% no si(#l+ acce# !e )iews o/ a su*or%ina e in arri)in, a a %ecision. 0&4 7!e Cour o/ .n%us rial Rela ions s!oul%, in all con ro)ersial ;ues ions, ren%er i s %ecision in suc! a (anner !a !e #ar ies o !e #rocee%in, can 2now !e )ario issues in)ol)e%, an% !e reasons /or !e %ecisions ren%ere%. 7!e #er/or(ance o/ !is %u + is inse#ara*le /ro( !e au !ori + con/erre% u#on i . MACIAS V. COMELEC FACTS: Pe i ioners are /our (e(*ers o/ !e Gouse o/ Re#resen a i)es /ro( Ne,ros Orien al, "isa(is Orien al an% $ulacan, an% !e #ro)incial Go)ernor o/ Ne,ros Orien al. 7!e+ are re;ues in, !a !e res#on%en o//icials *e #re)en e% o i(#le(en R- 3'4', an ac !a a##or ions re#resen a i)e %is ric s in !e coun r+. 7!e+ alle,e% !a !eir res#ec i)e #ro)inces were %iscri(ina e% *ecause !e+ were ,i)en less re#resen a ion. :ur !er(ore, !e+ alle,e !a R- 3'4' is uncons i u ional an% )oi% *ecauseA 1. . was #asse% wi !ou #rin e% /inal co#ies w!ic! (us *e /urnis!e% o !e (e(*ers o/ !e GOR a leas 3 calen%ar %a+s #rior o #assa,e 2. . was a##ro)e% (ore !an 3 +ears a/ er !e re urn o/ !e las census o/ !e #o#ula ion 3. . a##or ione% %is ric s wi !ou re,ar% o !e nu(*er o/ in!a*i an s o/ !e se)eral #ro)inces. Res#on%en s Co(elec an% Hicen e Gella 0Na ional 7reasurer4 con en% !a !e+ 1. were (erel+ co(#l+in, wi ! !eir %u ies un%er !e s a u e w!ic! !e+ #resu(e an% alle,e o *e cons i u ional 2. #e i ioners !a)e no #ersonali + o *rin, suc! ac ion ISSUES: 1. 8!e !er or no !e #e i ioners !a)e !e #ersonali + o *rin, suc! ac ion. 2. 8!e !er or no !e ac con/or(e% o !e #rin e% /or( an% 3 %a+ re;uire(en . 3. 8!e !er or no !e ac o/ a##or ion(en is wi !in !e 3 +ear re;uire(en . 4. 8!e !er or no !e a##or ion(en o/ (e(*ers o/ !e GOR is )ali%.

HELDA 7!e #e i ioners as )o ers an% as con,ress(en an% ,o)ernor o/ !e a,,rie)e% #ro)inces !a)e !e #ersonali + o sue. 7!e #assa,e o/ !e ac %i% no con/or( o !e #rin e%-/or( an% !e 3 %a+ re;uire(en , an% !a !ere is no cer i/ica e o/ ur,enc+ /ro( !e Presi%en was recei)e% *+ !e GO. 7!e re;uire(en !a !e a##or ion(en (us *e %one wi !in 3 +ear /ollowin, !e las census is co(#lie% wi !. 7!e a##or ion(en o/ (e(*ers o/ !e GOR is no )ali% *ecause i is no *ase% on !e nu(*er o/ in!a*i an s a #ro)ince !as. 9o(e #ro)inces were ,i)en (ore re#resen a ion %es#i e !e in/erior in nu(*er o/ in!a*i an s. 7!e Cour !el% !a R- 3'4' in/rin,e% !e #ro)isions o/ !e Cons i u ion an% is !ere/ore )oi%.

PRESCRIBING PENALTIES FOR VIOLATION THEREOF, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES. Pri)a e res#on%en , "ala e 7ouris De)elo#(en Cor#ora ion 0"7DC4, con en%s !a !e Ci + Council !as no #ower o #ro!i*i !e o#era ion o/ (o els an% !a !e Or%inance %oes no cons i u e a #ro#er e1ercise o/ #olice #ower as !e co(#ulsor+ closure o/ !e (o el *usiness !as no reasona*le rela ion o !e le,i i(a e (unici#al in eres s sou,! o *e #ro ec e%. 7!e #e i ioners, on !e o !er !an%, ar,ues !a !e Ci + Council !a% !e #ower o D#ro!i*i cer ain /or(s o/ en er ain(en in or%er o #ro ec !e social an% (oral wel/are o/ !e co((uni +D E9ec ion 45B 0a4 4 0)ii4 o/ !e Local Go)ern(en Co%eF an% !a !e Or%inance was enac e% *+ !e Ci + Council o/ "anila o #ro ec !e social an% (oral wel/are o/ !e co((uni + in con=unc ion wi ! i s #olice #owers E-r icle ..., 9ec ion 1B0224 o/ Re#u*lic -c No. 4'9F. Ju%,e La,uio issue% an e1-#ar e e(#orar+ res rainin, or%er a,ains !e en/orce(en o/ !e Or%inance. Ge also ,ran e% !e wri o/ #reli(inar+ in=unc ion #ra+e% /or *+ "7DC. Gence, !e a##eal *+ !e #e i ioners. I##%": 8!e !er or no cons i u ional !e Or%inance No. &&B3 is

SU)STANTIVE DUE PROCESS cases:

UNITED STATES VS. LUIS TORI)IO Police Power 9o(e i(e in !e 19''s, 7ori*io a##lie% /or a license o !a)e !is cara*ao *e slau,! ere%. Gis re;ues was %enie% *ecause !is cara*ao is /oun% no o *e un/i /or wor2. Ge ne)er !eless slau,! ere% !is cara*ao wi !ou !e necessar+ license. Ge was e)en uall+ sue% an% was sen ence% *+ !e rial cour . Gis counsel in one wa+ or !e o !er ar,ue% !a !e law (an%a in, !a one s!oul% ac;uire a #er(i o slau,! er !is cara*ao is no a )ali% e1ercise o/ #olice #ower. ISSUE: 8!e !er or no !e sai% law is )ali%. HELD: 7!e 9C rule% a,ains 7ori*io. 7!e 9C e1#laine% !a i Nis no a a2in, o/ !e #ro#er + /or #u*lic use, wi !in !e (eanin, o/ !e cons i u ion, *u is a =us an% le,i i(a e e1ercise o/ !e #ower o/ !e le,isla ure o re,ula e an% res rain suc! #ar icular use o/ !e #ro#er + as woul% *e inconsis en wi ! or in=urious o !e ri,! s o/ !e #u*lics. -ll #ro#er + is ac;uire% an% !el% un%er !e aci con%i ion !a i s!all no *e so use% as o in=ure !e e;ual ri,! s o/ o !ers or ,rea l+ i(#air !e #u*lic ri,! s an% in eres s o/ !e co((uni +.O CITY OF MANILA MAYOR ALFREDO LIM (. EUDGE LAGUIO & MTDC F,'t#: 7!e #e i ioners see2 o re)erse !e rulin, o/ !e rulin, o/ !e R7C re,ar%in, !e uncons i u ionali + o/ Or%inance No. &&B3 w!ic! is en i le% - AN ORDINANCE PROHIBITING THE ESTABLISHMENT OR OPERATION OF BUSINESSES PROVIDING CERTAIN FORMS OF AMUSEMENT, ENTERTAINMENT, SERVICES AND FACILITIES IN THE ERMITA-MALATE AREA,

H"*/: NO 7!ere is a clear in)asion o/ #ersonal or #ro#er + ri,! s, #ersonal in !e case o/ !ose in%i)i%uals %esirous o/ ownin,, o#era in, an% #a roni<in, !ose (o els an% #ro#er + in er(s o/ !e in)es (en s (a%e an% !e salaries o *e #ai% o !ose !erein e(#lo+e%. ./ !e Ci + o/ "anila so %esires o #u an en% o #ros i u ion, /ornica ion an% o !er social ills, i can ins ea% i(#ose reasona*le re,ula ions suc! as %ail+ ins#ec ions o/ !e es a*lis!(en s /or an+ )iola ion o/ !e con%i ions o/ !eir licenses or #er(i sL i (a+ e1ercise i s au !ori + o sus#en% or re)o2e !eir licenses /or !ese )iola ionsL an% i (a+ e)en i(#ose increase% license /ees. .n o !er wor%s, !ere are o !er (eans o reasona*l+ acco(#lis! !e %esire% en%. Police #ower le,isla ion o/ suc! c!arac er %eser)es !e /ull en%orse(en o/ we rei era e our su##or /or i . $u ins#i e o/ i s !e =u%iciar+ )ir uous ai(s, !e enac (en o/ !e Or%inance !as no s a u or+ or cons i u ional au !ori + o s an% on. Local le,isla i)e *o%ies, in !is case, !e Ci + Council, canno #ro!i*i !e o#era ion o/ !e enu(era e% es a*lis!(en s or or%er !eir rans/er or con)ersion wi !ou in/rin,in, !e cons i u ional ,uaran ees no e)en un%er !e ,uiseo/ %ue #rocess an% e;ual #ro ec ion o/ laws o/ #olice #ower.

7!e #e i ion is D6N.6D an% !e %ecision o/ !e Re,ional 7rial Cour %eclarin, !e or%inance )oi% is -::.R"6D. YNOT VS. IAC G.R. No. &445&, "arc! 2', 19B& ".N."?" R6J?.R6"6N79 O: PROC6D?R-L D?6 PROC699A 014 no iceL 024 !earin,L e1ce# ions 9?$97-N7.H6 D?6 PROC699A 014 #u*lic in eres re;uires ,o)ern(en in er/erenceL 024 reasona*le (eans necessar+ /or !e acco(#lis!(en o/ !e #ur#ose FACTS: Pe i ioner>s 6 cara*aos were con/isca e% *+ !e #olice /or !a)in, *een rans#or e% /ro( "as*a e o .loilo in )iola ion o/ 6O 626--. Ge *rou,! an ac ion /or re#le)in, c!allen,in, !e cons i u ionali + o/ sai% 6O. 7!e rial cour sus aine% !e con/isca ion o/ !e ani(als an% %ecline% o rule on !e )ali%i + o/ !e law on !e ,roun% !a i lac2e% au !ori + o %o so. . s %ecision was a//ir(e% *+ !e .-C. Gence !is #e i ion /or re)iew. ISSUE: 8!e !er or no !e con/isca ion o/ !e cara*aos a(oun e% o ar*i rar+ con/isca ion o/ #ro#er + wi !ou %ue #rocess o/ law RULING: "ini(u( Re;uire(en s o/ Due ProcessA No ice an% Gearin, 7!e (ini(u( re;uire(en s o/ %ue #rocess are no ice an% !earin, w!ic!, ,enerall+ s#ea2in,, (a+ no *e %is#ense% wi ! *ecause !e+ are in en%e% as a sa/e,uar% a,ains o//icial ar*i rariness. . is a ,ra i/+in, co((en ar+ on our =u%icial s+s e( !a !e =uris#ru%ence o/ !is coun r+ is ric! wi ! a##lica ions o/ !is ,uaran + as #roo/ o/ our /eal + o !e rule o/ law an% !e ancien ru%i(en s o/ /air #la+. 8e !a)e consis en l+ %eclare% !a e)er+ #erson, /ace% *+ !e aweso(e #ower o/ !e 9 a e, is en i le% o D !e law o/ !e lan%,D w!ic! Daniel 8e*s er %escri*e% al(os wo !un%re% +ears a,o in !e /a(ous Dar (ou ! Colle,e Case, as D !e law w!ic! !ears *e/ore i con%e(ns, w!ic! #rocee%s u#on in;uir+ an% ren%ers =u%,(en onl+ a/ er rial.D . !as o *e so i/ !e ri,! s o/ e)er+ #erson are o *e secure% *e+on% !e reac! o/ o//icials w!o, ou o/ (is a2en <eal or #lain arro,ance, woul% %e,ra%e !e %ue #rocess clause in o a worn an% e(# + ca c!wor%. 61ce# ions o No ice an% Gearin,

7!is is no o sa+ !a no ice an% !earin, are i(#era i)e in e)er+ case /or, o *e sure, !ere are a nu(*er o/ a%(i e% e1ce# ions. 7!e conclusi)e #resu(# ion, /or e1a(#le, *ars !e a%(ission o/ con rar+ e)i%ence as lon, as suc! #resu(# ion is *ase% on !u(an e1#erience or !ere is a ra ional connec ion *e ween !e /ac #ro)e% an% !e /ac ul i(a el+ #resu(e% !ere/ro(. 7!ere are ins ances w!en !e nee% /or e1#e%i ions ac ion will =us i/+ o(ission o/ !ese re;uisi es, as in !e su((ar+ a*a e(en o/ a nuisance #er se, li2e a (a% %o, on !e loose, w!ic! (a+ *e 2ille% on si,! *ecause o/ !e i((e%ia e %an,er i #oses o !e sa/e + an% li)es o/ !e #eo#le. Porno,ra#!ic (a erials, con a(ina e% (ea an% narco ic %ru,s are in!eren l+ #ernicious an% (a+ *e su((aril+ %es ro+e%. 7!e #ass#or o/ a #erson sou,! /or a cri(inal o//ense (a+ *e cancelle% wi !ou !earin,, o co(#el !is re urn o !e coun r+ !e !as /le%. :il !+ res auran s (a+ *e su((aril+ #a%loc2e% in !e in eres o/ !e #u*lic !eal ! an% *aw%+ !ouses o #ro ec !e #u*lic (orals. .n suc! ins ances, #re)ious =u%icial !earin, (a+ *e o(i e% wi !ou )iola ion o/ %ue #rocess in )iew o/ !e na ure o/ !e #ro#er + in)ol)e% or !e ur,enc+ o/ !e nee% o #ro ec !e ,eneral wel/are /ro( a clear an% #resen %an,er. Due Process is a Res rain on Police Power 7!e #ro ec ion o/ !e ,eneral wel/are is !e #ar icular /unc ion o/ !e #olice #ower w!ic! *o ! res rain s an% is res raine% *+ %ue #rocess. 7!e #olice #ower is si(#l+ %e/ine% as !e #ower in!eren in !e 9 a e o re,ula e li*er + an% #ro#er + /or !e #ro(o ion o/ !e ,eneral wel/are. $+ reason o/ i s /unc ion, i e1 en%s o all !e ,rea #u*lic nee%s an% is %escri*e% as !e (os #er)asi)e, !e leas li(i a*le an% !e (os %e(an%in, o/ !e !ree in!eren #owers o/ !e 9 a e, /ar ou #acin, a1a ion an% e(inen %o(ain. 7!e in%i)i%ual, as a (e(*er o/ socie +, is !e((e% in *+ !e #olice #ower, w!ic! a//ec s !i( e)en *e/ore !e is *orn an% /ollows !i( s ill a/ er !e is %ea% /ro( !e wo(* o *e+on% !e o(* in #rac icall+ e)er+ !in, !e %oes or owns. . s reac! is )ir uall+ li(i less. . is a u*i;ui ous an% o/ en unwelco(e in rusion. 6)en so, as lon, as !e ac i)i + or !e #ro#er + !as so(e rele)ance o !e #u*lic wel/are, i s re,ula ion un%er !e #olice #ower is no onl+ #ro#er *u necessar+. -n% !e =us i/ica ion is /oun% in !e )enera*le La in (a1i(s, 9alus #o#uli es su#re(a le1 an% 9ic u ere uo u alienu( non lae%as, w!ic! call /or !e su*or%ina ion o/ in%i)i%ual in eres s o !e *ene/i o/ !e ,rea er nu(*er. :irs Re;uisi e o/ 9u*s an i)e Due ProcessA .n eres s o/ !e Pu*lic Generall+ Re;uire .n er/erence

111 we !ol% wi ! !e 7ori*io Case !a !e cara*ao, as !e #oor (anMs rac or, so o s#ea2, !as a %irec rele)ance o !e #u*lic wel/are an% so is a law/ul su*=ec o/ 61ecu i)e Or%er No. 626. 7!e (e !o% c!osen in !e *asic (easure is also reasona*l+ necessar+ /or !e #ur#ose sou,! o *e ac!ie)e% an% no un%ul+ o##ressi)e u#on in%i)i%uals, a,ain /ollowin, !e a*o)e-ci e% %oc rine. 7!ere is no %ou* !a *+ *annin, !e slau,! er o/ !ese ani(als e1ce# w!ere !e+ are a leas se)en +ears ol% i/ (ale an% ele)en +ears ol% i/ /e(ale u#on issuance o/ !e necessar+ #er(i , !e e1ecu i)e or%er will *e conser)in, !ose s ill /i /or /ar( wor2 or *ree%in, an% #re)en in, !eir i(#ro)i%en %e#le ion. 9econ% Re;uisi e o/ 9u*s an i)e Due ProcessA Reasona*le "eans Necessar+ /or !e -cco(#lis!(en o/ Pur#ose, no ?n%ul+ O##ressi)e ?#on .n%i)i%uals $u w!ile conce%in, !a !e a(en%a or+ (easure !as !e sa(e law/ul su*=ec as !e ori,inal e1ecu i)e or%er, we canno sa+ wi ! e;ual cer ain + !a i co(#lies wi ! !e secon% re;uire(en , )i<., !a !ere *e a law/ul (e !o%. 8e no e !a o s ren, !en !e ori,inal (easure, 61ecu i)e Or%er No. 626-- i(#oses an a*solu e *an no on !e slau,! er o/ !e cara*aos *u on !eir (o)e(en , #ro)i%in, !a Dno cara*ao re,ar%less o/ a,e, se1, #!+sical con%i ion or #ur#ose 0sic4 an% no cara*ee/ s!all *e rans#or e% /ro( one #ro)ince o ano !er.D 7!e o*=ec o/ !e #ro!i*i ion esca#es us. 7!e reasona*le connec ion *e ween !e (eans e(#lo+e% an% !e #ur#ose sou,! o *e ac!ie)e% *+ !e ;ues ione% (easure is (issin, 8e %o no see !ow !e #ro!i*i ion o/ !e in er-#ro)incial rans#or o/ cara*aos can #re)en !eir in%iscri(ina e slau,! er, consi%erin, !a !e+ can *e 2ille% an+w!ere, wi ! no less %i//icul + in one #ro)ince !an in ano !er. O*)iousl+, re ainin, !e cara*aos in one #ro)ince will no #re)en !eir slau,! er !ere, an+ (ore !an (o)in, !e( o ano !er #ro)ince will (a2e i easier o 2ill !e( !ere. -s /or !e cara*ee/, !e #ro!i*i ion is (a%e o a##l+ o i as o !erwise, so sa+s e1ecu i)e or%er, i coul% *e easil+ circu()en e% *+ si(#l+ 2illin, !e ani(al. Per!a#s so. Gowe)er, i/ !e (o)e(en o/ !e li)e ani(als /or !e #ur#ose o/ #re)en in, !eir slau,! er canno *e #ro!i*i e%, i s!oul% /ollow !a !ere is no reason ei !er o #ro!i*i !eir rans/er as, no o *e /li##an %ea% (ea . 6)en i/ a reasona*le rela ion *e ween !e (eans an% !e en% were o *e assu(e%, we woul% s ill !a)e o rec2on wi ! !e sanc ion !a !e (easure a##lies /or )iola ion o/ !e #ro!i*i ion. 7!e #enal + is ou ri,! con/isca ion o/ !e cara*ao or cara*ee/ *ein, rans#or e%, o *e (e e% ou *+ !e e1ecu i)e au !ori ies, usuall+ !e #olice onl+. .n !e 7ori*io Case, !e s a u e was sus aine% *ecause !e #enal +

#rescri*e% was /ine an% i(#rison(en , o *e i(#ose% *+ !e cour a/ er rial an% con)ic ion o/ !e accuse%. ?n%er !e c!allen,e% (easure, si,ni/ican l+, no suc! rial is #rescri*e%, an% !e #ro#er + *ein, rans#or e% is i((e%ia el+ i(#oun%e% *+ !e #olice an% %eclare%, *+ !e (easure i sel/, as /or/ei e% o !e ,o)ern(en . 6O 626-- is uncons i u ional .n !e ins an case, !e cara*aos were ar*i raril+ con/isca e% *+ !e #olice s a ion co((an%er, were re urne% o !e #e i ioner onl+ a/ er !e !a% /ile% a co(#lain /or reco)er+ an% ,i)en a su#erse%eas *on% o/ P12,'''.'', w!ic! was or%ere% con/isca e% u#on !is /ailure o #ro%uce !e cara*aos w!en or%ere% *+ !e rial cour . 7!e e1ecu i)e or%er %e/ine% !e #ro!i*i ion, con)ic e% !e #e i ioner an% i((e%ia el+ i(#ose% #unis!(en , w!ic! was carrie% ou /or !ri,! . 7!e (easure s ruc2 a once an% #ounce% u#on !e #e i ioner wi !ou ,i)in, !i( a c!ance o *e !ear%, !us %en+in, !i( !e cen uries-ol% ,uaran + o/ ele(en ar+ /air #la+. . !as alrea%+ *een re(ar2e% !a !ere are occasions w!en no ice an% !earin, (a+ *e )ali%l+ %is#ense% wi ! no wi !s an%in, !e usual re;uire(en /or !ese (ini(u( ,uaran ees o/ %ue #rocess. . is also conce%e% !a su((ar+ ac ion (a+ *e )ali%l+ a2en in a%(inis ra i)e #rocee%in,s as #roce%ural %ue #rocess is no necessaril+ =u%icial onl+. .n !e e1ce# ional cases acce# e%, !owe)er, !ere is a =us i/ica ion /or !e o(ission o/ !e ri,! o a #re)ious !earin,, o wi , !e i((e%iac+ o/ !e #ro*le( sou,! o *e correc e% an% !e ur,enc+ o/ !e nee% o correc i . .n !e case *e/ore us, !ere was no suc! #ressure o/ i(e or ac ion callin, /or !e #e i ionerMs #ere(# or+ rea (en . 7!e #ro#er ies in)ol)e% were no e)en ini(ical #er se as o re;uire !eir ins an %es ruc ion. 7!ere cer ainl+ was no reason w!+ !e o//ense #ro!i*i e% *+ !e e1ecu i)e or%er s!oul% no !a)e *een #ro)e% /irs in a cour o/ =us ice, wi ! !e accuse% *ein, accor%e% all !e ri,! s sa/e,uar%e% o !i( un%er !e Cons i u ion. Consi%erin, !a , as we !el% in Pesi,an ). -n,eles, 61ecu i)e Or%er No. 626-- is #enal in na ure, !e )iola ion !ereo/ s!oul% !a)e *een #ronounce% no *+ !e #olice onl+ *u *+ a cour o/ =us ice, w!ic! alone woul% !a)e !a% !e au !ori + o i(#ose !e #rescri*e% #enal +, an% onl+ a/ er rial an% con)ic ion o/ !e accuse%. 8e also (ar2, on o# o/ all !is, !e ;ues iona*le (anner o/ !e %is#osi ion o/ !e con/isca e% #ro#er + as #rescri*e% in !e ;ues ione% e1ecu i)e or%er. . is !ere au !ori<e% !a !e sei<e% #ro#er + s!all D*e %is ri*u e% o c!ari a*le ins i u ions an% o !er si(ilar ins i u ions as !e C!air(an

o/ !e Na ional "ea .ns#ec ion Co((ission (a+ see /i , in !e case o/ cara*ee/, an% o %eser)in, /ar(ers !rou,! %is#ersal as !e Direc or o/ -ni(al .n%us r+ (a+ see /i , in !e case o/ cara*aos.D 06(#!asis su##lie%.4 7!e #!rase D(a+ see /i D is an e1 re(el+ ,enerous an% %an,erous con%i ion, i/ con%i ion i is. . is la%en wi ! #erilous o##or uni ies /or #ar iali + an% a*use, an% e)en corru# ion. One searc!es in )ain /or !e usual s an%ar% an% !e reasona*le ,ui%elines, or *e er s ill, !e li(i a ions !a !e sai% o//icers (us o*ser)e w!en !e+ (a2e !eir %is ri*u ion. 7!ere is none. 7!eir o# ions are a##aren l+ *oun%less. 8!o s!all *e !e /or una e *ene/iciaries o/ !eir ,enerosi + an% *+ w!a cri eria s!all !e+ *e c!osen@ Onl+ !e o//icers na(e% can su##l+ !e answer, !e+ an% !e+ alone (a+ c!oose !e ,ran ee as !e+ see /i , an% in !eir own e1clusi)e %iscre ion. De/ini el+, !ere is !ere a Dro)in, co((ission,D a wi%e an% swee#in, au !ori + !a is no Dcanali<e% wi !in *an2s !a 2ee# i /ro( o)er/lowin,,D in s!or , a clearl+ #ro/li,a e an% !ere/ore in)ali% %ele,a ion o/ le,isla i)e #owers. 7o su( u# !en, we /in% !a !e c!allen,e% (easure is an in)ali% e1ercise o/ !e #olice #ower *ecause !e (e !o% e(#lo+e% o conser)e !e cara*aos is no reasona*l+ necessar+ o !e #ur#ose o/ !e law an%, worse, is un%ul+ o##ressi)e. Due #rocess is )iola e% *ecause !e owner o/ !e #ro#er + con/isca e% is %enie% !e ri,! o *e !ear% in !is %e/ense an% is i((e%ia el+ con%e(ne% an% #unis!e%. 7!e con/er(en on !e a%(inis ra i)e au !ori ies o/ !e #ower o a%=u%,e !e ,uil o/ !e su##ose% o//en%er is a clear encroac!(en on =u%icial /unc ions an% (ili a es a,ains !e %oc rine o/ se#ara ion o/ #owers. 7!ere is, /inall+, also an in)ali% %ele,a ion o/ le,isla i)e #owers o !e o//icers (en ione% !erein w!o are ,ran e% unli(i e% %iscre ion in !e %is ri*u ion o/ !e #ro#er ies ar*i raril+ a2en. :or !ese reasons, we !ere*+ %eclare 61ecu i)e Or%er No. 626-- uncons i u ional. YNOT (. IAC Police Power No Hali%l+ 61ercise% 7!ere !a% *een an e1is in, law w!ic! #ro!i*i e% !e slau,! erin, o/ cara*aos 06O 6264. 7o s ren, !en !e law, "arcos issue% 6O 626-- w!ic! no onl+ *anne% !e (o)e(en o/ cara*aos /ro( in er#ro)inces *u as well as !e (o)e(en o/ cara*ee/. On 13 Jan 19B4, Cno was cau,! rans#or in, 6 cara*aos /ro( "as*a e o .loilo. Ge was !en c!ar,e% in )iola ion o/ 6O 626--. Cno a)erre% 6O 626-- as uncons i u ional /or i )iola e% !is ri,! o *e !ear% or !is ri,! o %ue #rocess. Ge sai% !a !e au !ori + #ro)i%e% *+ 6O 626-- o ou ri,! l+ con/isca e cara*aos e)en wi !ou *ein, !ear% is uncons i u ional. 7!e lower cour rule% a,ains Cno rulin, !a !e 6O is a )ali% e1ercise o/ #olice #ower in or%er o #ro(o e ,eneral

wel/are so as o cur* %own !e in%iscri(ina e slau,! er o/ cara*aos. ISSUE: 8!e !er or no !e law is )ali%. HELD: 7!e 9C rule% !a !e 6O is no )ali% as i in%ee% )iola es %ue #rocess. 6O 626-- c rea e% a #resu(# ion *ase% on !e =u%,(en o/ !e e1ecu i)e. 7!e (o)e(en o/ cara*aos /ro( one area o !e o !er %oes no (ean a su*se;uen slau,! er o/ !e sa(e woul% ensue. Cno s!oul% *e ,i)en o %e/en% !i(sel/ an% e1#lain w!+ !e cara*aos are *ein, rans/erre% *e/ore !e+ can *e con/isca e%. 7!e 9C /oun% !a !e c!allen,e% (easure is an in)ali% e1ercise o/ !e #olice #ower *ecause !e (e !o% e(#lo+e% o conser)e !e cara*aos is no reasona*l+ necessar+ o !e #ur#ose o/ !e law an%, worse, is un%ul+ o##ressi)e. Due #rocess is )iola e% *ecause !e owner o/ !e #ro#er + con/isca e% is %enie% !e ri,! o *e !ear% in !is %e/ense an% is i((e%ia el+ con%e(ne% an% #unis!e%. 7!e con/er(en on !e a%(inis ra i)e au !ori ies o/ !e #ower o a%=u%,e !e ,uil o/ !e su##ose% o//en%er is a clear encroac!(en on =u%icial /unc ions an% (ili a es a,ains !e %oc rine o/ se#ara ion o/ #owers. 7!ere is, /inall+, also an in)ali% %ele,a ion o/ le,isla i)e #owers o !e o//icers (en ione% !erein w!o are ,ran e% unli(i e% %iscre ion in !e %is ri*u ion o/ !e #ro#er ies ar*i raril+ a2en. LUPANGO (. CA FACTS: PRC issue% a resolu ion %irec in, !a no e1a(inee /or !e CP- $oar% 61a( s!all a en% an+ re)iew class, *rie/in,, con/erence or !e li2e con%uc e% *+, or s!all recei)e an+ !an%-ou , re)iew (a erial, or an+ i# /ro( an+ sc!ool, colle,e or uni)ersi +, or an+ re)iew cen er or !e li2e or an+ re)iewer, lec urer, ins ruc or o//icial or e(#lo+ee o/ an+ o/ !e a/ore(en ione% or si(ilars ins i u ions %urin, !e 3 %a+s i((e%ia el+ #rocee%in, e)er+ e1a(ina ion %a+ inclu%in, e1a(ina ion %a+. HELD: 9uc! resolu ion is unreasona*le. 7!e unreasona*leness is (ore o*)ious in !a one w!o is cau,! co((i in, !e #ro!i*i e% ac s e)en wi !ou an+ ill (o i)es will *e *arre% /ro( a2in, /u ure e1a(ina ions con%uc e% *+ !e res#on%en PRC. :ur !er(ore, i is inconcei)a*le !ow !e Co((ission can (ana,e o !a)e a wa c!/ul e+e on eac! an% e)er+ e1a(inee %urin, !e !ree %a+s *e/ore !e e1a(ina ion #erio%. -%(inis ra i)e au !ori ies s!oul% no ac ar*i raril+ an% ca#riciousl+ in !e issuance o/ rules an% re,ula ions. To ." (,*+/, #%'2 &%*"# ,-/ &"1%*,t+o-# 0%#t ." &",#o-,.*" ,-/ $,+&* ,/,!t"/ to t2" "-/ +- (+"w . ./ s!own o *ear

no reasona*le rela ion o !e #ur#oses /or w!ic! !e+ are au !ori<e% o *e issue%, !en !e+ (us *e !el% o *e in)ali%. PRC !as no au !ori + o %ic a e on !e re)iewees as o !ow !e+ s!oul% #re#are !e(sel)es /or !e licensure e1a(ina ions, as !is will in/rin,e n !e e1a(inees> ri,! o li*er+. 9uc! resolu ion also )iola es !e aca%e(ic /ree%o( o/ !e sc!ools concerne%. 7!e en/orce(en o/ Resolu ion No. 1'5 is no a ,uaran ee !a !e alle,e% lea2a,es in !e licensure e1a(ina ions will *e era%ica e% or a leas (ini(i<e%. 8!a is nee%e% o *e %one *+ !e res#on%en is o /in% ou !e source o/ suc! lea2a,es an% s o# i ri,! !ere. )ALACUIT (. CFI FACTS: - issue in !e #e i ion /or re)iew *e/ore ?s is !e )ali%i + an% cons i u ionali + o/ Or%inance No. 64' #asse% *+ !e "unici#al $oar% o/ !e Ci + o/ $u uan on -#ril 21, 1969, !e i le an% e1 o/ w!ic! are re#ro%uce% *elow ORD.N-NC6 P6N-L.S.NG -NC P6R9ON, GRO?P O: P6R9ON9, 6N7.7C OR CORPOR-7.ON 6NG-G6D .N 7G6 $?9.N699 O: 96LL.NG -D".99.ON 7.CI679 7O -NC "OH.6 OR O7G6R P?$L.C 6KG.$.7.ON9, G-"69, CON76979 OR O7G6R P6R:OR"-NC69 7O R6J?.R6 CG.LDR6N $67866N 96H6N 0&4 -ND 786LH6 0124 C6-R9 O: -G6 7O P-C :?LL P-C"6N7 :OR 7.CI679 .N76ND6D :OR -D?L79 $?7 9GO?LD CG-RG6 ONLC ON6-G-L: O: 7G6 9-.D 7.CI67 Pe i ioners are Carlos $alacui La(*er o 7an, an% 9er,io Cu Carcel (ana,ers o/ !e !ea ers an% !e+ a ac2 !e )ali%i + an% cons i u ionali + o/ Or%inance No. 64' on !e ,roun%s !a i is ul ra )ires an% an in)ali% e1ercise o/ #olice #ower. ISSUE: Does !is #ower o re,ula e inclu%e !e au !ori + o in er/ere in !e /i1in, o/ #rices o/ a%(ission o !ese #laces o/ e1!i*i ion an% a(use(en w!e !er un%er i s ,eneral ,ran o/ #ower or un%er !e ,eneral wel/are clause as in)o2e% *+ !e Ci +@ RULING: No, !e #ower o re,ula e an% /i1 !e a(oun o/ license /ees /or !ea ers an% o !er #laces o/ a(use(en !as *een e1#ressl+ ,ran e% o !e Ci + o/ $u uan un%er i s c!ar er. Gowe)er, !e or%inance is no =us i/ie% *+ an+ necessi + /or !e #u*lic in eres . 7!e #olice #ower le,isla ion (us *e /ir(l+ ,roun%e% on #u*lic in eres an% wel/are, an% a

reasona*le rela ion (us e1is *e ween #ur#oses an% (eans. 7!e e)i%en #ur#ose o/ !e or%inance is o !el# ease !e *ur%en o/ cos on !e #ar o/ #aren s w!o !a)e o s!ell ou !e sa(e a(oun o/ (one+ /or !e a%(ission o/ !eir c!il%ren. - re%uc ion in !e #rice o/ a%(ission woul% (ean corres#on%in, sa)in,s /or !e #aren sL !owe)er, !e #e i ioners are !e ones (a%e o *ear !e cos o/ !ese sa)in,s. 7!e or%inance %oes no onl+ (a2e !e #e i ioners su//er !e loss o/ earnin,s *u i li2ewise #enali<es !e( /or /ailure o co(#l+ wi ! i . 7!e or%inance %oes no #ro)i%e a sa/e,uar% a,ains !is un%esira*le #rac ice an% as suc!, !e res#on%en Ci + o/ $u uan now su,,es s !a *ir ! cer i/ica es *e e1!i*i e% *+ (o)ie !ouse #a rons o #ro)e !e a,e o/ c!il%ren. 7!is is, !owe)er, no a all #rac ica*le. 8e can see !a !e or%inance is clearl+ unreasona*le i/ no un%ul+ o##ressi)e u#on !e *usiness o/ #e i ioners. :ur !er, !ere is no %iscerni*le rela ion *e ween !e or%inance an% !e #ro(o ion o/ #u*lic !eal !, sa/e +, (orals an% !e ,eneral wel/are. :ur !er(ore, !ere is no !in, #ernicious in %e(an%in, e;ual #rice /or *o ! c!il%ren an% a%ul s. 7!e #e i ioners are (erel+ con%uc in, !eir le,i i(a e *usinesses. 7!e o*=ec o/ e)er+ *usiness en re#reneur is o (a2e a #ro/i ou o/ !is )en ure. .n /ac , no #erson is un%er co(#ulsion o #urc!ase a ic2e . . is a o all+ )olun ar+ ac on !e #ar o/ !e #urc!aser i/ !e *u+s a ic2e o suc! #er/or(ances Or%inance No. 64' clearl+ in)a%es !e #ersonal an% #ro#er + ri,! s o/ #e i ioners 8G6R6:OR6, a new =u%,(en is !ere*+ ren%ere% %eclarin, Or%inance No. 64' uncons i u ional an%, !ere/ore, null an% )oi%.

EHUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE cases:

INTIL. SCHOOL ALLIANCE VS. HUISUM)ING J@@@ SCRA 7@A G.R. NO. 75==68A 7 EUN 5>>>K FACTS: Recei)in, salaries less !an !eir coun er#ar s !ire% a*roa%, !e local-!ires o/ #ri)a e res#on%en 9c!ool, (os l+ :ili#inos, cr+ %iscri(ina ion. 8e a,ree. 7!a !e local-!ires are #ai% (ore !an !eir collea,ues in o !er sc!ools is, o/ course, *esi%e !e #oin . 7!e #oin is !a e(#lo+ees s!oul% *e ,i)en e;ual #a+ /or wor2 o/ e;ual )alue. Pri)a e res#on%en .n erna ional 9c!ool, .nc. 0 !e 9c!ool, /or s!or 4, #ursuan o Presi%en ial Decree &32, is a %o(es ic e%uca ional ins i u ion es a*lis!e% #ri(aril+ /or

%e#en%en s o/ /orei,n %i#lo(a ic #ersonnel an% o !er e(#orar+ resi%en s. 7o ena*le !e 9c!ool o con inue carr+in, ou i s e%uca ional #ro,ra( an% i(#ro)e i s s an%ar% o/ ins ruc ion, 9ec ion 20c4 o/ !e sa(e %ecree au !ori<es !e 9c!ool o e(#lo+ i s own eac!in, an% (ana,e(en #ersonnel selec e% *+ i ei !er locall+ or a*roa%, /ro( P!ili##ine or o !er na ionali ies, suc! #ersonnel *ein, e1e(# /ro( o !erwise a##lica*le laws an% re,ula ions a en%in, !eir e(#lo+(en , e1ce# laws !a !a)e *een or will *e enac e% /or !e #ro ec ion o/ e(#lo+ees. -ccor%in,l+, !e 9c!ool !ires *o ! /orei,n an% local eac!ers as (e(*ers o/ i s /acul +, classi/+in, !e sa(e in o woA 014 /orei,n-!ires an% 024 local-!ires. 7!e 9c!ool ,ran s /orei,n-!ires cer ain *ene/i s no accor%e% local-!ires. 7!ese inclu%e !ousin,, rans#or a ion, s!i##in, cos s, a1es, an% !o(e lea)e ra)el allowance. :orei,n-!ires are also #ai% a salar+ ra e wen +/i)e #ercen 025T4 (ore !an local-!ires. 7!e 9c!ool =us i/ies !e %i//erence on wo Dsi,ni/ican econo(ic %isa%)an a,esD /orei,n-!ires !a)e o en%ure, na(el+A 0a4 !e D%isloca ion /ac orD an% 0*4 li(i e% enure. ISSUE: 8!e !er or No !e ,ran s #ro)i%e% *+ !e sc!ool o /orei,n !ires an% no o local !ires %iscri(ina i)e o/ !eir cons i u ional ri,! o !e e;ual #ro ec ion clause. RULING: 7!e /ore,oin, #ro)isions i(#re,na*l+ ins i u ionali<e in !is =uris%ic ion !e lon, !onore% le,al ruis( o/ De;ual #a+ /or e;ual wor2.D Persons w!o wor2 wi ! su*s an iall+ e;ual ;uali/ica ions, s2ill, e//or an% res#onsi*ili +, un%er si(ilar con%i ions, s!oul% *e #ai% si(ilar salaries. 7!is rule a##lies o !e 9c!ool, i s Din erna ional c!arac erD no wi !s an%in,. 7!e 9c!ool con en%s !a #e i ioner !as no a%%uce% e)i%ence !a local-!ires #er/or( wor2 e;ual o !a o/ /orei,n-!ires. 7!e Cour /in%s !is ar,u(en a li le ca)alier. ./ an e(#lo+er accor%s e(#lo+ees !e sa(e #osi ion an% ran2, !e #resu(# ion is !a !ese e(#lo+ees #er/or( e;ual wor2. 7!is #resu(# ion is *orne *+ lo,ic an% !u(an e1#erience. ./ !e e(#lo+er #a+s one e(#lo+ee less !an !e res , i is no /or !a e(#lo+ee o e1#lain w!+ !e recei)es less or w!+ !e o !ers recei)e (ore. 7!a woul% *e a%%in, insul o in=ur+. 7!e e(#lo+er !as %iscri(ina e% a,ains !a e(#lo+eeL i is /or !e e(#lo+er o e1#lain w!+ !e e(#lo+ee is rea e% un/airl+.

8!ile we reco,ni<e !e nee% o/ !e 9c!ool o a rac /orei,n-!ires, salaries s!oul% no *e use% as an en ice(en o !e #re=u%ice o/ local-!ires. 7!e local-!ires #er/or( !e sa(e ser)ices as /orei,n-!ires an% !e+ ou,! o *e #ai% !e sa(e salaries as !e la er. :or !e sa(e reason, !e D%isloca ion /ac orD an% !e /orei,n-!iresM li(i e% enure also canno ser)e as )ali% *ases /or !e %is inc ion in salar+ ra es. 7!e Cons i u ion en=oins !e 9 a e o D#ro ec !e ri,! s o/ wor2ers an% #ro(o e !eir wel/are,D D o a//or% la*or /ull #ro ec ion.D 7!e 9 a e, !ere/ore, !as !e ri,! an% %u + o re,ula e !e rela ions *e ween la*or an% ca#i al. 7!ese rela ions are no (erel+ con rac ual *u are so i(#resse% wi ! #u*lic in eres !a la*or con rac s, collec i)e *ar,ainin, a,ree(en s inclu%e%, (us +iel% o !e co((on ,oo%. 9!oul% suc! con rac s con ain s i#ula ions !a are con rar+ o #u*lic #olic+, cour s will no !esi a e o s ri2e %own !ese s i#ula ions. .n !is case, we /in% !e #oin -o/-!ire classi/ica ion e(#lo+e% *+ res#on%en 9c!ool o =us i/+ !e %is inc ion in !e salar+ ra es o/ /orei,n-!ires an% local !ires o *e an in)ali% classi/ica ion. 7!ere is no reasona*le %is inc ion *e ween !e ser)ices ren%ere% *+ /orei,n-!ires an% local!ires. 8!ere/ore, !e #e i ion is ,i)en %ue course. 7!e #e i ion is !ere*+ ,ran e% in #ar . 7!e or%ers o/ !e secre ar+ o/ la*or an% e(#lo+(en %a e% June 1', 1996 an% (arc! 19, 199&, are !ere*+ re)erse% an% se asi%e inso/ar as !e+ u#!ol% !e #rac ice o/ res#on%en sc!ool o/ accor%in, /orei,n!ires !i,!er salaries !an local-!ires.

FARINAS VS EXECUTIVE SECRETARY GR No.14&3B& Dece(*er 1',2''3 FACTS: $e/ore !e cour is a #e i ion o %eclare as uncons i u ional 9ec.14 o/ R- 9''6 07!e /air elec ion ac 4 inso/ar as i e1#ressl+ re#eals 9ec.6& o/ $P BB1 07!e O(ni*us 6lec ion Co%e4 /ile% *+ :arinas e al, (inori + (e(*ers o/ !e (inori + *loc in !e GR. .(#lea%e% as res#on%en s are !e 61ecu i)e sec, 9#ea2er o/ !e Gouse e al. ISSUE: 1. 8ON !e e//ec i)i + clause w!ic! s a es N7!is -c s!all a2e e//ec u#on i s a##ro)alO 09ec.164 is a )iola ion o/ !e %ue #rocess clause o/ !e Cons i u ion

RULING: 1. -n e//ec i)i + clause w!ic! #ro)i%es !a !e law Ns!all a2e i((e%ia el+ u#on i s a##ro)alO is %e/ec i)e, *u i %oes no ren%er !e en ire law in)ali%, !e law s!all a2e e//ec /i/ en %a+s a/ er i s #u*lica ion in !e OG or news#a#er o/ ,eneral circula ion. .n 7ana%a )s 7u)era, !e cour lai% %own !e ruleA N7!e clause, unless o !erwise #ro)i%e% re/ers o !e %a e o/ e//ec i)i + an% no o !e re;uire(en o/ #u*lica ion i sel/OU Pu*lica ion is in%is#ensa*le in e)er+ case.. PEOPLE VS. EALOSEOS G.R. NO. 7@5=38-3L, FE)RUARY @, 5>>> FACTS: 7!e accuse%-a##ellan , Ro(eo Jalos=os, is a /ull-/le%,e% (e(*er o/ Con,ress w!o is con/ine% a !e na ional #eni en iar+ w!ile !is con)ic ion /or s a u or+ ra#e an% ac s o/ lasci)iousness is #en%in, a##eal. 7!e accuse%a##ellan /ile% a (o ion as2in, !a !e *e allowe% o /ull+ %isc!ar,e !e %u ies o/ a Con,ress(an, inclu%in, a en%ance a le,isla i)e sessions an% co((i ee (ee in,s %es#i e !is !a)in, *een con)ic e% in !e /irs ins ance o/ a non-*aila*le o//ense on !e *asis o/ #o#ular so)erei,n + an% !e nee% /or !is cons i uen s o *e re#resen e%. ISSUE: 8!e !er or no accuse%-a##ellan s!oul% *e allowe% o %isc!ar,e (an%a e as (e(*er o/ Gouse o/ Re#resen a i)es RULING: 6lec ion is !e e1#ression o/ !e so)erei,n #ower o/ !e #eo#le. Gowe)er, ins#i e o/ i s i(#or ance, !e #ri)ile,es an% ri,! s arisin, /ro( !a)in, *een elec e% (a+ *e enlar,e% or res ric e% *+ law. 7!e i((uni + /ro( arres or %e en ion o/ 9ena ors an% (e(*ers o/ !e Gouse o/ Re#resen a i)es arises /ro( a #ro)ision o/ !e Cons i u ion. 7!e #ri)ile,e !as alwa+s *een ,ran e% in a res ric i)e sense. 7!e #ro)ision ,ran in, an e1e(# ion as a s#ecial #ri)ile,e canno *e e1 en%e% *e+on% !e or%inar+ (eanin, o/ i s er(s. . (a+ no *e e1 en%e% *+ in en%(en , i(#lica ion or e;ui a*le consi%era ions. 7!e accuse%-a##ellan !as no ,i)en an+ reason w!+ !e s!oul% *e e1e(# e% /ro( !e o#era ion o/ 9ec. 11, -r . H. o/ !e Cons i u ion. 7!e (e(*ers o/ Con,ress canno co(#el a*sen (e(*ers o a en% sessions i/ !e reason /or !e a*sence is a le,i i(a e one. 7!e con/ine(en o/ a Con,ress(an c!ar,e% wi ! a cri(e #unis!a*le *+ i(#rison(en o/ (ore !an si1 +ears is no (erel+ au !ori<e% *+ law, i !as cons i u ional /oun%a ions. 7o allow accuse%-a##ellan o a en% con,ressional sessions

an% co((i ee (ee in,s /or 5 %a+s or (ore in a wee2 will )ir uall+ (a2e !i( a /ree (an wi ! all !e #ri)ile,es a##ur enan o !is #osi ion. 9uc! an a*erran si ua ion no onl+ ele)a es accuse%-a##ellan >s s a us o !a o/ a s#ecial class, i also woul% *e a (oc2er+ o/ !e #ur#oses o/ !e correc ion s+s e(. ORMOC SUGAR COMPANY INC. VS ORMOC CITY ET AL N6;ual Pro ec ionO FACTS: .n 1964, Or(oc Ci + #asse% a *ill w!ic! rea%A N7!ere s!all *e #ai% o !e Ci + 7reasurer on an+ an% all #ro%uc ions o/ cen ri/u,al su,ar (ille% a !e Or(oc 9u,ar Co(#an+ .ncor#ora e%, in Or(oc Ci + a (unici#al a1 e;ui)alen o one #er cen u( 01T4 #er e1#or sale o !e ?ni e% 9 a es o/ -(erica an% o !er /orei,n coun ries.O 7!ou,! re/erre% o as a N#ro%uc ion a1O, !e i(#osi ion ac uall+ a(oun s o a a1 on !e e1#or o/ cen ri/u,al su,ar #ro%uce% a Or(oc 9u,ar Co(#an+, .nc. :or #ro%uc ion o/ su,ar alone is no a1a*leL !e onl+ i(e !e a1 a##lies is w!en !e su,ar #ro%uce% is e1#or e%. Or(oc 9u,ar #ai% !e a1 0P&,'B&.5'4 in #ro es a)errin, !a !e sa(e is )iola i)e o/ 9ec 22B& o/ !e Re)ise% -%(inis ra i)e Co%e w!ic! #ro)i%esA N. s!all no *e in !e #ower o/ !e (unici#al council o i(#ose a a1 in an+ /or( w!a e)er, u#on ,oo%s an% (erc!an%ise carrie% in o !e (unici#ali +, or ou o/ !e sa(e, an% an+ a e(# o i(#ose an i(#or or e1#or a1 u#on suc! ,oo%s in !e ,uise o/ an unreasona*le c!ar,e /or w!ar/a,e, use o/ *ri%,es or o !erwise, s!all *e )oi%.O -n% !a !e or%inance is )iola i)e o e;ual #ro ec ion as i sin,le% ou Or(oc 9u,ar -s *ein, lia*le /or suc! a1 i(#os /or no o !er su,ar (ill is /oun% in !e ci +. ISSUE: 8!e !er or no #ro ec ion. !ere !as *een a )iola ion o/ e;ual

HELD: 7!e 9C !el% in /a)or o/ Or(oc 9u,ar. 7!e 9C no e% !a e)en i/ 9ec 22B& o/ !e R-C !a% alrea%+ *een re#eale% *+ a la er s a u e 09ec 2 R- 22644 w!ic! e//ec i)el+ au !ori<e% LG?s o a1 ,oo%s an% (erc!an%ise carrie% in an% ou o/ !eir ur/, !e ac o/ Or(oc Ci + is s ill )iola i)e o/ e;ual #ro ec ion. 7!e or%inance is %iscri(ina or+ /or i a1es onl+ cen ri/u,al su,ar #ro%uce% an% e1#or e% *+ !e Or(oc 9u,ar Co(#an+, .nc. an% none o !er. - !e i(e o/ !e a1in, or%inance>s enac (en , Or(oc 9u,ar Co(#an+, .nc., i is rue, was !e onl+ su,ar cen ral in !e ci + o/ Or(oc. 9 ill, !e classi/ica ion, o *e reasona*le,

s!oul% *e in er(s a##lica*le o /u ure con%i ions as well. 7!e a1in, or%inance s!oul% no *e sin,ular an% e1clusi)e as o e1clu%e an+ su*se;uen l+ es a*lis!e% su,ar cen ral, o/ !e sa(e class as #lain i//, /ro( !e co)era,e o/ !e a1. -s i is now, e)en i/ la er a si(ilar co(#an+ is se u#, i canno *e su*=ec o !e a1 *ecause !e or%inance e1#ressl+ #oin s onl+ o Or(oc 9u,ar Co(#an+, .nc. as !e en i + o *e le)ie% u#on. TRILLANES IV VS. PIMENTEL G.R. No. 1&9B1&, June 2&, 2''B 6lec ion o Con,ress is no a reasona*le classi/ica ion in cri(inal law en/orce(en as !e /unc ions an% %u ies o/ !e o//ice are no su*s an ial %is inc ions w!ic! li/ one /ro( !e class o/ #risoners in erru# e% in !eir /ree%o( an% res ric e% in li*er + o/ (o)e(en . Jus i/ica ion /or con/ine(en wi ! i s un%erl+in, ra ionale o/ #u*lic sel/-%e/ense a##lies e;uall+ o %e en ion #risoners li2e #e i ioner or con)ic e% #risoners-a##ellan s li2e Jalos=os. FACTS: Pe i ioner 7rillanes .H is on rial /or cou# %>e a in rela ion o !e NOa2woo% .nci%en .O .n !e 2''& elec ions, !e won a sea in !e 9ena e wi ! a si1-+ear er( co((encin, a noon on June 3', 2''&. Pe i ioner now as2s !e Cour !a !e *e allowe% o a en% all o//icial /unc ions o/ !e 9ena e, alle,in, (ainl+ !a !is case is %is inc /ro( !a o/ Jalos=os as !is case is s ill #en%in, resolu ion w!ereas !a in !e Jalos=os case, !ere was alrea%+ con)ic ion. ISSUE: 8!e !er or no )ali% classi/ica ion *e ween #e i ioner an% Jalos=os e1is s RULING: 7!e #e i ion is *ere/ o/ (eri . .n a e(# in, o s ri2e a %is inc ion *e ween !is case an% !a o/ Jalos=os, #e i ioner c!ie/l+ #oin s ou !a /or(er Re#. Ro(eo Jalos=os 0Jalos=os4 was alrea%+ con)ic e%, al*ei !is con)ic ion was #en%in, a##eal, w!en !e /ile% a (o ion si(ilar o #e i ionerMs O(ni*us "o ion, w!ereas !e 0#e i ioner4 is a (ere %e en ion #risoner. Ge asser s !a !e con inues o en=o+ ci)il an% #oli ical ri,! s since !e #resu(# ion o/ innocence is s ill in !is /a)or. :ur !er, #e i ioner illus ra es !a Jalos=os was c!ar,e% wi ! cri(es in)ol)in, (oral ur#i u%e, i.e., wo coun s o/ s a u or+ ra#e an% si1 coun s o/ ac s o/ lasci)iousness,

w!ereas !e is in%ic e% /or cou# %Me a w!ic! is re,ar%e% as a D#oli ical o//ense.D :ur !er(ore, #e i ioner =us i/ies in !is /a)or !e #resence o/ no*le causes in e1#ressin, le,i i(a e ,rie)ances a,ains !e ra(#an an% ins i u ionali<e% #rac ice o/ ,ra/ an% corru# ion in !e -:P. - #lain rea%in, o/ Jalos=os su,,es s o !erwise, !owe)er. 7!e %is inc ions ci e% *+ #e i ioner were no ele(en al in !e #ronounce(en in Jalos=os !a elec ion o Con,ress is no a reasona*le classi/ica ion in cri(inal law en/orce(en as !e /unc ions an% %u ies o/ !e o//ice are no su*s an ial %is inc ions w!ic! li/ one /ro( !e class o/ #risoners in erru# e% in !eir /ree%o( an% res ric e% in li*er + o/ (o)e(en . . canno *e ,ainsai% !a a #erson c!ar,e% wi ! a cri(e is a2en in o cus o%+ /or #ur#oses o/ !e a%(inis ra ion o/ =us ice. No less !an !e Cons i u ion #ro)i%esA -ll #ersons, e1ce# !ose c!ar,e% wi ! o//enses #unis!a*le *+ reclusion #er#e ua w!en e)i%ence o/ ,uil is s ron,, s!all, *e/ore con)ic ion, *e *aila*le *+ su//icien sure ies, or *e release% on reco,ni<ance as (a+ *e #ro)i%e% *+ law. 7!e ri,! o *ail s!all no *e i(#aire% e)en w!en !e #ri)ile,e o/ !e wri o/ !a*eas cor#us is sus#en%e%. 61cessi)e *ail s!all no *e re;uire%. 0?n%erscorin, su##lie%4 7!e Rules also s a e !a no #erson c!ar,e% wi ! a ca#i al o//ense, or an o//ense #unis!a*le *+ reclusion #er#e ua or li/e i(#rison(en , s!all *e a%(i e% o *ail w!en e)i%ence o/ ,uil is s ron,, re,ar%less o/ !e s a,e o/ !e cri(inal ac ion. 7!a !e ci e% #ro)isions a##l+ e;uall+ o ra#e an% cou# %Me a cases, *o ! *ein, #unis!a*le *+ reclusion #er#e ua, is *e+on% ca)il. 8i !in !e class o/ o//enses co)ere% *+ !e s a e% ran,e o/ i(#osa*le #enal ies, !ere is clearl+ no %is inc ion as o !e #oli ical co(#le1ion o/ or (oral ur#i u%e in)ol)e% in !e cri(e c!ar,e%. .n !e #resen case, i is uncon ro)er e% !a #e i ionerMs a##lica ion /or *ail an% /or release on reco,ni<ance was %enie%. 7!e %e er(ina ion !a !e e)i%ence o/ ,uil is s ron,, w!e !er ascer aine% in a !earin, o/ an a##lica ion /or *ail or i(#or e% /ro( a rial cour Ms =u%,(en o/ con)ic ion, =us i/ies !e %e en ion o/ an accuse% as a )ali% cur ail(en o/ !is ri,! o #ro)isional li*er +. 7!is accen ua es !e #ro)iso !a !e %enial o/ !e ri,! o *ail in suc! cases is Dre,ar%less o/ !e s a,e o/ !e cri(inal

ac ion.D 9uc! =us i/ica ion /or con/ine(en wi ! i s un%erl+in, ra ionale o/ #u*lic sel/-%e/ense a##lies e;uall+ o %e en ion #risoners li2e #e i ioner or con)ic e% #risoners-a##ellan s li2e Jalos=os. Pe i ioner ,oes on o alle,e !a unli2e Jalos=os w!o a e(# e% o e)a%e rial, !e is no a /li,! ris2 since !e )olun aril+ surren%ere% o !e #ro#er au !ori ies an% suc! can *e #ro)en *+ !e nu(erous i(es !e was allowe% o ra)el ou si%e !is #lace o/ %e en ion. 9u*se;uen e)en s re)eal !e con rar+, !owe)er. 7!e assaile% Or%ers au,ure% well w!en on No)e(*er 29, 2''& #e i ioner wen #as securi + %e ail /or so(e reason an% #rocee%e% /ro( !e cour roo( o a #os! !o el o issue cer ain s a e(en s. 7!e accoun , %u**e% !is i(e as !e D"anila Pen .nci%en ,D #ro)es !a #e i ionerMs ar,u(en *i es !e %us . 7!e ris2 !a !e woul% esca#e cease% o *e nei !er re(o e nor nil as, in /ac , !e cause /or /ore*o%in, *eca(e real. "oreo)er, circu(s ances in%ica in, #ro*a*ili + o/ /li,! /in% rele)ance as a /ac or in ascer ainin, !e reasona*le a(oun o/ *ail an% in cancellin, a %iscre ionar+ ,ran o/ *ail. .n cases in)ol)in, non-*aila*le o//enses, w!a is con rollin, is !e %e er(ina ion o/ w!e !er !e e)i%ence o/ ,uil is s ron,. Once i is es a*lis!e% !a i is so, *ail s!all *e %enie% as i is nei !er a (a er o/ ri,! nor o/ %iscre ion. ART. @ S"'. 5 RIGHTS OF UNREASONA)LE SEARCHES AND SEIMURE cases: VALMONTE VS. DE VILLA FACTS: On 2' Januar+ 19B&, !e Na ional Ca#i al Re,ion Dis ric Co((an% 0NCRDC4 was ac i)a e% #ursuan o Le er o/ .ns ruc ion '23B& o/ !e P!ili##ine General Gea%;uar ers, -:P, wi ! !e (ission o/ con%uc in, securi + o#era ions wi !in i s area o/ res#onsi*ili + an% #eri#!eral areas, /or !e #ur#ose o/ es a*lis!in, an e//ec i)e erri orial %e/ense, (ain ainin, #eace an% or%er, an% #ro)i%in, an a (os#!ere con%uci)e o !e social, econo(ic an% #oli ical %e)elo#(en o/ !e Na ional Ca#i al Re,ion. -s #ar o/ i s %u + o (ain ain #eace an% or%er, !e NCRDC ins alle% c!ec2#oin s in )arious #ar s o/ Halen<uela, "e ro "anila. Pe i ioners a)er !a , *ecause o/ !e ins alla ion o/ sai% c!ec2#oin s, !e resi%en s o/ Halen<uela are worrie% o/ *ein, !arasse% an% o/ !eir sa/e + *ein, #lace% a !e ar*i rar+, ca#ricious an% w!i(sical %is#osi ion o/ !e (ili ar+ (annin, !e c!ec2#oin s, consi%erin, !a !eir

cars an% )e!icles are *ein, su*=ec e% o re,ular searc!es an% c!ec2-u#s, es#eciall+ a ni,! or a %awn, wi !ou !e *ene/i o/ a searc! warran an%3or cour or%er. 7!eir alle,e% /ear /or !eir sa/e + increase% w!en, a %awn o/ 9 Jul+ 19BB, $en=a(in Par#on, a su##l+ o//icer o/ !e "unici#ali + o/ Halen<uela, $ulacan, was ,unne% %own alle,e%l+ in col% *loo% *+ !e (e(*ers o/ !e NCRDC (annin, !e c!ec2#oin alon, "c-r !ur Gi,!wa+ a "alin a, Halen<uela, /or i,norin, an%3or re/usin, o su*(i !i(sel/ o !e c!ec2#oin an% /or con inuin, o s#ee% o// ins#ire o/ warnin, s!o s /ire% in !e air. ISSUE: 8ON !e ins alla ion o/ c!ec2#oin s )iola es !e ri,! o/ !e #eo#le a,ains unreasona*le searc!es an% sei<ures RULING: Pe i ionerMs concern /or !eir sa/e + an% a##re!ension a *ein, !arasse% *+ !e (ili ar+ (annin, !e c!ec2#oin s are no su//icien ,roun%s o %eclare !e c!ec2#oin s #er se, ille,al. No #roo/ !as *een #resen e% *e/ore !e Cour o s!ow !a , in !e course o/ !eir rou ine c!ec2s, !e (ili ar+, in%ee%, co((i e% s#eci/ic )iola ions o/ #e i ionersMM ri,! s a,ains unlaw/ul searc! an% sei<ure o/ o !er ri,! s. 7!e cons i u ional ri,! a,ains unreasona*le searc!es an% sei<ures is a #ersonal ri,! in)oca*le onl+ *+ !ose w!ose ri,! s !a)e *een in/rin,e%, or !rea ene% o *e in/rin,e%. No all searc!es an% sei<ures are #ro!i*i e%. 7!ose w!ic! are reasona*le are no /or*i%%en. 7!e se in, u# o/ !e ;ues ione% c!ec2#oin s (a+ *e consi%ere% as a securi + (easure o ena*le !e NCRDC o #ursue i s (ission o/ es a*lis!in, e//ec i)e erri orial %e/ense an% (ain ainin, #eace an% or%er /or !e *ene/i o/ !e #u*lic. C!ec2#oin s (a+ no also *e re,ar%e% as (easures o !war #lo s o %es a*ili<e !e ,o) , in !e in eres o/ #u*lic securi +. $e ween !e in!eren ri,! o/ !e s a e o #ro ec i s e1is ence an% #ro(o e #u*lic wel/are an% an in%i)i%ual>s ri,! a,ains a warran less searc! w3c is, !owe)er, reasona*l+ con%uc e%, !e /or(er s!oul% #re)ail. 7rue, !e (annin, o/ c!ec2#oin s *+ !e (ili ar+ is susce# i*le o/ a*use *+ !e (ili ar+ in !e sa(e (anner !a all ,o)ern(en al #ower is susce# i*le o/ a*use. $u , a !e cos o/ occasional incon)enience, %isco(/or an% e)en irri a ion o !e ci i<en, !e c!ec2#oin s %urin, !ese a*nor(al i(es, w!en con%uc e% w3in reasona*le li(i s, are #ar o/ !e #rice we #a+ /or an or%erl+ socie + an% a #eace/ul co((uni +. PRO)A)LE CAUSE: ;/"$+-+t+o-< cases:

HU)ERT E. P. WE)), VS. HONORA)LE RAUL E. DE LEON G.R. No. 121234, -u,us 23, 1995 FACTS: On June 19, 1994, !e Na ional $ureau o/ .n)es i,a ion 0N$.4 /ile% wi ! !e De#ar (en o/ Jus ice a le erco(#lain c!ar,in, #e i ioners Gu*er 8e**, "ic!ael Ga c!alian, -n onio J. Le=ano an% si1 064 o !er #ersons wi ! !e cri(e o/ Ra#e an% Go(ici%e o/ Car(ela N. Hi<con%e, !er (o !er 6s relli a Nicolas-Hi<con%e, an% !er sis er -nne "arie Jenni/er in !eir !o(e a Nu(*er B' 8. Hin<ons, 9 ., $: Go(es Parana;ue, "e ro "anila on June 3', 1991. :or !wi !, !e De#ar (en o/ Jus ice /or(e% a #anel o/ #rosecu ors !ea%e% *+ -ssis an C!ie/ 9 a e Prosecu or Jo)encio R. Suno o con%uc !e #reli(inar+ in)es i,a ion. ARGUMENTS: Pe i ioners /aul !e DOJ Panel /or i s /in%in, o/ #ro*a*le cause. 7!e+ assail !e cre%i*ili + o/ Jessica -l/aro as in!eren l+ wea2 an% uncorro*ora e% %ue o !e inconsis encies *e ween !er -#ril 2B, 1995 an% "a+ 22, 1995 sworn s a e(en s. 7!e+ cri ici<e !e #roce%ure /ollowe% *+ !e DOJ Panel w!en i %i% no e1a(ine wi nesses o clari/+ !e alle,e% inconsis encies. Pe i ioners c!ar,e !a res#on%en Ju%,e Raul %e Leon an%, la er, res#on%en Ju%,e -(eli a 7olen ino issue% warran s o/ arres a,ains !e( wi !ou con%uc in, !e re;uire% #reli(inar+ e1a(ina ion. Pe i ioners co(#lain a*ou !e %enial o/ !eir cons i u ional ri,! o %ue #rocess an% )iola ion o/ !eir ri,! o an i(#ar ial in)es i,a ion. 7!e+ also assail !e #re=u%icial #u*lici + !a a en%e% !eir #reli(inar+ in)es i,a ion. ISSUES: 1. 8!e !er or no !e DOJ Panel li2ewise ,ra)el+ a*use% i s %iscre ion in !ol%in, !a !ere is #ro*a*le cause o c!ar,e !e( wi ! !e cri(e o/ ra#e an% !o(ici%e 2. 8!e !er or no res#on%en Ju%,es %e Leon an% 7olen ino ,ra)el+ a*use% !eir %iscre ion w!en !e+ /aile% o con%uc a #reli(inar+ e1a(ina ion *e/ore issuin, warran s o/ arres a,ains !e( 3. 8!e !er or no !e DOJ Panel %enie% !e( !eir cons i u ional ri,! o %ue #rocess %urin, !eir #reli(inar+ in)es i,a ion 4. 8!e !er or no !e DOJ Panel unlaw/ull+ in ru%e% in o =u%icial #rero,a i)e w!en i /aile% o c!ar,e Jessica -l/aro in !e in/or(a ion as an accuse%. RULING:

1. NO. 2. NO. 3. NO. 7!ere is no (eri in !is con en ion *ecause #e i ioners were ,i)en all !e o##or uni ies o *e !ear%. 4. NO. REASONS: 1. 7!e Cour rule% !a !e DOJ Panel %i% no ,ra)el+ a*use i s %iscre ion w!en i /oun% #ro*a*le cause a,ains !e #e i ioners. - #ro*a*le cause nee%s onl+ o res on e)i%ence s!owin, !a (ore li2el+ !an no , a cri(e !as *een co((i e% an% was co((i e% *+ !e sus#ec s. Pro*a*le cause nee% no *e *ase% on clear an% con)incin, e)i%ence o/ ,uil , nei !er on e)i%ence es a*lis!in, ,uil *e+on% reasona*le %ou* an% %e/ini el+, no on e)i%ence es a*lis!in, a*solu e cer ain + o/ ,uil . 2. 7!e Cour rule% !a res#on%en =u%,es %i% no ,ra)el+ a*use !eir %iscre ion. .n arres cases, !ere (us *e a #ro*a*le cause !a a cri(e !as *een co((i e% an% !a !e #erson o *e arres e% co((i e% i . 9ec ion 6 o/ Rule 112 si(#l+ #ro)i%es !a Nu#on /ilin, o/ an in/or(a ion, !e Re,ional 7rial Cour (a+ issue a warran /or !e accuse%. Clearl+ !e, our laws re#u%ia e !e su*(ission o/ #e i ioners !a res#on%en =u%,es s!oul% !a)e con%uc e% Nsearc!in, e1a(ina ion o/ wi nessesO *e/ore issuin, warran s o/ arres a,ains !e(. 3. 7!e DOJ Panel #recisel+ e% !e #ar ies o a%%uce (ore e)i%ence in !eir *e!al/ an% /or !e #anel o s u%+ !e e)i%ence su*(i e% (ore /ull+. 4. Pe i ioner>s ar,u(en lac2s a##eal /or i lies on !e /aul + assu(# ion !a !e %ecision w!o( o #rosecu e is a =u%icial /unc ion, !e sole #rero,a i)e o/ !e cour s an% *e+on% e1ecu i)e an% le,isla i)e in er/erence. .n ru !, !e #rosecu ion o/ cri(es a##er ains o !e e1ecu i)e %e#ar (en o/ ,o)ern(en w!ose #rinci#al #ower an% res#onsi*ili + is o see !a our laws are /ai !/ull+ e1ecu e%. - necessar+ co(#onen o/ !is #ower is !e ri,! o #rosecu e !eir )iola ors 09ee R.-. No. 69B1 an% sec ion 9 o/ Rule 119 /or le,al *asis4. 8i ! re,ar% o !e inconsis encies o/ !e sworn s a e(en s o/ Jessica -l/aro, !e Cour *elie)es !a !ese !a)e *een su//icien l+ e1#laine% an% !ere is no s!owin, !a !e inconsis encies were %eli*era el+ (a%e o %is or !e ru !. 8i ! re,ar% o !e #e i ioners> co(#lain a*ou !e #re=u%icial #u*lici + !a a en%e% !eir #reli(inar+ in)es i,a ion, !e Cour /in%s no !in, in !e recor%s !a will #ro)e !a !e one an% con en o/ !e #u*lici + !a a en%e% !e in)es i,a ion o/ #e i ioners /a all+ in/ec e% !e /airness an% i(#ar iali + o/ !e DOJ Panel. Pe i ioners canno =us rel+ on !e su*li(inal e//ec s o/ #u*lici + on !e sense o/ /airness o/ !e DOJ Panel, /or !ese are *asicall+ un*e2nown an% *e+on% 2nowin,.

LIM, SR. VS EUDGE FELIX GR NO9. 95954-& 0:6$R?-RC 19, 19914 FACTS: -On "arc! 1&, 19B9, a a*ou &A3' oMcloc2 in !e (ornin,, a !e )icini + o/ !e air#or roa% o/ !e "as*a e Do(es ic -ir#or , loca e% a !e (unici#ali + o/ "as*a e #ro)ince o/ "as*a e, Con,ress(an "oises 6s#inosa, 9r. an% !is securi + escor s, na(el+ Pro)incial Guar%s -n onio Cor es, Gas#ar -(aro, an% -r e(io :uen es were a ac2e% an% 2ille% *+ a lone assassin. Dan e 9i*lan e ano !er securi + escor o/ Con,ress(an 6s#inosa, 9r. sur)i)e% !e assassina ion #lo , al !ou,!, !e !i(sel/ su//ere% a ,uns!o woun%. --n in)es i,a ion o/ !e inci%en !en /ollowe%. -7!erea/ er, an% /or !e #ur#ose o/ #reli(inar+ in)es i,a ion, !e %esi,na e% in)es i,a or, Garr+ O. 7an ia%o, 79,, o/ !e PC Cri(inal .n)es i,a ion 9er)ice a Ca(# $a,on, .*alon Le,a<#i Ci + /ile% an a(en%e% co(#lain wi ! !e "unici#al 7rial Cour o/ "as*a e accusin,, a(on, o !ers, Hicen e Li(, 9r., "a+or 9usana Li( o/ "as*a e, Joll+ 7. :ernan%e<, :lorencio 7. :ernan%e<, Jr., Nonilon -. $a,ali!o,, "a+or Nes or C. Li( an% "a+or -n onio I!o o/ !e cri(e o/ (ul i#le (ur%er an% /rus ra e% (ur%er in connec ion wi ! !e air#or inci%en . 7!e case was %oc2e e% as Cri(inal Case No. 9211. --/ er con%uc in, !e #reli(inar+ in)es i,a ion, !e cour issue% an or%er %a e% Jul+ 31, 19B9 s a in, !erein !a A N. . . a/ er wei,!in, !e a//i%a)i s an% answers ,i)en *+ !e wi nesses /or !e #rosecu ion %urin, !e #reli(inar+ e1a(ina ion in searc!in, ;ues ions an% answers, conclu%es !a a #ro*a*le cause !as *een es a*lis!e% /or !e issuance o/ a warran o/ arres o/ na(e% accuse% in !e a(en%e% co(#lain , na(el+, Ji((+ Ca*arles, Ronnie :ernan%e<, Nonilon $a,ali!o,, Joll+ :ernan%e<, :lorencio :ernan%e<, Jr., Hicen e Li(, 9r., 9usana Li(, Nes or Li(, -n onio I!o, Jai(e Liwana,, Sal%+ Du(ala, an% Rene 7ualla alias 7i%o+.O - Pe i ioners Hicen e Li(, 9r. an% 9usana Li( /ile% wi ! !e res#on%en cour se)eral (o ions an% (ani/es a ions w!ic! in su*s ance #ra+e% !a an or%er *e issue% re;uirin, !e rans(i al o/ !e ini ial recor%s o/ !e #reli(inar+ in;uir+ or in)es i,a ion con%uc e% *+ !e "unici#al Ju%,e $arsa,a o/ "as*a e /or !e *es

enli,! en(en re,ar%in, !e e1is ence o/ a #ro*a*le cause or #ri(a /acie e)i%ence as well as !e %e er(ina ion o/ !e e1is ence o/ ,uil , #ursuan o !e (an%a or+ (an%a e o/ !e cons i u ion !a no warran s!all *e issue% unless !e issuin, (a,is ra e s!all !a)e !i(sel/ *een #ersonall+ con)ince% o/ suc! #ro*a*le cause. - .n ano !er (ani/es a ion, !e Li(s rei era e% !a !e cour con%uc a !earin, o %e er(ine i/ !ere reall+ e1is s a #ri(a /acie case a,ains !e( in !e li,! o/ %ocu(en s w!ic! are recan a ions o/ so(e wi nesses in !e #reli(inar+ in)es i,a ion. - . s!oul% also *e no e% !a !e Li(s also #resen e% o !e res#on%en Ju%,e %ocu(en s o/ recan a ion o/ wi nesses w!ose es i(onies were use% o es a*lis! a #ri(a /acie case a,ains !e(. -On Jul+ 5, 199', !e res#on%en cour issue% an or%er %en+in, /or lac2 o/ (eri !e (o ions an% (ani/es a ions an% issue% warran s o/ arres a,ains !e accuse% inclu%in, !e #e i ioners !erein. 7!e =u%,e wro e, N.n !e ins an cases, !e #reli(inar+ in)es i,a ion was con%uc e% *+ !e "unici#al 7rial Cour o/ "as*a e, "as*a e w!ic! /oun% !e e1is ence o/ #ro*a*le cause !a !e o//ense o/ (ul i#le (ur%er was co((i e% an% !a all !e accuse% are #ro*a*l+ ,uil + !ereo/, w!ic! was a//ir(e% u#on re)iew *+ !e Pro)incial Prosecu or w!o #ro#erl+ /ile% wi ! !e Re,ional 7rial Cour /our se#ara e in/or(a ions /or (ur%er. Consi%erin, !a *o ! !e wo co(#e en o//icers o w!o( suc! %u + was en rus e% *+ law !a)e %eclare% !e e1is ence o/ #ro*a*le cause, eac! in/or(a ion is co(#le e in /or( an% su*s ance, an% !ere is no )isi*le %e/ec on i s /ace, !is Cour /in%s i =us an% #ro#er o rel+ on !e #rosecu orMs cer i/ica ion in eac! in/or(a ionUO -Pe i ioners ;ues ion !e =u%,(en o/ Ju%,e :eli1 0s a e(en i((e%ia el+ #rece%in, !is #ara,ra#!, i alici<e%4. ISSUE: 8ON a =u%,e (a+ issue a warran o/ arres wi !ou *ail *+ si(#l+ rel+in, on !e #rosecu ionMs cer i/ica ion an% reco((en%a ion !a a #ro*a*le cause e1is s. RULING: 7!e ;ues ione% Or%er o/ res#on%en Ju%,e Ne(esio 9. :eli1 o/ $ranc! 56, Re,ional 7rial Cour o/ "a2a i %a e% Jul+ 5, 199' is %eclare% N?LL an% HO.D an% 967 -9.D6. -s !el% in 9oli)en ). "a2asiar, !e Ju%,e %oes no !a)e o #ersonall+ e1a(ine !e co(#lainan an% !is wi nesses. 7!e Prosecu or can #er/or( !e sa(e /unc ions as a

co((issioner /or !e a2in, o/ !e e)i%ence. Gowe)er, !ere s!oul% *e necessar+ %ocu(en s an% a re#or su##or in, !e :iscalMs *are cer i/ica ion. -ll o/ !ese s!oul% *e *e/ore !e Ju%,e. 8e canno %e er(ine *e/ore!an% !ow cursor+ or e1!aus i)e !e Ju%,eMs e1a(ina ion s!oul% *e. ?suall+, !is %e#en%s on !e circu(s ances o/ eac! case. 7!e Ju%,e !as o e1ercise soun% %iscre ionL a/ er all, !e #ersonal %e er(ina ion is )es e% in !e Ju%,e *+ !e Cons i u ion. Gowe)er, o *e sure, !e Ju%,e (us ,o *e+on% !e Prosecu orMs cer i/ica ion an% in)es i,a ion re#or w!ene)er necessar+. -s (en ione% in !e /ac s 0s a e% a*o)e4, !e Li(s #resen e% %ocu(en s o/ recan a ions o/ !e wi nesses. -l !ou,!, !e ,eneral rule is !a recan a ions are no ,i)en (uc! wei,! in !e %e er(ina ion o/ a case an% in !e ,ran in, o/ a new rial !e res#on%en Ju%,e *e/ore issuin, !is own warran s o/ arres s!oul%, a !e )er+ leas , !a)e ,one o)er !e recor%s o/ !e #reli(inar+ e1a(ina ion con%uc e% earlier in !e li,! o/ !e e)i%ence now #resen e% *+ !e concerne% wi nesses in )iew o/ !e D#oli ical un%er onesD #re)ailin, in !e cases. .n (a2in, !e re;uire% #ersonal %e er(ina ion, a Ju%,e is no #reclu%e% /ro( rel+in, on !e e)i%ence earlier ,a !ere% *+ res#onsi*le o//icers. 7!e e1 en o/ !e reliance %e#en%s on !e circu(s ances o/ eac! case an% is su*=ec o !e Ju%,eMs soun% %iscre ion. Gowe)er, !e Ju%,e a*uses !a %iscre ion w!en !a)in, no e)i%ence *e/ore !i(, !e issues a warran o/ arres . .n%u*i a*l+, !e res#on%en Ju%,e 0:eli14 co((i e% a ,ra)e error w!en !e relie% solel+ on !e Prosecu orMs cer i/ica ion an% issue% !e ;ues ione% Or%er %a e% Jul+ 5, 199' wi !ou !a)in, *e/ore !i( an+ o !er *asis /or !is #ersonal %e er(ina ion o/ !e e1is ence o/ a #ro*a*le cause. CONDUCT OF CHECD POINTS: cases: VALMONTE VS. DE VILLA FACTS: On 2' Januar+ 19B&, !e Na ional Ca#i al Re,ion Dis ric Co((an% 0NCRDC4 was ac i)a e% #ursuan o Le er o/ .ns ruc ion '23B& o/ !e P!ili##ine General Gea%;uar ers, -:P, wi ! !e (ission o/ con%uc in, securi + o#era ions wi !in i s area o/ res#onsi*ili + an% #eri#!eral areas, /or !e #ur#ose o/ es a*lis!in, an e//ec i)e erri orial %e/ense, (ain ainin, #eace an% or%er, an% #ro)i%in, an a (os#!ere

con%uci)e o !e social, econo(ic an% #oli ical %e)elo#(en o/ !e Na ional Ca#i al Re,ion. -s #ar o/ i s %u + o (ain ain #eace an% or%er, !e NCRDC ins alle% c!ec2#oin s in )arious #ar s o/ Halen<uela, "e ro "anila. Pe i ioners a)er !a , *ecause o/ !e ins alla ion o/ sai% c!ec2#oin s, !e resi%en s o/ Halen<uela are worrie% o/ *ein, !arasse% an% o/ !eir sa/e + *ein, #lace% a !e ar*i rar+, ca#ricious an% w!i(sical %is#osi ion o/ !e (ili ar+ (annin, !e c!ec2#oin s, consi%erin, !a !eir cars an% )e!icles are *ein, su*=ec e% o re,ular searc!es an% c!ec2-u#s, es#eciall+ a ni,! or a %awn, wi !ou !e *ene/i o/ a searc! warran an%3or cour or%er. 7!eir alle,e% /ear /or !eir sa/e + increase% w!en, a %awn o/ 9 Jul+ 19BB, $en=a(in Par#on, a su##l+ o//icer o/ !e "unici#ali + o/ Halen<uela, $ulacan, was ,unne% %own alle,e%l+ in col% *loo% *+ !e (e(*ers o/ !e NCRDC (annin, !e c!ec2#oin alon, "c-r !ur Gi,!wa+ a "alin a, Halen<uela, /or i,norin, an%3or re/usin, o su*(i !i(sel/ o !e c!ec2#oin an% /or con inuin, o s#ee% o// ins#ire o/ warnin, s!o s /ire% in !e air. ISSUE: 8ON !e ins alla ion o/ c!ec2#oin s )iola es !e ri,! o/ !e #eo#le a,ains unreasona*le searc!es an% sei<ures RULING: Pe i ionerMs concern /or !eir sa/e + an% a##re!ension a *ein, !arasse% *+ !e (ili ar+ (annin, !e c!ec2#oin s are no su//icien ,roun%s o %eclare !e c!ec2#oin s #er se, ille,al. No #roo/ !as *een #resen e% *e/ore !e Cour o s!ow !a , in !e course o/ !eir rou ine c!ec2s, !e (ili ar+, in%ee%, co((i e% s#eci/ic )iola ions o/ #e i ionersMM ri,! s a,ains unlaw/ul searc! an% sei<ure o/ o !er ri,! s. 7!e cons i u ional ri,! a,ains unreasona*le searc!es an% sei<ures is a #ersonal ri,! in)oca*le onl+ *+ !ose w!ose ri,! s !a)e *een in/rin,e%, or !rea ene% o *e in/rin,e%. No all searc!es an% sei<ures are #ro!i*i e%. 7!ose w!ic! are reasona*le are no /or*i%%en. 7!e se in, u# o/ !e ;ues ione% c!ec2#oin s (a+ *e consi%ere% as a securi + (easure o ena*le !e NCRDC o #ursue i s (ission o/ es a*lis!in, e//ec i)e erri orial %e/ense an% (ain ainin, #eace an% or%er /or !e *ene/i o/ !e #u*lic. C!ec2#oin s (a+ no also *e re,ar%e% as (easures o !war #lo s o %es a*ili<e !e ,o) , in !e in eres o/ #u*lic securi +. $e ween !e in!eren ri,! o/ !e s a e o #ro ec i s e1is ence an% #ro(o e #u*lic wel/are an% an in%i)i%ual>s ri,! a,ains a warran less searc! w3c is, !owe)er, reasona*l+ con%uc e%, !e /or(er s!oul% #re)ail. 7rue, !e (annin, o/ c!ec2#oin s *+ !e (ili ar+ is susce# i*le o/ a*use *+ !e (ili ar+ in !e sa(e (anner !a all ,o)ern(en al #ower is susce# i*le o/ a*use. $u , a !e cos o/ occasional incon)enience, %isco(/or an% e)en irri a ion o !e ci i<en, !e c!ec2#oin s %urin, !ese

a*nor(al i(es, w!en con%uc e% w3in reasona*le li(i s, are #ar o/ !e #rice we #a+ /or an or%erl+ socie + an% a #eace/ul co((uni +. PEOPLE VS. DEL ROSARIO 234 9CR- 246L G.R. NO. 1'9633L 2' J?L 1994 F,'t#A -ccuse% was c!ar,e% an% con)ic e% *+ !e rial cour o/ ille,al #ossession o/ /irear(s an% ille,al #ossession an% sale o/ %ru,s, #ar icularl+ (e !a(#!e a(ine or s!a*u. -/ er !e issuance o/ !e searc! warran , w!ic! au !ori<e% !e searc! an% sei<ure o/ an un%e er(ine% ;uan i + o/ (e !a(#!e a(ine an% i s #ara#!ernalia>s, an en ra#(en was #lanne% !a le% o !e arres o/ %el Rosario an% o !e sei<ure o/ !e s!a*u, i s #ara#!ernalia>s an% o/ a .22 cali*er #is ol wi ! 3 li)e a((uni ion. I##%": 8!e !er or No #ro#er. !e sei<ure o/ !e /irear(s was

On Dec. 13, 19BB, P3L . -*ello was i##e% o// *+ !is in/or(an !a a cer ain N-lin, RosaO will *e arri)in, /ro( $a,uio Ci + wi ! a lar,e )olu(e o/ (ari=uana an% asse(*le% a ea(. 7!e ne1 %a+, a !e Hic or+ Liner $us er(inal !e+ wai e% /or !e *us co(in, /ro( $a,uio, w!en !e in/or(er #oin e% ou w!o N-lin, RosaO was, !e ea( a##roac!e% !er an% in ro%uce% !e(sel)es as N-RCO" a,en s. 8!en -*ello as2e% Nalin, RosaO a*ou !e con en s o/ !er *a,, !e la er !an%e% i ou o !e #olice. 7!e+ /oun% %rie% (ari=uana lea)es #ac2e% in a #las ic *a, (ar2e% Ncas! 2a u a2O. .ns ea% o/ #resen in, i s e)i%ence, !e %e/ense /ile% a %e(urrer o e)i%ence alle,in, !e ille,ali + o/ !e searc! an% sei<ure o/ !e i e(s. .n !er es i(on+, !e accuse% clai(e% !a s!e !a% =us co(e /ro( C!oice !ea re w!ere s!e wa c!e% a (o)ie N$alwe,O. 8!ile a*ou o cross !e roa% an ol% wo(an as2e% !er /or !el# in carr+in, a s!oul%er *a,, w!en s!e was la er on arres e% *+ !e #olice. 9!e !as no 2nowle%,e o/ !e i%en i + o/ !e ol% wo(an an% !e wo(an was now!ere o *e /oun%. -lso, no searc! warran was #resen e%. 7!e rial cour con)ic e% !e accuse% in )iola ion o/ !e %an,erous %ru,s o/ 19&2 ISSUE: 8!e !er or No !e #olice correc l+ searc!e% an% sei<e% !e %ru,s /ro( !e accuse%. RULINGA 7!e /ollowin, cases are s#eci/icall+ #ro)i%e% or allowe% *+ lawA 1. 8arran less searc! inci%en al o a law/ul arres reco,ni<e% un%er 9ec ion 12, Rule 126 o/ !e Rules o/ Cour B an% *+ #re)ailin, =uris#ru%ence 2. 9ei<ure o/ e)i%ence in D#lain )iew,D !e ele(en s o/ w!ic! areA 0a4 a #rior )ali% in rusion *ase% on !e )ali% warran less arres in w!ic! !e #olice are le,all+ #resen in !e #ursui o/ !eir o//icial %u iesL 0*4 !e e)i%ence was ina%)er en l+ %isco)ere% *+ !e #olice w!o !a% !e ri,! o *e w!ere !e+ areL 0c4 !e e)i%ence (us *e i((e%ia el+ a##aren , an% 0%4 D#lain )iewD =us i/ie% (ere sei<ure o/ e)i%ence wi !ou /ur !er searc!L 3. 9earc! o/ a (o)in, )e!icle. Gi,!l+ re,ula e% *+ !e ,o)ern(en , !e )e!icleMs in!eren (o*ili + re%uces e1#ec a ion o/ #ri)ac+ es#eciall+ w!en i s ransi in #u*lic !orou,!/ares /urnis!es a !i,!l+ reasona*le sus#icion a(oun in, o #ro*a*le cause !a !e occu#an co((i e% a cri(inal ac i)i +L 4. Consen e% warran less searc!L 5. Cus o(s searc!L

H"*/: No. 9ec 2 ar . ... o/ !e cons i u ion s#eci/icall+ #ro)i%es !a a searc! warran (us #ar icularl+ %escri*e !e !in,s o *e sei<e%. .n !erein case, !e onl+ o*=ec s o *e sei<e% !a !e warran %e er(ine% was !e (e !a(#!e a(ine an% !e #ara#!ernalia>s !erein. 7!e sei<ure o/ !e /irear(s was uncons i u ional. 8!ere/ore !e %ecision is re)erse% an% !e accuse% is ac;ui e%.

MANALILI V. COURT OF APPEALS

5=> SCRA 6>> FACTS: Narco ics o//icers were %oin, sur)eillance an% c!ance% u#on !e accuse% in a ce(e er+ w!o see(e% o *e !i,! on %ru,s. Ge rie% o resis !e #olice o//icers an% u#on in;uir+, /oun% !a !e accuse% was #ossessin, w!a see(e% o *e crus!e% (ari=uana lea)es. HELD: - s o#-an%-/ris2 was %e/ine% as !e )ernacular %esi,na ion o/ !e ri,! o/ a #olice o//icer o s o# a ci i<en on !e s ree , in erro,a e !i(, an% #a !i( /or wea#ons. . !as *een !el% as one o/ !e e1ce# ions o !e ,eneral rule a,ains searc!es wi !ou warran .

PEOPLE VS. ARUTA

5== SCRA L5L G.R. NO. 12'515L 13 -PR 199B FACTSA

6. 9 o# an% :ris2L &. 61i,en an% 6(er,enc+ Circu(s ances. 7!e essen ial re;uisi e o/ #ro*a*le cause (us s ill *e sa is/ie% *e/ore a warran less searc! an% sei<ure can *e law/ull+ con%uc e%. 7!e accuse% canno *e sai% o *e co((i in, a cri(e, s!e was (erel+ crossin, !e s ree an% was no ac in, sus#iciousl+ /or !e Narco( a,en s o conclu%e !a s!e was co((i in, a cri(e. 7!ere was no le,al *asis o e//ec a warran less arres o/ !e accuse%>s *a,, !ere was no #ro*a*le cause an% !e accuse% was no law/ull+ arres e%. 7!e #olice !a% (ore !an 24 !ours o #rocure a searc! warran an% !e+ %i% no %o so. 7!e sei<e% (ari=uana was ille,al an% ina%(issi*le e)i%ence. RULE 77@, RULES OF COURT 9ec ion 5. -rres wi !ou warran L w!en law/ul. P #eace o//icer or a #ri)a e #erson (a+, wi !ou a warran , arres a #ersonA 0a4 8!en, in !is #resence, !e #erson o *e arres e% !as co((i e%, is ac uall+ co((i in,, or is a e(# in, o co((i an o//enseL 0*4 8!en an o//ense !as =us *een co((i e%, an% !e !as #ro*a*le cause o *elie)e *ase% on #ersonal 2nowle%,e o/ /ac s or circu(s ances !a !e #erson o *e arres e% !as co((i e% i L an% 0c4 8!en !e #erson o *e arres e% is a #risoner w!o !as esca#e% /ro( a #enal es a*lis!(en or #lace w!ere !e is ser)in, /inal =u%,(en or is e(#oraril+ con/ine% w!ile !is case is #en%in,, or !as esca#e% w!ile *ein, rans/erre% /ro( one con/ine(en o ano !er. .n cases /allin, un%er #ara,ra#! 0a4 an% 0*4 a*o)e, !e #erson arres e% wi !ou a warran s!all *e /or !wi ! %eli)ere% o !e neares #olice s a ion or =ail an% s!all *e #rocee%e% a,ains in accor%ance wi ! sec ion & o/ Rule 112. RULE 75L, RULES OF COURT 9ec ion 2. Cour w!ere a##lica ion /or searc! warran s!all *e /ile%. P -n a##lica ion /or searc! warran s!all *e /ile% wi ! !e /ollowin,A a4 -n+ cour wi !in w!ose erri orial =uris%ic ion a cri(e was co((i e%. *4 :or co(#ellin, reasons s a e% in !e a##lica ion, an+ cour wi !in !e =u%icial re,ion w!ere !e cri(e was

co((i e% i/ !e #lace o/ !e co((ission o/ !e cri(e is 2nown, or an+ cour wi !in !e =u%icial re,ion w!ere !e warran s!all *e en/orce%. Gowe)er, i/ !e cri(inal ac ion !as alrea%+ *een /ile%, !e a##lica ion s!all onl+ *e (a%e in !e cour w!ere !e cri(inal ac ion is #en%in,. 9ec ion &. Ri,! o *rea2 %oor or win%ow o e//ec searc!. P 7!e o//icer, i/ re/use% a%(i ance o !e #lace o/ %irec e% searc! a/ er ,i)in, no ice o/ !is #ur#ose an% au !ori +, (a+ *rea2 o#en an+ ou er or inner %oor or win%ow o/ a !ouse or an+ #ar o/ a !ouse or an+ !in, !erein o e1ecu e !e warran or li*era e !i(sel/ or an+ #erson law/ull+ ai%in, !i( w!en unlaw/ull+ %e aine% !erein. 9ec ion 12. Deli)er+ o/ #ro#er + an% in)en or+ !ereo/ o cour L re urn an% #rocee%in,s !ereon. 0a4 7!e o//icer (us /or !wi ! %eli)er !e #ro#er + sei<e% o !e =u%,e w!o issue% !e warran , o,e !er wi ! a rue in)en or+ !ereo/ %ul+ )eri/ie% un%er oa !. 0*4 7en 01'4 %a+s a/ er issuance o/ !e searc! warran , !e issuin, =u%,e s!all ascer ain i/ !e re urn !as *een (a%e, an% i/ none, s!all su((on !e #erson o w!o( !e warran was issue% an% re;uire !i( o e1#lain w!+ no re urn was (a%e. ./ !e re urn !as *een (a%e, !e =u%,e s!all ascer ain w!e !er sec ion 11 o/ !is Rule !as *een co(#laine% wi ! an% s!all re;uire !a !e #ro#er + sei<e% *e %eli)ere% o !i(. 7!e =u%,e s!all see o i !a su*sec ion 0a4 !ereo/ !as *een co(#lie% wi !. 0c4 7!e re urn on !e searc! warran s!all *e /ile% an% 2e# *+ !e cus o%ian o/ !e lo, *oo2 on searc! warran s w!o s!all en er !erein !e %a e o/ !e re urn, !e resul , an% o !er ac ions o/ !e =u%,e. - )iola ion o/ !is sec ion s!all cons i u e con e(# o/ cour SILAHIS INTERNATIONAL HOTEL, INC. (#. SOLUTA FACTS: Loi%a 9o(acera 0Loi%a4, a laun%r+wo(an o/ !e !o el, s a+e% o)erni,! a !e /e(ale loc2er roo( a !e *ase(en o/ !e !o el. - %awn, s!e !ear% #oun%in, soun%s ou si%e, s!e saw /i)e (en in *aron, a,alo, w!o( s!e /aile% o reco,ni<e *u s!e was sure were no e(#lo+ees o/ !e !o el, /orci*l+ o#enin, !e %oor o/ !e union o//ice. .n !e (ornin,, as union o//icer 9olu a was r+in, in )ain o o#en !e %oor o/ !e union o//ice, Loi%a narra e% o !i( w!a s!e !a% wi nesse% a %awn.

9olu a i((e%ia el+ lo%,e% a co(#lain *e/ore !e 9ecuri + O//icer. -n% !e /e c!e% a loc2s(i !. - !a ins an , (en in *aron, a,alo, ar(e% wi ! clu*s arri)e% an% s ar e% !i in, 9olu a an% !is co(#anions. Panlilio !ereu#on ins ruc e% Hillanue)a o /orce o#en !e %oor, an% !e la er %i%. Once insi%e, Panlilio an% !is co(#anions *e,an searc!in, !e o//ice, o)er !e o*=ec ion o/ $a*a+ w!o e)en as2e% !e( i/ !e+ !a% a searc! warran . - #las ic *a, was /oun% con ainin, (ari=uana /lowerin, o#s. -s a resul o/ !e %isco)er+ o/ !e #resence o/ (ari=uana in !e union o//ice an% a/ er !e #olice con%uc e% an in)es i,a ion o/ !e inci%en , a co(#lain a,ains !e 13 union o//icers was /ile% *e/ore !e :iscal>s O//ice o/ "anila. R7C ac;ui e% !e accuse%. On a##eal, !e Ca//ir(e% wi ! (o%i/ica ion !e %ecision o/ !e rial cour . ISSUE: 8!e !er res#on%en in%i)i%ual can reco)er %a(a,es /or )iola ion o/ cons i u ional ri,! s. RULING: -r icle 32, in rela ion o -r icle 2219064 an% 01'4 o/ !e Ci)il Co%e, allows so. -R7. 32. -n+ #u*lic o//icer or e(#lo+ee, or an+ #ri)a e in%i)i%ual, w!o %irec l+ or in%irec l+ o*s ruc s, %e/ea s, )iola es or in an+ (anner i(#e%es or i(#airs an+ o/ !e /ollowin, ri,! s an% li*er ies o/ ano !er #erson s!all *e lia*le o !e la er /or %a(a,esA .n !e #resen case, #e i ioners !a%, *+ !eir own clai(, alrea%+ recei)e% re#or s in la e 19B& o/ ille,al ac i)i ies an% "anie,o con%uc e% sur)eillance. Ce , in !e (ornin, o/ Januar+ 11, 19BB, #e i ioners an% !eir co(#anions *ar,e% in o an% searc!e% !e union o//ice wi !ou a searc! warran , %es#i e a(#le i(e /or !e( o o* ain one. 7!e course a2en *+ #e i ioners an% co(#an+ s in2s in ille,ali +. Pe i ioners> )iola ion o/ in%i)i%ual res#on%en s> cons i u ional ri,! a,ains unreasona*le searc! !us /urnis!es !e *asis /or !e awar% o/ %a(a,es un%er -r icle 32 o/ !e Ci)il Co%e. :or res#on%en s, *ein, !e law/ul occu#an s o/ !e o//ice !a% !e ri,! o raise !e ;ues ion o/ )ali%i + o/ !e searc! an% sei<ure. -r icle 32 s#ea2s o/ an o//icer or e(#lo+ee or #erson D%irec l+ or in%irec l+D res#onsi*le /or !e )iola ion o/ !e cons i u ional ri,! s an% li*er ies o/ ano !er. Gence, i is no !e ac or alone w!o (us answer /or %a(a,es un%er -r icle 32L !e #erson in%irec l+ res#onsi*le !as also o answer /or !e %a(a,es or in=ur+ cause% o !e a,,rie)e% #ar +. 9uc! *ein, !e case, #e i ioners, o,e !er wi ! "anie,o an% Hillanue)a, !e ones w!o orc!es ra e% !e ille,al searc!, are =oin l+ an% se)erall+ lia*le /or ac ual,

(oral an% e1e(#lar+ %a(a,es o !erein in%i)i%ual res#on%en s in accor%ance wi ! !e earlier-;uo e% #er inen #ro)ision o/ -r icle 32, in rela ion o -r icle 2219064 an% 01'4 o/ !e Ci)il Co%e w!ic! #ro)i%esA A&t. 5574. "oral %a(a,es (a+ *e reco)ere% in !e /ollowin, an% analo,ous cases, a(on, o !ers, 064 .lle,al searc! an% 01'4 -c s an% ac ion re/erre% o in -r icles 21, 26, 2&, 2B, 29, 3', 32, 34 an% 35. D6C.9.ONA Denie%. PACIS VS. PAMARAN G.R. No. L-23996 "arc! 15, 19&4 Do't&+-": . is a well-se le% #rinci#le !a /or )iola ions o/ cus o(s laws, a warran issue% *+ !e Collec or o/ Cus o(s is conce%e%. . is no necessar+, in !ese cases, !a !e warran s *e issue% *+ a =u%,e, as w!a is re;uire% in !e Cons i u ion. FACTS: Res#on%en Ricar%o 9an os is !e owner o/ a "ercur+ au o(o*ile, (o%el 195&. . was *rou,! in o !is coun r+ wi !ou !e #a+(en o/ cus o(s %u + an% a1es, i s ori,inal owner Donal% Ja(es Ga c! *ein, a1-e1e(# . On June 25, 1964, res#on%en #ai% P311.'' /or cus o(s %u + an% a1es. Pe i ioner Pacis, on Jul+ 22, 1964 recei)e% /ro( !e -%(inis ra or, General -//airs -%(inis ra ion o/ !e De#ar (en o/ Na ional De/ense, a le er o !e e//ec !a !e Lan% 7rans#or a ion Co((ission re#or e% !a suc! au o(o*ile was a D!o car.D $+ )ir ue !ereo/, #e i ioner, !rou,! !is su*or%ina es, loo2e% in o !e recor%s o/ !is o//ice an% ascer aine% !a !e a(oun collec i*le on sai% car s!oul% *e P2,5''.'', (ore or less. $ase% on suc! %iscre#anc+, #e i ioner ins i u e% sei<ure #rocee%in,s an% issue% a warran o/ sei<ure an% %e en ion an% !us !e su*=ec au o(o*ile was a2en. Res#on%en re;ues e% /or !e wi !%rawal or %issolu ion o/ !e warran o/ sei<ure *u #e i ioner %enie% i . 7!erea/ er, res#on%en 9an os /ile% a cri(inal co(#lain /or usur#a ion o/ =u%icial /unc ions wi ! !e Ci + :iscal o/ "anila. -s !e res#on%en :iscal Pa(aran was *en on #rocee%in, wi ! !e c!ar,e a,ains #e i ioner, an ac ion /or #ro!i*i ion was /ile% wi ! !e 9u#re(e Cour . ISSUE:

8!e !er or no !e Cons i u ional #ro)ision w!ic! s a es !a onl+ a =u%,e coul% issue a searc! warran a##lies o warran s issue% in lieu o/ )iola ions o/ cus o(s laws. HELD: .n a recen %ecision o/ !is Cour , Pa#a ). "a,o, w!ere !e sei<ure o/ alle,e% s(u,,le% ,oo%s was e//ec e% *+ a #olice o//icer wi !ou a searc! warran , !is Cour , !rou,! Jus ice Sal%i)ar, s a e%A DPe i ioner "ar in -la,ao an% !is co(#anion #olice(en !a% au !ori + o e//ec !e sei<ure wi !ou an+ searc! warran issue% *+ a co(#onen cour . 7!e 7ari// an% Cus o(s Co%e %oes no re;uire sai% warran in !e ins an case. 7!e Co%e au !ori<es #ersons !a)in, #olice au !ori + un%er 9ec ion 22'3 o/ !e 7ari// an% Cus o(s Co%e o en er, #ass !rou,! or searc! an+ lan%, inclosure, ware!ouse, s ore or *uil%in,, no *ein, a %wellin, !ouse an% also o ins#ec , searc! an% e1a(ine an+ )essel or aircra/ an% an+ run2, #ac2a,e, *o1 or en)elo#e or an+ #erson on *oar%, or s o# an% searc! an% e1a(ine an+ )e!icle, *eas or #erson sus#ec e% o/ !ol%in, or con)e+in, an+ %u ia*le or #ro!i*i e% ar icle in ro%uce% in o !e P!ili##ines con rar+ o law, wi !ou (en ionin, !e nee% o/ a searc! warran in sai% cases. $u in !e searc! o/ a %wellin, !ouse, !e Co%e #ro)i%es !a sai% D%wellin, !ouse (a+ *e en ere% an% searc!e% onl+ u#on warran issue% *+ a =u%,e or =us ice o/ !e #eace ... .D . is our consi%ere% )iew, !ere/ore, !a e1ce# in !e case o/ !e searc! o/ a %wellin, !ouse, #ersons e1ercisin, #olice au !ori + un%er !e cus o(s law (a+ e//ec searc! an% sei<ure wi !ou a searc! warran in !e en/orce(en o/ cus o(s laws.D 7!e #leni u%e o/ !e co(#e ence )es e% in cus o(s o//icials is !us un%enia*le. No suc! cons i u ional ;ues ion !en can #ossi*l+ arise. 9o (uc! is i(#lici /ro( !e )er+ lan,ua,e o/ 9ec ion 22'5 o/ !e 7ari// an% Cus o(s Co%e. . s#ea2s /or i sel/. . is no susce# i*le o/ an+ (isin er#re a ion. 7!e #ower o/ #e i ioner is !us (ani/es . . *ein, un%enia*le !en !a !e sole *asis /or an alle,e% cri(inal ac #er/or(e% *+ !i( was !e #er/or(ance o/ a %u + accor%in, o law, !ere is no !e sli,! es =us i/ica ion /or res#on%en -ssis an Ci + :iscal o con inue wi ! !e #reli(inar+ in)es i,a ion a/ er !is a en ion was %ul+ calle% o !e #lain an% e1#lici le,al #ro)ision !a %i% no su//er a all /ro( an+ cons i u ional in/ir(i +. 8G6R6:OR6, !e wri o/ #ro!i*i ion #ra+e% /or is ,ran e% an% !e successor o/ res#on%en "anuel R. Pa(aran, now a cri(inal circui cour =u%,e, or an+ one in !e Ci + :iscalMs O//ice o/ !e Ci + o/ "anila o w!o( !e co(#lain a,ains #e i ioner /or usur#a ion o/ =u%icial /unc ions arisin, ou o/ !e issuance o/ !e warran o/

sei<ure an% %e en ion, su*=ec -(a er o/ !is li i,a ion, !as *een assi,ne%, is #er#e uall+ res raine% /ro( ac in, !ereon e1ce# o %is(iss !e sa(e. No cos s. STOP AND FRISD RULE: cases:

M,*,',t (#. Co%&t o$ A!!",*#

GR 75@848, 75 D"'"0."& 7443 FACTS: On 2& -u,us 199', a a*ou 6A3' #.(., alle,e%l+ in res#onse o *o(* !rea s re#or e% se)en %a+s earlier, Ro%ol/o Cu o/ !e 8es ern Police Dis ric , "e ro#oli an Police :orce o/ !e .n e,ra e% Na ional Police, Police 9 a ion No. 3, Juia#o, "anila, was on /oo #a rol wi ! !ree o !er #olice o//icers 0all o/ !e( in uni/or(4 alon, Jue<on $oule)ar%, Juia#o, "anila, near !e "ercur+ Dru, s ore a Pla<a "iran%a. 7!e+ c!ance% u#on wo ,rou#s o/ "usli(-loo2in, (en, wi ! eac! ,rou#, co(#rise% o/ !ree o /our (en, #os e% a o##osi e si%es o/ !e corner o/ Jue<on $oule)ar% near !e "ercur+ Dru, 9 ore. 7!ese (en were ac in, sus#iciousl+ wi ! N !eir e+es (o)in, )er+ /as .O Cu an% !is co(#anions #osi ione% !e(sel)es a s ra e,ic #oin s an% o*ser)e% *o ! ,rou#s /or a*ou 3' (inu es. 7!e #olice o//icers !en a##roac!e% one ,rou# o/ (en, w!o !en /le% in %i//eren %irec ions. -s !e #olice(en ,a)e c!ase, Cu cau,! u# wi ! an% a##re!en%e% 9a((+ "alaca + "an%ar 0w!o Cu reco,ni<e%, inas(uc! as alle,e%l+ !e #re)ious 9a ur%a+, 25 -u,us 199', li2ewise a Pla<a "iran%a, Cu saw "alaca an% 2 o !ers a e(# o %e ona e a ,rena%e4. ?#on searc!in, "alaca , Cu /oun% a /ra,(en a ion ,rena%e uc2e% insi%e !e la er>s N/ron wais line.O Cu>s co(#anion, #olice o//icer Ro,elio "ali*iran, a##re!en%e% -*%ul Casan /ro( w!o( a .3B cali*er re)ol)er was reco)ere%. "alaca an% Casan were !en *rou,! o Police 9 a ion 3 w!ere Cu #lace% an NKO (ar2 a !e *o o( o/ !e ,rena%e an% !erea/ er ,a)e i o !is co((an%er. Cu %i% no issue an+ recei# /or !e ,rena%e !e alle,e%l+ reco)ere% /ro( "alaca . On 3' -u,us 199', "alaca was c!ar,e% wi ! )iola in, 9ec ion 3 o/ Presi%en ial Decree 1B66. - arrai,n(en on 9 Oc o*er 199', #e i ioner, assis e% *+ counsel %e o//icio, en ere% a #lea o/ no ,uil +. "alaca %enie% !e c!ar,es an% e1#laine% !a !e onl+ recen l+ arri)e% in "anila. Gowe)er, se)eral o !er #olice o//icers (aule% !i(, !i in, !i( wi ! *enc!es an% ,uns. Pe i ioner was once a,ain searc!e%, *u no !in, was /oun% on !i(. Ge saw !e ,rena%e onl+ in cour w!en i was #resen e%. .n i s %ecision %a e% 1' :e*ruar+ 1994 *u #ro(ul,a e% on 15 :e*ruar+ 1994, !e rial cour rule% !a !e warran less searc! an% sei<ure o/ "alaca was a2in o a Ns o# an% /ris2,O w!ere a Nwarran an% sei<ure can *e

e//ec e% wi !ou necessaril+ *ein, #rece%e% *+ an arres O an% Nw!ose o*=ec is ei !er o (ain ain !e s a us ;uo (o(en aril+ w!ile !e #olice o//icer see2s o o* ain (ore in/or(a ionOL an% !a !e sei<ure o/ !e ,rena%e /ro( "alaca was inci%en al o a law/ul arres . 7!e rial cour !us /oun% "alaca ,uil + o/ !e cri(e o/ ille,al #ossession o/ e1#losi)es un%er 9ec ion 3 o/ PD 1B66, an% sen ence% !i( o su//er !e #enal + o/ no less !an 1& +ears, 4 (on !s an% 1 %a+ o/ Reclusion 7e(#oral, as (ini(u(, an% no (ore !an 3' +ears o/ Reclusion Per#e ua, as (a1i(u(. On 1B :e*ruar+ 1994, "alaca /ile% a no ice o/ a##eal in%ica in, !a !e was a##ealin, o !e 9u#re(e Cour . Gowe)er, !e recor% o/ !e case was /orwar%e% o !e Cour o/ -##eals 0C--GR CR 159BB4. .n i s %ecision o/ 24 Januar+ 1996, !e Cour o/ -##eals a//ir(e% !e rial cour . "analili /ile% a #e i ion /or re)iew wi ! !e 9u#re(e Cour . ISSUE: 8!e !er !e searc! (a%e on "alaca is )ali%, #ursuan o !e e1ce# ion o/ Ns o# an% /ris2.O HELD: 7!e ,eneral rule as re,ar%s arres s, searc!es an% sei<ures is !a a warran is nee%e% in or%er o )ali%l+ e//ec !e sa(e. 7!e Cons i u ional #ro!i*i ion a,ains unreasona*le arres s, searc!es an% sei<ures re/ers o !ose e//ec e% wi !ou a )ali%l+ issue% warran , su*=ec o cer ain e1ce# ions. -s re,ar%s )ali% warran less arres s, !ese are /oun% in 9ec ion 5, Rule 113 o/ !e Rules o/ Cour . warran less arres un%er !e circu(s ances con e(#la e% un%er 9ec ion 50a4 !as *een %eno(ina e% as one Nin /la,ran e %elic o,O w!ile !a un%er 9ec ion 50*4 !as *een %escri*e% as a N!o #ursui O arres . 7urnin, o )ali% warran less searc!es, !e+ are li(i e% o !e /ollowin,A 014 cus o(s searc!esL 024 searc! o/ (o)in, )e!iclesL 034 sei<ure o/ e)i%ence in #lain )iewL 044 consen searc!esL 054 a searc! inci%en al o a law/ul arres L an% 064 a Ns o# an% /ris2.O 7!e conce# s o/ a Ns o#-an%-/ris2O an% o/ a searc! inci%en al o a law/ul arres (us no *e con/use%. 7!ese wo +#es o/ warran less searc!es %i//er in er(s o/ !e re;uisi e ;uan u( o/ #roo/ *e/ore !e+ (a+ *e )ali%l+ e//ec e% an% in !eir allowa*le sco#e. .n a searc! inci%en al o a law/ul arres , as !e #rece%en arres %e er(ines !e )ali%i + o/ !e inci%en al searc!. Gere, !ere coul% !a)e *een no )ali% in /la,ran e %elic o or !o #ursui arres #rece%in, !e searc! in li,! o/ !e lac2 o/ #ersonal 2nowle%,e on !e #ar o/ Cu, !e arres in, o//icer, or an o)er #!+sical ac , on !e #ar o/ "alaca , in%ica in, !a a cri(e !a% =us *een co((i e%, was *ein, co((i e% or was ,oin, o *e co((i e%. Plainl+, !e searc! con%uc e% on "alaca coul% no !a)e *een one inci%en al o a law/ul arres . On !e o !er !an%, w!ile #ro*a*le cause is no

re;uire% o con%uc a Ns o# an% /ris2,O i ne)er !eless !ol%s !a (ere sus#icion or a !unc! will no )ali%a e a Ns o# an% /ris2.O - ,enuine reason (us e1is , in li,! o/ !e #olice o//icer>s e1#erience an% surroun%in, con%i ions, o warran !e *elie/ !a !e #erson %e aine% !as wea#ons conceale% a*ou !i(. :inall+, a Ns o#-an%-/ris2O ser)es a wo-/ol% in eres A 014 !e ,eneral in eres o/ e//ec i)e cri(e #re)en ion an% %e ec ion, w!ic! un%erlies !e reco,ni ion !a a #olice o//icer (a+, un%er a##ro#ria e circu(s ances an% in an a##ro#ria e (anner, a##roac! a #erson /or #ur#oses o/ in)es i,a in, #ossi*le cri(inal *e!a)ior e)en wi !ou #ro*a*le causeL an% 024 !e (ore #ressin, in eres o/ sa/e + an% sel/-#reser)a ion w!ic! #er(i !e #olice o//icer o a2e s e#s o assure !i(sel/ !a !e #erson wi ! w!o( !e %eals is no ar(e% wi ! a %ea%l+ wea#on !a coul% une1#ec e%l+ an% /a all+ *e use% a,ains !e #olice o//icer. Gere, !ere are a leas !ree 034 reasons w!+ !e Ns o#-an%-/ris2O was in)ali%A :irs , !ere is ,ra)e %ou* s as o Cu>s clai( !a "alaca was a (e(*er o/ !e ,rou# w!ic! a e(# e% o *o(* Pla<a "iran%a 2 %a+s earlier. 7!is clai( is nei !er su##or e% *+ an+ #olice re#or or recor% nor corro*ora e% *+ an+ o !er #olice o//icer w!o alle,e%l+ c!ase% !a ,rou#. 9econ%, !ere was no !in, in "alaca >s *e!a)ior or con%uc w!ic! coul% !a)e reasona*l+ elici e% e)en (ere sus#icion o !er !an !a !is e+es were N(o)in, )er+ /as O P an o*ser)a ion w!ic! lea)es us incre%ulous since Cu an% !is ea((a es were now!ere near "alaca an% i was alrea%+ 6A3' #.(., !us #resu(a*l+ %us2. "alaca an% !is co(#anions were (erel+ s an%in, a !e corner an% were no crea in, an+ co((o ion or rou*le. 7!ir%, !ere was a all no ,roun%, #ro*a*le or o !erwise, o *elie)e !a "alaca was ar(e% wi ! a %ea%l+ wea#on. None was )isi*le o Cu, /or as !e a%(i e%, !e alle,e% ,rena%e was N%isco)ere%O Ninsi%e !e /ron wais lineO o/ "alaca , an% /ro( all in%ica ions as o !e %is ance *e ween Cu an% "alaca , an+ ell ale *ul,e, assu(in, !a "alaca was in%ee% !i%in, a ,rena%e, coul% no !a)e *een )isi*le o Cu. 8!a is une;ui)ocal !en are *la an )iola ions o/ "alaca >s ri,! s sole(nl+ ,uaran ee% in 9ec ions 2 an% 12014 o/ -r icle ... o/ !e Cons i u ion. WARRANTLESS ARREST cases: PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES VS. SANDIGAN)AYAN 09?$J6C7A D6L6G-7.ON O: J?-9. J?D.C.-L PO86RL 697OPP6L. FACTS: ON 1B "-RCG 19B6, -77C. R-".R6S -ND -77C. -$6LL-, PCGG -G6N79, .99?6D -

96J?697R-7.ON ORD6R -G-.N97 7G6 R697GO?9 7G6 9OL6 .99?6 PR696N76D .9 8G67G6R OR NO7 7G6 "-RCG 1B, 19B6 96J?697R-7.ON ORD6R -G-.N97 PROP6R7.69 O: ."6LD- .N L6C76 .NCL?D.NG 7G6 R697GO?96 -7 OLO7. 7G6.R ORD6R 8-9 NO7 9.GN6D $C -NC PCGG CO"".99.ON6R9. ISSUE: .9 7G6.R ORD6R H-L.D@ RULING: NO. J?D.C.-L OR J?-9.-J?D.C.-L PO86R9 "-C NO7 $6 D6L6G-76D. .N PCGG H. J?DG6 P6V-,E1F E1&F 7G6 CO?R7 G6LD 7G-7 7G6 PO86R9, :?NC7.ON9 -ND D?7.69 O: 7G6 PCGG -"O?N7 7O 7G6 6K6RC.96 O: J?-9.-J?D.C.-L :?NC7.ON9, -ND 7G6 6K6RC.96 O: 9?CG :?NC7.ON9 C-NNO7 $6 D6L6G-76D $C 7G6 CO"".99.ON 7O .79 R6PR696N7-7.H69 OR 9?$ORD.N-769 OR 7-9I :ORC69 $6C-?96 O: 7G6 86LL 697-$L.9G6D PR.NC.PL6 7G-7 J?D.C.-L OR J?-9.-J?D.C.-L PO86R9 "-C NO7 $6 D6L6G-76D. P67.7.ON6R R6P?$L.C -RG?69 7G-7 "R9. "-RCO9 9GO?LD $6 D66"6D 697OPP6D :RO" J?697.ON.NG 7G6 96J?697R-7.ON O: G6R OLO7 R697GO?96 $C G6R -C7.ON9 .N R6G-RD 7O 7G6 9-"6. $?7 - HO.D ORD6R PROD?C69 NO 6::6C7 -ND C-NNO7 $6 H-L.D-76D ?ND6R 7G6 DOC7R.N6 O: 697OPP6L. :OR 7G6 9-"6 R6-9ON, 7G6 CO?R7 C-NNO7 -CC6P7 P67.7.ON6R>9 H.68 7G-7 "R9. "-RCO9 9GO?LD G-H6 :.R97 9O?GG7 7G6 L.:7.NG O: 7G6 96J?697R-7.ON ORD6R 7GRO?GG "O7.ON 7O J?-9G :.L6D 8.7G 7G6 PCGG. $6.NG HO.D, 7G6 9-ND.G-N$-C-N G-9 7G6 PO86R 7O 97R.I6 .7 DO8N ON 9.GG7. RULING OF THE COURT: 7!e Cour >s Rulin, ?n%er 9ec io- 5L, A&t+'*" XVIII o$ t2" Co-#t+t%t+o- , an or%er o/ se;ues ra ion (a+ onl+ issue u#on a s!owin, No/ a #ri(a /acie caseO !a !e #ro#er ies are ill-,o en weal ! un%er 61ecu i)e Or%ers 1 an% 2.E2FE11F 8!en a cour nulli/ies an or%er o/ se;ues ra ion /or !a)in, *een issue% wi !ou a #ri(a /acie case, !e Cour %oes no su*s i u e i s =u%,(en /or !a o/ !e PCGG *u si(#l+ a##lies !e law. E3FE12F

.n $a aan 9!i#+ar% R 6n,ineerin, Co, .nc. ). PCGG,E4F E13F !e Cour !el% !a a #ri(a /acie /ac ual /oun%a ion !a !e #ro#er ies se;ues ere% are Nill-,o en weal !O is re;uire%. 7!e #ower o %e er(ine !e e1is ence o/ a #ri(a /acie case !as *een )es e% in !e PCGG as an inci%en o i s in)es i,a or+ #owers. 7!e wo-co((issioner rule is o*)iousl+ in en%e% o assure a colle,ial %e er(ina ion o/ suc! /ac .E5FE14F Gere, i is clear !a !e PCGG %i% no (a2e a #rior %e er(ina ion o/ !e e1is ence o/ a #ri(a /acie case !a woul% warran !e se;ues ra ion o/ !e Olo Res !ouse. 7!e Re#u*lic #resen e% no e)i%ence *e/ore !e 9an%i,an*a+an !a s!ows %i//eren l+. Nor %i% !e Re#u*lic %e(ons ra e !a !e wo PCGG re#resen a i)es were ,i)en !e ;uasi-=u%icial au !ori + o recei)e an% consi%er e)i%ence !a woul% warran suc! a #ri(a /acie /in%in,. Paren !e icall+, !e Re#u*lic>s su##ose% e)i%ence %oes no s!ow !ow !e "arcoses ac;uire% !e se;ues ere% #ro#er +, w!a (a2es i Nill-,o en weal !,O an% !ow /or(er Presi%en "arcos in er)ene% in i s ac;uisi ion. 7a2in, !e /ore,oin, )iew, !e resolu ion o/ !e issue surroun%in, !e c!arac er o/ !e #ro#er + se;ues ere% w!e !er or no i coul% #ri(a /acie *e consi%ere% ill-,o en s!oul% *e necessar+. 7!e issue in !is case is no new. 7!e /ac s are su*s an iall+ i%en ical o !ose in !e case o/ Re#u*lic ). 9an%i,an*a+an 0Dio .slan% Resor , .nc.4.E6FE15F 7!ere, !e sa(e - +. Ra(ire< issue% a se;ues ra ion or%er on -#ril 14, 19B6 a,ains Dio .slan% Resor , .nc. an% all i s asse s an% #ro#er ies w!ic! were !ou,! o *e #ar o/ !e "arcoses> ill-,o en weal !. -ler e% *+ a c!allen,e o !is ac ion, !e PCGG #asse% a resolu ion N o con/ir(, ra i/+ an% a%o# as i s own all !e 8ri s o/ 9e;ues ra ionO !a - +s. Ra(ire< an% -*ella issue% N o re(o)e an+ %ou* as o !e )ali%i + an% en/orcea*ili +O o/ !eir wri s. 9 ill, !e Cour s ruc2 !e( %own as )oi%A . is in%u*i a*le !a un%er no circu(s ances can a se;ues ra ion or /ree<e or%er *e )ali%l+ issue% *+ one no a Co((issioner o/ !e PCGG. 7!e in)ali%i + o/ !e se;ues ra ion or%er was (a%e (ore a##aren *+ !e /ac !a - +. Ra(ire< %i% no e)en !a)e an+ s#eci/ic au !ori + o ac on *e!al/ o/ !e Co((ission a !e i(e !e issue% !e sai% se;ues ra ion or%er. 1 1 1 6)en assu(in, ar,uen%o !a - +. Ra(ire< !a% *een ,i)en #rior au !ori + *+ !e PCGG o #lace Dio .slan% Resor un%er se;ues ra ion, ne)er !eless, !e se;ues ra ion

or%er !e issue% is s ill )oi% since PCGG (a+ no %ele,a e i s au !ori + o se;ues er o i s re#resen a i)es an% su*or%ina es, an% an+ suc! %ele,a ion is in)ali% an% ine//ec i)e. ?n%er 61ecu i)e Or%er Nos. 1 an% 2, PCGG is !e sole en i + #ri(aril+ c!ar,e% wi ! !e res#onsi*ili + o/ reco)erin, ill-,o en weal !. 1 1 1 7!e #ower o se;ues er, !ere/ore, carries wi ! i !e corollar+ %u + o (a2e a #reli(inar+ %e er(ina ion o/ w!e !er !ere is a reasona*le *asis /or se;ues erin, a #ro#er + alle,e% o *e ill-,o en. -/ er a care/ul e)alua ion o/ !e e)i%ence a%%uce%, !e PCGG clearl+ !as o use i s own =u%,(en in %e er(inin, !e e1is ence o/ a #ri(a /acie case. 7!e a*sence o/ a #rior %e er(ina ion *+ !e PCGG o/ a #ri(a /acie *asis /or !e se;ues ra ion or%er is, una)oi%a*l+, a /a al %e/ec w!ic! ren%ere% !e se;ues ra ion o/ res#on%en cor#ora ion an% i s #ro#er ies )oi% a* ini io. $ein, )oi% a* ini io, i is %ee(e% none1is en , as !ou,! i !a% ne)er *een issue%, 7!e Cour is (ain ainin, i s a*o)e rulin, in !is case. -l !ou,! !e wo PCGG law+ers issue% !e se;ues ra ion or%er in !is case on "arc! 1B, 19B6, *e/ore !e #assa,e o/ 9ec. 3 o/ !e PCGG Rules, suc! consi%era ion is i((a erial /ollowin, our a*o)e rulin,. .n PCGG ). Ju%,e PeWa,EBFE1&F !e Cour !el% !a !e #owers, /unc ions an% %u ies o/ !e PCGG a(oun o !e e1ercise o/ ;uasi-=u%icial /unc ions, an% !e e1ercise o/ suc! /unc ions canno *e %ele,a e% *+ !e Co((ission o i s re#resen a i)es or su*or%ina es or as2 /orces *ecause o/ !e well es a*lis!e% #rinci#le !a =u%icial or ;uasi-=u%icial #owers (a+ no *e %ele,a e%. . is !e Re#u*lic>s !eor+ o/ course !a Co((issioner Da<a>s le er, %irec in, - +s. Ra(ire< an% -*ella o searc! an% se;ues er all #ro#er ies, %ocu(en s, (one+ an% o !er asse s o/ res#on%en s, s!oul% *e consi%ere% as !e wri o/ se;ues ra ion w!ile !e or%er issue% *+ - +s. Ra(ire< an% -*ella s!oul% *e rea e% (erel+ as an i(#le(en in, or%er. $u !e le er %i% no !a)e !e enor o/ a se;ues ra ion or%er co)erin, s#eci/ic #ro#er ies !a !e law+ers were or%ere% o sei<e an% !ol% /or !e PCGG. -c uall+, !a le er is o/ !e sa(e 2in% issue% o - +s. Ra(ire< an% -*ella in Dio .slan% Resor . Conse;uen l+, !ere is no reason o %e#ar /ro( !e Cour >s rulin, in !e la er case w!ere i sai%A

7!e in)ali%i + o/ !e se;ues ra ion or%er was (a%e (ore a##aren *+ !e /ac !a - +. Ra(ire< %i% no e)en !a)e an+ s#eci/ic au !ori + o ac on *e!al/ o/ !e Co((ission a !e i(e !e issue% !e sai% se;ues ra ion or%er. 7!us, !e res#on%en Cour no e%A Con rar+ o #lain i//>s re#resen a ion, no !in, e1is s o su##or i s con en ion !a !e 7as2 :orce !a% *een ,i)en #rior au !ori + o #lace D.O un%er PCGG con rol. On !e con rar+, as !e e1 o/ !e a*o)e le ers clearl+ s!ow, - +s. Jose 7an Ra(ire< an% $en -*ella, !a% ac e% on *roa% an% non-s#eci/ic #owersA X$+ au !ori + o/ !e co((ission an% !e #owers )es e% in i . 1 1 1.>OE9FE1BF Pe i ioner Re#u*lic ar,ues !a "rs. "arcos s!oul% *e %ee(e% es o##e% /ro( ;ues ionin, !e se;ues ra ion o/ !er Olo Res !ouse *+ !er ac ions in re,ar% o !e sa(e. $u a )oi% or%er #ro%uces no e//ec an% canno *e )ali%a e% un%er !e %oc rine o/ es o##el. :or !e sa(e reason, !e Cour canno acce# #e i ioner>s )iew !a "rs. "arcos s!oul% !a)e /irs sou,! !e li/ in, o/ !e se;ues ra ion or%er !rou,! a (o ion o ;uas! /ile% wi ! !e PCGG. $ein, )oi%, !e 9an%i,an*a+an !as !e #ower o s ri2e i %own on si,! . $esi%es, !e li/ in, o/ !e se;ues ra ion or%er will no necessaril+ *e /a al o !e (ain case since i %oes no /ollow /ro( suc! li/ in, !a !e se;ues ere% #ro#er ies are no ill-,o en weal !. 9uc! li/ in, si(#l+ (eans !a !e ,o)ern(en (a+ no ac as conser)a or or (a+ no e1ercise a%(inis ra i)e or !ouse2ee#in, #owers o)er !e #ro#er +.E1'FE19F .n%ee%, !e Re#u*lic can *e #ro ec e% *+ a no ice o/ lis #en%ens. 8G6R6:OR6, !e Cour D.9".9969 !e #e i ion /or lac2 o/ (eri an% -::.R"9 !e c!allen,e% resolu ions o/ !e :our ! Di)ision o/ !e 9an%i,an*a+an %a e% :e*ruar+ 2B, 2''2 an% -u,us 2B, 2''2 in Ci)il Case '''2, w!ic! ,ran e% res#on%en .(el%a R. "arcos> "o ion o Juas! !e "arc! 1B, 19B6 9e;ues ra ion Or%er co)erin, !e Olo Res !ouse. :ur !er, !e Cour D.R6C79 !e Re,is er o/ Dee%s o/ Le+ e o i((e%ia el+ anno a e a no ice o/ lis #en%ens on !e cer i/ica e o/ i le o/ !e Olo Res !ouse wi ! res#ec o !e Re#u*lic o/ !e P!ili##ines> clai( o)er !e sa(e in Ci)il Case '''2 o/ !e 9an%i,an*a+an. No #ronounce(en as o cos s. 9O ORD6R6D. PADILLA V. CA 129 9 55B 0199'4

8!ere in !e co(#lain /or Gra)e Coercion a,ains !e (a+or an% #olice(en, !e+ were ac;ui e% on !e ,roun% !a !eir ,uil !as no *een #ro)en *e+on% reasona*le %ou* , suc! ac;ui al will no *ar a ci)il case /or %a(a,es arisin, /ro( !e %e(oli ion o/ #e i ionYerMs (ar2e s alls. 7!e ac;ui al on !e ,roun% !a !eir ,uil !as no *een #ro)en *e+on% reasonaY*le %ou* re/ers o !e ele(en o/ Gra)e Coercion an% no o !e /ac o/ !a !e s alls were no %e(olis!e%. ?n%er !e Rules o/ Cour , !e e1 inc ion o/ #enal ac ion carries wi ! i !e e1 inc ion o/ ci)il onl+ i/ !ere is a %eclara ion !a /ac s /ro( w!ic! ci)il (a+ arise %i% no e1is . -lso, -r . 29 o/ !e Ci)il Co%e %oes no s a e !a ci)il lia*ili + can *e reco)ere% onl+ in a se#ara e ci)il ac ion. 7!e ci)il lia*ili + can *e reco)ere% ei !er in !e sa(e or a se#ara e ac ion. 7!e #ur#ose o/ reco)erin, in !e sa(e ac ion is o %is#ense wi ! !e /ilin, o/ ano !er ci)il ac ion w!ere !e sa(e e)i%ence is o *e #resen e%, an% !e unse lin, i(#lica ions o/ #er(i in, reins iY u ion o/ a se#ara e ci)il ac ion. Gowe)er, a se#ara e ci)il ac ion is warran e% w!en 014 a%%i ionYal /ac s are o *e es a*lis!e%L 024 !ere is (ore e)i%ence o *e a%%uce%L 034 !ere is /ull er(inaY ion o/ !e cri(inal case an% a se#ara e co(#lain woul% *e (ore e//icacious !an a re(an%. Gence, C- %i% no err in awar%in, %a(a,es %es#i e !e ac;ui al. PEOPLE VS. DEL ROSARIO 234 9CR- 246L G.R. NO. 1'9633L 2' J?L 1994 F,'t#A -ccuse% was c!ar,e% an% con)ic e% *+ !e rial cour o/ ille,al #ossession o/ /irear(s an% ille,al #ossession an% sale o/ %ru,s, #ar icularl+ (e !a(#!e a(ine or s!a*u. -/ er !e issuance o/ !e searc! warran , w!ic! au !ori<e% !e searc! an% sei<ure o/ an un%e er(ine% ;uan i + o/ (e !a(#!e a(ine an% i s #ara#!ernalia>s, an en ra#(en was #lanne% !a le% o !e arres o/ %el Rosario an% o !e sei<ure o/ !e s!a*u, i s #ara#!ernalia>s an% o/ a .22 cali*er #is ol wi ! 3 li)e a((uni ion. I##%": 8!e !er or No #ro#er. !e sei<ure o/ !e /irear(s was

VALIDITY OF A WARRANT ISSUED )Y THE EUDGE cases: PEOPLE (. TEE Dri,! s o/ !e accuse% o s#ee%+ rialD FACTS: 7!e case in)ol)es an au o(a ic re)iew o/ =u%,(en (a%e a,ains 7ee w!o was con)ic e% /or ille,al #ossession o/ (ari=uana an% sen ence% o %ea !. 7!e %e/ense assaile% !e %ecision o/ !e cour /or a2in, a%(issi*le as e)i%ence !e (ari=uana sei<e% /ro( !e accuse% *+ )ir ue o/ alle,e%l+ ,eneral searc! warran . 7!e+ /ur !er con en% !a !e accuse% was %e#ri)e% o/ !is ri,! o s#ee%+ rial *+ /ailure o/ !e #rosecu ion o #ro%uce !eir wi ness w!o /aile% o a##ear %urin, !e 2' !earin, %a es !ere*+ slowin, %own !e rial #roce%ure. ISSUE: 8!e !er or no !e su*s an i)e ri,! o/ !e accuse% /or a s#ee%+ rial #re=u%ice% %urin, !e !earin, o/ !e case. RULING: 7!e cour rule% !a !e su*s an i)e ri,! o/ !e accuse% /or a /air an% s#ee%+ rial was no )iola e%. . !el% !a !e 9#ee%+ 7rial -c o/ 199B #ro)i%es !a !e rial #erio% /or !e cri(inal cases s!oul% *e in ,eneral 1B' %a+s. Gowe)er, in %e er(inin, !e ri,! o/ an accuse% o s#ee%+ rial, cour s s!oul% %o (ore !an a (a !e(a ical co(#u a ion o/ !e nu(*er o/ #os #one(en s o/ !e sc!e%ule% !earin,s o/ !e case.7!e ri,! o a s#ee%+ rial is %ee(e% )iola e% onl+ w!enA 014 !e #rocee%in,s are a en%e% *+ )e1a ious, ca#ricious, an% o##ressi)e %ela+sL or 024 w!en un=us i/ie% #os #one(en s are as2e% /or an% secure%L or 034 w!en wi !ou cause or =us i/ia*le (o i)e a lon, #erio% o/ i(e is allowe% o ela#se wi !ou !e #ar + !a)in, !is case rie%. . was s!own *+ !e recor%s !a !e #rosecu ion e1er e% e//or s in o* ainin, a warran o co(#el !e wi ness o es i/+. 7!e conce# o/ s#ee%+ rial is necessaril+ rela i)e w!ere se)eral /ac ors are wei,!e% suc! as !e len, ! o/ i(e o/ %ela+, !e reason o/ suc! %ela+, an% con%uc o/ #rosecu ion an% !e accuse% an% !e #re=u%ice an% %a(a,e% cause% o !e accuse% o/ suc! %ela+. 7!e cour %i% no /in% !e 2' %a+s o/ %ela+e% !earin, unreasona*le len, ! o/ i(e as o cons i u e %e#ri)a ion o/ !e cons i u ional ri,! s o/ !e accuse% /or a s#ee%+ rial in a%%i ion o !e /ac !a cour rial (a+ *e alwa+s su*=ec e% o #os #one(en /or reasona*le cause o/ %ela+. .n !e

H"*/: No. S"' 5 ,&t. III o$ t2" 'o-#t+t%t+o- s#eci/icall+ #ro)i%es !a a searc! warran (us #ar icularl+ %escri*e !e !in,s o *e sei<e%. .n !erein case, !e onl+ o*=ec s o *e sei<e% !a !e warran %e er(ine% was !e (e !a(#!e a(ine an% !e #ara#!ernalia>s !erein. 7!e sei<ure o/ !e /irear(s was uncons i u ional. 8!ere/ore !e %ecision is re)erse% an% !e accuse% is ac;ui e%.

a*sence o/ s!owin, !a !e reason /or %ela+ was ca#ricious or o##ressi)e, !e 9 a e (us no *e %e#ri)e% o/ reasona*le o##or uni + in #rosecu in, !e accuse%. PANGANDAMAN V. CASAR FACTSA 7!e case ori,ina e% in Lanao. 7!e o//en%e% #ar + was a(*us!e% in Lanao, *u !e sur)i)e%. $ase% on !is %escri# ion, !ere were aroun% 5' #ersons w!o s a,e% !e a(*us! /ro( *o ! si%es o/ !e !ill. Gowe)er, !e coul% no reco,ni<e an+one o/ !e 5'. $u !e /ile% a case a,ains all 5' a(*us!ers, all NJOGN DO69O. 9o !e cour issue% a warran o/ arres a,ains !e 5' Jo!n Does. ISSUE: 83N !e warran o/ arres is )ali%@ Can a cour issue a warran o/ arres a,ains an un2nown accuse%@ HELD: NO i is no )ali%. . is o/ !e na ure o/ a ,eneral warran , one o/ a call o/ wri s lon, #rescri*e% as uncons i u ional an% once ana !e(a i<e% as o all+ su*)ersi)e o/ !e li*er + o/ !e su*=ec . Clearl+ )iola i)e o/ !e cons i u ional in=unc ion !a warran s o/ arres s!oul% #ar icularl+ %escri*e !e #erson or #ersons o *e sei<e%. 7!e warran as a,ains uni%en i/ie% su*=ec s will *e consi%ere% as null an% )oi%. EXAMINATION OF )AND ACCOUNTSF DEPOSITS cases: PN) VS. GANCAYCO G.R. No. L-1B343 9e# e(*er 3', 1965 FACTS: De/en%an s 6(ilio Ganca+co an% :loren ino :lor, as s#ecial #rosecu ors o/ !e De#ar (en o/ Jus ice, re;uire% !e #lain i// P!ili##ine Na ional $an2 o #ro%uce a a !earin, !e recor%s o/ !e *an2 %e#osi s o/ 6rnes o Ji(ene<, /or(er a%(inis ra or o/ !e -,ricul ural Cre%i an% Coo#era i)e -%(inis ra ion, w!o was !en un%er in)es i,a ion /or une1#laine% weal !. .n %eclinin, o re)eal i s recor%s, !e #lain i// *an2 in)o2e% 9ec ion 2 o/ Re#u*lic -c No. 14'5. On !e o !er !an%, !e %e/en%an s ci e% 9ec ion B o/ !e -n i-Gra/ an% Corru# Prac ices -c 0Re#u*lic -c No. 3'194 in su##or o/ !eir clai( o/ au !ori +,w!ic! alle,e%l+ #ro)i%es an a%%i ional ,roun% /or !e e1a(ina ion o/ *an2 %e#osi s. ISSUE:

8!e !er 9ec ion B o/ Re#u*lic -c No. 3'19 #ro)i%es an a%%i ional ,roun% /or !e e1a(ina ion o/ *an2 %e#osi s. HELD: Ces. 7!e ru ! is !a !ese laws are so re#u,nan o eac! o !er !an no reconcilia ion is #ossi*le. 1 1 1. 7!e onl+ conclusion #ossi*le is !a sec ion B o/ !e -n i-Gra/ Law is in en%e% o a(en% sec ion 2 o/ Re#u*lic -c No. 14'5 *+ #ro)i%in, a%%i ional e1ce# ion o !e rule a,ains !e %isclosure o/ *an2 %e#osi s. 8F!ile sec ion 2 o/ Re#u*lic -c 14'5 %eclares *an2 %e#osi s o *e Da*solu el+ con/i%en ial,D i ne)er !eless allows suc! %isclosure in !e /ollowin, ins ancesA 014 ?#on wri en #er(ission o/ !e %e#osi orL 024 .n cases o/ i(#eac!(en L 034 ?#on or%er o/ a co(#e en cour in cases o/ *ri*er+ or %erelic ion o/ %u + o/ #u*lic o//icialsL 044 .n cases w!ere !e (one+ %e#osi e% is !e su*=ec (a er o/ !e li i,a ion. Cases o/ une1#laine% weal ! are si(ilar o cases o/ *ri*er+ or %erelic ion o/ %u +. MARHUEM VS. DISIERTO G.R. No. 135BB2 June 2&, 2''1 FACTS: Res#on%en O(*u%s(an Desier o or%ere% #e i ioner "ar;ue< o #ro%uce se)eral *an2 %ocu(en s /or #ur#oses o/ ins#ec ion in ca(era rela i)e o )arious accoun s (ain aine% a ?nion $an2 o/ !e P!ili##ines, Julia Har,as $ranc!, w!ere #e i ioner is !e *ranc! (ana,er. 7!e or%er is *ase% on a #en%in, in)es i,a ion a !e O//ice o/ !e O(*u%s(an a,ains -(a%o La,%a(eo, e . al. /or )iola ion o/ R.-. No. 3'19, 9ec. 3 0e4 an% 0,4 rela i)e o !e Join Hen ure -,ree(en *e ween !e Pu*lic 6s a es -u !ori + an% -"-R.. Pe i ioner wan e% o *e clari/ie% /irs as o !ow s!e woul% co(#l+ wi ! !e or%ers wi !ou !er *rea2in, an+ law, #ar icularl+ R-. No. 14'5. ISSUE: 8!e !er !e or%er o/ !e O(*u%s(an o !a)e an in ca(era ins#ec ion o/ !e ;ues ione% accoun is allowe% as an e1ce# ion o !e law on secrec+ o/ *an2 %e#osi s 0R.-. No.14'54. HELDA No. 8e rule !a *e/ore an in ca(era ins#ec ion (a+ *e allowe%, !ere (us *e a #en%in, case *e/ore a cour o/ co(#e en =uris%ic ion. :ur !er, !e accoun (us *e clearl+ i%en i/ie%, !e ins#ec ion li(i e% o !e su*=ec (a er o/ !e #en%in, case *e/ore !e cour o/ co(#e en

=uris%ic ion. 7!e *an2 #ersonnel an% !e accoun !ol%er (us *e no i/ie% o *e #resen %urin, !e ins#ec ion, an% suc! ins#ec ion (a+ co)er onl+ !e accoun i%en i/ie% in !e #en%in, case