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Well Drilling
Read:
Area of equivalent
Height of slot =
)
4
F4 = y + yW L = + d y W L dy
F = ma
At steady state,
F=0
"
F2 + F 3 F4 = 0
d$ dpf pWy - p #L Wy + $ WL - $ + #y WL = 0 dL dy
Simplifying,
dp f d = 0 dy dL
dpf $ =y +$ 0 dL
$=%
dp f dv $ = =y +$ dy dL
o
8
dv = -
2
dp f y + $ 0 dy dL
$0 y y dp f v = + v0 2 dL
Since v = 0 when y = 0,
v0 = 0
9
h dp f $0 = 2 dL
(hy y )
2
10
(hy y )
2
(hy y ) dy
h 2 0
Integratin g,
But
Wh dp f q= "2 dL
2 2
Wh 3 dp f q= 12 dL
q q v= = 2 2 A ! (r2 r" )
dp f v = 2 dL "000(d 2 d" )
12
Example 4.22
Compute the frictional pressure loss for a 7 x 5 annulus, 10,000 ft long, using the slot flow representation in the annulus. The flow rate is 80 gal/min. The viscosity is 15 cp. Assume the flow pattern is laminar.
6 7 5
1
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Example 4.22
The average velocity in the annulus, _ q 80 v = = 2 2 2 2 2.448(7 5 ) 2.448(d 2 d" )
v = ".362 ft/s
_
dp f v = 2 dL "000 (d 2 d" )
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Example 4.22
#p f
dp f v = 2 dL "000(d 2 d" )
p f = 5" psi
(= 5".0750 )
A somewhat more accurate answer, using an exact equation for a circular annulus, results in a value of 50.9792 psi. Difference = 0.0958 psi i.e., within 0.2%
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$w
rw = 2
dp f dL
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dp f 8 v = 2 dL rw
$w r w dp f = 2 dL
$w $w
rw 8 v = * 2 2 rw
_
4 v = rw
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4 v rw
$ w " 4 v 4 v %= = * = rw rw
(circular pipe)
19
Annulus:
From the slot flow approximation,
w
But,
h dp f ( r2 r" ) dp f = = 2 dL 2 dL
"2 v = 2 dL ( r2 r" )
f _
Eq. 4.60 c
dp
20
In field units:
_
"44 v = d 2 d"
(annulus)
Where,
21
(i) Assuming the flow pattern is laminar, compute the frictional pressure loss per 1,000 ft of annulus. (ii) What is the shear rate at the wall?
22
Example 4.24
q (i) Avg. vel., v = 2 2 2.448(d 2 d" )
_
v = ".803 ft / s
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Example 4.24
" 2+ dp f Kv n Press.Drop , = dL "44,000(d 2 d " )"+ n 0.0208 0.3 " 2+ dp f 9,400(".803) 0.3 0.3 = dL "44,000(8.097 4.5)".3 0.0208
_ n n
dp = 0 . 0779 psi/ft dL
= 77.9 psi/1,000 ft
24
48 v " = 2 + (d 2 d " ) n
" 48 * ".803 = 2 + 0.3 8.097 4.5
"
%w
% w = "28 s
= 75 RPM
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PUMP
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Types of Flow
Laminar Flow Flow pattern is linear (no radial flow) Velocity at wall is ZERO Produces minimal hole erosion
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* As the flow velocity increases, the flow type changes from laminar to turbulent.
29
Types of Flow
Turbulent Flow
Flow pattern is random (flow in all directions) Tends to produce hole erosion Results in higher pressure losses (takes more energy) Provides excellent hole cleaningbut
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Types of flow
Turbulent flow, contd
Mud properties have little effect on pressure losses Is the usual flow type inside the drill pipe and collars Thin laminar boundary layer at the wall
Fig. 4-30. Laminar and turbulent flow patterns in a circular pipe: (a) laminar flow, (b) transition between laminar and turbulent flow and (c) turbulent flow
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N Re
In field units,
vd =
N Re = 928 & v d
32
N Re =
928 & v d
& = fluid density, lbm/gal v = avg. fluid velocity, ft/s d = pipe I.D., in = viscosity of fluid, cp.