Dr. A.

Aziz Bazoune
King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Mechanical Engineering Department
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FAILURE CRITERIA

Failure Criteria (Static Load +Ductile Material)

6-5-

Distortion Energy Theory (DE), Von-Mises or Von-Mises-Hencky Theory (Hueber, Poland: 1904, von-Mises, Germany+US, 1913 and Hencky, Germany+US, 1925)

The Distortion Energy Theory (DE) originated from the observation that ductile materials stressed

hydrostatically exhibited yield strengths greatly in excess of the values given by the simple tension test. Therefore, it was postulated that yielding was not a simple tensile test or compressive phenomenon at all, but, rather that it was related somehow to the angular distortion of the stressed element.
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The total strain energy of an element of material could be divided into two parts : Due to change in volume (Hydrostatic) Due to change in shape (Distortion) where

U = UV + U S

: total strain energy UV : strain energy due to change in volume U S : strain energy due to change in shape

The stress state shown in Figure 6-16b is one of hydrostatic tension due to the stress av acting in each of the same principal directions as shown in Figure 6-16a. The formula for av is given by + 2 + 3 (a) = 1
av

Figure 6-16
(a) Element with triaxial stresses; this element undergoes both volume change and angular distortion. (b) Element under hydrostatic tension undergoes only volume change. (c) Element has angular distortion without volume change .
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The distortion energy theory is found by: Computing the total strain energy Subtracting the energy due to volumetric change Notice that when a material extends in one direction, it contracts in another direction. Refer to Table 4-2 Page 124, the principal strains are given by

1 1 ( 2 + 3 ) ) ( E 1 2 = ( 2 ( 1 + 3 ) ) E 1 3 = ( 3 ( 1 + 2 ) ) E

1 =

The total strain energy per unit volume subjected to three principal stresses is :

u=

1 ( 11 + 2 2 + 3 3 ) 2 1 2 2 2 = + + ( 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 ) 1 2 3 2 2E

(b)

The strain energy for producing only volume change uv can be obtained by substituting av for 1 , 2 , and 3 into Eq. (b). The result is

uv =

1 2 2 2 2 2 2 + + 2 + + ( ) av av av av av av 2E 2 3 av = (1 2 ) 2E

(c)

Substituting Eq.(a) into Eq. (c) and simplifying we get

uv =

1 2 2 2 2 + + 1 2 3 + 2 ( 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 ) 6E

(6-7)

The distortion energy is obtained by subtracting Eq.(6-7) from Eq. (b). This gives

( 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( 3 1 ) 2 2 Notice that the distortion energy is zero if 1 = 2 = 3 = 0. 1 + u d = u uv = 3E

(6-8)

For the simple tensile test, at yield, 1 = S y and 2 = 3 = 0, and from Eq. (6-8) the distortion energy is

1 + 2 ud = Sy 3E

(6-9)

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Failure Criterion:
Failure occurs when the distortion energy of the material reaches or exceeds the strain energy of the tensile test
2 2 2 + + 1 + ( 1 2 ) ( 2 3 ) ( 3 1 ) 3E 2

1 + 2 Sy 3E
Strain Energy for Tensile Test

Distorsion Energy

Therefore,

(1 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1 ) 2
2 2

2 12

Sy

(6-10)

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For a simple case of tension , then yield would occur when S y Thus, the left of Eq. (6-10) can be thought as a single, equivalent, or effective stress for the entire general state of stress given by 1 , 2 and 3 . This effective Stress is usually called von Mises stress ' and is given by

(1 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1 ) '= 2
2 2

2 12

(6-12)

Eq. (6-10) , for yield, can be written as

' Sy

(6-11)

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Using xyz components of the three dimensional stress, the von Mises stress can be written as
12 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 ' = ( x y ) + ( y z ) + ( z x ) + 6( xy + yz + zx ) 2

(6-14)

Plane stress

' = ( x y + + 3
2 x 2 y

2 12 xy

(6-15)

Simple tension and shear

' = ( + 3
2 x

2 12 xy

(6-15a)

The distortion shear-energy theory is also called The von Mises or von Mises Hencky theory The shear energy Theory The Octahedral-shear-stress theory
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For plane stress, let A and B be the two nonzero principal stress stresses. Then from Eq. (6-12), we get

' = ( A B +
2 A

2 12 B

(6-13)

Eq. (6-13) represents a rotated ellipse in the A , B plane as shown in Figure (6.17) with ' = S y .

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For plane stress, let A and B be the two nonzero principal stress stresses. Then from Eq. (6-12), we get

' = ( A B +
2 A

2 12 B

(6-13)

Eq. (6-13) represents a rotated ellipse in the A , B plane as shown in Figure (6.17) with ' = S y . The dotted lines in the figure represent the MSS theory, which can be seen to be more restrictive, hence, more conservative.

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Octahedral Shear Stresses

Consider an isolated element in which the normal stresses on each surface are equal to the hydrostatic stress av . There are 8 surfaces symmetric to the principal directions that contain that stress. This form an octahedron as shown in Figure 6-18. The shear stresses on these surfaces are equal and are called the octahedral shear stresses.
Figure 6-18 Octahedral Surface

oct

1 2 2 12 2 = (1 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1 ) 3

(6-16)

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Failure Criterion:
Under the name of octahedral-shear stress theory, failure is assumed to occur whenever the octahedral shear stress for any stress state equals or exceeds the octahedral shear stress for the simple tension-test specimen at failure On the basis of the tensile test results, yield occurs when 1 = S y and 2 = 3 = 0. From Eq.(6-16) the octahedral shear stress under this condition is

oct =

2 Sy 3

(6-17)

When, for the general stress case, Eq. (6-16) is equal or greater than (6-17), yield is predicted. This reduces to

(1 2 )2 + ( 2 3 )2 + ( 3 1 )2 Sy 2

12

(6-18)
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which is identical to Eq.(6-10) the verifying that the maximum octahedral shear stress theory is equivalent to the distortion energy theory. The model for the MSS ignores the contribution of the normal stresses on the 45o surfaces of the tensile specimen. However, theses stresses are P/2A , and NOT the hydrostatic stresses, which are P/3A. Herein lies the difference between the MSS and DE theories. Eq.(6-11) can be expressed as a design equation by

'=

Sy n

(6-19)

The DE theory predicts no failure under hydrostatic stress and agrees well with all data for ductile behavior. Hence it is the most widely used theory for ductile materials and is recommended for design problems unless otherwise specified
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Consider a case for pure shear xy where for plane stress Eq. (6-15) with (6-11) for yields gives

2 = 3 = 0.
(6-20)

3 = S y

2 xy

or

xy =

Sy 3

Thus, the shear yield strength predicted by the distortion-energy theory is

S sy = 0.577 S y

(6-21)

Which as stated earlier, is about 15% greater than the predicted by the MMS theory (see the pure shear load line in Fig-6-17).

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