A PROJECT SYNOPSIS

ON

OPTICAL LOSSES MEASUREMENT

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:MR. LALIT GUPTA
HOD, ECE DEPARTMENT

SUBMITTED BY:
AAKASH BHARDWAJ (3410201)
ANURAG SHARMA (3410203)
HARI OM (3410216)
RAJEEV (3410252)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
N.C. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, ISRANA (PANIPAT)
1

CONSENT

This is to certify that Aakash Bhardwaj(3410201), Anurag Sharma (3410203)

and Hariom(3410216)and Rajeev(3410252) the students of B.Tech VIII sem.,
Electronics & Communication Engg. will work on Optical Losses
Measurement under my supervision and guidance.

Guide Signature
Mr. Lalit Gupta
HOD , ECE Deptt

INDEX

S.No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

TOPIC
INTRODUCTION
COMPONENTS
BLOCK DIAGRAM
WORKING
APPLICATIONS
REFERENCES

Page No.
4
5
6
7
8
9

INTRODUCTION

In this project we will measure optical bend losses using micro- controller 8051 and will
display it on 16* 2 LCD. We are making this project because we did not find any circuit on
internet. In briefly firstly we convert losses into small voltage variations with the help of
sensor. Output of the sensor is further converted into digital signal with the help of the ADC.
In this project we use ADC 0809 which is a 8-bit ADC that convert any analogue signal into
digital signal in 100 microseconds. To control the ADC we require a clock pulse and 4
different signals. All these signals are provided by the controller. In this project we use IC
89s51 as a main controller. IC 89s51 sense the output from the ADC in a Hex code. This
HEX code is further converted into binary code with the help of program code into controller.
In output we use LCD display. LCD Display displays the contents with the help of the ASCII
code. ASCII code is a special code for displaying the character in LCD. In the controller we
convert the binary codes into the ASCII codes with the help of the code conversion program.
Attenuation or loss in optical fibers basically refers to the loss of power. During transit, light
pulse loses some of their photons, thus reducing their amplitude. Attenuation for a fiber is
usually specified in decibels per kilometer. The degree of attenuation depends on the
wavelength of light transmitted.
Attenuation measures the reduction in signal strength by comparing the output power with
input power. Measurements are made in decibels (dB). The basic measurement for loss is
done by taking the logarithmic ratio of input power (Pi) to the output power (Po).
Material absorption losses - It is a loss mechanism related to the material composition and
fabrication process of the fiber which results in the dissipation of some of the transmitted
optical power as heat in waveguide. The absorption of light may be intrinsic (caused by one
or more major components of glass) or extrinsic (caused by impurities within the glass).
Linear scattering losses - Linear scattering mechanisms cause the transfer of some or all of
the optical power contained within one propagating mode to be transferred
linearly(proportionally) into a different mode. This process tends to result in attenuation of
the transmitted light as the transfer may be to a leaky or radiation mode which does not
continue to propagate within the fiber core, but is radiated from the fiber. It is mainly of two
types:
a)

Rayleigh scattering

(b) Mie scattering

Bending loss
Radiative losses occur whenever an optical fiber undergoes a bend of finite radius of
curvature. Fibers can be subjected to two types of bends:
a) Macroscopic loss (having radii that are large as compared with the fiber diameter)
b) Microscopic loss (Random microscopic bends of fiber axis)

COMPONENTS

ADC 0809

OPAMP OP07

TEMPERATURE SENSOR LM335

MICROCONTROLLER 89C51

LCD DISPLAY 2 BY 16

CRYSTAL OSC. 3.58 MHz

RESISTOR
10 K 11 Pc
50 K 2 Pc VARIABLE
1 K VARIABLE
2.2 K 1 Pc
470 OHM 1 Pc

CAPACITOR
22 pF 2 Pc
10 MFD 1 Pc

PUSH TO ON SWITCH 2 Pc

7805 REGULATOR

STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

9-0-9
5

DIODE IN 4007- 4 Pc

BLOCK DIAGRAM

WORKING

In this project we will measure optical bend losses using micro- controller 8051 and will
display it on 16* 2 LCD. We are making this project because we did not find any circuit on
internet. In briefly firstly we convert losses into small voltage variations with the help of
sensor. Output of the sensor is further converted into digital signal with the help of the ADC.
In this project we use ADC 0809 which is a 8-bit ADC that convert any analogue signal into
digital signal in 100 microseconds. To control the ADC we require a clock pulse and 4
different signals. All these signals are provided by the controller. In this project we use IC
89s51 as a main controller. IC 89s51 sense the output from the ADC in a Hex code. This
HEX code is further converted into binary code with the help of program code into controller.
In output we use LCD display. LCD Display displays the contents with the help of the ASCII
code. ASCII code is a special code for displaying the character in LCD. In the controller we
convert the binary codes into the ASCII codes with the help of the code conversion program.

APPLICATIONS

1. Fibre connections can be used for various types of connections. For example,

2.
3.
4.
5.

most high definition televisions offer a digital audio optical connection. This allows
the streaming of audio over light, using the TOSLink protocol.
Telecommunications
Local Area Networks (LANs) and Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Factory Automation
Premises Wiring

REFERENCES

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber

www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/wos/optical.htm

www.slideshare.net/.../application-of-fiber-optics-in-communication

http://electronicsprojectsludhiana.com/2013/07/optical-losses/