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Development of High-Performance Grid-Connected Wind Energy Conversion System for Optimum Utilization of Variable Speed Wind Turbines
Mahmoud M. Amin, Student Member, IEEE, and Osama A. Mohammed, Fellow, IEEE
AbstractThis paper presents an improvement technique for the power quality of the electrical part of a wind generation system with a self-excited induction generator (SEIG) which aims to optimize the utilization of wind power injected into weak grids. To realize this goal, an uncontrolled rectier-digitally controlled inverter system is proposed. The advantage of the proposed system is its simplicity due to fewer controlled switches which leads to less control complexity. It also provides full control of active and reactive power injected into the grid using a voltage source inverter (VSI) as a dynamic volt ampere reactive (VAR) compensator. A voltage oriented control (VOC) scheme is presented in order to control the energy to be injected into the grid. In an attempt to minimize the harmonics in the inverter current and voltage and to avoid poor power quality of the wind energy conversion system (WECS), an lter is inserted between VOC VSI and the grid. The proposed technique is implemented by a digital signal processor (DSP TMS320F240) to verify the validity of the proposed model and show its practical superiority in renewable energy applications. Index TermsGrid connected systems, self-excited induction generator (SEIG), voltage oriented control (VOC), voltage source inverter (VSI), wind energy conversion systems (WECSs).

I. INTRODUCTION

HE WIND system is rapidly developing as one of the most promising renewable energy resources over the world. The penetration of this system is very important to solving global warming and the exhaustion of fossil fuel. In order to optimize the wind turbine system, many kinds of power conversion systems to connect between the generator and the grid line have been proposed and utilized [1][5]. Nonlinear devices, such as power electronics converters, are injecting harmonic currents in the ac system and increase the overall reactive power demanded by the equivalent load. Also, the number of sensitive loads that require ideal sinusoidal supply voltages for their proper operation has increased [6]. We do believe that there is still room to improve the power quality for grid-connected wind energy conversion systems

Manuscript received May 20, 2010; revised February 05, 2011; accepted April 17, 2011. Date of publication May 05, 2011; date of current version June 22, 2011. This work was supported by Florida International University (FIU), Energy Systems Research Laboratory. This work was supported in part by grants from the Ofce of Naval Research and the U.S. Department of Energy. The authors are with the Energy Systems Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174 USA (e-mail: mohammed@u.edu). Color versions of one or more of the gures in this paper are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TSTE.2011.2150251

(WECSs) to obtain more economical systems. In order to keep power quality under limits proposed by standards, it is necessary to include compensation. There are several technical issues arising from compensation techniques and the complexity of control operation [7][10]. lter design for medium voltage applications In [7], an of PWM inverters was proposed. The lter capacitor compensates reactive power of the motor which allows the utilization of standard industrial motors without derating. However, the lter becomes heavy and expensive because of the low switching frequency (below 1 kHz) of inverter switches. Also, the designed lter was always excited at resonance frequency. A damping function integrated in the inverter control could be a solution. A three-phase ac-to-dc resonant converter operating in high input power factor mode has been introduced in [8]. This design offers several advantages such as high power factor and low THD operation. However, high switching losses for high frequency operation will reduce the overall efciency. Control complexity is also one of the main drawbacks for this proposed system. Reference [9] proposed a power electronic converter with a simple open-loop feed forward control technique designed for small-scale wind energy systems. This technique has improved the system efciency at low wind speeds which expands the wind turbine operating range. An uncontrolled diode rectier and dcdc converter were employed as an interface part between wind turbine and dc-load. However, its use was limited for standalone dc systems. In [10], an efcient wind generator control technique has been developed using -current control loops. The main objective was to achieve maximum power from the generation side. Unfortunately, this work has not discussed grid-connectivity issues with lter design that has been used. Today, the voltage oriented control (VOC) technique, which guarantees high dynamics and static performance via internal current control loops, has become very popular and has constantly been developed and improved. This method depends on using conventional proportional and integral ( ) compensators in the rotating reference frame to produce its control input -controllers commands [11]. However, the conventional have the inherent drawbacks that its response is somewhat slower for very fast transients and its control range is limited because of its xed gains but it still can be improved using the good design for its gain parameters [12]. In this paper, a self-excited induction generator (SEIG)-based WECS with VOC strategy for a three-phase voltage-source PWM inverter is proposed as a dynamic volt ampere reactive

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Fig. 2. VSWT with a gear-drive DFIG system.

Fig. 1. Mechanical power versus rotor speed with the wind speed as a parameter. Fig. 3. VSWT with a direct-drive EESG system.

(VAR) compensator system for weak grids. A second-order software phase-locked loop (SPLL) for phase angle detection of the grid voltage in synchronous reference frame is proposed. An analytical model for the voltage source inverter (VSI) lters and the operating connected to the grid with and principle of the proposed vector controllers are introduced. Finally, experimental results for VSI connected to the grid with and lters are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed system. II. WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS According to Betz theory, the mechanical power generated by a wind turbine is shown as [13] (1) where is the air density, is the rotor radius of wind turbine, depends on the and the wind speed. The power coefcient blade pitch angle and the tip speed ratio which is dened as the ratio between the linear blade tip speed and the wind speed , where is the rotor speed of wind turbine. as, The output torque of wind turbine is (2) where the torque coefcient . Considering the wind speed, the WECS can be divided into no load, partial load, and full load state. When the wind speed is below the cut-in wind speed or above the cut-out wind speed, wind turbine operates in the no load region. When the WECS is in the full load region, the output power must be regulated at rated power , which can be achieved by changing the pitch angle. In order to maximize the captured power, the tip speed ratio needs to be controlled. Fig. 1 represents the relation between generator speed and output power according to wind speed change. It is observed that the maximum power output occurs at different generator speeds for different wind velocities. A. Variable-Speed Wind Turbine Generators Variable speed wind turbine (VSWT) systems are preferred for the higher output power generation. The rst conguration shown in Fig. 2 is known as the double-fed induction generator (DFIG) concept, which corresponds to a VSWT with a wound rotor induction generator (WRIG) and a partial-scale power converter on the rotor circuit. One of the advantages for

DFIG is that the rotor energy, instead of being dissipated, can be fed into the grid by the power electronic converter. Moreover, the power converter system can perform reactive power compensation and smooth grid connection. However, the DFIG system has the following disadvantages: a multistage gearbox is still necessary in the drive train because the speed range is far from a common turbine speed of 1025 rpm; a slip ring is used to transfer the rotor power by means of a partial-scale converter which requires a regular maintenance; large stator currents due to grid fault condition result in large rotor currents, then the converter needs to be protected from being destroyed; control strategies are complicated [14]. In [15], the electrically excited synchronous generator (EESG) is another generation topology which is usually built with a rotor carrying the eld system provided with a dc excitation, as shown in Fig. 3. The voltage amplitude and frequency can be fully controlled by the power electronic at the generator side, so that the generator speed is fully controllable over a wide range, even to very low speeds. In addition, EESG has the opportunities of controlling the ux for a minimized loss in different power ranges. Moreover, it does not require the use of permanent magnets (PMs), which would represent a large fraction of the generator costs, and might suffer from performance loss in harsh atmospheric conditions. Including the disadvantages of direct-drive wind turbines compared with geared-drive wind turbines, some disadvantages of direct-drive EESG systems can be summarized as follows: It is necessary to excite the rotor winding with dc and the eld losses are inevitable; a larger number of parts and windings probably make it a heavy weight and expensive solution. In recent years, the use of PMs is more attractive than before, because the performance of PMs is improving and the cost of PM is decreasing. The trends make PM machines with a full-scale power converter more attractive for direct-drive wind turbines [16]. The scheme of a grid-connected PMSG for direct-drive wind turbines is shown in Fig. 4. The advantages of PMSGs over EESGs and DFIGs can be summarized as follows: higher efciency and energy yield; no additional power supply for the magnet eld excitation; improvement in the PM machine thermal characteristics due to the absence of the eld losses; higher reliability due to the absence of mechanical components such as slip rings; lighter, and therefore, higher power-to-weight

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Fig. 4. VSWT with a direct-drive PMSG system.

Fig. 6. WECS with PF correction using intermediate dcdc stage.

Fig. 5. VSWT with a geared SEIG system.

Fig. 7. WECS with back-to-back converter.

ratio. However, PM machines have some disadvantages such as: high cost of PM material; difculties to handle in manufacture; and demagnetization of PM at high temperatures. In order to fulll the variable speed operation with an SEIG, an alternative generator system that might replace the capacitor bank and soft-starter of the Danish concept is a variable speed multiple-stage geared SEIG with a full-scale converter, as shown in Fig. 5 [16]. Compared with the Danish concept as mentioned above, this concept has advantages of exible control with a full-scale power, such as variable speed operation, better performances of reactive power compensation, and smooth grid connection. Presently, Siemens is using this concept with the rated power of 3.6 MW (Bonus 107) in the market, and the generator speed range is designed to be 5951547 rpm. The decreasing cost of power electronics (roughly a factor of 10 over the past 10 years) and the absence of brushes may make variable speed multiple-stage geared concepts (both PMSG and SEIG as mentioned above) more attractive. B. Power Conversion Topologies With SEIGs In order to supply a constant-voltage dc-link of the inverter stage, a dcdc stage is introduced between the conventional diode rectier and the output stage [17], as shown in Fig. 6. However, the rectier stage of the power converter causes high distortion of the current and voltage of SEIGs, implying several undesirable effects to the generator, such as [18], which are as follows: 1) increased heating due to iron and copper losses at the harmonic frequencies; 2) reduction in machine efciency; 3) loss of the torque production; 4) increased audible noise emission; and 5) eventual occurrence of mechanical oscillations. In order to avoid these problems, it is interesting to use systems capable of emulating resistive loads for the SEIG, resulting in low total harmonic distortion (THD). In grid-connected applications, a step-up dcdc converter, with current-source input characteristic, can be used in the WECS of Fig. 6. The simplicity of control, the reduced number of components, and the predominant need to increase the generated voltage make the boost converter the main choice [19] in this WECS. However, one can see that there are always three semiconductors in the current path from the generator side to the dc-link side, which reduces the efciency of this topology. Also, power factor correction is

Fig. 8. WECS with modied back-to-back converter.

achieved only in the discontinuous-conduction mode. Then, this structure becomes feasible for small WECSs. Another option to achieve high power factor in the generator side is to use a PWM rectier in the WECS. The traditional topology applied in high-power WECS is shown in Fig. 7 and uses the back-to-back converter [20]. In the rectier stage of this structure, the currents can be modulated in both half cycles. However, the half-bridge connected switches demand the use of bootstrap-integrated circuits, and the occurrence of eventual short-circuits through the leg is possible. Fig. 8 shows a WECS that uses a variation of the back-to-back converter [21]. Only four semiconductors are used in the rectier stage of this topology. On the other hand, the small number of components and voltage balance across the dc-link capacitors limit the use of modied modulation techniques for the optimization of losses [22], [23]. C. Proposed Conversion Topology The proposed topology is shown in Fig. 9. With this topology, the boost converter is omitted without any change in the objectives of WECS. The advantages of the proposed system over the previous traditional systems are that: 1) it has a simpler circuit and less complexity; 2) higher efciency, since there are no switches in the rectier stage; 3) reliability of the system is greatly improved, because it has the ability of full active and reactive power control; 4) higher injected power quality is achieved by employing lter between the inverter and grid; 5) better dynamic performance under different possible conditions, by using decoupled VOC control scheme.

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Fig. 9. Proposed SEIG-based WECS with VOC VSI.

III. SYSTEM MODELING A. Self-Excited Induction Generator (SEIG) The model of an induction generator is helpful because it allows us to analyze all of its characteristics. The induction machine used as SEIG is a three-phase squirrel-cage machine. In this paper, the model, shown in Fig. 10, is used because it provides a complete solution (transient and steady state) of the self-excitation process [24]. In the model of the induction machine shown in Fig. 10, and are the generated voltages along the -axis and -axis, respectively. The voltage of an induction machine in the synchronous reference frame, which can be obtained as follows: (3) (4) (5) (6) where

Fig. 10. The model of an induction machine in the synchronously rotating reference frame. (a) -axis; (b) -axis.

The electromagnetic torque is given by (11) where , , , and are the stator voltages and currents, respectively. , , , and are the rotor voltages and currents, respectively. is the derivative operator, i.e., . and are the residual voltage inside the induction generator. and are the initial voltages of the self-excitation capacitor bank (10 V initial charged from external power supply). and are the synchronous and rotor angular speed, respectively. is the number of poles. , , , and are the rotor and stator uxes, respectively. is the external self-excitation capacitance. , , , and are the resistance and the self inductance of the stator and the rotor, respectively. and are the stator and rotor inductances, respectively. is the mutual inductance. The mathematical equation that relates the wind turbine output torque with the electromagnetic torque of the induction generator is given by (12) , , and are the mechanical angular speed of wind where turbine, the effective inertia of the wind turbine and the induction generator, and friction coefcient, respectively. From

(7) model is based on the stator The voltage equation of the and rotor currents are given as shown in (8)(10) at the bottom of the page.

(8)

(9) (10)

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Fig. 11. Three-phase bridge rectier.

(8)(10), the state equations of the SEIG and turbine can be accomplished as in (13) and (14), shown at the bottom of the page, where B. Three-Phase Bridge Rectier Three-phase bridge rectiers are commonly used for highpower applications. It is very efcient and popular wherever both dc voltage and current requirements are high. In many applications, no additional lter is required because the output ripple voltage is only 4.2%. Even if a lter is required, the size of the lter is relatively small because the ripple frequency is increased to six times the input frequency. The circuit of a threephase bridge rectier is shown in Fig. 11. The voltage waveforms of the three-phase bridge rectier are shown in Fig. 12. The line voltage is times the phase voltage of a three-phase generator voltage. The average value of the output can be found as (15)

Fig. 12. Voltage waveforms of the three-phase bridge rectier.

Fig. 13. Main electric circuit of the VSI connected to the utility grid.

C. Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) The main circuit of the VSI connected to a three phase public grid is shown in Fig. 13. An inductance works as line lter is mounted between the utility grid and the VSI having an internal resistance . The phase potentials of the VSI are denoted as , , and . The phase potentials of the utility grid are denoted , , and . is the grid voltage angular frequency. The currents owing from the dc-link to the VSI are denoted as , , and , while the dc-link current and voltage are denoted as , and , respectively. In order to design VSI control systems, mathematical models are important tools for predicting dynamic performance and stability limits of different control laws and system parameters. The system to be modeled is shown in Fig. 14. In the gure, the grid inductance is assumed to be zero. The assumption

or (16)

where , are input inductance and output lter capacitance, respectively. is the maximum value for the generator output phase voltage. is the angle of the generator voltage. is the dc-link output voltage.

(13)

(14)

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Fig. 14. Simplied circuit of a grid connected VSI.

of the balanced state of the grid is presented. The ac side of the inverter system is modeled by the differential equations for three phases such that (17)
Fig. 15. Schematic diagram of the proposed VOC VSI connected to the grid.

By using vector notation, the last equation can be written in stationary frame such as the (18) Equation (18) can be written in the rotating reference frame synchronized with grid voltage using Park transformation such as [24] (19) The decoupled equation can be written in the state space form as (20) where the state vector and the input vector are dened by (21) (22) Respectively, the system matrix and the input matrix are given by (23) (24) The dc side of the system is modeled by the equation (25)

A. Proposed VOC VSI as Dynamic VAR Compensator Until recently, most wind power plant and utility have utilized capacitor banks to correct power factor to near unity. The capacitors are switched in and out by means of mechanical contactors. Unfortunately, because these contactors are relatively slow, they are unable to react to sudden momentary dips in voltage commonly seen in weak grid and can add greater stress to the utility grid. VOC VSI is proposed here as a dynamic VAR compensator system. Dynamic VAR systems detect and instantaneously compensate for voltage disturbances by injecting leading or lagging reactive power at key points on power transmission grids. Through the VAR control system, reactive power is supplied to the grid in a fraction of a second, regulating the system voltage and stabilizing the weak grid. A controller measures the utility line voltage, compares it to the desired level, and computes the amount of reactive power needed to bring the line voltage back to the specied range. The active and reactive power in the synchronous frame given by

(26)

The power of the dc side is given by (27) The basic principle of the VOC method is to control the instantaneous active and reactive grid currents and, consequently, the active and reactive power, by separate controllers independently of each other. The grid voltages and currents are rst sensed. By means of the SPLL, the grid phase angle and frequency can be detected in order to synchronize the VSI output

IV. PROPOSED CONTROL SYSTEM The schematic diagram of the VSI connected to the grid and its decoupled vector current controller is shown in Fig. 15.

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with the grid. The demanded amount of power is rst estimated from the utility grid at the desired power factor; as a consequence, the reference currents in a synchronous frame synchronized with the grid voltage are calculated. Consequently, the current controllers are trying to bring the actual currents to its references. The reference currents and could be calculated from the power equation (27), such that

Fig. 16. VSI with

lter equivalent circuit.

(28) where , and are the active and reactive power commands. With the assumption of zero reactive power command, the current command equations can be simplied such that

(29) From the state equation (20), the current controllers can be constructed such that

Fig. 17. VSI with

lter controller schematic diagram.

(30) where and are the -axis and -axis voltage commands, respectively, and are the effective voltage commands. The coupling term between the -axis and -axis is cancelled out by feed-forward controller , , . The effective voltage commands are obtained by using controller such that

The three phase model of the system transformed to a synchronous reference frame, where the -axis is oriented with the grid voltage vector, can be described by the state equations

(34)

(35) The system utilizes an inner control loop to control the current through the lter inductor, and an outer control loop to control the lter capacitor voltage, which in turn will be applied to the primary terminals of the isolation transformer between the grid and the inverter. The capacitor voltage could be controlled by controlling the lter inductor current since the injected current may be considered as a disturbance. Therefore, the controller could be constructed such that

(31) where , and are the proportional and integral gains of the current controllers, respectively. B. Grid-Connected VSI With LC Filter The per-phase equivalent circuit for the VSI connected to the lter is shown in Fig. 16. The inverter dynamic grid with should have additional voltage controller in front of the current controller to control the lter capacitor voltage. According to the equivalent circuit, the system dynamic equations can be written as (32) (33)

(36) and are the -axis and -axis current comwhere mands, respectively, and and are the effective current commands. If the controller is used, could be controlled such that

(37)

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Fig. 18. Overall proposed WECS control system connected to grid. (a) Schematic diagram. (b) Laboratory prototype setup.

TABLE I SPECIFICATIONS AND PARAMETERS FOR VOC VSI

TABLE II SPECIFICATIONS AND PARAMETERS FOR SEIG

where and are the proportional and integral gains of the capacitor voltage controllers, respectively. The inner current controller has the same dynamics as the controller of lter discussed in Section IV-A, (26), (27), so it can be used here. The overall VSI controllers are shown in Fig. 17. V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS In order to investigate the performance of the overall proposed system, an experimental setup for the proposed WECS has been constructed and connected to the local grid. A digital board containing a digital signal processor (DSP TMS320F240) has been tested and used as the control heart of the system. Each unit of the system is built and tested alone, and then the whole system is connected and tested. A simulation program using Simulink was carried out using simulation parameters shown in Table I. The space vector pulsewidth modulation (SVPWM) presented in this paper has been used with a 5-kHz switching frequency. VOC strategy discussed in Section IV is utilized in the simulation. A low-pass lter with elements and 205-Hz cutoff frequency is connected before the isolation transformer in order to have clean power injection. Fig. 18 shows the experimental setup schematic diagram for the overall proposed system connected to the grid. The experimental setup includes fabricated built circuit boards, a wind generator modeled by a variable speed prime-mover (VSPM) coupled with SEIG, and grid connected VSI. The induction machine ratings are listed in Table II.

Fig. 19. Monthly average wind speed at La Venta station.

A. Wind Speed Variation In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed emulator in turbulent wind speed conditions, an experimental test has been carried out. The wind speed could be constant or varying in the form of pulses, sinusoidal, or step change. Actually wind speed has a random variation according to the wind turbine location and its atmospheric conditions, but it can be set to operate within a given variation of speed. Fig. 19 shows the monthly average wind speed at La Venta station. B. Grid-Connected VOC VSI With Filter In order to estimate the power injection characteristics, two types of tests are carried out. These tests have been done to compare lter performance that has been introduced previously in the literature [3], [10] with the proposed lter. The rst

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Fig. 22. Grid phase voltage (50 V/div10 ms) and injected current (1 A/div10 ms). (a) Simulation. (b) Experiment.

Fig. 20. Line voltage of the VSI in (b) Experiment.

frame (400 V/div5 ms). (a) Simulation.

Fig. 23. Inverter phase voltage to be connected to the grid with only (50 V/div10 ms). (a) Simulation. (b) Experiment.

lter

Fig. 21. Phase voltage of the VSI in tion. (b) Experiment.

frame (400 V/div5 ms). (a) Simula-

Fig. 24. Harmonic spectrum of (a) injected current; (b) phase voltage.

is active power injection without any reactive power compensation. The second is injection of active power with reactive power compensation (lagging or leading). The terminal phase and line voltage of the VSI in frame are shown in Figs. 20 and 21, respectively. The wind speed is variable according to the previous wind characteristics in Fig. 19. However, the output voltage has the rating of 208 V, 60 Hz which is synchronized with the utility grid rating. Fig. 22 shows the rst test of the power injection. A step change to the demanded active power from 125 W (half load) to 250 W (full load) while keeping the reactive power equal zero. Because the injected power is only active, the current appears in phase with grid voltage. The VSI phase voltage connected to utility grid through the lter is shown in Fig. 23. The total harmonic distortion (THD) of the current injected in the electrical grid and output phase voltage with the lter is shown in Fig. 24. These results were obtained for wind speed emulation range from 5 to 25 m/s. C. Grid-Connected VOC VSI With LC Filter An (24 mH, 40 f) lter with a cutoff frequency of 205 Hz is used in the system between the WECS and utility grid. In the second test to investigate the controller performance and the capability of the system, an assumption of demanded active and reactive power is considered such that, W over the test period. VAR from the start until 2 s, and reversed to a positive reference VAR after that. The change between the modes of supplying and extracting reactive power is very clear with grid current and voltage

Fig. 25. Grid voltage (50 V/div25 ms) and injected current (1 A/div25 ms) under step change in the reactive power injected into grid. (a) Simulation. (b) Experiment.

waveforms as shown in Fig. 25. From the start until 2 s, the VSI is considered as a capacitive load supplies reactive power to the grid. After that, the VSI absorbs reactive power from the grid causing the current to lag the voltage. The in-phase injected current with grid and capacitor voltages , the harmonic content of the injected current and lter capacitor voltage, and the measured efciencies are shown in Figs. 2628. Not like the lter, the voltage and current waveforms have less harmonic distortion. Fig. 26 shows the synchronization between the grid voltage and the lter capacitor voltage where they are almost the same. The current and voltage THD for the proposed WECS with lter is less than the 5% limit imposed by IEEE-519 standard [25], which does not occur when the lter is considered. There

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Fig. 26. VSI response with lter for the grid and capacitor voltage (100 V/div10 ms) with the injected line current (5 A/div10 ms). (a) Simulation. (b) Experiment.

operation (average above 0.975), very fast transient response within a fraction of a second (0.4 s) under different possible conditions (wind speed variation and load variation), and high efciency due to a reduced number of components (average above 90%) has been achieved. Besides the improvement in the converter efciency, reduced mechanical and electrical stresses in the generator are expected, which improves the overall system performance. The experimental results obtained from a prototype rated at 250 W showed that the current and voltage THD (2.67%, 0.12%), respectively, for the proposed WECS with lter is less than 5% limit imposed by IEEE-519 standard. All results obtained conrm the effectiveness of the proposed system feasible for small-scale WECSs connected to weak grids. REFERENCES
[1] V. Kumar, R. R. Joshi, and R. C. Bansal, Optimal control of matrix-converter-based WECS for performance enhancement and efciency optimization, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 264272, Mar. 2009. [2] Y. Zhou, P. Bauer, J. A. Ferreira, and J. Pierik, Operation of grid connected DFIG under unbalanced grid voltage, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 240246, Mar. 2009. [3] S. M. Dehghan, M. Mohamadian, and A. Y. Varjani, A new variablespeed wind energy conversion system using permanent-magnet synchronous generator and z-source inverter, IEEE Trans Energy Convers., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 714724, Sep. 2009. [4] K. Tan and S. Islam, Optimum control strategies for grid-connected wind energy conversion system without mechanical sensors, WSEAS Trans. Syst. Control, vol. 3, no. 7, pp. 644653, Jul. 2008, 1991-8763. [5] B. C. Rabelo, W. Hofmann, J. L. da Silva, R. G. de Oliveira, and S. R. Silva, Reactive power control design in doubly fed induction generators for wind turbines, IEEE Trans. Ind. Elect., vol. 56, no. 10, pp. 41544162, Oct. 2009. [6] J.-C. Wu, Novel circuit conguration for compensating for the reactive power of induction generator, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 156162, Mar. 2008. [7] J. K. Steike, Use of an LC lter to achieve a motor-friendly performance of the PWM voltage source inverter, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 649654, Sep. 1999. [8] M. A. Chaudhari and H. M. Suryawanshi, High-power-factor operation of three-phase ac-to-dc resonant converter, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., Electr. Power Appl., vol. 153, no. 6, pp. 873882, Nov. 2006. [9] A. M. Knight and G. E. Peters, Simple wind energy controller for an expanded operating range, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 459466, Jun. 2005. [10] M. Chinchilla, S. Arnaltes, and J. C. Burgos, Control of PMSG applied to VSWE systems connected to the grid, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 130135, Mar. 2006. [11] S. Fukuda and T. Yoda, A novel current-tracking method for active lters based on a sinusoidal internal model, IEEE Tran. Ind. Appl., vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 888895, May/Jun. 2001. [12] V. Blasko and V. Kaura, A New mathematical model and control of a three-phase ac-dc voltage source converter, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 116123, Jan. 1997. [13] F. A. Farret and M. G. Simoes, Integration of Alternative Sources of Energy. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2006. [14] M. R. Dubois, H. Polinder, and J. A. Ferreira, Comparison of generator topologies for direct-drive wind turbines, in Proc. Nordic Countries Power and Industrial Electronics Conf. (NORPIE), Aalborg, Denmark, Jun. 2000, pp. 2226. [15] G. Bywaters, V. John, and J. Lynch et al., Northern Power Systems WindPACT Drive Train Alternative Design Study Report NREL, Golden, CO, Rep. NREL/SR-500-35524, Oct. 2004. [16] H. Li and Z. Chen, Overview of different wind generator systems and their comparisons, Renewable Power Generation, IET, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 123138, Jun. 2008. [17] Z. Chen and E. Spooner, Voltage source inverters for high-power, variable-voltage dc power sources, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., Generation, Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 148, no. 5, pp. 439447, Sep. 2001. [18] IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems, IEEE Standard 519, 1992, 2010.

Fig. 27. Harmonic spectrum analysis with lter. (a) Injected current harmonic content. (b) Filter capacitor voltage harmonic content.

Fig. 28. Efciency versus output power and output power factor versus output power.

is a signicant change in the harmonic content for the output current and voltage of the WECS where the current and voltage THD% decreases from (9.86%, 10.35%) with the lter to lower values as (2.67%, 0.12%) with the lter, respectively. This demonstrates the expected improvement when compared with similar works. VI. CONCLUSION In this paper, the SEIG-based WECS dynamic model has been derived. The VOC grid connected VSI has been investigated for high performance control operation. The test results showed how the control scheme succeeded in injecting the wind power as active or reactive power in order to compensate the weak grid power state. An lter is inserted between VOC VSI and grid to obtain a clean voltage and current waveform with negligible harmonic content and improve the power quality. Also, this technique achieved unity power factor grid

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[19] H. M. Suryawanshi, M. R. Ramteke, K. L. Thakre, and V. B. Borghate, Unity-power-factor operation of three-phase ac-dc soft switched converter based on boost active clamp topology in modular approach, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 229236, Jan. 2008. [20] A. B. Raju, B. G. Fernandes, and K. Chatterjee, A UPF power conditioner with maximum power point tracker for grid connected variable speed wind energy conversion system, in Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Power Electron. Syst. Appl., Nov. 2004, pp. 107112. [21] G. T. Kim and T. A. Lipo, VSI-PWM rectier/inverter system with a reduced switch count, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 13311337, Nov./Dec. 1996. [22] M. B. de Correa, C. B. Jacobina, E. R. C. da Silva, and A. M. N. Lima, A general PWM strategy for four-switch three-phase inverters, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 16181627, Nov. 2006. [23] C. B. Jacobina, E. C. dos Santos, E. R. C. da Silva, M. B. de Correa, A. M. N. Lima, and T. M. Oliveira, Reduced switch count multiple three-phase ac machine drive systems, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 966976, Mar. 2008. [24] P. C. Krause, O. Wasynczuk, and S. D. Sudhoff, Analysis of Electric Machinery and Drive System, 2nd ed. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, Wiley-Interscience, 2002, Purdue Univ.. [25] IEEE Guide for Harmonic Control and Reactive Compensation of Static Power Converters, IEEE Standard 519-1992.

Mahmoud M. Amin (S09) received the B.Sc. degree in electrical power and machines engineering and the M.S. degree in electrical engineering from the Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt, in 2003 and 2008, respectively. He is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in electrical and computer engineering at Florida International University, Miami. He is a Research Assistant in the Energy Systems Research Laboratory, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at Florida International University. His research interests include power electronic applications in sustainable energy conversion systems and smart grid. He is the author of more than 20 scientic papers presented at international conferences or published in reviewed journals. Mr. Amin is the recipient of the Graduate Student Association (GSA) scholarly forum prize paper award 2010 as well as the IEEE PES GM 2010 graduate student poster contest award.

Osama A. Mohammed (S79M83SM84F94) received the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. He has many years of teaching, curriculum development, research and industrial consulting experience. He authored and coauthored more than 300 technical papers in the archival literature as well as in National and International Conference records in addition to additional numerous technical and project reports and monographs. He is the author of book chapters including Chapter 8 on direct current machines in the Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers (15th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2007) and a book Chapter titled Optimal Design of Magnetostatic Devices: the genetic Algorithm Approach and System Optimization Strategies, in the book Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithms (Wiley, 1999). He specializes in Electrical Energy Systems especially in areas related to alternate and renewable energy systems. He is also interested in design optimization of electromagnetic devices, articial intelligence applications to energy systems as well as electromagnetic eld computations in nonlinear systems for these energy applications. He has current interest in shipboard power systems and integrated motor drives. He is also interested in the application communication and sensor networks for the distributed control of power grids. He has been successful in obtaining a number of research contracts and grants from industries and federal government agencies. He has current active and funded research programs in several areas funded by the ofce of Naval Research and the U.S. Department of Energy. He is also interested in developing learning environments and educational techniques for Internet-based delivery systems and virtual laboratories. Prof. Mohammed is a recipient of the 2010 IEEE PES Cyril Veinott Electromechanical Energy Conversion Award. He is a Fellow of the Applied Computational Electromagnetic Society. He is Editor of IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS-CONFERENCES, as well as an Editor of COMPEL He also received many awards for excellence in research, teaching and service to the profession and has chaired sessions and programs in numerous International Conferences in addition to delivering numerous invited lectures at scientic organizations in around the world. He serves as the International Steering Committee Chair for the IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference (IEMDC) and the IEEE Biannual Conference on Electromagnetic Field Computation (CEFC). He was the General Chair of the 2009 IEEE IEMDC conference held in Miami, FL, May 36, 2009, and was the Editorial Board Chairman for the IEEE CEFC2010 held in Chicago, IL, May 912, 2010. He was also the general chair of the IEEE CEFC 2006 held in Miami, FL, April 30May 3, 2006. He was also general chair of the 19th annual Conference of the Applied Computational Electromagnetic Society ACES-2006 held in Miami, FL, March 1417, 2006. He was the General Chairman of the 1993 COMPUMAG International Conference and was also the General Chairman of the 1996 IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Systems Applications to Power Systems (ISAP96). He has chaired the Electric Machinery Committee for IEEE PES and was the Vice Chair and Technical Committee Program Chair for the IEEE PES Electric Machinery Committee for a number of years. He was a member of the IEEE/Power Engineering Society Governing Board (19921996) and was the Chairman of the IEEE Power Engineering Society Constitution and Bylaws committee. He also serves as chairman, ofcer, or as an active member on several IEEE PES committees, subcommittees, and technical working groups.