Image Processing: Digital Color Images

Image Processing Dr.
Volker Krger
Chapter 2
Digital Color Images
Image Processing
What is Color
Lecture Sistemi intelligenti naturali ed articiali (SINA) from 15. Oct. 2010
Colors and the Human Visual System (HVS) Additive / Subtractive Color
What are Color Space

RGB Color Space HIS Color Space YUV Color Space Why Different Color Spaces?
Pseudo Color Concluding Remarks
Dr. Volker Krger Dept. of Robotics, Brain and Cognitive Sciences Italian Inst. of Technology
2.1
Program for today
Image Processing Dr. Volker Krger
1 What is Color
What is Color
2 What are Color Space

Pseudo Color
4 Concluding Remarks
2.2
What is Color
What is Color
Colors and the Human Visual System (HVS)
What is Color?
Additive / Subtractive Color

2.3
What is Color
The colors that humans perceive are determined by the
nature of the light reected from an object! Green objects reect green light!
What is Color
Achromatic: Only intensities (amount of light). Achromatic
information ranges from black to white

Pseudo Color
Example: Gray levels as seen on black/white TV screens.

Chromatic: Lightwaves; Visual range: 400nm-700nm
Concluding Remarks
2.4
Red, Green,Blue
R,G,B are called Primary Colors R,G,B are used in cameras R,G,B were chosen due to the structue of the human eye
What is Color

2.5
Receptivity of the Eye Cells
What is Color

2.6
Red, Green,Blue=White? Really???

So why dont we get white, when we use paint?
Subtractive Color!! Additive Color!!
But why does it work for the TV?
What is Color

2.7
Additive Color: Sum of light of different wave lengths. That
light reaches our eye directly.
Example
TV, Video Projectors, LCD Monitors
What is Color

Subtractive Color: White Color is emitted by the sun and is
only partially reected from an object!
Example
Red paint lters all light except red! Yellow paint absorbs blue, but reects red and grean
2.8
What are Color Spaces
What is Color
What are Color Spaces?

2.9
RGB Color Space

the classical Computer Color space Similar to the human visual system 3 different colors: Red, Green, Blue. If R,G,B have the same energy we perceive a shade of
white (gray, black).
What is Color

2.10
RGB Color Space A single pixel consists of three components: [0, 255]. Each pixel is a vector.
What is Color
Pixel-vector in the computer memory
Final pixel color in the image

Caution
Sometimes pixels are not stored as vectors but in Image Bands. First, the complete red-component is stored, then the complete green, then blue.
2.11
Example RGB
What is Color
Original Image
RGB Color Space
Red Band
HIS Color Space YUV Color Space Why Different Color Spaces?
Green Band
Blue Band
2.12
Convert Color to Grayscale Images
What is Color
RGB to Gray Conversion
I=
R+G+B 3
1 3
2.13
Color and Intensity are mixed in RGB
Same Color,
What is Color

2.14
Same Color,
What is Color
different intensities

2.14
Same Color,
What is Color
different intensities Chromaticiy Plane

2.14
Same Color,
different intensities Chromaticiy Plane r +g+b =1
What is Color

2.14
Same Color,
What is Color

2.14
Same Color,
What is Color

RGB to Chromaticity concersion
r=
R G B g= b= R+G+B R+G+B R+G+B
2.14
Another way of separating color and intensity: HSI H =Hue, S =Saturation, I =intensity
intensity I : H and S may characterize a color: Chromatics
Hue associated with the dominant wavelength in the mixture of

What is Color
light waves, as perceived by an observer.
is the color attribute that describes a pure color Saturation relative purity

amount of white light in the color mixed with hue Example
Pure colors are fully saturated. Not saturated is, e.g., pink (red+white).
2.15
HSI Color Space
Perhaps the most intuitive color representation
Used in Computer Graphics and Computer Vision

What is Color

2.16
HSI Color Space A single pixel consists of three components: [0, 255]. Each pixel is a vector.
What is Color

Caution
2.17
Example HSI
What is Color
Original Image
Hue
Saturation
Intensity
2.18
YUV Color Space
YUV: used in commercial color TV broadcasting and video
What is Color
signals
backwards compatible to the old B/W TV.

We need a format that decouples grayscale and color: HSI Poor-mans HSI because it is much easier to compute
from RGB than HSI
2.19
YUV Color Space A single pixel consists of three components: [0, 255]. Each pixel is a vector.
What is Color

Caution
2.20
Example YUV
What is Color
Original Image
Y-band
U-Band
V-Band
2.21
So Why Different Color Spaces

RGB Color space
works like Human Visual System (HVS) difcult to decouble color from intensity
HSI Color space
What is Color
a more physically motivated description of color decoubles color, intensity and saturity difcult to compute
YUV Color space

Simple to compute similar to HSI motivated by broadcasting technology saves memory through biological arguments hardly used in Computer Vision and Computer Graphics
2.22
What is Pseude Color
What is Color
What is Pseudo Color?

2.23
Full Color / Pseudo Color

Full Color Images: Acquired by a (TV/DV) camera, digital
camer or scanner
Pseudo Color Images: Assigned a shade of color to a
monochrome intensity or range of intensities
What is Color
Example

2.24
Example
What is Color

2.25

Example
What is Color

2.26
What to remember
Achromatic vs. Chromatic
How come that with RGB we can represent all (all?!?)
colors?
What is Color
Subtractive Color vs. Additive Color
Pseudo color: represent grayscales as colors
Color Spaces RGB: Used in cameras and the HVS Normalized RGB: Decouples intensity and color: Used in Computer Vision HSI: Decouples intensity, hue and saturity: Used in CG and Computer Vision YUV: Used in commercial color TV

2.27
Exercises
Questions about the lecture? What was good about the lecture and what oculd have How many different 512 512 grayscale (8bit) images How many different colors exist for 24bit pixel? How many different 512 512 color (24bit) images exist? Questions Why can we use RGB to generate almost all pixel colors? What is the difference between Achromatic and Chromatic? What is the difference between Subtractive Color and Additive Color? Describe the four different color spaces (RGB, rg, HSI, YUV) What are their characteristics and where are they used? What is a pseudo color image? How can a Pseudo color image be generated from a gray value image?
been better? exist?
What is Color

2.28

Image Processing: Digital Color Images

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Image Processing Dr.

What are Color Space

Pseudo Color Concluding Remarks

Program for today

Image Processing Dr. Volker Krger

2 What are Color Space

What are Color Space

Pseudo Color Concluding Remarks

Image Processing Dr. Volker Krger

Additive / Subtractive Color

What are Color Space

Pseudo Color Concluding Remarks

Image Processing Dr. Volker Krger

The colors that humans perceive are determined by the

Achromatic: Only intensities (amount of light). Achromatic

information ranges from black to white

What are Color Space

Example: Gray levels as seen on black/white TV screens.

Image Processing Dr. Volker Krger

What are Color Space

Pseudo Color Concluding Remarks

Receptivity of the Eye Cells

Image Processing Dr. Volker Krger

What are Color Space

Pseudo Color Concluding Remarks

Red, Green,Blue=White? Really???

Image Processing Dr. Volker Krger

Subtractive Color!! Additive Color!!

But why does it work for the TV?

What are Color Space

Pseudo Color Concluding Remarks

Additive / Subtractive Color

Image Processing Dr. Volker Krger

Additive Color: Sum of light of different wave lengths. That

light reaches our eye directly.

What are Color Space

Subtractive Color: White Color is emitted by the sun and is

only partially reected from an object!

Pseudo Color Concluding Remarks

What are Color Spaces

Image Processing Dr. Volker Krger

What are Color Spaces?

Additive / Subtractive Color

What are Color Space

Pseudo Color Concluding Remarks

RGB Color Space

Image Processing Dr. Volker Krger

white (gray, black).

What are Color Space

Pseudo Color Concluding Remarks

Image Processing Dr. Volker Krger

Pixel-vector in the computer memory

Final pixel color in the image

What are Color Space

Pseudo Color Concluding Remarks

Image Processing Dr. Volker Krger

What are Color Space

RGB Color Space

Pseudo Color Concluding Remarks

Convert Color to Grayscale Images

Image Processing Dr. Volker Krger

What are Color Space