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COFVRICHT DEPOSIT.

HANDBOOK
OF

THERMODYNAMIC TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

McGraw-Hill BookCompai^
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HANDBOOK OF

THEEMODYNAMIC TABLES
AND DIAGRAMS
A SELECTION OF TABLES AND DIAGRAMS FROM

ENGINEEHING THERMODYNAMICS
BY

CHARLES EDWARD LUCKE,

Ph. D.

PROFESSOR OP MECHANICAL ENGINEERING IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

NEW YORK

CITY

ARRANGED AND AMPLIFIED BY

JOHN

J.^lBtATHER, Ph.

B.,

M. M.

E.

PROFESSOR OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING IN UNIVERSITY

OF MINNESOTA, MINNEAPOLIS

First Edition

McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, Inc.

239 WEST 39TH STREET, NEW YORK
6

BOUVERIE STREET, LONDON,

1915

E. C.

Jo

i'^^-^

Copyright, 1915, by the

McGraw-Hill Book Company,

e-

Xo

THE. MAPLE. PRES3.YOKK. PA

JUL 2

1915

CI,A401613

Inc.

PREFACE
While

the following tables and diagrams have been arranged primarily for

use with the authors' Textbook of Engineering Thermodynamics

that they will be of considerable value to

all

it is

thought

students of engineering as well as

who may have occasion to undertake thermodynamic computations.

Most of the tables have been taken from Dr. Lucke's larger work on Engineering Thermodynamics, but some new ones have been added, among which
are the very convenient four place hyperbolic and common logarithms, the
plates for which were kindly loaned by Professor E. V. Huntington.
practicing engineers or others

The authors

acknowledge their obligations to the various sources

of information utilized in the preparation of the tables and diagrams.
Special
mention is due Professors Marks and Davis, for the use of material from their
Steam Tables (Longmans, Green & Co.) to Mr. E. D. Thurston, Jr., whose
invaluable help is gratefully acknowledged, and to Mr. T. M. Gunn for aid on
part of the work.
desire to

C. E. L.
June. 1915.

J-

J-

F.

CONTENTS
PAQB

Preface

List of Tables
List of Charts and Diagrams

ix
xi

Part

Introduction
Tables

1-4
5-137

Part
Construction and Use of the Diagrams

II

139-150
151-230
231-238

Charts
Index

VU

LIST OF TABLES
Paqb

No.
1.

2.
3.
4.

5.
6.

7.

8.
9.

10.
11.
12.

13.
14.
15.
16.

17.
18.
19.

20.
21.
22.

23.
24.
25.

26.
27.

28.

29.
30.
31.
32.

33.
34.
35.
36.

Conversion table
Conversion table
Conversion table
Conversion table
Conversion table
Conversion table
Conversion table
Units of velocity

of units of distance

of units of surface

volume

of units of

of units of weights

and

force

of units of pressure
of units of

of units of

work
power

Heat and power conversion table

Barometric heights, altitudes and pressures
Conversion table inches of mercury to pounds per square inch
Piston positions for any crank angle
Horse-power per pound mean effective pressure

PF" =

Constants for the curve

K....
Values of s for adiabatic expansion of steam
Valuesof sin the equation FF = constant for various substances and conditions.
Fixed temperatures
Temperatures, Centigrade and Fahrenheit
Values of x for use in Heck's formula for missing water
Baume-specific gravity scale
Freezing-point of calcium chloride brine
Specific heats of solids
Specific heats of gases
Specific heats of liquids
Specific heat of sodium chloride brine
Coefficient of linear expansion of solids
Coefficient of cubical expansion of liquids
Coefficient of volumetric expansion of gases and vapors at constant pressure
Coefficient of pressure rise of gases and vapors at constant volume
Compressibility of gases by their isothermals
Values of the gas constant R
Density of gases
Ignition temperatures
The critical point
Latent heats of vaporization
Latent heats of fusion
atomic weights

39. Melting- or freezing-points

40. Properties of saturated

steam

superheated steam
42. Properties of saturated ammonia vapor
43. Properties of saturated carbon dioxide vapor
44. Relation between pressure, temperature and per cent.

41. Properties of

ix

11

12
13

14
15
15

16

18
19

19

20-21
22-23
24
25
25
26
26
27
28
28
29
30
30
31

31

32
34
34
36
40

37. Boiling-points
38. International

7
7
8
10

41

NHs

in solution

50
54

LIST OF TABLES

X
No.

Page

46.

ammonia and water vapors

and per cents, of ammonia in solution
Absorption of gases by liquids

47.

Absorption of

45. Values of partial pressure of

water
combustion

for various temperatures

air in

48. Air required for

of various substances.

49. Radiation coefficients

50. Coefficients of

Heats of combustion of fuel elements and chemical compounds

52. Internal thermal conductivity
53. Relative thermal conductivity.
54. Comparison of cellulose and average wood composition
55. Composition and calorific power of characteristic coals
56. Combustible and volatile of coals, lignites and peats
57. Classification of coals by gas and coke qualities
58. Paraffines from Pennsylvania petroleums
59. Calorific power of mineral oils by calorimeter and calculation by density formula of

Sherman and Kropff

of natural gases

91

mineral oils
Composition of coke oven and retort coal gas
Composition of U. S. coke
Products of bituminous coal distillation
Average distillation products of crude mineral oils
Fractionation tests of kerosenes and petroleums
Fractionation tests of gasolenes
Composition of blast-furnace gas and air gas
Rate of formation of CO from CO2 and carbon
Composition of producer gas
Composition of water gas
Composition of oil producer gas
Gas producer tests
Composition of powdered coal producer gas

62. Properties of
63.

64.
65.
66.
67.

68.
69.
70.
71.

72.
73.
74.
75.

76.

Composition of boiler-flue gases

powers of best air-gas mixtures

77. Calorific

78. Limits of proportions of explosive air-gas mixtures

81.

Rate of combustion of coal

Diagram factors for Otto cycle gas engines
Heat balances of gas and oil engines

82.

Mean

79.

80.

effective pressure factors for Otto cycle engines

83. Values of

84.

for air flow (Weisbach)

Flow change

Fr

resistance factors

85. Efficiency factors for reciprocating

86.
87.

88.
89.

Chimney
Chimney

Common
Common

(Reitschel)

steam engines and turbines

capacities (Kent)

draft

logarithms, 1 .0 to
logarithms,

62
63
65
68
69
70
78
87
88

89
90

60. Properties of oil-gas

Composition

61

61

heat transfer

51.

61.

58
60
60

.999

to 9 99

90. Hyperbolic logarithms, 1.0 to

10.0

92
94
98
99
99
100
102

104
106
108
113

113
114
116
116
117
118
119
122
123
124
125
125
126
130
131
132
134

136

LIST OF

CHARTS

Chart
1.

2.
3.

4.
5.

iage

Work and horse-power for single-stage compressors

Work and horse-power for two-stage compressors
Work and horse-power for three-stage compressors
Mean effective pressure of compressors, one-, two-, and three-stages
Value of supply pressure in maximum work and mean effective pressure

151

7.

Relative work of two- and three-stage compressors compared to single stage

Diagram to give economy of exponential cycles referred to isothermal as standard

8.

Compressor cylinder displacement

9.

28.

Graphical determination of mean effective pressure for single cylinder engines

equal distribution of work in compound engine
Specific heats of gases
Specific heat of superheated steam
Equivalent gas densities at different pressures and temperatures
Ammonia pressure-temperature relations, for saturated vapor
Carbon dioxide pressure-temperature relations for saturated vapor
Steam, pressure-temperature (Table XL)
Steam, heat of the Hquid (Table XL)
Steam, latent heat (Table XL)
Steam, total heat (Table XL)
Steam, specific volume and density of the liquid (Table XL)
Steam, specific volume and density of the vapor (Table XL)
Vapor pressure of hydrocarbons and light petroleum distillates of the gasolene class
Vapor pressure of heavy petroleum distillates of the kerosene class
Vapor pressure of the alcohols
Relation between wet and dry bulb psychrometer readings and dew point for air
and water vapor
Relation between humidity and weight of moisture per cubic foot of saturated air.
Ammonia-water solutions, relation between total pressure and temperature
Ammonia-water solutions, relation between total pressure and per cent. NH3 in

29.

Ammonia-water

6.

for given capacity

'.

10. Relations for

11.

12.
13.
14.

15.
16.

17.

18.
19.

20.

21.
22.
23.

24.
25.

26.
27.

'

165
166
167
168
169
170
171

172
173

174
175

176
177
178
179

solution
solutions, relation between temperature and per cent.

NH3

in

solution
30. Fractional distillation of kerosene

and petroleums

31. Fractional distillation of gasolenes

Composition of hypothetical producer gas from fixed carbon

Heats of reaction for hypothetical producer gas from fixed carbon, B.T.U
34. Relation between temperatures and heat for gases according to the constant and
32.

33.

36.

37.

Heat balance

boiler horse-power.

Factor of evaporation

for locomotive boiler

38. Lifluence of various factors

39. Influence of various factors

on boiler efficiency
on boiler efficiency
xi

180
181
182
183
184
185
186

variable specific heat

Rate of combustion of coal with draft

Heat per pound of steam above feed temperature.

35.

152
153
154
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164

Evaporation per hour per

187
188
189

190

LIST OF

xii

CHARTS

CHART

PAGB

Constant volume lines for steam on the temperature-entropy diagram

Small pressure ratios
41. Exponential gas changes.
42. Exponential gas changes.
Larger pressure ratios
43. Exponential gas changes.
Relation between initial and final ratios of pressures,
volumes, temperatures, and entropies
44. Temperature-entropy diagram with lines of constant pressure and constant quality
for steam
45. The MoUier total heat entropy diagram for steam
46. Rankine cycle.
Thermal efficiency. Steam initially dry and saturated
47. Rankine cycle.
Thermal efficiency. Steam initially of any quality
48. Rankine cycle.
Work per lb. of steam (m.e.p.) and jet velocity. Steam initially
dry saturated
49. Rankine cycle.
Work per lb. of steam (m.e.p.) and jet velocity. Steam initially
40.

of

any quality

Carnot steam cycle and derivatives.

51.

Carnot steam cycle and derivatives.

Thermal

efficiency.

Steam

initially

dry

initially of

any

saturated
efficiency.

Steam

55.

57.

58.

59.

60.

61.

62.

63.

64.
65.
66.

67.

68.
69.

70.
71.

198

201

"

56.

194
195
196
197

Carnot steam cycle and derivatives. Work per lb. of steam (m.e.p.) and jet
velocity.
Steam initially dry and saturated
202
Carnot steam cycle and derivatives. Work per lb. of steam (m.e.p.) and jet
velocity.
Steam initially of any quality
203
Thermal efficiency. Non-compression gas cycles, Brown, Lenoir, and Otto and
Langen
204
Work per lb. of gases and (m.e.p.). Non-compression gas cycles, Brown, Lenoir,
and Otto and Langen
205
Stirling gas cycle.
Thermal' efficiency. Heat of regeneration, plotted against
206
heat from the fire
Ericsson gas cycle. Thermal efficiency. Heat of regeneration plotted against
207
heat from the fire
Thermal efficiency. Heat of regeneration plotted against comStirling gas cycle.
208
pression pressure
against
Heat
regeneration
plotted
of
gas
cycle.
Thermal
efficiency.
Ericsson
209
compression pressure
Otto, Brayton, Carnot, Diesel, and complete expansion Otto cycles. Thermal
210
efficiency, with heat supplied
Otto, Brayton, Carnot, Diesel, and complete expansion Otto cycles. Thermal
211
efficiency, with compression
Otto, Brayton, Carnot, Diesel, and complete expansion Otto cycles. Work and
212
(m.e.p.) with heat supplied
cycles.
Work
and
Otto
expansion
complete
Otto, Brayton, Carnot, Diesel, and
213
(m.e.p.) with compression
214
Otto gas cycle. Work and (m.e.p.) for heat added after compression
215
Diesel gas cycle. Work and (m.e.p.) for heat added after compression
Comparison of rational and empiric formulas for air and steam flow. Any initial
216
pressure
Comparison of rational and empiric formulas for air and steam flow. Any back
217
pressure
218
Harter's values of Napier's coefficient and weight of flow for superheated steam
219
Velocity of air in pipes in terms of pitot tube readings
220
Coefficients of friction for air in ducts
221
Diagram to determine chimney diameters
'.

54.

193

200

Thermal

quality

53.

192
192

199

50.

52.

191

LIST OF

CHARTS

CHART
72.
73.

74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.

80.

81.

82.

Diagram to determine refrigerating effect per pound of ammonia

Diagram to determine refrigerating effect per pound of carbon dioxide
Density and specific volume of ammonia-water solutions

xiii

PAGE

222
223
224
Temperature-entropy diagram for ammonia
225
MoUier diagram for ammonia
226
Temperature-entropy diagram for carbon dioxide
227
MoUier diagram for carbon dioxide
228
Work in B.T.U., by ammonia vaporizing to dry saturated vapor
229
Work in B.T.U., by ammonia vaporizing to any quality or superheat at 15 pounds 229
230
Work in B.T.U., by carbon dioxide vaporizing to dry saturated vapor
quality
230
Work in B.T.U., by carbon dioxide vaporizing to any
or superheat

TABLE OF SYMBOLS
A =
a

area in square feet.

area in square inches.

coefl&cient of linear expansion.

= Baume.
B.H.P. = brake horse-power; also boiler horse-power.
(bk. pr.) = back pressure in pounds per square inch.
C = Centigrade.

Be.

Cp

=
=
=

Cv =
Ci =
c =
=
D =

coefficient for air flow.

specific heat.
specific heat at constant pressure.

specific heat at constant

volume.

clearance expressed in cubic feet.

clearance expressed as a fraction of the displacement.
constant.

displacement

(del. pr.)

in cubic feet.

delivery pressure in pounds per square inch.

= volumetric efficiency (apparent).

F = constant in equation for pipe flow.
= Fahrenheit.
=
resistance factor, Fr X velocity head = loss due to resistances.
Fr

acceleration due to gravity, 32.2 (approx.) feet per second, per second.
g
H = as a subscript to denote high-pressure cylinder.
H.P. = horse-power.
h = height in inches.
K = coefficient of thermal conductivity
= constant.
Ev

Lan

Ke = engme constant = ^^ ^^^

m expression for horse-power =

.

<.

aS

^o r>QQ

L = as a subscript to denote low-pressure cylinder.

= latent heat.
= length of stroke in feet.
(L.P. Cap.) = low-pressure capacity.
= length.
(M.E.P.) = mean effective pressure, pounds per square foot,
(m.b.p.) = mean back pressure in pounds per square inch,
(m.e.p.) = mean effective pressure in pounds per square inch,
(m.f.p.) = mean forward pressure in pounds per square inch.
N = revolutions per minute =R. P.M. or R.p.m.
P = pressure in pounds per square foot.
p = pressure in pounds per square inch.
Q = quantity of heat or energy in B.T.U. gained by a body passing from one state to
R = gas constant.
Rc = ratio of cylinder sizes in two-stage air compressor or compound engine.
Rp = ratio of delivery to supply pressure.
XV
I

another.

TABLE OF SYMBOLS

xvi

= receiver pressure in pounds per square inch.

S = piston speed.
= pounds of steam per pound of air in producer blast.
s = general exponent of V in expansion or compression of

(rec. pr.)

sp. gr.

sp. ht.

(sup. pr.)

= specific heat,
= supply pressure,

in

pounds per square inch.

= temperature, degrees absolute.

= temperature in degrees scale.
= temperature-entropy.
= volume in cubic feet.
= volume.
= work in foot-pounds.
= weight in pounds.
= weight.

T
t

T<i>

V
V

W
w

Wt.
X = constant

in the expression for missing water.

fraction of total weight liquified from the solid, or vaporized from the liquid

gases.

specific gravity.

Z =
z =

= quality.

If

the vapor be superheated, the number of degrees of superheat also = quality.

ratio of the volume of receiver to that of the high-pressure cylinder of the compound
engine.
fraction of the stroke of the steam engine completed at cut-off.
ratio of R.P.M. to cycles per minute.

= coefficient of cubical expansion.

constant in equation for variable specific heat at constant volume.
constant in equation for variable specific heat at constant pressure.

a, (alpha)

dv

ap
7,

=
=

(gamma) =

special value for s for adiabatic expansion or compression

specific

heat at constant pressure

specific

heat at constant volume

= density in pounds per

5,
=
(zeta)
coefficient of friction.
f
=
S, (sigma)
summation.
$ = 0, (phi) = entropy.
(delta)

cubic foot,

A small letter when used as a subscript to a capital in general refers to a point on a

Note.
diagram,

e.g..

Pa designates pressure

at the point A.

together, refer in general to a quantity between

from point

to point B.

two

Two

small letters used as subscripts

points, e.g.,

Wab designates work done

HANDBOOK OF

THERMODYNAMIC TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

PART

INTRODUCTION
The province of Engineering Thermodynamics is to guide numerical thermal
computations deahng with actual substances and apparatus in accordance with
In order to do this, numerical values
for heat effects must be available for the various substances and materials
used in engineering under the varying conditions of practice, and in such units
as may readily be applied these include especially that class of units known as
physical constants which embrace, for example, such quantities as the coeffithe laws of thermodynamic philosophy.

cients of expansion, the specific heats, latent heats of fusion

and vaporization,

the ratio of the pressure-volume product to absolute temperature, the expo-

nent ''" in adiabatic expansion of gases and vapors, and various other quantities.
In addition to the physical constants which are necessary in the work of
thermodynamic computation, the solution of numerical problems is greatly
facilitated by the use of other correlated tables and diagrams many of which are
given in the present book of tables, but to correctly use such aids there should be
no ambiguity in regard to the units employed.
It should be noted that true pressures are always absolute, that is, measured
above a perfect vacuum or counted from zero, while most pressure gages and
other devices for measuring pressure, such as indicators, give results measured
above or below atmospheric pressure. In all problems involving work of
gases and vapors, the absolute values of the pressures must be used hence, if a
gage or indicator measurement is being considered, the pressure of the atmosphere found by means of the barometer must be added to the pressure above
atmosphere in order to obtain the absolute or true pressures. When the pressures are below atmosphere the combination with the barometric reading will
depend on the record; if the record be taken by an indicator it will be in pounds
per square inch below atmosphere and must be subtracted from the barometric equivalent in the same units to give the absolute pressure in pounds per
square inch. When, however, a vacuum gage reads in inches of mercury below
atmosphere, as such gages do, the difference between its reading and the barometric gives the absolute pressure in inches of mercury directly, which can be
converted to the desired units by the proper factors.
In general, steam pressures are most commonly stated in pounds per square
;

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

inch and are designated as either gage or absolute.

air are

commonly expressed

though sometimes in

Pressures of compressed

same units as steam, either gage or absolute,

atmospheres. Steam pressures below atmosphere are con-

veniently stated as a

in the

vacuum

of so

many

inches of mercury, or they

may

be
many pounds
per square inch absolute. The pressures of gases stored in tanks under high
pressure are frequently recorded in atmospheres due to the convenience of
computation of quantities on this basis. Pressures of air obtained by blowers
or fans are sometimes given in ounces per square inch above atmosphere, but
such pressures, and also differences of pressure of air due to chimney draught,
given as a pressure of so

many

inches of mercury absolute or so

or forced draught, and the pressure of illuminating gas in city mains are commonly stated in inches of water. In many cases the data are given in other units

which must be converted by the use of tables, diagrams or otherwise, before

the results can be properly interpreted or intelligently compared.
Time is an important item in all engineering work and none the less so in
computations, so that convenient tables and diagrams are most essential to
the solution of such problems. In some cases graphic methods are the only
means of solution; in others the problems may be solved directly without the
use of formulas, and in still others certain steps may be shortened. In many
engineering calculations no one is justified in using a complicated mathematical
formula; if too much time be required to make the calculation in commercial
work it will not be made, therefore indirect and often approximate methods are
In such cases the nearest tabular or chart value must be used,
substituted.
and generally the result will be as accurate as the work requires.
In the following tables and charts the accompanying title usually indicates the character of each table or diagram and little explanation is necessary.
The tables for dry saturated steam, and properties of superheated steam are
those of Marks and Davis. From the investigation made by Ma.rks and Davis
it is believed that the properties of saturated steam given in the tables are
correct to within one-tenth of 1 per cent, for pressures within the range of

ordinary engineering practice.

unit of heat and of energy in these tables is a mean B.T.U. or YsJ ^^ ^^^
heat required to raise 1 lb. of water from 32 to 212.

The

The value of one mean B.T.U. as used in these tables is equivalent to 777.52
when the gravitational constant is 980.665 cm. sec.^ which corresponds

ft.-lbs.

to 32.174 lbs.

years

it

and

is

the value for latitude between 45 and 46.

has been most

common

to use in engineering calculations,

For many
the round

778; for most problems this round number is still the best available
but where special accuracy is needed it is likely that no closer value
can be relied upon than anything between 777.5 and 777.6 for the above

number
figure,

latitude.

Investigations, particularly

by Knobloch and Jacob, by Thomas and by

Henning, show that the specific heat of superheated steam is not constant, but
The curves derived by Marks
is a function of both pressure and temperature.

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

and Davis
of

for specific heat of superheated

steam from a

critical

examination

the material available are given in the charts.

As the method used

in the derivation of the

steam tables

is

so rational

and

new determination of the relations between

pressure and temperature for ammonia and carbon dioxide, both important
substances in refrigeration. The tables of properties for ammonia and carbon
scientific it

has been adopted for a

dioxide thus determined give the final values of total heat, heat of liquid, latent

volume and density of dry saturated vapor based upon large

without equations beyond those for the pressure-temperature

heat, specific

scale

plottings,

rela-

The

tions for saturated vapor.

possible to have

results are believed to be as reliable as it is

them without more experimental

data.

The Mollier total heat-entropy diagram for steam makes possible the
solution of many problems involving both saturated and superheated steam.
Since this chart

is

so convenient for turbine work, a scale of corresponding

steam- jet velocities has been added to the diagram. Temperature-entropy

and Mollier diagrams have also been plotted for ammonia and carbon dioxide,

from which the work

The

may

readily be obtained.

and other fuels given in the tables will be

found of great value to the engineer. These values have been selected from the
most reliable sources available, but it is worth noting that in the analyses of
oil

analyses of gases,

gas there

There

is

is

also

oils, coals,

quite a probability of uncertainty in the hydrocarbons reported.

some doubt,

at least for gases, in the values given in the table of

by any means a

XXXIII).

The ignition of a combustible is not

simple operation especially when the fuel is in the form of an

ignition temperatures (Table

explosive gas mixture.

With the

latter the ignition temperature, true or appar-

ent, is different for different proportions of air

different

when

neutrals are present.

nition temperatures for the

The values given

For

and

fuel,

this reason there

and likewise

may

still

be various

ig-

same substance; this is known to be true for gases.

must be considered as ignition tem-

in the tables therefore

peratures not the ignition temperature.

LV

and LVI), the first

of which gives the proximate and ultimate analysis of upward of 200 different
For each fuel the calorific
coals covering the range from peat to anthracite.
power is also given. Table LVI constitutes a new table derived from No. LV
in which the chemical and thermal properties have been re-determined as ash
and moisture free. In this table the calorific power of the combustible is reported, total and as divided between the fixed carbon and the volatile parts, and
The prodfinally the calorific power of the volatile itself per pound is found.
uct of the fractional weight of the fixed carbon and 14,544, its known calorific
power, gives the heat due to the combustion of the fixed carbon part of the
combustible, and this subtracted from the B.T.U. per pound of combustible
The heat
gives the heat per pound of combustible derived from its volatile.
per pound of combustible derived from its volatile only, when divided by the
fractional weight of volatile in the combustible gives the B.T.U. per pound of
Attention

is

called to the general coal tables (No.

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

4
volatile itself.

Thus the character

of heating

power

of the volatile of the coals

new basis of classification with direct reference to

and makes possible the calculation of the calorific power

furnishes a

availability as

fuels,

of a coal with

from its easily found proximate analysis.

In general, the charts presented in this book have been drawn to a sufficiently
large scale to permit direct solution of most problems with a reasonable degree
However, in certain cases it is advisable to plot new diagrams to
of accuracy.
a larger scale in order to ensure still greater accuracy of result.
Where it has been deemed advisable the derivation and use of the chart has
been given in the text; but where this description would involve a lengthy explanation it has been omitted in such cases the reader is referred to the authors'
Textbook of Engineering Thermodynamics for a complete discussion of the conIt will be understood that the numbers of equations
struction of the diagrams.
given in the descriptive matter refer to the textbook quoted. In some of the
charts the curves have been plotted from tabular values derived from experiment or calculated from formulas; under these conditions the method of derivation is obvious and will not be referred to in the text.

fair accuracy,

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table

CONVERSION TABLE OF UNITS OF DISTANCE

Kilometers.

Meters. 1

1
1000
0.0254
0.304801
1609.35
1853.27

0.0000254
0.0003048
1.60935
1.85327

Feet.

Statute Miles.

Nautical Miles.

3.28083
3280.83
0.083333

0.000621370
0.62137
0.0000157828
0.000189394
1.

0.000539587
0.539587
0000137055
0.000164466
0.868382

1.15157

1.

39.37
39370.1

0.001

Inches.

12

63360
72963.2

In accordance with U.

5280
6080.27
S.

Standards (see Smithsonian Tables).

Table

II

CONVERSION TABLE OF UNITS OF SURFACE

Sq. Meters.

Sq. Inches.

1550.00

.000645
.0929
.8361

10.76387

Acres.

1.19599

Sq. Miles.

.000247

.00694

144
1296

4046.87
2589999

Sq. Yards.

Sq. Feet.

.111

.000206

43560
27878400

Table

4840
3097600

001562

640

III

CONVERSION TABLE OF UNITS OF VOLUME

Cu. Meters.

Cu. Inches.

61023.4

.028317
.76456
.001

.003785

1728
46656
61.023
231

Cu. Feet.

35.3145
.000578

Cu. Yards.

1.3079

Lities

(1000 Cu. Cm.)

1000

264.170
00433
7.4805
201 974
.26417

.016387

28.317

.03704

27

Gallons (U.S.)

.035314
.13368

.001308
.004951

3.7854

Table IV

CONVERSION TABLE OF UNITS OF WEIGHT AND FORCE

Kilogrammes.

Metric Tons.

Pounds.

1000.

1.

2.20462
2204.62

0.453593
907.186
1016.05

0.000453593
0.907186
1.01605

2000.
2240.

1.

0.001

1.

U.

S. or

Short Tons.

British or

Long Tons.

1.

0.000984205
0.984205
0.000446429
0.892957

1.12000

1.

0.00110231
1.10231
0.0005

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC
V

Table

CONVERSION TABLE OF UNITS OF PRESSURE

One lb. per sq. ft

One lb. per sq. in
One ounce per sq. in
One atmosphere (standard

Pounds per

Pounds per

Square Foot.

Square Inch.

1.

0.0625

9.

Atmospheres
(Standard at
Sea Level).

32 F.

0.006944

144.

Inches of

Mercury at

0.014139
2.03594
0.127246

0.0004724
0.06802
0.004252

at sea

level)

One kilogramme per square meter

One gramme per square millimeter
One kilogramme per square centi.

meter

2116.1
20.4817
204.817

14.696
0.142234
1.42234

29.924
0.289579
2.89579

0.009678
0.09678

2048.17

14.2234

28.9579

0.9678

1.

FLUID PRESSURES

One

of water at 39.1 F. (max.

ft.

dens.)
One ft. of water at 62 F
One in. of water at 62 F
One in. of mercury at 32 F. (stand-

62.425
62.355
5.196

0.43350
0.43302
0.036085

0.88225
0.88080
0.07340

0.029492
0.029460
0.002455

ard) ^
One centimeter of mercury at 0 C.
One ft. of air at 32 F., one atmos.
press

70.7290
27.8461

0.491174
0.193376

1.

0.393701

0.033416
0.013158

0.0005604
0.0005282

0.0011412
0.0010755

0.00003813
0.00003594

Oneft. of

air,

62

0.08071
0.07607

Pressubes Measured by the Mercury Column. For temperatures other than 32

pounds per cubic inch, and hence the pressure, pounds per square inch, due
mercury 1 inch high, is given with sufficient accuracy by the following formula:
1

of mercury,

= 0.4912- (- 32)

The mercurial barometer is commonly made with a

at 62 F,

and a

F.,

to a

the density

column

XO.OOOl.

brass scale which has

linear coefficient of expansion of about 0.000001

for each

its

standard or correct length

Hence, to

degree Fahrenheit.

correct the standard mercury at 32 F., the corrected reading will be

Hsz^H^-HUX <-28.6
11000
where Hi

is

the observed height at a temperature of

F.

Table VI

CONVERSION TABLE OF UNITS OF WORK

Kilogrammeters,
1.

0.138255
276.510
309.691

Foot-pounds.

7.23300
1.

2000.
2240.

of

Foot Tons (Short Tons).

0.00361650
0.000500
1.
1

12000

Foot Tons (Long Tons).

0.00322902
0.000446429
0.892857
1.

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table VII

CONVERSION TABLE OF UNITS OF POWER

Foot-pounds per
Minute.

Foot-pounds per
Second.

33000.

1.

0.00184340
0.0000307241
1.01387

32548.5
7.23327

0.986319
0.000219182

0.000222222

0.00181818
0.000030303

60.

1.

0.0166667
550.000
542.475
0.120550

1.

Kilogrammeters per
Minute.

Cheval-Vapeur.

Horse-power.

8.29531
0.138252
4562.42
4500.00

1.

1.

Table VIII
UNITS OF VELOCITY
Feet per Minute.

One foot per second

One foot per minute
One statute mile per hour
One nautical mile per hour = 1 knot
One kUometer per hour
One meter per minute
One centimeter per second

Feet per Second.

60.

0.016667
1.4667
1.6890
0.911344

1.

88.

101.338
54.6806
3.28084
2.00848

0.0.54581

0.032808

Table IX

HEAT AND POWER CONVERSION TABLE

KUo

Calorie
C.

B.T.U.
Lb. "F.

Lb.

1.

3.9683

2.2046

.252
.4536
.5556

Kilo

C.

1.8

1.

1.8
.4536
.8165

2.2046

1.2261

1.

.5556

1.

Calorie

B.T.U.

per Cu. Ft.

per Cu. Ft.

Calorie
per Lb.

B.T.U.

B.T.U.

per Lb.

per Kilo.

1.

3.9683

8.7483
2.2046

.252
.1143
.4536

.252

.4536
1.8

112.37
28.317

.252

.18X10-'

1. 818X10-'

.5556

2.2046

.7074

.4536
.1783

1.414
5.61
2.545

.3931

42.44
2545

10.695
641

777.5
3086
1399.5
650

3.9683
1.8

1.

1.

.252

1. 286X10-'

3.9683

3.9683

1.

.324X10-'

Calorie.

.5807
.252

.1402
.0353

H.P. Sec.

B.T.U.

2.2046

B.T.U.

Cent. Heat
Unit, At.

Ft.-Lb.

Calorie
per Kilo.

per Liter.

.0353
.0089

1.

28.317
7.136

1.

Calorie
per Liter.

3.9683

1.

3.3X10*
1.98X108

*>F.

23.578

60

1.413X10'

3600

H.P. Min.

H.P. Hour.

.303X10-* 5.05 XlO-7

2.356X10-2 3. 927X10-*
9.35 XlO-2 1. 558X10-'
4.24 XlO-2
.707X10-'
1.67 XlO- 2.777X10-*
1

60

1.67

XlO-2
1

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

Table

TABLE OF BAROMETRIC HEIGHTS, ALTITUDES, AND PRESSURES

(Adapted from Smithsonian Tables)
Barometric heights are given in inches and milhmeters of mercury at its standard density
(32 F.).
Altitudes are heights above mean sea level in feet, at which this barometric height is
standard.
(See Smithsonian Tables for corrections for latitude and temperature.)
Pressures given are the equivalent of the barometric height in lbs. per sq. in. and per
sq. ft.

Standard Barometer.

Pressure,

Pounds per

Altitude, Feet above

Sea Level.

Square Inch.

Square Foot.

Inches.

Centimeters.

17.0
17.2
17.4
17.6
17.8

43.18
43.69
44.20
44.70
45.21

15379
15061
14746
14435
14128

8.350
8.448
8.546
8.645
8.742

1202.3
1216.6
1230.7
1244.8
1259.0

18.0
18.2
18.4
18.6
18.8

45.72
46.23
46.73
47.24
47.75

13824
13523
13226
12931
12640

8.840
8.940
9.038
9.136
9.234

1273.2
1287.3
1301.4
1315.6
1329.7

19.0
19.2
19.4
19.6
19.8

48.26
48.77
49.28
49.78
50.29

12352
12068
11786
11507
11230

9.332
9.430
9.529
9.627
9.726

1343.8
1357.9
1372.1
1386.3
1400.4

20.0
20.2
20.4
20.6
20.8

50.80
51.31
51.82
52.32
52.83

10957
10686
10418
10153
9890

9.825
9.922
10.020
10.118
10.217

1414.6
1428.7
1442.9
1457.0
1471.2

21.0
21.2
21.4
21.6
21.8

53.34
53.85
54.36
54.87
55.37

9629
9372
9116
8863
8612

10.315
10.414
10.511
10.609
10.707

1485.3
1499.4
1513.6
1527.7
1541.8

22.0
22.2
22.4
22.6
22.8

55.88
56.39
56.90
57.40
57.91

8364
8118
7874
7632
7392

10.806
10.904
11.002
11.100
11.198

1556.0
1570.1
1584.3
1598.4
1612.6

23.0
23.2
23.4
23.6
23.8

58.42
58.92
59.44
59.95
60.45

7155
6919
6686
6454
6225

11.297
11.395
11.493
11.592
11.690

1626.7
1640.8
1655.0
1669.3
1683.3

24.0
24.2
24.4
24.6
24.8

60.96
61.47
61.98
62.48
62.99

5997
5771
5547
5325
5105

11.788
11.886
11.984
12.083
12.182

1697.4
1711.6
1725.7
1739.9
1754.0

25.0
25.2
25.4
25.6
25.8

63.50
64.01
64.52
65.02
65.53

4886
4670
4455
4241
4030

12.280
12.377
12.475
12.573
12.671

1768.2
1782.3
1796.5
1810.7
1824.8

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table

Continued

Standard Barometer.

Pressure,

Pounds per

Altitude, Feet above

Sea Level.

Square Inch.

Square Foot.

66.80
67.06

3820
3715
3611
3508
3404

12.770
12.819
12.868
12.918
12.967

1838.9
1846.0
1853.1
1860.2
1867.3

3301
3199
3097
2995
2894

13.016
13.065
13.113

26.8
26.9

67.31
67.57
67.82
68.08
68.33

1874.3
1881.4
1888.5
1895.5
1902.6

27.0
27.1
27.2
27.3
27.4

68.58
68.84
69.09
69.34
69.60

2793
2692
2592
2493
2393

13.261
13.310
13.359
13.408
13.457

1909.7
1916.7

27.5
27.6
27.7
27.8
27.9

69.85
70.10
70.35
70.61
70.87

2294
2195
2097
1999
1901

13.507
13.556
13.605
13.654
13.704

1945.1
1952.1
1959.2
1966.3
1973.3

28.0
28.1
28.2
28.3
28.4

71.12
71.38
71.63
71.88
72.14

1804
1707
1610
1514
1418

13.753
13.802
13.850
13.899
13.948

1980.4
1987.5
1994.5
2001
2008.7

28.5
28.6
28.7
28.8
28.9

72.39
72.64
72.90
73.15
73.40

1322
1227
1132
1038
943

13.998
14.047
14.096
14.145
14.194

2015.7
2022
2030.0
2037.0
2044.1

29.0
29.1
29.2
29.3
29.4

73.66
73.92
74.16
74.42
74.68

849
756
663
570
477

14.243
14.293
14.342
14.392
14.441

2051
2058
2065.3
2072.4
2079.4

29.5
29.6
29.7
29.8
29.9

74.94
75.18
75.44
75.69
75.95

384
292
261
109

14.490
14.539
14.588
14.637
14.686

2086.5
2093.6
2100.7
2107.7
2114.7

29.92

76.00

14.696

2116.1

30.0

30.4

76.20
76.46
76.71
76.96
77.22

-163
-253
-343
-433

14.734
14.783
14.833
14.882
14.931

2121.7
2128.8
2135.9
2143.0
2150.1

30.5
30.6
30.7
30.8
30.9

77.47
77.72
77.98
78.23
78.48

-522
-611
-700
-788
-877

14.980
15.030
15.078
15.127
15.176

2157.2
2164.2
2171.3
2178.4
2185.5

31.0

78.74

-965

15.226

2192.6

Inches.

Centimeters.

26.0
26.1
26.2
26.3
26.4

65.04
66.30

26.5
26.6

66; 55

2'6.7

30.1
30.2
30.3

+18

73

13 163

13.212

1923
1930.9
1938.0
.

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

10

Table XI

CONVERSION TABLE INCHES OF MERCURY TO POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH

(Calculated for a Temperature of 32 F.)

To

correct for other temperatures see footnote Table

In.

2
3
4
5
6
7

8
9
10
11

12
13

14
15
16

17
18
19

20

Hg

0.0491
0.5403
1.0315
1.5227
2.0139
2.5051

0.0982
0.5894
1.0806
1.5718
2.0630
2 5542

0.1473
0.6385
1.1297
1.6209
2.1121
2 6033

0.1964
6877
1 1788
1.6701
2.1613
2 6525

0.2456
0.7368
1.2280
1.7192
2.2104
2.7016

0.2947
0.7859
1.2771
1.7683
2.2595
2.7507

0.3438
0.8350
1 3262
1.8174
2.3086
2.7998

0.3929
0.8841
1.3753
1.8665
2.3577
2.8489

0.4421
0.9333
1.4244
1.9157
2.4069
2.8981

2.9472
3.4384
3.9296
4.4208
4.912

2 9963

3.4875
3.9787
4.4699
4.9611

3.0454
3 5366
4.0278
4.5190
5.0102

3.0945
3.5857
4.0769
4.5681
5.0593

3.1437
3.6349
4.1261
4.6173
5 1085

3.1928
3.6840
4.1752
4.6664
5 1576

3.2419
3.7331
4.2243
4.7155
5.2067

3.2910
3.7822
4.2734
4.7646
5.2558

3.3401
3.8313
4.3225
4.8137
5 3049

3 3893
3.8809
4.3717
4.8629
5.3541

5.4032
5.894
6.3856
6 8768
7.3680

5.4523
5.9435
6.4347
6.9259
7.4171

5.5014
5 9926
6 4838
6.9750
7.4662

5 5505

6.0417
6.5329
7.0241
7.5153

5.5997
6.0909
6.5821
7.0733
7.5645

5.6488
6 1400
6.6312
7.1224
7.6136

5.6979
6.1891
6 6803
7.1715
7.6627

5.7470
6.2382
6 7294
7 2206
7.7118

5.7961
6.2873
6.7785
7.2697
7.7609

7.8592
8.3504
8.8416
9.3328
9 8240

7.9083
8.3995
8.8907
9.3819
9.8731

7.9574
8.4486
8.9398
9.4310
9.9222

8.0065
8 4977
8.9889
9 4801
9.9713

8.0557
8.5469
9.0381
9 5293
10.020

8.1048
8.5960
9.0872
9.5784
10.069

8.1539
8.6451
9.1363
9 6275
10.118

8.6942
9 1854
9.6766
10.168

10.610
11.101
11.592
12.083
12.574

10.659 10.708 10.757

11.150 11.199 11.248
11.641 11.690 11.739
12.132 12.181 12.231
12.624 12.673 12.722

0.4912
0.9824
1.4736
1.9648
2.4560

21
22
23
24
25

10.315 10.364 10.413

10.806 10.855 10.904
11.297 11.346 11.396
11.789 11.838 11.887
12.280 12.329 12.378

10.462
10.953
11.445
11.936
12 427

10.511 10.561
11.003 11.052
11.494 11.543
11.985 12.034
12.476 12.525

26
27
28
29
30

12.771
13.262
13 753
14.245
14.736
15.227

12.820
13.311
13.802
14.294
14.785
15.276

12.918
13.409
13.901
14.392
14.883
15.374

12.967
13.459
13.950
14.441
14.932
15.423

31

12.869
13.360
13.852
14.343
14.834
15.325

8 2030 8.2521
.

13.017 13.066 13.115

13.508 13.557 13.606
13.999 14.048 14.097
14.490 14.539 14 588
14.981 15 030 15.080
15.473 15.530 15.571
.

8.7433
9.2345
9.7257
10.217

13.164
13.655
14.146
14.637
15.129
15 620
.

5 8453
.

6 3365
.

6.8277
7.3189
7.8101
8.3013
8.7925
9.2837
9 7788
10.266
.

13.213
13.704
14.195
14.689
15.178
15 669
.

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

11

Table XII
PISTON POSITIONS FOR ANY CRANK ANGLE
From Bsginning of Stroke Away from Crank Shaft to Find Piston Position from
Dead-Center Multiply Stroke by Tabular Quantity

Crank
Angle.

^=4

-=7

^ = 4,5

-=8
r

-=9
r

.0014

.0015

.0015

.0016

.0016

.0016

.0017

.0019

10

.0057

.0059

.0061

.0062

.0063

.0065

.0067

.0076

15

.0128

.0133

.0137

.0140

.0142

.0146

.0149

.0170

20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100

.0228

.0237

.0243

.0248

.0253

.0260

.0265

.0302

.0357

.0368

.0379

.0388

.0394

.0405

.0413

.0468

.0513

.0531

.0545

.0556

.0565

.0581

.0592

.0670

.0698

.0721

.0740

.0754

.0767

.0787

.0801

.0904

.0910

.0939

.0962

.0981

.0997

.1022

.1041

.1170

.1152

.1187

.1215

.1237

.1256

.1286

.1308

.1468

.1416

.1458

.1491

.1518

.1541

.1576

.1607

.1786

.1713

.1759

.1828

.1827

.1853

.1892

.1922

.2132

.2026

.2079

.2122

.2157

.2186

.2231

.2295

.2500

.2374

.2431

.2477

.2514

.2545

.2594

.2630

.2886

.2730

.2794

.2844

.2885

.2929

.2973

.3013

.3290

.3123

.3187

.3239

.3282

.3317

.3372

.3414

.3705

.3516

.3586

.3642

.3687

.3725

.3784

.3828

.4132

.3944

.4013

.4068

.4113

.4151

.4210

.4254

.4564

.4365

.4437

.4495

.4547

.4580

.4641

.4686

.5000

.4816

.4885

.4940

.4985

.5022

.5081

.5126

.5436

.5253

.5323

.5378

.5424

.5461

.5520

.5564

.5868

105

.5711

.5775

.5828

.5870

.5905

.5961

.6002

.6294

110
115
120
125
130

.6150

.6214

.6265

.6306

.6340

.6393

.6530

.6710

.6600

.6657

.6703

.6740

.6771

.6820

.6856

.7113

.7026

.7080

.7122

.7157

.7186

.7231

.7265

.7500

.7449

.7495

.7533

.7563

.7588

.7628

.7658

.7868

.7844

.7885

.7920

.7947

.7969

.8004

.8030

.8214

.8223

.8258

.8286

.8308

.8327

.8357

.8379

.8535

.8570

.8600

.8623

.8642

.8658

.8682

.8703

.8830

.8889

.8913

.8931

.8946

.8958

.8978

.8993

.9096

.9173

.9191

.9204

.9216

.9226

.9241

.9252

.9330

.9457

.9468

.9476

.9531

135
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
Z

.9420

.9432

.9452

.9451

.9625

.9633

.9640

.9645

.9650

.9656

.9661

.9698

.9787

.9792

.9796

.9799

.9802

.9805

.9809

.9829

.9905

.9908

.9909

.9911

.9912

.9913

.9915

.9924

.9976

.9977

.9977

.9977

.9978

.9978

.9979

.9981

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

= length of connecting
= radius of crank.

rod.

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

12

Table XIII

HORSE-POWER PER POUND MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE

aS

VALUE OF Ke = 33000
Speed

Diameter

Area

n"X speed in ft. p.m.

33000

of Piston in Feet per

Minute.

nf
UI

Cylinder,
Inches.

4
4^
5
5h
6

61
7
7i

8
81
9
91
10
11

12

13

14
15
16
17
18
19

20
21

22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39

40

100

200

0.0381
0.0482
0.0592
0.0720
0.0857
0.1006
0.1166
0.1339
0.1523
0.1720
0.1928
0.2148
0.2380
0.2880
0.3427
0.4022
0.4665
0.5355
0.6093
0.6878
0.7711
0.8592
0.9520
1.0496
1.1519
1.2590
1.3709
1.4875
1.6089
1.7350
1.8659
2.0016
2.1420
2.2872
2.4371
2.5918
2.7513
2.9155
3.0845
3.2582
3.4367
3.6200
3.8080

0.0762
0.0964
0.1190
0.1440
0.1714
0.2011
0.2332
0.2678
0.3046
0.2439
0.3856
0.4296
0.4760
0.5760
0.6854
0.8044
0.9330
1.0710
1.2186
1.2756
1.5422
1.7184
1.9040
2.0992
2.3038
2.5180
2.7418
2.9750
3.2178
3.4700
3.7318
4.0032
4.2840
4.5744
4.8742
5.1836
5.5026
5.8310
6.1690
6.5164
6.8734
7.2400
7.6160

300

400

0.1142 0.1523
0.1446 0.1928
0.1785 0.2380
0.2160 0.2880
0.2570 0.3427
0.3017 0.4022
0.3499 0.4665
0.4016 0.5355
0.4570 0.6093
0.5159 0.6878
0.5783 0.7711
0.6444 0.8592
0.7140 0.9520
0.8639 1.1519
1.0282 1.3709
1.2067 1.6089
1.3994 1.8659
1.6065 2.1420
1.8278 2.4371
1.9635 2.6513
2.3134 3.0845
2.5775 3.4367
2.8560 3.8080
3.1488 4.1983
3.4558 4.6077
3.7771 5.0361
4.1126 5.4835
4.4625 5.9500
4.8266 6.4355
5.2051 6.9401
5.5978 7.4637
6.0047 8.0063
6.4260 8.5680
6.8615 9.1487
7.3114 9.7485
7.7755 10.367
8.2538 11.005
8.7465 11.662
9.2534 12.338
9.7747 13.033
10.310 13.747
10.860 14.480
11.424 15.232

500

600

700

800

900

0.1904
0.2410
0.2975
0.3600
0.4284
0.5028
0.5831
0.6694
0.7616
0.8598
0.9639
1.0740
1.1900
1.4399
1.7136
2.0111
2.3324
2.6775
3.0464
3.3391
3.8556
4.2858
4.7600
5.2475
5.7596
6.2951
6.8544
7.4375
8.0444
8.6751
9.3296
10.008
10.710
11.436
12.186
12.959
13.756
14.578
15.422
16.291
17.184
18.100

0.2285
0.2892
0.3570
0.4320
0.5141
0.6033
0.6997
0.8033
0.9139
1.0317
1.1567
1.2888
1.4280
1.7279
2.0563
2.4133
2.7989
3.2130
3.6557
4.0269
4.6267
5.1551
5.7120
6.2975
6.9115
7.5541
8.2253
8.9250
9.6534
10.410
11.196
12.009
12.852
13.723
14.623
15.551
16.508
17.493
18.507
19.549
20.620
21.720
22.848

0.2666
0.3374
0.4165
0.5040
0.5998
0.7039
0.8163
0.9371
1.0662
1.2037
1.3495
1.5036
1.6660
2.0159
2.3990
2.8155
3.2654
3.7485
4.2650
4.6147
5.3987
6.0143
6.6640
7.3471
8.0643
8.8131
9.5962
10.413
11.262
12.145
13.061
14.011
14.994
16.010
17.060
18.143
19.259
20.409
21.591
22.808
24.057
25.340
26.656

0.3046
0.3856
0.4760
0.5760
0.6854
0.8044
0.9330
1.0710
1.2186
1.3756
1.5422
1.7184
1.9040
2.3038
2.7418
3.2178
3.7318
4.2840
4.8742
5.4026
6.1690
6.8734
7.6160
8.3966
9.2154
10.072
10.967
11.900
12.871
13.880
14.927
16.013
17.136
18.287
19.497
20.735
22.010
23.224
24.676
26.066
27.494
28.960
30.464

0.3427
0.4338
0.5355
0.6480
0.7711
0.9050
1.0490
1.2049
1.3709
1.5476
1.7350
1.9532
2.1420
2.5818
3.0845
3.6200
4.1983
4.8195
5.4835
6.1904
6.4901
7.7326
8.5680
9.4462
10.367
11.331
12.338
13.388
14.480
15.615
16.793
18.014
19.278
20.585
21.934
23.326
24.762
26.240
27.760
29.324
30.930
32.580

19.040

34.272

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

13

Table XIV

CONSTANTS FOR THE CURVE

PV

(Modified from Klein and Heck)

The tabular value under "Exp."

is

equal to

/VA"
(

^^

corresponding to the given ratio of the

assumed increasing volume V2 to initial volume Vi; the tabular value under "Comp." is
/P2\equal to(p-)s corresponding to the given ratio of the assumed increasing pressure Pi to
the

initial

pressure P2.
Adiabatic

of
satufor x =
0.9
1.0

Constant
rated steam
steam weight
0.7
Ratio

Logarithmic
expansion
s

1.065

Exp.

1.105

Comp. Exp.

1.125

1.135

Exp.

Exp.

Compression curve Adiabatic of

with steam jacketed superheated
cylinder

Exp.

1.250

Comp.

Adiabatic of
air

steam

Exp.

1.33

1.406

Comp. Exp.

Comp.

0.8533
0.7495
0.6716
0.6108

1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00

0.8000
0.6667
0.5714
0.5000

0.7885
0.6493
0.5510
0.4780

0.8110 0.7815 0.7780 0.7763

7569
0.6843 0.6389 0.6337 0.6312 0.6024
0.5913 0.5388 0.5328 0.5299 0.4968
0.5216
4649 0.4585 0.4553 0.4265

0.8365
0.7230
0.6391
0.5743

0.7427
0.5824
0.4742
0.3969

0.8459
0.7378
0.6572
0.5946

0.7307
0.5655
0.4553
0.3774

2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00

0.4444
4000
0.3636
0.3333

0.4216
0.3769
0.3405
0.3104

0.4670
0.4230
0.3868
0.3565

0.4082
0.3633
0.3270
0.2970

0.4016
0.3567
0.3204
0.2906

0.3984
0.3535
0.3172
0.2874

0.3629
0.3121
0.2824
0.2533

0.5226
0.4804
0.4451
0.4152

0.3393
0.2947
0.2596
0.2311

0.5443
0.5030
0.4683
0.4387

0.3198 0.5617
0.2757 0.5212
0.2412
4870
0.2134 0.4578

3.50
4.00
4.50
5.0

2857
2500
0.2222
0.2000

0.2634
0.2285
0.2015
0.1801

0.3084
0.2721
0.2436
0.2206

0.2505
0.2161
0.1898
0.1689

0.2443
0.2102
0.1841
0.1636

0.2413 0.2089
0.2073 0.1768
0.1814 0.1526
0.1609 0.1337

0.3671
0.3299
0.3002
0.2760

0.1882
0.1575
0.1346
0.1170

0.3908
0.3536
0.3237
0.2991

0.1718
0.1424
0.1207
0.1041

0.4102
0.3731
0.3431
0.3183

6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0

0.1667
0.1429
0.1250
0.1111

0.1483
0.1259
0.1092
0.0963

0.1859
0.1609
0.1419
0.1271

0.1381
0.1165
0.1005
0.0882

0.1332
0.1120
0.0964
0.0844

0.1309 0.1065
0.1099 0.0878
0.0944 0.0743
0.0826 0.0642

0.2385
0.2158
0.1895
0.1724

0.0917
0.0747
0.0625
0.0534

0.2609
0.2324
0.2102
0.1925

0.0805
0.0448
0.0537
0.0455

0.2796
0.2506
0.2274
0.2096

10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0

0.1000
0.0833
0.0714
0.0625

0.0861
0.0709
0.0602
0.0522

0.1151
0.0970
0.0839
0.0740

0.0785
0.0642
0.0541
0.0467

0.0750
0.0611
0.0514
0.0442

0.0733
0.0596
0.0500
0.0430

0.0562
0.0450
0.0369
0.0313

0.1585
0.1369
0.1210
0.1088

0.0464
0.0364
0.0296
0.0248

0.1778
0.1551
0.1382
0.1250

0.0393
0.0304
0.0245
0.Q203

0.1944
0.1708
0.1531
0.1392

18.0
20.0
25.0
30.0

0.0556
0.0500
0.0400
0.0333

0.0460
0.0412
0.0324
0.0267

0.0663
0.0600
0.0487
0.0410

0.0410
0.0365
0.0285
0.0233

0.0387
0.0345
0.0268
0.0218

0.0376
0.0334
0.0259
0.0211

0.0270
0.0236
0.0179
0.0142

0.0991
0.0910
0.0759
0.0658

0.0212
0.0184
0.0137
0.0107

0.1144
0.1057
0.0894
0.0780

0.0172
0.0148
0.0108
0.0084

0.1280
0.1188
0.1013
0.0890

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

14

XV

Table

Expansion of Water from 200

A.

B.

Expansion of Dry Saturated Steam from

Lbs. Abs.

Values of

s for

10-lb.

Intervals

Pressure.

Cor-

lated.

rected.

.0987
.1435
.1847
.2304
.2671
.3069
.3509
.3911
.4304
.4738
.5166
.5512
.5897
.6320
.6790
.7147
.7658
.8150
.8718

200-190
190-180
180-170
170-160
160-150
150-140
140-130
130-120
120-110
110-100
100- 90
90- 80
80- 70
70- 60
60- 50
50- 40
40- 30
30- 20
20- 10
10- 1

C.

Calcu-

1.0557

200 Lbs. Abs.

Values of s for Whole

Range.

200 Lbs. Calcu-

Cor-

to

lated.

rected.

.141
.182
.223
.264
.305
.346
.387
.428
.470
.510
.551
.592
.633
.674
.716
.760
.808
,870

190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10

1.042

.0987
.1175
.1348
.1519
.1682
.1843
.2007
.2172
.2341
.2517
.2699
.2889
.3089
.3306
.3547
.3811
.4125
.4518
.5085
.6381

.100
.118
.135
.153
.168
.184
.202
.218
.235
.252
.270
.290
.310
.332
.356
.382
.412
.448
.504
.638

.1

Expansion of Steam. Superheated throughout

Expansion, from 200 Lbs. Abs. and 540 Superheat.

Intervals.

Range.

200-190
190-180
180-170
170-160
160-150
150-140
140-130
130-120
120-110
110-100
100- 90
90- 80
80- 70
70- 60
60- 50
50- 40
40- 30
30- 20
20- 10
10-

Values of s for Whole

Range.

Calcu-

Cor-

lated.

rected.

to

lated.

rected,

1.132
1.153
1.142
1.148
1.138
1.128
1.150
1.130
1.135
1.137
1.148
1.126
1.144
1.138
1.125
1.143
1.131
1.131
1.125
1.124

1.145
1.145
1.145
1.145
1.144
1.144
1.143
1.143
1.142
1.141
1.140
1.138
1.137
1.136
1.135
1 133
1.131
1.130
1.128
1.126

190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50

1.132
1.143
1.143
1.144
1.143
1.140
1.142
1.140
1.139
1.139
1.140
1.138
1.139
1.138
1.137
1.138
1.136
1.135
1.133
1.124

1.143
1.143
1.143
1.143
1.143
1.143
1.142
1.142
1.142
1.141
1.140
1.139
1.139
1.138
1.137
1.136
1.135
1.134
1.131
1.127

200 Lbs. Calcu-

40
30
20
10
1

Cor-

D. Expansion op Steam Initially Superheated

and Finally Wet, from 203 Lbs. Abs. and 150
Superheat.
(Note. Crosses saturation line at 70 lbs. abs.)

Values of S for

10-lb.

Values

Pressure.

Calcu-

Cor-

lated.

rected.

1.354
1.314
1.455
1 257
1.403
1.213
1.422
1.343
1.329
1.332
1.338
1.287
1.331
1.340
1.315
1.327
1.318
1.328
1.323

1.342
1.342
1.342
1.342
1.341
1.341
1.341
1.340
1.340
1.339
1.338
1.336
1.335
1.334
1.332
1.330
1.327
1.325
1.322

of s for

Whole

Values of s for

Range.

Intervals.

200-190
190-180
180-170
170-160
160-150
150-140
140-130
130-120
120-110
110-100
100- 90
90- 80
80- 70
70- 60
60- 50
50- 40
40- 30
30- 20
20- 10

Values of s for 10-lb.

Cor-

200 Lbs. Calculated.

to

rected.

1.354
1.333
1.374
1.340
1.354
1.323
1.340
1.340
1.339
1.338
1.338
1.331
1.331
1.332
1.330
1.329
1.328
1.328
1.327

1.342
1.342
1.342
1.342
1.341
1.341
1.341
1.340
1.339
1.339
1.338
1.336
1.335
1.334
1.332
1.330
1.327
1.325
1.322

190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10

10-lb.

Intervals

Range.

200-190
190-180
180-170
170-160
160-150
150-140
140-130
130-120
120-110
110-100
100- 90
90- 80
80- 70
70- 60
60- 50
50- 40
40- 30
30- 20
20- 10
10-

Values of s for Whole

Range.

Calcu-

Cor-

lated.

rected.

to

lated.

rected.

1.249
1.365
1.396
1.333
1.314
1.325
1.357
1.302
1.303
1.270
1.396
1.311
1.337
1.230
1.150
1.144
1.138
1.093
1.157
1.116

1.334
1.332
1.330
1.327
1.324
1.321
1.316
1.312
1.306
1.300
1.292
1.283
1,272
1.156
1.150
1.146
1.140
1.134
1.127
1.120

190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20

1.249
1.306
1.336
1.336
1.331
1.330
1.334
1.329
1.325
1.317
1.328
1.325
1.327
1.314
1.290
1.268
1.246
1.216
1.202
1.163

1.339
1.338
1.337
1.336
1 335
1.333
1.332
1.330
1.328
1.326
1.323
1.320
1.316
1.304
1.289
1.270
1.250
1.226
1.200
1.176

200 Lbs. Calcu-

10
1

Cor-

Note. Irregularities in values of 5 have been corrected by plotting a smooth curve through calculated
and taking corrected values from this curve.

values,

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

15

Table XVI

VALUES OF s IN THE EQUATION

PV = CONSTANT FOR VARIOUS SUBSTANCES

AND CONDITIONS
Substance.

Isothermal

All gases
All gases

and vapors

All saturated vapors

All gases

and vapors

Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)

(CS2)

Chlorine (CI)

Chloroform
(CCl3CH(OH)2)....
Ether (C2H6OC2H5)...

Hydrogen (H2)
Hydrogen sulph (H2S)
Methane (CH4)
.

Nitrogen (N2)
Nitrous oxide (NO2)
Pintsch gas
Sulphide diox (SO2) ..
Steam, superheated ..
Steam, wet
.

Constant volume

00

Adiabatic

Compressed in cylinder
Adiabatic, wet

Adiabatic
Adiabatic
Adiabatic

Adiabatic
Adiabatic

1.200
1.323

Adiabatic
Adiabatic
Adiabatic
Adiabatic
Adiabatic
Adiabatic
Adiabatic
Adiabatic
Adiabatic
Adiabatic
Adiabatic

1.106
1.029
1.410
1.276
1.316
1.410
1.291
1.24
1.26
1.300

Expanding

Variable

1.111

1+.14X%
1.035

Smith son inn

Experience

4066
4

1.1
1.3
1.293
1.300
1.403

Adiabatic
Adiabatic
Adiabatic

or Authority.

Accepted thermodynamic law

Adiabatic, superheated

Bromine
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Carbon disulphide

wet
wet
wet
wet
dry

Constant pressure
Isothermal

Air
Air

Steam^
Steam,
Steam,
Steam,
Steam,

Remarks

Average

Thermodynamics
Strecker

Rontgen, Wullner
Cazin, Wullner

Beyne
Strecker

Beyne, Wullner
Miiller

Cazin
Miiller

MuUer
Cazin
Wullner
Pintsch Co.
Cazin, Miiller

Smithsonian

moist.
moist.

1.

Saturation law

Tables

(From less than

more than 1.2)
Rankine

+ 1.0 X%

in cylinder

Tnlilptj

1.0646

Gray
Average from practice
Regnault

FIXED TEMPERATURES
Temperature,

C.

232
327
419.4
444.7
630.5
658
1064
1084
1435
1546
1753

S.

BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Temperature,
Y,

449
621
787
832.5
1167
1216
1947
1983
2615
2815
3187

Determined by the Point at which

Liquid
Liquid
Liquid
Liquid
Liquid
Liquid

tin solidifies

lead solidifies
zinc solidifies

sulphur boils

antimony solidifies
aluminum, 97.7% pure,

SoHd gold melts

Liquid copper solidifies
SoHd nickel melts
Solid palladium melts
Solid platinum melts

to

Perry

Table XVII
U.

solidifies

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

16

Table

XVni

TEMPERATURES, CENTIGRADE AND FAHRENHEIT

c.

F.

-40
-39
-38
-37
-36
-35
-34
-33
-32
-31
-30
-29
-28
-27
-26
-25
-24
-23
-22
-21
-20
-19
-18
-17
-16
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10

-40.

2.2
0.4
1.4
3.2

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

5.

51

6.8
8.6
10.4
12.2

52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60

-38.2
-36.4
-34.6
-32.8
-31.
-29.2
-27.4
-25.6
-23.8
-22.
-20.2
-18.4
-16.6
-14.8
-13.
-11.2

9.4
7.6
5.8
4.

14.

9
8
7
6
5

15.8
17.6
19.4
21.2

4
3
2

24.8
26.6
28.4
30.2

23.

32.

2
3
4
6

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
IS
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

C.

33.8
35.6
37.4
39.2
41.

42.8
44.6
46.4
48.2
50.

51.8
53.6
55.4
57.2
59.

60.8
62.6
64.4
66.2
68.

69.8
71.6
73.4
75.2
77.

61
62

63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73

74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91

F.

78.8
80.6
82.4
84.2
86.

87.8
89.6
91.4
93.2
95.

96.8
98.6
100.4
102.2
104.

105.8
107.6
109.4
111.2
113.

114.8
116.6
118.4
120.2
122.

123.8
125.6
127.4
129.2
131.

132.8
134.6
136.4
138.2
140.

141.8
143.6
145.4
147.2
149.

150.8
152.6
154.4
156.2
158.

159.8
161.6
163.4
165.2
167.

168.8
170.6
172.4
174.2
176.

177.8
179.6
181.4
183.2
185.

186.8
188.6
190.4
192.2
194.

195.8

C.

F.

C.

F.

C.

92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157

197.6
199.4
201.2

158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215

316.4
318.2

224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289

203.

204.8
206.6
208.4
210.2
212.

213.8
215.6
217.4
219.2
221.

222.8
224.6
226.4
228.2
230.

231.8
233.6
235.4
237.2
239.

240.8
242.6
244.4
246.2
248.

249.8
251.6
253.4
255.2
257.

258.8
260.6
262.4
264.2
266.

267.8
269.6
271.4
273.2
275.

276.8
278.6
280.4
282.2
284.

285.8
287.6
289.4
291.2
293.

294.8
296.6
298.4
300.2
302.

303.8
305.6
307.4
309.2
311.

312.8
314.6

216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223

320.

321.8
323.6
325.4
327.2
329.

330.8
332.6
334.4
336.2
338.

339.8
341.6
343.4
345.2
347.

348.8
350.6
352.4
354.2
356.

357.8
359.6
361.4
363.2
365.

366.8
368.6
370 4
372.2
374.

375.8
377.6
379.4
381.2
383.

384.8
386.6
388.4
390.2
392.

393.8
395.6
397.4
399.2
401.

402.8
404.6
406.4
408.2
410.

411.8
413.6
415.4
417.2
419.

420.8
422.6
424.4
426.2
428.

429.8
431.6
433.4

F.

C.

F.

C.

F.

435.2

290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
610
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
700
710
720
730
740
750
760
770
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
880
890
900
910
920
930
940

554
572
590
608
626
644
662
680
698
716
734
752
770
788
806
824
842
860
878
896
914
932
950
968
986
1004
1022
1040
1058
1076
1094
1112
1130
1148
1166
1184
1202
1220
1238
1256
1274
1292
1310
1328
1346
1364
1382
1400
1418
1436
1454
1472
1490
1508
1526
1544
1562
1580
1598
1616
1634
1652
1670
1688
1706
1724

950
960
970
980
990
1000
1010
1020
1030
1040
1050
1060
1070
1080
1090
1100
1110
1120
1130
1140
1150
1160
1170
1180
1190
1200
1210
1220
1230
1240
1250
1260
1270
1280
1290
1300
1310
1320
1330
1340
1350
1360
1370
1380
1390

1742
1760
1778
1796
1814
1832
1850
1868
1886
1904
1922
1940
1958
1976
1994
2012
2030
2048
2066
2084
2102
2120
2138
2156
2174
2192
2210
2228
2246
2264
2282
2300
2318
2336
2354
2372
2390
2408
2426
2444
2462
2480
2498
2516
2534
2552
2570
2588
2606
2624
2642
2660
2678
2696
2714
2732
2750
2768
2786
2804
2822
2912
3002
3092
3182
3272

437.

438.8
440.6
442.4
444.2
446.

447.8
449.6
451.4
453.2
455.

456.8
458.6
460.4
462.2
464.

465.8
467.6
469.4
471.2
473.

474.8
476.6
478.4
480.2
482.

483.8
485.6
487.4
489.2
491.

492.8
494.6
496.4
408.2
500.

501.8
503.6
505.4
507.2
509.

510.8
512.6
514.4
516.2
518.

519.8
521.6
523.4
525.2
527.

528.8
530.6
532.4
534.2
536.

537.8
539.6
541.4
543.2
545.

546.8
548.6
550.4
552.2

1400
1410
1420
1430
1440
1450
1460
1470
1480
1490
1500
1510
1520
1530
1540
1550
1600
1650
1700
1750
1800

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table

17

XVIH Continued

TEMPERATURES, FAHRENHEIT AND CENTIGRADE

F.

C.

F.

-40
-39
-38
-37
-36
-35
-34
-33
-32
-31
-30
-29
-28
-27
-26
-25
-24
-23
-22
-21
-20
-19
-18
-17
-16
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10

-40.
-39.4
-38.9
-38.3
-37.8
-37.2
-36.7
-36.

26
27
28
29
30

9
8
7
6
5
4
3

2
1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

-35.6
-35.
-34.4
-33.9
-33.3
-32.8
-32.2
-31.7
-31.1
-30.6
-30.
-29.4
-28.9
-28.3

-27.8
-27.2
-26.7
-26.1
-25.6
-25.
-24.4
-23.9
-23.3
-22.8
-22.2
-21.7
-21.1
-20.6
-20.
-19.4
-18.9
-18.3
-17.8
-17.2
-16.7
-16.1
-15.6
-15.
-14.4
-13.9
-13.3
-12.8
-12.2
-11.7
-11.1
-10.6
-10.

9.4
8.9
8.3
7.8
7.2
6.7
6.1
5.6
5.

4.4
3.9

31
32

33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61

62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91

C.

3.3
2.8
2.2
1.7
1.1

0.6
0.

0.6
1.1
1.7

2.2
2.8
3.3
3.9
4.4
5.

5.6
6.1
6.7
7.2
7.8
8.3
8.9
9.4
10.

10.6
11.1
11.7
12.2
12.8
13.3
13.9
14.4
15.

15.6
16.1
16.7
17.2
17.8
18.3
18.9
19.4
20.

20.6
21.1
21.7
22.2
22.8
23.3
23.9
24.4
25.

25.6
26.1
26.7
27.2
27.8
28.3
28.9
29.4
30.

30.6
31.1
31.7
32.2
32.8

F.

C.

F.

92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100

33.3
33.9
34.4

158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223

101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157

35.

35.6
36.1
36.7
37.2
37.8
38.3
38.9
39.4
40.

40.6
41.1
41.7
42.2
42.8
43.3
43.9
44.4
45.

45.6
46.1
46.7
47.2
47.8
48.3
48.9
49.4
50.

50.6
51.1
51.7
52.2
52.8
53.3
53.9
54.4
55.

55.6
56.1
56.7
57.2
57.8
58.3
58.9
59.4
60.

60.6
61.1
61.7
62.2
62.8
63.3
63.9
64.4
65.

65.6
66.1
66.7
67.2
67.8
68.3
68.9
69.4

C.

F.

C.

F.

C.

F.

c.

70.

224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240

106.7
107.2
107.8
108.3
108.9
109.4

290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355

143.3
143.9
144.4

360
370
380
390

182.2
187.8
193.3
198.9
204.4

70.6
71.1
71.7
72.2
72.8
73.3
73.9
74.4
75.

75.6
76.1
76.7
77.2
77.8
78.3
78.9
79.4
80.

80.6
81.1
81.7
82.2
82.8
83.3
83.9
84.4
85.

85.6
86.1
86.7
87.2
87.8
88.3
88.9
89.4
90.

90.6
91.1
91.7
92.2
92.8
93.3
93.9
94.4
95.

95.6
96.1
96.7
97.2
97.8
98.3
98.9
99.4
100.

100.6
101.1
101.7
102.2
102.8
103.3
103.9
104.4
105.

105.6
106.1

241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263.
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289

110.

110.6
111.1
111.7
112.2
112.8
113.3
113.9
114.4
115.

115.6
116.1
116.7
117.2
117.8
118.3
118.9
119.4
120.

120.6
121.1
121.7
122.2
122.8
123.3
123.9
124.4
125.

125.6
126.1
126.7
1?7.2
127.8
128.3
128.9
129.4
130.

130.6
131.1
131.7
132.2
132.8
133.3
133.9
134.4
135.

135.6
136.1
136.7
137.2
137.8
138.3
138.9
139.4
140.

140.6
141.1
141.7
142.2
142.8

145.

145.6
146.1
146.7
147.2
147.8
148.3
148.9
149.4
150.

150.6
151.1
151.7
152.2
152.8
153.3
153.9
154.4
155.

155.6
156.1
156.7
157.2
157.8
158.3
158.9
159.4
160.

160.6
161.1
161.7
162.2
162.8
163.3
163.9
164.4
165.

165.6
166.1
166.7
167.2
167.8
168.3
168.9
169.4
170.

170.6
171.1
171.7
172.2
172.8
173.3
173.9
174.4
175.

175.6
176.1
176.7
177.2
177.8
178.3
178.9
179.4

400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
610
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
700
710
720
730
740
750
760
770
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
880
890
900
910
920
930
940
950
960
970
980
990
1000
1010

210.

215.6
221.1
226.7
232.2
237.8
243.3
248.9
254.4
260.

265.6
271.1
276.7
282.2
287.8
293.3
298.9
304.4
310.

315.6
321.1
326.7
332.2
337.8
343.3
348.9
354.4
360.

365.6
371.1
376.7
382.2
387.8
393.3
398.9
404.4
410.

415.6
421.1
426.7
432.2
437.8
443.3
448.9
454.4
460.

465.6
471.1
476.7
482.2
487.8
493.3
498.9
504.4
510.

515.6
521.

526.7
532.2
537.8
543.3

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

18

The missing

water, or difference between the actual steam consumption of an

engine and that shown by the indicator cards is given by Prof. Heck as:

Missing water
Indicated steam
in

027

LS{x2

xi)

PiZ

which ;S=the ratio of cylinder-displacement surface in

ment

in cu.

ft.,

sq. ft. to displace-

or

iS=v+2^; Z=fraction

of card length

completed at

cut-off;

d = dia. cyl. in in.; L = stroke in ft.

(0^2 a? i) is to be supplied from Table XIX and is the difference
between the x for the high pressure and that for the low pressure, both

iV=R.P.M.
The term

of engine;

absolute.

Table

VALUES OF
Absolute

Steam Preasure.

2
3
4
6
8
10
15

20
25
30
35
40
45
60
55
60
65

XIX

FOR USE IN HECK'S FORMULA FOR MISSING WATER

Absolute

Steam Pressure.

170
175
179
183
186
191
196
200
210
220
229
238
246
254
262
269.5
277
284
291

70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
155
160

297.5

304
310
316
321.5
327
332.5
338
343
348
353
358
362.5
367
371.5
376
380.5
385
389

Absolute

Steam

Pressure.

165
170
180
185
190
195
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300

393
397
405
409
413
416.5
420
427
431
441
447.5
454
460.5
467
473
479
485

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

XX

Table

BAUME

19

SPECIFIC GRAVITY SCALE

Specific gravities are for 60 F. referred to water at same temperature as unity, at which
temperature it weighs 62.34 lbs. per cubic foot.
Tabular results are calculated from:

145

)for

145

liquids heavier than water.

specific gravity

Degrees

Baum6

140
130
^specific

for liquids lighter

than water.

gravity

Relation between Specific Gravity and Baume

.00

.01

.02

.04

.03

.05

.06

.07

.08

.09

Specific

Gravity

Degrees Baume.
99.51
67.18
42.84
23.85

95.81
64.44
40.73
22.17

92.22
61.78
36.68
20.54

88.75
59.19
36.67
18.94

85.38
56.67
34.71
17.37

82.12
54.21
32.79
15.83

78.95
51.82
30.92
14.33

75.88
49.49
29.09
12.86

72.901
47.221
27.301
11.411

1.00

103.33
70.00
45.00
25.56
10.00

1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50

0.00
13.18
24.17
33.46
41.43
48.33

1.44
14.37
25.16
34.41
42.16
48.97

2.84
15.54
26.15
35.15
42.89
49.60

4.22
16.68
27.11
35.98
43.60
50.23

5.58
17.81
28.06
36.79
44.31
50.84

6.91
18.91

8.21
20.00
29.92
38.38
45.68
52.05

9.49
21.07
30.83
39.16
41.36
52.62

10.74
22.12
31.72
39.93
47.03
53.23

11.97
23.15
32.60
40.68
47.68
53.80

.60
.70
.80
.90

29.00
37.50
45.00
51.45

Adapted from Smithsonian Tables No.

65.

than 1.00 particularly useful for Hquids fuel, oils, and alcohols.
than 1.00 particularly useful for non-freezing brines.

Specific gravity less

'

Specific gravities greater

TABT.T5

XXT

FREEZING-POINT OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE

U. S.

Density of Solution.

1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18
1.20
1.22
1.24
1.26

Per cent

Bureau of Standards

CaCU by Wt.

14.88
16.97
19.07
21.13
23.03
24.89
26.77
28.55

Freezing-point,

C.

-13
-16
-20
-24
-29
-34
-40

Freezing-point.
o

15.8
8.6
3.2
- 4.0

-11.2
-20.2
-29.2
-40.0

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

20

Table
SPECIFIC HEATS

Substance.

Class.

Atomic
Weight

H=l.

Specific

Authority.

Gravity.

Aluminum

26.9

Carbon (amorphous)
Carbon graph.

11.99
11.99

2.10-2.32

Smithsonian Tables

Copper

63.07

8.8-8.95

Smithsonian Tables

(cast)

2.57

Mallet

Iron (pure)

55.41

7.85

Smithsonian Tables

Iron (pure)

55.41

7.85

Smithsonian Tables

205.46

11.37

Reich

Nickel

198.5
58.21

14.18
8.65

Mallet
Smithsonian Tables

Tin

118.1

Elements.

Lead

(cast)

Mercury

(cast)

Zinc (cast)

Bronze
Brass
Brick work, Masonry
Butter

Clay
Coal

Common Bubstances

64.88

7.29

Mathiessen

7.05

Smithsonian Tables

8.75-9
7.8-8.6
1.84-2.3
.865

1.80-2.6
1.2-1.5

Wood

.4-1.2

Glass

2.4-2.8

Ice

Cast Iron

Wrought Iron
Marble
Steel

Sand
Stone

* Kent's Mechanical Engineers' Pocketbook.

.9

6.8-7.5
7.4-7.9
2.5-2.8
7.7-7.9
1.45-1.6
2.1-3.4

Smithsonian
Smithsonian
Smithsonian
Smithsonian
Smithsonian
Smithsonian
Smithsonian
Smithsonian
Smithsonian

Tables
Tables
Tables
Tables
Tables

Tables
Tables
Tables
Tables

Smithsonian Tables
Smithsonian Tables

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

21

XXII
OF SOLIDS
At Temperature.
Specific Heat.

32
68-212
932
32

20-100
500

.241

.1138
.1605
.467
.310

.0924
.0985

.1376
.1765

218
.1989
.0299
.0324

.0319

15

300
500
720-1000
1000-1200
200

-78 to -40
21-99

1233
1608

0538

500
1000
0-100
16-197

.0915

18

0996
0935
0858
0939

200
0-100
15-98

.0545

59
392

15

-108

-40

1832
32-212
69-387
64
392
32-212
59-208

.102
.117

.117

.0323
.11

Naccari
Naccari
Olsen
Naccari
Naccari
Pionchon
Pionchon
Pionchon
Naccari
Naccari
Regnault
Voigt
Tilden
Pionchon

.052

Bunsen

.099

Spring
Naccari
Naccari

Bunsen
Regnault
Regnault
*
Siebel

55
197
2- 241
45- 65
16- 18
504
1298
1138
21
117.^

Weber
Weber
Weber
Dewar

.031

69-210
932

About 2

llfi.'i-

to

Bontschew
Bontschew
Bontschew
Olsen

52
1795
61-1832
62
572
32
69
572
392
1328-1832
1832-2192

977
16-1000
17
300

.1084

.238

-58

-50
+11

.1162
.1091

Weights.

F.

.2089

.2739

Authority.

Atomic
C.

.2226

Heat

Specific

Calculated from

Regnault
Regnault
*

1Q5

2- 22

* Kent's Mechanical Engineers' Pocketbook.

Regnault
Regnault
Regnault
Regnault
Regnault
Regnault
*

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

22

Table
SPECIFIC HEATS OF GASES;
At Temperature.
Substance.

Cv

Authority.

C.

c.

-p.

3.3996
3.409
3.410

-28-+9

.2175
.2240

13-207
20-440
20-630

55-405
68-824
68-166

Regnault
Holborn-Austin
Holborn-Austin

1603

22-392
68-824
68-1166
68-1472

Regnault
Holborn-Austin
Holborn-Austin
Holborn-Austin

1715

.2497

0-200
20-440
20-630
20-800

.2377

-30-+10

.2374

0-100
0-200
20-440
20-630
20-800
20-100

32-50
32-212
32-392
68-824
68-1166
68-1472
68-212

Regnault
Regnault
Regnault
Holborn-Austin
Holborn-Austin
Holborn-Austin

73-212
80-392
75-421

Wiedeman
Wiedeman

.5125

23-100
27-200
24-216

.1843

-28- +7

.2025

15-100
11-214

59-212
52-417

Regnault
Regnault
Regnault

23-99
26-198

74-210
79-388

Wiedeman
Wiedeman

.1734

.2426

Methane, CH4

.5929

18-208

64-406

Regnault

.4505

Benzole, CeHe

.2990

93-239
95-356
241-424

Wiedeman
Wiedeman

.2131

.3754

34-115
35-180
116-218

.4040

10-202

60-396

Hydrogen, H2.

Oxvcen. O2

.2300
Nitroffpn N>

.2438
.2419
.2464

Air

.2375

.2366
.2429

.2430
.2389

Ammonia, NHa

.5202

.5356

Carbon

diox.,

CO2

.2169

Carbon monoxide

.2425

.3325

Ethylene, C2H4

12-198
21-100

-18.4-15.8

Regnault
53.6-388.4 Regnault
70-212
Wiedeman

18-45

2 4219

.1703

Wiedeman
.4011

Regnault

.1558

Regnault
Regnault

.3404

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

23

XXIII
RATIOS

AND DIFFERENCES
777.52(ep-Co)
Determined from

Wiedeman Cp = 3 .4 1

Cv-Cv

and

y,

ft.-lbs.

Cp-i-Cv

=T

.9881

768.267

and

.0637

49.528

1.3977

and

.0704

54.737

1.4105

.0686

53.338

1.4028

1.408

-^ = 1.408 at 4" -16"' C. by Lummer and Pringsheim

Co

Holborn and Austin Cp = .2240

^ = 1.3977

at

5Uo

14 C.

Holborn and Austin Cp = .2419

^ = 1.41by Cazin
Wiedeman Cp = .2389

and

= 1.4025 at 5 to 14 C. by Lummer and Pringsheim

Wiedeman Cp = .5202 and mean

= 1.3172 at 0 C.
(^
\Cv

and

1.2969

,1191

of

= 1.2770
^
Cv

92.603
at 100 C.

= 1.2971 by

1
Wiillner

Regnault Cp = .2025 and

.0467

36.310

1.2997

.0691

53.726

1.3985

.1424

110.719

1.316

.0859

66.789

1.4031

.0636

49.450

1.1867

Cp

= 1.2995 by Lummer and Pringsheim

Wiedeman Cp = .2425 and mean

of

(^ = 1.4032 at 0 C. and ^ = 1.3946 at 100 C.

= 1.3989 by
Regnault

C2,

WiiUner

= .5929

~= 1.316 at 30 C. by Miifler
Wiedeman Cp = .2990 and -^ = 1.403

at 60 C.

by

Pagliani

Regnault Cj,=:.4040 and "7 = 1.1870 at 100 C. by

Wiillner

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

24

-J
fl

"^ 45
'^ ^
o 45
fl ^
I
o fl cj pj

la

fl

CQ

<0' --^

CO CO

o o

CO

1-1

CO
CO (M
(M
CO (M
00 <N

fe

CO

o
00
o

CO

o
o
Oi 00
lO O

CO CO
00

bD bO

(V

GQ

oa

^M
HHH
rd

CO

O
lO

CO
CO 00 CO 00 00
tH CO Oi CO OS

>0 CO

|> iO CO lO CO

o o

00

<N

1-1

1-1

o
(M

_
O

JO tH

7* tH

rJH

Js d)

OOOOOOiOCOiQCOTjHlO

S
H
P

Ui

s s a
o o o

pq

COCO
XOl>00C0O5
(NCO
(O lo T-< cocour:>ioi>oococo
C0C0TtHC0c01:^OTt*05">*(MI>.

a
a o
0)
<u

-a

0^

o
o
tH CO

;i5

lO U3 U3
CO CO CO
CO CO CO

^c[>oL<io^

^
i-<
C<l

o
ooo
(N CO <N CO
oooo
tH CS
<N

to

U3

T-i

CO 1> lO
CO 05 t^ lO
05 CO lO
0
Tt<

!>.
TjH

t^ l> t^

o rlc)^
Tt"

l>
T^

O
05
rji

CO
CO
lO

00 CO
00 CO
Oi 05 05

^
CO
o
lO

O"
HH

1-1

> P^
X u
X s
w

<

73

O O
a a

9Q

el

-t-)

-M

fl
O)

fl
<D

fl

rt

.-;

hd

o O

>!>

^
H
03

^a
H

c3

<M

PI

1^

4-3

o
QQ

-|J

CO

Eh

d d

d d
o o

d d
o
o
GQ
CO
*2

-(J

02

CQ CG

C/J

OS

00
o
00

OS
OS
00

lO
lO

o
OQ

dd

-^

d d
g a

1^

d d

CO CO

tH

CQ

MM

CQ

a
00 00

CO lO CO
CO CO
^ O
(M '^
ds o o 9
tJ<

^o

CO

oj

2-^

g.SPlI

CQ 0

lO

CO lO

00 00
OS tH

oo

o3
f-<

rd

-(J

a
-J

d
a
GQ
l-t

o
o
u

TO

DQ

Md

OQ

O
d

a-

CO
p

o d

d
O
O

d
o
a
a
o

3
-(-3

0)

>> bC

O
o
3

d
o
fH

a
a
c ^
C3
^

!>

Is

e8
c6

O'

4
9i

M
<v

o3

o3

^ ^

^ ^ ^
^ ^ c3
<u

<D

<u

-< CQ CQ CQ

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

25

Table XXV
SPECIFIC HEAT OF SODIUM CHLORIDE BRINE
Density,

B6

Sp.gr.

1.007

1.037
1.073

10

1.115

15

1.150

19

1.191

23

Per cent NaCl

by Wt.

Sp. Heat.

1.6
4.9
5.0
10.0
10.3
10.3
11.5
12.3
15.0
18.8
18.8
20.0
24.3
24.5
25

Table

Temp.

F.

.992

-0

978

64.4

.995
.960
.892
.892
.912
.887
.871
.892
.841
.854
.829
.7916
.791
.783

66-115

Authority.

Common
Thomsen
Winkelmann

-0
-0

Common
Common

59-120
59-194
61-126

Teudt
Teudt
Marignac
Winkelmann

64.4

-0

Common

63-125
68-192

Teudt
Teudt

64-68

Winkelmann
Thomsen

Common
64

Common

XXVI

COEFFICENT OF LINEAR EXPANSION OF SOLIDS

aXlO*

At Temp.

per degree C.

c.

.2313-. 3150

40-600

Antimony.
Carbon coke
Carbon

.0882-. 1692
.054

40
40

graphite.

.0786
.1678
.1061-. 1210
.1095-. 1322
.2924
.1279
.0899
.2234
.2918

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.17-.21

0-900
16.7-25.3
0-100

Substance.

Aluminum.

aXlO*

.1285-. 175

At Temp.

Authority.

F.

104-1112

Fizeau and

Le Chatelier
.

Copper
Iron
Steel

Lead
Nickel
Platinum.

Tin
Zinc
Brasses and
bronze ....

Rubber.

.770
.058-. 0897

Glass

.049-. 094

104
104

Fizeau

[(

.1241
.1621

104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104

.0889-. 1167
.4278
.03222-. 0498

32-1652
62-77.5
32-212

.03

.0437
.0932
.059-. 0672
.06085-. 0735
.1625
.071
.05

0-100

.1338
.2083
Paraffin .... 1.0662-4.7707 0-16; 38-49 .5921; 2.6505

.2508
.375

Solder
Ice

Porcelain.

Wood

.0413

Wax

0325-^0614

2.300-15.227

-20 to -1
20-790
2-34
10-26;

43-57
Concrete

Masonry.

.1430
.046-. 089

.023
.0181-. 0341

1.278
8.46
.0795
.0256-. 0494

32-215

-4-30.2
32-60.8
100.4-120
68-145.4
35.6-93.2
50-78.8
109.4-134.6

((

(<

Limits of
determination

Kohlrausch
Limits of
determination

Smeaton
Brunner
Rodwell

Braun
Limits of
determination

Kopp
Clark
Clark

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

26

Table XXVII
COEFFICIENT OF CUBICAL EXPANSION OF LIQUIDS
aXlO*

Substance.

per

Alcohol (methyl)

Benzene
Bromine
Calcium
Calcium
Ether

chloride, CaCl2,40.9 per cent

Mercury

Olive oil
Phenol, CeHgO
Petroleum, Sp.gr. .8467

Sodium

NaCl,
H2SO4
H2SO4

chloride,

Sulphuric acid,
Sulphuric acid,

1.6 per cent..

aX10

At Temp.

per

C.

C.

.1433
.1385
.1168
.0506
.0510
.2150
.0489
.0933
.0179
.0742
.0899
.1039
.1067
.0489
.0799

chloride, CaCl2, 5.8 per cent

Hydrochloric acid, HCl+6.25 H2O

Hydrochloric acid, HCl+50 H2O.

"

-38-+70
11-81

-7-+60
18-25
17-24

-15-+38
0-30
0-30

3-157
24-120

6^30
0-30

"

F.

.0796
.0770
.0649
.0281
.0283
.1195
.0272
.0519
.0099
.0412
.0500
.0577
.0593
.0272
.0444

At Temp.
F.

Authority.

36-158

Pierre

32-178
19-140
64-77
63-75
5-100
32-86
32-86

Kopp

97-314
75-248

32-86
32-86

Pierre

Decker
Decker
Pierre

Marignac
Marignac
Spring
Pinette

Frankenheim
Marignac
Marignac
Marignac

Table XXVIII
COEFFICIENT OF VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION OF GASES AND VAPORS AT
CONSTANT PRESSURE
(Heated without change of

Substance.

Pressure

Air
Air

Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide 0''-64
Carbon dioxide 84-100.
Carbon dioxide 0-7.5
Carbon dioxide 64'*-100.
Carbon dioxide 0-64
Carbon dioxide 0-7.5''
Carbon dioxide 0-64^
Carbon dioxide 0-100
Carbon monoxide

76
256
76
254
76
252
.

Nitrous oxide
Sulphur dioxide
Sulphur dioxide
Water vapor (steam) 0-119
Water vapor 0^-141
**

Water vapor 0-162"'

Water vapor 0*'-200
Water vapor 0-247

(Cm Hg)

17.1 atm.
17.1 atm.
24.81 atm.
24.81 atm.
24.81 atm.
34.49 atm.
34.49 atm.
34.49 atm.
76
76

76
98
1 atm.
1 atm.

atm.
1 atm.
1 atm.

state.)

a^XlOO

a^XlOO

per Deg. C.

per Deg. F.

.3671
.3693
.36613
.36616
.3710
.3845
.5136
.4747
.7000
.5435
.6204

1.097
.8450
.6514
.3669
.3719
.3903
.3980
.4187
.4189
.4071
.3938
.3799

.2040
.2055
.2034
.20342
.2060
.2135
.2855
.2635
.38885
.3020
.3446
.6100
.470
.362
.204
.2065
.217
.221
.23261
.23272
.22617
.21878
.2111

Authority.

Regnault
Regnault
Regnault
Regnault
Regnault
Regnault

Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Regnault
Regnault
Regnault
Regnault

Him
Hirn

Him
Him
Him

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table

27

XXIX

COEFFICIENT OF PRESSURE RISE OF GASES AND VAPORS AT CONSTANT

VOLUME
(Heated without change of

PresBure

Substance.

Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air

.6

Air,

Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air

Carbon
Carbon
Carbon
Carbon
Carbon
Carbon
Carbon
Carbon
Carbon
Carbon
Carbon
Carbon

dioxide
dioxide
dioxide
dioxide
dioxide
dioxide
dioxide
dioxide
dioxide
dioxide
dioxide

0''-64''.

Nitrous oxide

64-100.
0-64.
.

64M00.
0''-64.

64-100,

monoxide

Hydrogen

Oxygen

(Cm Hg)

1.6
10.0
26.0
37.6
75.0
76-83
11-15
17-24
37-51
76
200
2000
10000
76
1 atm.
1 atm.
1 atm.
76-104
174
793
16.4 atm.
16.5 atm.
25.87 atm.
25.87 atm.
33.53
33.53
1 atm.
1 atm.
1 atm.
1 atm.
1 atm.
1 atm.
1 atm.
1 atm.

state.)

aXlOO

a,Xl00

per Deg. C.

per Deg. F.

.3767
.3703
.3663
.3660
.3662
.3665
.3670
.3648
.3651
.3658
.3665
.3690
.3887
.4100
.3671
.3670
.3706
.3726
.3686
.3752
.4252
.4754
.4607
.5728
.5406
.6973
.6334
.3667
.3669
.3656
.3668
.3676
.3705
.3674
.3845

.20915
.2057
.2035
.20335
.20345
.20360
.20370
.20265
.20285
.20320
.20360
.205
.206
.22775
.20395
.20290
.2059
.2070
.20475
.2085
.2361
.2641
.256
.3182
.30035
.38740
.35190
.2037
.20353
.2031
.20375
.20410
.206
.2041
.21350

Authority.

Meleander
Meleander
Meleander
Meleander
Meleander
Meleander

Magnus
Regnault
Regnault
Regnault
Regnault
Regnault
Regnault
Regnault

Rowland
Jolly

JoUy
Meleander
Regnault
Regnault
Regnault

Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Regnault
Regnault

JoUy
Regnault
Regnault
JoUy
JoUy
JoUy

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

28

Table
COMPRESSIBILITY OF GASES BY THEIR ISOTHERMALS. VALUES OF P7 AT

AND AT
Pressure in Atmosphere.

32 F.

200

100

.9140
1.4
1.819

.9624
1.4529
1.8849

1.0516
1.532
1.96

1.1560
1.622
2.05

1.2690
1.7202
2.142

1.000

.9730

1.010
1.472
1.886

1.0974
1.551
1.9866

1.2144
1.668
2.096

1.3400
1.7825
2.211

1.4700
1 908
2.3298

32 F.
211.1
[391.28

1.000

.9910

1.0390
1.4890
1.9064

1.1358
1.5903
2.1045

1.2568
1.7060
2.1324

1.3900
1.8275
2.2575

1.5258
1.9548
2.3838

r32F.

1.000

1.1380
1.5134
1.884

1.2090
1.5858
1.956

1.2828
1.6588
2.030

1.3565
1.7310
2.105

1.4322
1.8036
2.1762

r32F.
Air at {210.92

[392.72
f

Nitrogen at

Hydrogen at

210.74
[393.5

32
oio

1.000

at

.202

.559
.890

1.03
1.582

1 38819

NHs

600

500

.9265

[391.1

^*

ATMOSPHERE

1.000

Oxygen at {211.1

Carbon dioxide

400

300

r32F.
{211.28

.891

1.201
1.678

1.493

1.000
.9290
.9750

,362.48

.8625
.9555

.832
.9380

.7450
.8875

.5850
.8700

Calculated from Smithsonian Tables Nos. 55 and 58, reporting Amagat's results

Table

XXXI

VALUES OF THE GAS CONSTANT R

Determined from
Heats by

Specific

R = 777.52iCp-Cv)
Hydrogen, H2
Oxygen, O2
Nitrogen, N2
Air

Ammonia, NH3
Carbon dioxide, CO2
Carbon monoxide, CO
.

Methane, CH4
Benzole, CeHg

Ethylene, CaH*

768.267
49.528
54.737
53.338
92.603
36.310
53.726
110.719
66.789
49.450

Determined from

Volume

of

One Lb.
and

at 32 F.

29.92 ins. Hg.

765.893
48.244
55.981
53.332
90.467
35.084
65.135
96.200
Liquid at 32*
54.153

Authority for
Specific

Volume.

Rayleigh
Rayleigh
Rayleigh
Rayleigh and Leduc

Leduc
Rayleigh

Leduc

Thomson
Saussure

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

29

XXX
VARIOUS PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES; THE VALUE OF PV AT

TAKEN AS

1000

900

800

700

32

1.00.

1.3853
1.827
2.2414

1.5032
1.9336
2.3432

1.6200
2.0412
2.4462

1.7350
2.151

1.6016
2.0328
2.4514

1.7344
2.1592
2.5752

1.8630
2.2896
2.7

1.992
2.415
2.828

1.6618
2.086
2.5123

1.7920
2.22
2.64

1.9341
2.3544
2.7765

2.0680

1.5043
1.876
2.2484

1.5776
1.9552
2.32

1.6488
2.1096
2.3913

1.7200
2.093

Pressure 50 atm.
Critical point

Wrobleweki

Temperature 180.4 F.
Pressure 39 atm.
Critical point

Olszewski

Temperature 220 F.
Pressure 35 atm.
Critical point

Olszewski

Temperature 230.8 F.
Pressure 20 atm.

Dewar

Critical point

Temperature 390. 1 F.
1.656
1.999

Pressure 27 atm.

Andrews

Critical point

Temp. +87.66 F.
Pressure 115 atm.

Dewar

Critical point

.9000

.8715

.9315

and Table 62 Roth's

Temp. +266

.95

results;

also

F.

Table 218 reporting miscellaneous data.

Table XXXII

AND 32 F., COMPARING

EXPERIMENTAL VALUES WITH COMPUTED VALUES FROM MOLECULAR

DENSITIES OF GAS AT ONE ATMOSPHERE =29.92" Hg

WEIGHTS
Lbs.

Sp.Gr.
Air = l.

Gas.

Lba. per

Cu.ft.

Cu.it.

per Lb.

Authority.

Hydrogen, H^
Oxygen, O2
Nitrogen,
Air

N2

.0696
1.053
.9673
1.000

.005621 177.9093 Rayleigh

11.208 Rayleigh
.08922
12.773 Rayleigh
.07829
.08071
12.390 Rayleigh

Ammonia, NH3.. .597 .04758

Carbon dioxide
1.5291 12269
CO2
Carbon mon.

oxide,

CO

Methane, CH4
Benzole, CeHe.

.
.

Ethylene, C2H4.
Ethane, CoHe.
Butane, C4H10.
.

.9672 .07807
.5576 .04470
Liquid
.9852 .07951
1.075 .08379

2.01

Cu.ft.

Molecular

Cu.ft.

Weight

from
Exact

Weight

from
Approx.

Exact.

H=2.

Itixptl.

Lbs.

Molecular

Molecular
Weight.

Approx.

H=2.

Molecular
Weight.

31.76
27.80

.08926
.07813

2
32
28

.08993
.07869

16.9

.04750

17

.04778

8.1506 Rayleigh

43,75

.12295

44

.12366

12.8090 Leduc
22.349 Thomson

27.87
15.99

.07833
.04494

28

.07869
.04497

12.578 Saussure
11.9354 Kolbe
6.1751 Frankland

27.98
29.98
57.96

.07862
.08426
16289

28
30

21.017

and Leduc
Leduc

2.

16

16194

Computed from data reported

in Smithsonian Tables, Nos. 71

58

and 276.

.07868
.08431
.16301

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

30

Table XXXIII
IGNITION TEMPERATURES,
Ignition Temperature.

Substance.

Carbon,

Soft coal

Anthracite

Peat
Lignite dust

Hydrogen, H2
Hydrogen, H2
Hvdroeren.

H9

Carbon monoxide, CO.

Carbon monoxide, CO,
Carbon monoxide, CO.
Methane, CH4

752
600
750
430
300
1077
1124
1031
1253
1347
1211
1212

*F*

Substance.

Ignition Temperature.

Methane, CH4
Methane, CH4

(Sexton)

(LeChatelier)
(AUen)

Ethane, C2H6
Ethylene, C2H4
Ethylene, C2H4
Propylene, CsHe
Acetylene, C2H2
Acetylene, C2H2
Propane, CsHg

(Meyer)

Alcohol,

(LeChatelier)

Coal gas

(Strohmeyer)
(Olsen)

(Meyer)

1201
1213
1141
1124
1124
940
1038
896
1017
1292
1100

CzHsOH

(Meyer)
(LeChatelier)

(AUen)
(Allen)

(Meyer)
(AUen)
(Allen)

(Robinson)

(Robinson)

(Allen)

* Owing to the controlling influences of proportions and other factors on ignition temperatures the value
given are of doubtful accuracy for the ignition temperature, at least for gases.

Table

XXXIV

THE CRITICAL POINT

Critical Pres-

Critical

Temp.

Critical
Criti-

Density
Substance.

Symbol.
0 C.

0 F.

Atm.

Lbs.
per
Sq.in.

Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

H2

-243.5

O2

-118.1

N2

-146.1

Ammonia
Ammonia

NH3
NHj

+130.0
+131.0

Carbon
Carbon

CO2
CO2

+
+

-390.1
-180.4

-232.8
266.

267.8

20
501

35.1

115.
113.

294
735

515

Water

Authority.

cal vol.

Cu.ft.

at

Authority-

per Lb.

4C=1.
Olszewski
.652

.442

Wroblewski

Dewar

Olszewski

Wroblewski

Dewar

1690
1660

Vincent and

Chappuis
dioxide.
dioxide.

31.35
30.921

88.43
87.67

72.9
77.1

1070
1130

Amagat

.464
.452

Andrews

Cailletet

and
Mathias

Water
Water
Water

H2O
H2O
H2O

+358.1
+364.3
+365.0

676.4
687.7

Water

H2O

+374.

705.2

Water

H2O

+374.6

706.3

3200

Holborn and

Water

H2O

+374.5

706.

3200

Marks

689.

.429

194.61
200.5

2859
2944

Nadejdini
Battel!
Cailletet

and

Colardeau
Traube and
Teichner

Baumann

26.

Nadejdini

13.

Battel!

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

31

Table XXXV
LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION AT ONE ATMOSPHERE PRESSURE
Selected from Landolt, Bornstein, Meyerhofif,
Symbol.

Substance.

Ammonia

NH3

Water

H2O

Benzol

CeHa

Cal. per

109.

Oxvcen

Nitrogen

CO2

Carbon dioxide

CHOH

Alcohol, methyl
Alcohol, ethyl

Alcohol

CzHeOH

+5% water.

Decane
Hexylene

C10H2J

CeHn

Octane

Kg. B.T.U. per Lb.

294.21
291.32
297.38
296.5
535.9
532.0

Air

132.1
154.5
44.02
45.4
68.0
60.9
49.83
72.23
67.48
66.25
60.76
31.80
14.40
11.60
3.72
267.48
206.4
214.25
60.83
87.3
71.1

CsHio

and Smithsonian Physical Tables.

530
524.45
535
534
964.6
957.6
196
238
278
79.3
81.7
106.1
109.8
89.6
130
103.2
10 .3
91.5
67.2
25.9
20.9
6.7
482
372
386
109.5
157.1

G.

F.

7.8
11.04
16.0
17
100
100

-306.4

Regnault
Regnault
Regnault
Strombeck

Andrews
Scball

Reemaiilt

Regnault
Regnault
Shearer
Shearer
Shearer
Estreicher

Shearer

-25

6.5
22.4
29.85
30
30.82
64.6
78
78.4
159.45
68
70
125

128

4.6
51.87
60.8
62.6
212
212
32
212
410

100
210

-188

Authority.

13

Cailletet

32
32
43.7
72.3
85.7
86
87.4

Matthias
Chappuis
Matthias
Matthias
Matthias

148.

172.4
173.1
319
154.4
158
257

Cailletet

Matthias
Wirtz
Schall

Brix
Louguinine

Mabery
Goldstein
Goldstein

Table XXXVI
LATENT HEATS OF FUSION
Selected from Landolt, Bornstein, Meyerhoff,
Symbol.

Substance.

Aluminum.
Lead

Al

Pb

Iron

Fe

Copper

Cu

Nickel
Zinc

Zn

Ni

Tin

Sn

Ice-water

NH3
H2O

Benzol

CeHa

Ammonia.

Cal. per

Kg. B.T.U

239.4
5.37
6.0
43.0
4.64
28.1
14.25
108.1
79.25
79.06
79.24
79.91
80.025
30.08

.per Lb.

432
9.66
10.8
77.4
8.35
50.5
25.65
195
142.5
142.2
142.5
143.9
144.3
55.5

and Smithsonian Physical Tables.

C.

F.

Authority.

1157
Pionchon
625
619.2
Person
362.2
1000-1050 1832-1922 Pionchon
Richards
Pionchon
415
779
Person
451.4
Person
233
-75
-102
Massol
32
Person and Regnault
Regnault
32
32
Desains
32
Smith
Bunsen
32
Fisher
41.6
5.3

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

32

Table

XXXVII

BOILING-POINTS

(at 29.92

Ha)

Selected from Landolt, Bornstein, Meyerhoff, and Smithsonian Physical Tables.

Boiling-point.

Symbol.

Substance.

Class.

Authority.
C.

Elements

Hydrogen
Oxygen

Nitrogen
Chlorine

CI

-252.5
-182.7
-194.4

-412
-297
-318

Hg

Mercury
Bromine

Br

33.6
357
61.1

28.5
674
142

Dewar, 1901
Holborn, 1901
Olszewski
Regnault
Crafts-Regnault
Mean of Thorpe, van der
Plaats

Phosphorus
Potassium

287
712

558
1372

Schrotter, 1848
Perman, Ruff, and Johann-

Sodium

Na

750

1382

Perman, Ruff, and Johann-

Sulphur
Tin

S
Sn

444.

Bismuth

Bi

Cadmium

Cd
Pb
Zn

837
4118
2607
1440
2777
1686
2622
2047
3272
3552
4192
3452
3992
4442

sen

Lead
Zinc

Antimony
Magnesium
Aluminum

Sb

Mg
Al

Ag
Cu

Silver

Copper
Manganese

Mn

Chromium

Cr
Fe

Iron
Inorganic com-

pounds

NH3

Ammonia
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide

CO2

Sulphur dioxide.
Zinc chloride ....

Air.

CO
SO2
ZnClz

2270
1430
782
1525
918
1440
1120
1800
1955
2310
1900
2200
2450

38.

-191.

79.1
10.8
730

-37.4
-313
-110.5
12.6
1347

-192.2 -314
-191.4 -312.5

sen
Rothe, 1903

Greenwood
Barus, Greenwood
Barus, 1894

Greenwood
Berthelot

Greenwood
Greenwood
Greenwood
Greenwood
Greenwood
Greenwood
Greenwood
Greenwood
Regnault, 1863

Mean

of

Wroblewski and

Olszewski
Villard and Jarry
Regnault, 1863
Freyer and Meyer

Wroblewski
Olszewski

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table

33

XXXYll Continued

BOILING-POINTS

(at 29.92

Hg)

Selected from Landolt, Bornstein, Meyerhoff, and Smithsonian Physical Tables.

Boiling-point.

Symbol.

Substance.

Class.

Authority.
C.

F.

-265
-135

Hydrocarbon

Methane

CH4

-165

constituents of

Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane
Hexane
Heptane
Octane

C2H6
C3H8

C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
C7H16
CgHis
C9H20

liquid

and

gaseous fuels

Paraffine series,
C'oH24-2

Nonane
Decane
Undecane
Dodecane
Tridecane
Tetradecane.
Pentadecane.
Hexadecane.
Heptadecane.
Octadecane.
.

Nonadecane.

Ethylene

series,

C2II2B

C2H4
C3H6
C4H8

Amylene

C5H10
C6H12
C7H14
C8H16
C9H18

Hexylene
Heptylene
Octylene

Nonylene
Decylene

C10H20

C2H2

Acetylene

CH30H

Methyl alcohol
Ethyl- alcohol.

Naphthas
Benzines

C2H60H
Mixture
Mixture

214
234
252
270
287
303
317
330

49
33.8
97.3
156.2
209.1
257.9
302
343.4
384
417.2
453.2
485.6
518
548.6
577
602
626

-103

-153.4

36.3
69
98.4
125.5
150

C10H22
CiiH24
C12H26
C13H28
C14H30
C15H32
C16H34
C17H36
C18H38
C19H40

Ethylene
Propylene
Butylene

93
45

173
195

50.2

58.5
33.8
1
96.8
36
156.2
69
96-99 205-210
122-123 251-255
140-142 284-288
347
175

85
66
78

-121

Young
Ladenberg
Young, Hamlen
Butlerow, Young
Thorpe, Young

Schorlemmer
Thorpe,
Thorpe,
Kraft
Kraft
Kraft
Kraft
Kraft
Kraft
Kraft
Kraft
Kraft
Kraft
Kraft

Young
Young

Olszewski
Ladenburg-Kriigel
Sieben

Wagner
Wreden
Morgan
Moshnger
Beilstein
Beilstein

Villard

150.8
172.4

424 app. General

177 app. General

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

34

Table XXXVIII

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC WEIGHTS

Selected from Report of the International
Committee on Atomic Weights, Journal Amer
Chem. Soc, 1910.

Substance.

Symbol.

Atomic Weight,

Al

27.1
40.09
12.00
35.46
63.57
1.008
55.85
207.10
24.32
54.93
200.00
58.68
14.01
16.00
195.00
39.10
28.30
23.00
32.07
119.00
65.37

Aluminum
Calcium.
Caibon.

Chlorine.

Copper.
Hydrogen.
.

Ca

CI

Cu

Iron

Lead
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury.
Nickel
Nitrogen.

Oxygen.

= 16.

Fe

Pb

Mg
Mn

Hg
Ni

Platinum.
Potassium.

N
O

Pt

Silicon

Si

Sodium.

Na

Sulphur ....
Tin

S
Sn

Zinc

Zn

Table

Atomic Weight,

H=l.
26.9
39.77
11.99
35.19
63.07
1.00
55.41
205.46
24.13
54.49
198.50
58.21
13.90
15.88
193.40
38.79
28.20
22.82
31.82
118.10
64.88

XXXIX

MELTING OR FREEZING-POINTS
Selected from Landolt, Bornstein, Meyerhoff,

(at 29.92 Hg)

and Smithsonian Physical Tables.

Freezing-point.
Class.

Elements:

Substance.

Hydrogen.

Oxygen
Nitrogen.
Chlorine.

Potassium.
Sodium.
.

Sulphur.

Br

P
,

Na
S

Authority.

-258.9 -432
-230
-382
-210.5 -347
-102
-151

Hg

Bromine
Phosphorus
.

H
O
N
CI

Mercury..

Symbols,

38.85 - 38
7.3
45,
44.2
111.
62.5
144.
97
206.
113.5236-247
119.5

Travers, 1902

General
Fischer-Alt
Olszewski
Vincentini and Omodei, 1888
Van der Plaats, 1886
Helff, 1893
Holt and Sims, 1894
Kurnakow and Puschin, 1902

Depending on form of S

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table

XXXIX

35

Continued

MELTING OR FREEZING-POINTS
Selected from Landolt, Bornstein, Meyerhoff,

(at 29.92

Ha)

and Smithsonian Physical Tables.

Freezing-point.

Symbols.

Substance.

Class.

Tin
Bismuth

Elements:

Sn
Bi

Cadmium

Ca
Pb
Zn

Lead
Zinc

Antimony.

Sb

Magnesium
Aluminum

Mg

Silver

Ag
Au
Cu

Gold
Copper
Manganese

Mn

Silicon

Si

Nickel

Ni

Cobalt...

Co

Chromium

Cr
Fe

com-

pomids

Platinum
Tungsten

Pt

Ammonia

NH3

Carbon dioxide
Sodium chloride

Sulphur dioxide.
Zinc chloride ....
Air

Hydrocarbon

Ethane

constituents of

Nonane

liquid and

Decane

gaseous fuel

Undecane.

CftHzn+a

CzHs

Tridecane
Tetradecane
Pentadecane
.

Hexadecane
Heptadecanc
Octadecane
Nonadecane

Ethylene

Series,

CH2n

SO2
ZnCla

C9H20

....

Dodecane
Paraffine series,

C02
NaCl

Ethylene ....
Ethyl alcohol

C10H22
C11H24
C12H26
C13H28
Cl4H30
C16H32
C16H34
C17H36
C18H38
C19H40

231.5
269.2

451
517
610
621
787
1154
1171
1217
1651
1947
1892
2232
2592
2647
2813
2792
2912
3192
5347

326.9
419
624
632.6
657.3
961
1063
1083
1225
1420
1450
1490
1505
1600
1755
2950

Calcium chloride CaCl2

Carbon monoxide
CO

F.

321

Al

Iron

Inorganic

Authority.
C.

75.5
780

-203

-104
1454
-331.5

57
820
- 76
262

70.8
1510
-105

504

-1922

-314

-171.4

-276.5

51
31

26
12
6
5
10
18

22
28
32

C2H4 -169
C2H6OH -130

59.8
23.8
14.8
10.4
21.2
41
50

64.4
71.6
82.4
89.6

272
202

Kurnakow and Puschin, 1902

Callendar, 1899

Kurnakow and Puschin, 1902

Holborn and Day
Holborn and Day
Fay and Ashley
Heycock and Neville, 1895
Holborn and Day
Holborn and Day
Roberts and Austin
Roberts and Austin

Day-Sosman
General
Carnelley, Pictet, 1879

General
General
Roberts and Austin

Mean

of three

Waidner-Burgess,

Waterburg
Ladenburg and Krugel, 1 900
Ruff and Plato, 1903
Wroblewski, Olszewski
(mean)
General
Ruff and Plato, 1903
Faraday, 1845
Braun, 1875
Wroblewski, 1884
Liquid Density
.446 at 32 F.
.733 at 32 F.
.745 at 32 F.
.756 at 32 F.
.765 at 32 F.
.771 at 32 F.
.775 at 40 F.
.776 at 10 C.
.775 at 18 C.
.777 at 22 C.
.777 at 28 C.
.777 at 32 C.
.610
.806 at 32* F.

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

36

Table XL
PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM
(Condensed from Marks and Davis's Steam Tables and Diagrams, 1909, by permission
the publishers, Longmans, Green & Co.)
Vacuum
in inches
Absolute
or

Hg

Gauge

Tempera-

Pressure

ture,

Pounds

Fahren-

Pressure per Sq.in.

Pounds

heat.

perSq.in.

29.74
29.67
29.56
29.40
29.18
28.89
28.50
28.00
27.88
25.85
23.81
21.78
19.74
17.70
15.67
13.63
11.60
9.56
7.52
5.49
3.45
1.42

32
0.0886
40
0.1217
50
0.1780
0.2562
60
0.3626
70
0.505
80
0.696
90
0.946
100
1
101.83
2
126.15
3
141.52
4
153.01
162.28
5
6
170.06
7
176.85
182.86
8
9
188.27
10
193.22
11
197.75
12
201.96
13
205.87
14
209.55

Total Heat Above

32''F.

Latent
Heat,

L=H-h

In the
In the
Water,
Steam, Heat-unita
h
Heat-units Heat-unita

0.00
8.05
18.08
28.08
38.06
48.03
58.00
67.97
69.8
94.0
109.4
120.9
130.1
137.9
144.7
150.8
156.2
161.1
165.7
169.9
173.8
177.5

1073.4
1076.9
1081.4
1085.9
1090.3
1094.8
1099.2
1103.6
1104.4
1115.0
1121.6
1126.5
1130.5
1133.7
1136.5

1139.0
1141.1
1143.1
1144.9
1146.5
1148.0
1149.4

Volume,
Cu. Ft. in
1

Lb. of

Steam.

1073.4 3294
1068.9 2438
1063.3 1702
1057.8 1208
1052.3
871
1046.7
636.8
1041.2
469.3
1035.6
350.8
1034.6
333.0
1021.0
173.5
1012.3
118.5
1005.7
90.5
1000.3
73.33
61.89
995.8
53.56
991.8
47.27
988.2
42.36
985.0
982.0
38.38
35.10
979.2
32.36
976.6
30.03
974.2
28.02
971.9

Weight
1

of

Cu. Ft.
Steam,
Pound.

0.000304
0.000410
0.000587
0.000828
0.001148
0.001570
0.002131
0.002851
0.00300
0.00576
0.00845
0.01107
0.01364
0.01616
0.01867
0.02115
0.02361
0.02606
0.02849
0.03090
0.03330
0.03569

Entropy

of

of the

Entropy
of Evap-

Water.

oration.

0.0000
0.0162
0.0361
0.0555
0.0745
0.0932
0.1114
0.1295
0.1327
0.1749
0.2008
0.2198
0.2348
0.2471
0.2579
0.2673
0.2756
0.2832
0.2902
0.2967
0.3025
0.3081

2.1832
2.1394
2.0865
2.0358
1.9868
1.9398
1.8944
1.8505
1.8427
1.7431
1.6840
1.6416
1.6084
1.5814
1.5582
1.5380
1.5202
1.5042
1.4895
1.4760
1.4639
1.4523

0.3118
0.3133
0.3183
0.3229
0.3273
0.3315
0.3355
0.3393
0.3430
0.3465
0.3499
0.3532
0.3564
0.3594
0.3623
0.3652
0.3680
0.3707
0.3733
0.3759
0.3784
0.3808

1.4447
1.4416
1.4311
1.4215
1.4127
1.4045
1.3965
1.3887
1.3811
1.3739
1.3670
1.3604
1.3542
1.3483
1.3425
1.3367
1.3311
1.3257
1.3205
1.3155
1.3107
1.3060

lbs.

gauge
0.3
1.3
2.3
3.3
4.3
5.3
6.3
7.3
8.3
9.3
10.3
11.3
12.3
13.3
14.3
15.3
16.3
17.3
18.3
19.3
20.3

14.70
15
16
17
18
19

20
21
22
23
24
25

26
27
28
29
30
31

32
33
34
35

212
213.0
216.3
219.4
222.4
225.2
228.0
230.6
233.1
235.5
237.8
240.1
242.2
244.4
246.4
248.4
250.3
252.2
254.1
255.8
257.6
259.3

180.0
181.0
184.4
187.5
190.5
193.4
196.1
198.8
201.3
203.8
206.1
208.4
210.6
212.7
214.8
216.8
218.8
220.7
222.6
224.4
226.2
227.9

1150.4
1150.7
1152.0
1153.1
1154.2
1155.2
1156.2
1157.1
1158.0
1158.8
1159.6
1160.4
1161.2
1161.9
1162.6
1163.2
1163.9
1164.5
1165.1
1165.7
1166.3
1166.8

970.4
969.7
967.6
965.6
963.7
961.8
960.0
958.3
95 J. 7
955.1
953.5
952.0
950.6
949.2
947.8
946.4
945.1
943.8
942.5
941.3
940.1
938.9

26.79
26.27
24.79
23.38
22.16
21.07
20.08
19.18
18.37
17.62
16.93
16.30
15.72
15.18
14.67
14.19
13.74
13.32
12.93
12.57
12.22
11.89

0.03732
0.03806
0.04042
0.04277
0.04512
0.04746
0.04980
0.05213
0.05445
0.05676
0.05907
0.0614
0.0636
0.0659
0.0682
0.0705
0.0728
0.0751
0.0773
0.0795
0.0818
0.0841

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table

XL

37

Continued
1

Total Heat Above

32<'F.

Gauge

Absolute TemperaPressure
ture,
Pounds
Fahrenper Sq.in. per Sq.in.
heat.

Latent
Heat,

Pressure

Pounds

In the

Water,
/I

In the
Steam,

Volume,
Cu. Ft. in
1 Lb. of
Heat-units
Steam.

L=H-h

Weight
1

of

Cu. Ft.

Entropy

Entropy

of the

Pound.

Water.

of Evaporation.

0.0863
0.0886
0.0908
0.0931
0.0953
0.0976
0.0998
0.1020
0.1043
0.1065
0.1087
0.1109
0.1131
0.1153
0.1175
0.1197
0.1219
0.1241
0.1263
0.1285
0.1307
0.1329
0.1350
0.1372
0.1394
0.1416
0.1438
0.1460
0.1482
0.1503
0.1525
0.1547
0.1569
0.1590
0.1612
0.1634
0.1656
0.1678
0.1699
0.1721
0.1743
0.1764
0.1786
0.1808
0.1829
0.1851
0.1873
0.1894

0.3832
0.3855
0.3877
0.3899
0.3920
0.3941
0.3962
0.3982
0.4002
0.4021
0.4040
0.4059
0.4077
0.4095
0.4113
0.4130
0.4147
0.4164
0.4180
0.4196
0.4212
0.4227
0.4242
0.4257
0.4272
0.4287
0.4302
0.4316
0.4330
0.4344
0.4358
0.4371
0.4385
0.4398
0.4411
0.4422
0.4437
0.4449
0.4462
0.4474
0.4487
0.4499
0.4511
0.4523
0.4535
0.4546
0.4557
0.4568

1.3014
1.2969
1.2925
1.2882
1.2841
1.2800
1.2759
1.2720
1.2681
1.2644
1.2607
1.2571
1.2536
1.2502
1.2468
1.2432
1.2405
1.2370
1.2339
1.2309
1.2278
1.2248
1.2218
1.2189
1.2160
1.2132
1.2104
1.2077
1.2050
1.2024
1 1998
1.1972
1.1946
1.1921
1 1896
1.1872
1.1848
1.1825,
1 1801
1.1778
1.1755
1.1730
1.1712
1.1687
1.1665
1 1644
1 1623
1.1602

Steani,

Heat-units Heat-units

21.3
22.3
23.3
24.3
25.3
26.3
27.3
28.3
29.3
30.3
31.3
32.3
33.3
34.3
35.3
36.3
37.3
38.3
39.3
40.3
41.3
42.3
43.3
44.3
45.3
46.3
47.3
48.3
49.3
60.3
51.3
52.3
53.3
54.3
55.3
56.3
57.3
58.3
59.3
60.3
61.3
62.3
63.3
64.3
65.3
66.3
67.3
68.3

36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51

52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71

72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83

261.0
262.6
264.2
265.8
267.3
268.7
270.2
271.7
273.1
274.5
275.8
277.2
278.5
279.8
281.0
282.3
283.5
284.7
285.9
287.1
288.2
289.4
290.5
291.6
292.7
293.8
294.9
295.9
297.0
298.0
299.0
300.0
301.0
302.0
302.9
303.9
304.8
305.8
306.7
307.6
308.5
309.4
310.3
311.2
312.0
312.9
313.8
314.6

229.6
231.3
232.9
234.5
236.1
237.6
239.1
240.5
242.0
243.4
244.8
246.1
247.5
248.8
250.1
251.4
252.6
253.9
255.1
256.3
257.5
258.7
259.8
261.0
262.1
263.2
264.3
265.4
266.4
267.5
268.5
269.6
270.6
271.6
272.6
273.6
274.5
275.5
276.5
277.4
278.3
279.3
280.2
281.1
282.0
282.9
283.8
284.6

1167.3
1167.8
1168.4
1168.9
1169.4
1169.8
1170.3
1170.7
1171.2
1171.6
1172.0
1172.4
1172.8
1173.2
1173.6
1174.0
1174.3
1174.7
1175.0
1175.4
1175.7
1176.0
1176.4
1176.7
1177.0
1177.3
1177.6
1177.9
1178.2
1178.5
1178.8
1179.0
1179.3
1179.6
1179.8
1180.1
1180.4
1180.6
1180.9
1181.1
1181.4
1181.6
1181.8
1182.1
1182.3
1182.5
1182.8
1183.0

937.7
936.6
935.5
934.4
933.3
932.2
931.2
930.2
929.2
928.2
927.2
926.3
925.3
924.4
923.5
922.6
921.7
920.8
919.9
919.0
918.2
917.4
916.5
915.7
914.9
914.1
913.3
912.5
911.8
911.0
910.2
909.5
908.7
908.0
907.2
906.5
905.8
905.1
904.4
903.7
903.0
902.3
901.7
901.0
900.3
899.7
899.0
898.4

11.58
11.29
11.01
10.74
10.49
10.25
10.02
9.80
9.59
9.39
9.20
9.02
8.84
8.67
8.51
8.35
8.20
8.05
7.91
7.78
7.65
7.52
7.40
7.28
7.17
7.06
6.95
6.85
6.75
6.65
6.56
6.47
6.38
6.29
6.20
6.12
6.04
5.96
5.89
5.81
5.74
5.67
5.60
5.54
5.47
5.41
5.34
5.28

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

38

Table

XL

Continued

Total Heat Above

32 F.

Gauge Absolute
Pressure Pressure
Pounds

Pounds

perSq.in. per Sq.in.

69.3
70.3
71.3
72.3
73.3
74.3
75.3
76.3
77.3
78.3
79.3
80.3
81.3
82.3
83.3
84.3
85.3
87.3
89.3
91.3
93.3
95.3
97.3
99.3
101.3
103.3
105.3
107.3
109.3
111.3
113.3
115.3
117.3
119.3
121.3
123.3
125.3
127.3
129.3
131.3
133.3
135.3
137.3
139.3
141.3
143.3
145.3
147.3

84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
118
120
122
124
126
128
130
132
134
136
138
140
142
144
146
148
150
152
154
156
158
160
162

Tempera-

Latent
Heat,

ture,

Fahrenheat.

315.4
316.3
317.1
317.9
318.7
319.5
320.3
321.1
321.8
322.6
323.4
324.1
324.9
325.6
326.4
327.1
327.8
329.3
330.7
332.0
333.4
334.8
336.1
337.4
338.7
340.0
341.3
342.5
343.8
345.0
346.2
347.4
348.5
349.7
350.8
352.0
353.1
354.2
355.3
356.3
357.4
358.5
359.5
360.5
361.6
362.6
363.6
364.6

In the
In the
Water,
Steam,
h
Heat-units Heat-units

285.5
286.3
287.2
288.0
288.9
289.7
290.5
291.3
292.1
292.9
293.7
294.5
295.3
296.1
296.8
297.6
298.3
299.8
301.3
302.7
304.1
305.5
306.9
308.3
309.6
311.0
312.3
313.6
314.9
316.2
317.4
318.6
319.9
321.1
322.3
323.4
324.6
325.8
326.9
328.0
329.1
330.2
331.4
332.4
333.5
334.6
335.6
336.7

1183.2
1183.4
1183.6
1183.8
1184.0
1184.2
1184.4
1184.6
1184.8
1185.0
1185.2
1185.4
1185.6
1185.8
1186.0
1186.2
1186.3
1186.7
1187.0
1187.4
1187.7
1188.0
1188.4
1188.7
1189.0
1189.3
1189.6
1189.8
1190.1
1190.4
1190.7
1191.0
1191.2
1191.5
1191.7
1192.0
1192.2
1192.5
1192.7
1192.9
1193.2
1193.4
1193.6
1193.8
1194.1
1194.3
1194.5
1194.7

Volume,

Cu. Ft. in
1 Lb. of
Steam.
Heat-units

L=H-h

897.7
897.1
896.4
895.8
895.2
894.6
893.9
893.3
892.7
892.1
891.5
890.9
890.3
889.7
889.2
888.6
888.0
886.9
885.8
884.7
883.6
882.5
881.4
880.4
879.3
878.3
877.2
876.2
875.2
874.2
873.3
872.3
871.3
870.4
869.4
868.5
867.6
866.7
865.8
864.9
864.0
863.2
862.3
861.4
860.6
859.7
858.8
858.0

5.22
5.16
5.10
5.05
5.00
4.94
4.89
4.84
4.79
4.74
4.69
4.65
4.60
4.56
4.51
4.47
4.429
4.347
4.268
4.192
4.118
4.047
3.978
3.912
3.848
3.786
3.726
3.668
3.611
3.556
3.504
3.452
3.402
3.354
3.308
3.263
3.219
3.175
3.133
3.092
3.052
3.012
2.974
2.938
2.902
2.868
2.834
2.801

Weight

of

Cu. Ft.
Steam,
Pound.

0.1915
0.1937
0.1959
0.1980
0.2001
0.2023
0.2044
0.2065
0.2087
0.2109
0.2130
0.2151
0.2172
0.2193
0.2215
0.2237
0.2258
0.2300
0.2343
0.2336
0.2429
0.2472
0.2514
0.2556
0.2599
0.2641
0.2683
0.2726
0.2769
0.2812
0.2854
0.2897
0.2939
0.2981
0.3023
0.3065
0.3107
0.3150
0.3192
0.3234
0.3276
0.3320
0.3362
0.3404
0.3446
0.3488
0.3529
0.3570

Entropy
of the

Water.

0.4579
0.4590
0.4601
0.4612
0.4623
0.4633
0.4644
0.4654
0.4664
0.4674
0.4684
0.4694
0.4704
0.4714
0.4724
0.4733
0.4743
0.4762
0.4780
0.4798
0.4816
0.4834
0.4852
0.4869
0.4886
0.4903
0.4919
0.4935
0.4951
0.4967
0.4982
0.4998
0.5013
0.5028
0.5043
0.5057
0.5072
0.5086
0.5100
0.5114
0.5128
0.5142
0.5155
0.5169
0.5182
0.5195
0.5208
0.5220

Entropy
Evap-

of

oration.

1.1581
1.1561
1.1540
1.1520
1.1500
1.1481
1.1461
1.1442
1.1423
1.1404
1 1385
1.1367
1.1348
1.1330
1.1312
1.1295
1.1277
1.1242
1 1208
1.1174
1.1141
1.1108
1.1076
1 1045
1.1014
1.0984
1.0954
1.0924
1.0895
1.0865
1.0837
1.0809
1.0782
1.0755
1.0728
1.0702
1.0675
1.0649
1.0624
1.0599
1.0574
1.0550
1.0525
1.0501
1.0477
1.0454
1.0431
1.0409
.

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table

XL

39

Continued

Total Heat Above

32 F.
GaAige Absolute
Pressure Pressure

Pounds

Pounds

per Sq.in. per Sq.in.

Tempera-

Latent
Heat,

ture,

Volume,
Cu. Ft. in

Fahren-

In the

In the

L=H-h

heat.

Water,

Steam,

Heat-units

Lb. of
Steam.

857.2
856.4
855.5
854.7
853.9
853.1
852.3
851.5
850.8
850.0
849.2
848.4
847.7
846.9
846.1
845.4
844.7
843.9
843.2
841.4
839.6
837.9
836.2
834.4
832.8
831.1
829.5
827.9
826.3
823.1
820.1
817.1
814.2
811.3
808.5
805.8
803.1
800.4
797.8
795.3
792.8
790.3
787.9
786
774
762
751
741

2.769
2.737
2.706
2.675
2.645
2.616
2.588
2.560
2.533
2.507
2.481
2.455
2.430
2.406
2.381
2.358
2.335
2.312
2.290
2.237
2.187
2.138
2.091
2.046
2.004
1.964
1.924
1.8S7
1.850
1.782
1.718
1.658
1.602
1.551
1.502
1.456
1.413
1.372
1.334
1.298
1.264
1.231
1.200
1.17
1.04
0.93
0.83
0.76

h
fi

Weight of
Cu. Ft.
Steam,
Pound.

Entropy

Entropy

of the

Water.

of Evaporation.

0.3612
0.3654
0.3696
0.3738
0.3780
0.3822
0.3864
0.3906
0.3948
0.3989
0.4031
0.4073
0.4115
0.4157
0.4199
0.4241
0.4283
0.4325
0.437
0.447
0.457
0.468
0.478
0.489
0.499
0.509
0.520
0.530
0.541
9.561
0.582
0.603
0.624
0.645
0.666
0.687
0.708
0.729
0.750
0.770
0.791
0.812
0.833
0.86
0.96
1.08
1.20
1.32

0.5233
0.5245
0.5257
0.5269
0.5281
0.5293
0.5305
0.5317
0.5328
0.5339
0.5351
0.5362
0.5373
0.5384
0.5395
0.5405
0.5416
0.5426
0.5437
0.5463
0.5488
0.5513
0.5538
0.5562
0.5586
0.5610
0.5633
0.5655
0.5676
0.5719
0.5760
0.5800
0.5840
0.6878
0.5915
0.5951
0.5986
0.6020
0.6053
0.6085
0.6116
0.6147
0.6178
0.621
0.635
0.648
0.659
0.670

1.0387
1.0365
1.0343
1.0321
1.0300
1.0278
1.0257
1.0235
1.0215
1.0195
1.0174
1.0154
1.0134
1.0114
1.0095
1.0076
1.0056
1.0038
1.0019
0.9973
0.9928
0.9885
0.9841
0.9799
0.9758
0.9717
0.9676
0.9638
0.9600
0.9525
0.9454
0.9385
0.9316
0.9251
0.9187
0.9125
0.9065
0.9006
0.8949
0.8894
0.8840
0.8788
0.8737
0.868
0.844
0.822
0.801
0.783

Heat-units Heat-units

149.3
151.3
153.3
155.3
157.3
159.3
161.3
163.3
165.3
167.3
169.3
171.3
173.3
175.3
177.3
179.3
181.3
183.3
185.3
190.3
195.3
200.3
205.3
210.3
215.3
220.3
225.3
230.3
235.3
245.3
255.3
265.3
275.3
285.3
295.3
305.3
315.3
325.3
335.3
345.3
355.3
365.3
375.3
385.3
435.3
485.3
535.3
585.3

164
166
168
170
172
174
176
178
180
182
184
186
188
190
192
194
196
198

200
205
210
215
220
225
230
235
240
245
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
450
500
550
600

365.6
366.5
367.5
368.5
369.4
370.4
371.3
372.2
373.1
374.0
374.9
375.8
376.7
377.6
378.5
379.3
380.2
381.0
381.9
384.0
386.0
388.0
389.9
391.9
393.8
395.6
397.4
399.3
401.1
404.5
407.9
411.2
414.4
417.5
420.5
423.4
426.3
429.1
431.9
434.6
437.2
439.8
442.3
444.8
456.5
467.3
477.3
486.6

337.7
338.7
339.7
340.7
341.7
342.7
343.7
344.7
345.6
346.6
347.6
348.5
349.4
350.4
351.3
352.2
353.1
354.0
354.9
357.1
359.2
361.4
363.4
365.5
367.5
369.4
371.4
373.3
375.2
378.9
382.5
386.0
389.4
392.7
395.9
399.1
402.2
405.3
408.2
411.2
414.0
416.8
419.5
422
435
448
459
469

1194.9
1195.1
1195.3
1195.4
1195.6
1195.8
1196.0
1196.2
1196.4
1196.6
1196.8
1196.9
1197.1
1197.3
1197.4
1197.6
1197.8
1197.9
1198.1
1198.5
1198.8
1199.2
1199.6
1199.9
1200.2
1200.6
1200.9
1201.2
1201.5
1202.1
1202.6
1203.1
1203.6
1204.1
1204.5
1204.9
1205.3
1205.7
1206.1
1206.4
1206.8
1207.1
1207.4
1208
1209
1210
1210
1210

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

40

Table XLI
PROPERTIES OF SUPERHEATED STEAM
V =specific

Pressure
Absolute,

Temp,

Pounds

Sat.

per Sq.in.

(Condensed from Marks and Davis's Steam Tables and Diagrams)

in cubic feet per pound, h =total heat, from water at 32 F. in B.T.U. per pound,
n = entropy, from water at 32.

volume

Degrees of Superheat.

Steam.

20

228.0

40

267.3

60

292.7

80

312.0

100

327.8

120

341.3

140

353.1

160

363.6

180

373.1

200

381.9

220

389.9

240

397.4

260

404.5

280

411.2

300

417.5

350

431.9

400

444.8

450

456.5

500

467.3

20

V
h
n
V
h
n

50

100

150

200

250

300

400

500

20.73 21.69 23.25 24.80 26.33 27.85 29.37 32.39 35.40

1165.7 1179.9 1203.5 1227.1 1250.6 1274.1 1297.6 1344.8 1392.2
1.7456 1.7652 1.7961 1.8251 1.8524 1.8781 1.9026 1.9479 1.9893
10.83 11.33 12.13 12.93 13.70 14.48 15.25 16.78 18.30
1179.3 1194.0 1218.4 1242.4 1266.4 1290.3 1314.1 1361.6 1409.3
1.6895 1.7089 1.7392 1.7674 1.7940 1.8189 1.8427 1.8867 1.9271
v7.17 7.40 7.75 8.30 8.84 9.36 9.89 10.41 11.43 12.45
h 1177.0 1187.3 1202.6 1227.6 1252.1 1276.4 1300.4 1324.3 1372.2 1420.0
n 1.6432 1.6568 1.6761 1.7062 1.7342 1.7603 1.7849 1.8081 1.8511 1.8908
V 5.47 5.65 5.92 6.34 6.75 7.17 7.56 7.95 8.72 9.49
h 1182.3 1193.0 1208.8 1234.3 1259.0 1283.6 1307.8 1331.9 1379.8 1427.9
n 1.6200 1.6338 1.6532 1.6833 1.7110 1.7368 1.7612 1.7840 1.8265 1.8658
V4.43 4.58 4.79 5.14 5.47 5.80 6.12 6.44 7.07 7.69
h 1186.3 1197.5 1213.8 1239.7 1264.7 1289.4 1313.6 1337.8 1385.9 1434.1
n 1.6020 1.6160 1.6358 1.6658 1.6933 1.7188 1.7428 1.7656 1.8079 1.8468
v3.73 3.85 4.04 4.33 4.62 4.89 5.17 5.44 5.96 6.48
h 1189.6 1201.1 1217.9 1244.1 1269.3 1294.1 1318.4 1342.7 1391.0 1439.4
n 1.5873 1.6016 1.6216 1.6517 1.6789 1.7041 1.7280 1.7505 1.7924 1.8311
V 3.22 3.32 3.49 3.75 4.00 4.24 4.48 4.71 5.16 5.61
h 1192.2 1204.3 1221.4 1248.0 1273.3 1298.2 1322.6 1346.9 1395.4 1443.8
n 1.5747 1.5894 1.6096 1.6395 1.6666 1.6916 1.7152 1.7376 1.7792 1.8177
V 2.83 2.93 3.07 3.30 3.53 3.74 3.95 4.15 4.56
4.95
h 1194.5 1207.0 1224.5 1251.3 1276.8 1301.7 1326.2 1350.6 1399.3 1447.9
n 1.5639 1.5789 1.5993 1.6292 1.6561 1.6810 1.7043 1.7266 1.7680 1.8063
V 2.53 2.62 2.75 2.96 3.16 3.35 3.54
3.72 4.09
4.44
h 1196.4 1209.4 1227.2 1254.3 1279.9 1304.8 1329.5 1253.9 1402.7 1451.4
n 1.5543 1.5697 1.5904 1.6201 1.6468 1.6716 1.6948 1.7169 1.7581 1.7962
V 2.29 2.37 2.49 2.68 2.86 3.04 3.21 3.38 3.71 4.03
h 1198.1 1211.6 1229.8 1257.1 1282.6 1307.7 1332.4 1357.0 1405.9 1464.7
n 1.5456 1.5614 1.5823 1.6120 1.6385 1.6632 1.6862 1.7082 1.7493 1.7872
V 2.09 2.16 2.28 2.45 2.62 2.78 2.94 3.10 3.40 3.69
h 1199.6 1213.6 1232.2 1259.6 1285.2 1310.3 1335.1 1359.8 1408.8 1457.7
n 1.5379 1.5541 1.5753 1.6049 1.6312 1.6558 1.6787 1.7005 1.7415 1.7792
1.99
2.57
2.71
2.85. 3.13 3.40
V 1.92
2.42
2.09
2.26
h 1200.9 1215.4 1234.3 1261.9 1287.6 1312.8 1337.6 1362.3 1411.5 1460.5
n 1.5309 1.5476 1.5690 1.5985 1.6246 1.6492 1.6720 1.6937 1.7344 1.7721
V 1.78 1.84 1.94 2.10 2.24 2.39 2.52 2.65 2.91 3.16
h 1202.1 1217.1 1236.4 1264.1 1289.9 1315.1 1340.0 1364.7 1414.0 1463.2
n 1.5244 1.5416 1.5631 1.5926 1.6186 1.6430 1.6658 1.6874 1.7280 1.7655
V 1.66 1.72 1.81 1.95 2.09 2.22 2.35 2.48 2.72 2.95
h 1203.1 1218.7 1238.4 1266.2 1291.9 1317.2 1342.2 1367.0 1416.4 1465.7
n 1.5185 1.5362 1.5580 1.5873 1.6133 1.6375 1.6603 1.6818 1.7223 1.7597
2.33
2.77
V 1.55 1.60 1.69 1.83 1.96 2.09 2.21
2.55
h 1204.1 1220.2 1240.3 1268.2 1294.0 1319.3 1344.3 1369.2 1418.6 1468.0
n 1.5129 1.5310 1.5530 1.5824 1.6082 1.6323 1.6550 1.6765 1.7168 1.7541
2.22
2.41
2.02
V 1.33
1.38
1.46
1.81
1.92
1.58
1.70
h 1206.1 1223.9 1244.6 1272.7 1298.7 1324.1 1349.3 1374.3 1424.0 1473.7
n 1.5002 1.5199 1.5423 1.5715 1.5971 1.6210 1.6436 1.6650 1.7052 1.7422
2.14
1.97
V 1.17
1.21
1.79
1.70
1.28
1.60
1.40
1.50
h 1207.7 1227.2 1248.6 1276.9 1303.0 1328.6 1353.9 1379.1 1429.0 1478.9
n 1.4894 1.5107 1.5336 1.5625 1.5880 1.6117 1.6342 1.6554 1.6955 1.7323
1.93
1.77
1.61
V 1.04 1.08 1.14 1.25 1.35 1.44 1.53
1484
1434
h 1209
1231
1383
1252
1333
1358
1281
1307
n 1.479 1.502 1.526 1.554 1.580 1.603 1.626 1.647 1.687 1.723
1.76
1.62
V 0.93 0.97 1.03
1.47
1.39
1.13
1.22
1.31
1489
h 1210
1438
1233
1388
1362
1256
1311
1337
1285
n 1.470 1.496 1.519 1.548 1.573 1.597 1.619 1.640 1.679 1.715

20.08
1156.2
1.7320
10.49
1169.4
1.6761

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

41

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|>.l>.t>l>.l>.CO(:OcOCOcOCOCOCOCOCOOiOOiO'0OiOiOiO0"^"^

Ph

0)

<n

5 fl Cm
S 3CC c3

05 fl

g 30Q o
^ o t, g

Ah^

(O

'^' TtJ
rt< TjJ
eo'
I

lO
CO
00 tH CO CO 05
05

CO CO (N (M (N
I

C<J

O O O O rH

T-H

rH o" o' O*
I

tH o

CO

CO

1-1

CO CO
I I T tH tH

1>-

""^

11

rH

i-l (N*

(N (N CO CO

rji rt^

Ti<

00

00 lO
1> (M CO 1-1 CO 1 CO

"TfH

r:J^

r-1

rH

0 CO CO 1> 1> 00 00 05 05

r--'

1< 11 iH 1 1-1 11 11

lO

Co'

CO <N 00

OO

1-1

ft-<

ft

005001>COiO'<^CO(Ni-l00500b*COiOrt^CO(N-i00500t^cO^'^

TfCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO<M(N(N(M(N(M(M(N(N(Ni-ii-ii-(i-ii-i'-<
I

i001>0000
lOO
lOO
OOCOCOi-iOOOi-it>"^OCO<Mt-COi-I^O>OOe005-^05-^05iOTH
I

<U

ft

OrH(NCOThiiOcOt^00050i-i(MCO'^iOcor^00050'-ic<lCOTHOcO
(M(N(N(N(N(NC^(N(M<MCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOtJ<tJ< :tiTjl'^TlHrtl
''^
^^
Ti^ ^i^

^^

^i^

^^ ^^

^i^ ^t^ ^i^

^^

^t^

^^

t}^ tJ^ ^t^ tJ^

^^

^t^

^^

^"ij^

^^ '^

>n

^^ ^^

42

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

N(NOOC005"<!l<OiOiHCO(Nt>.C005rt<QOi-Ht>.(NOOrtHO0HbN.cO

OO0505Q00000l:^J>irC0OiOTHTt<^C0C0C<l(NTH,-l,-lOO0sdi

of Vapor.
Entropy

000<:POOOO'*OCqcO(NOOOOO(MOcO(MiO(NOcO'<^COOO(M
ot^iocoi-icjocoTticooit^-ioc^iooocoeoT-ioit^ioc^oooco^i-i

of

Liquid.

Entropy

005050i03CX)OOOOOOt^t^t^t^l>COcOcOCDOiOiOiLOOTj<Tt^Tfi-rtl
i-iOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

00500r-icOOThiTt<C<JC<lcqi:^(N<M(M(MCOTtHiOcOOOCiO(MTt<COOO

O'-lC0O'O05O(MC0TtiiX)<00OC0'*iOC01>0005O(Ne0"^iOiO
Internal Latent

Heat.

iO"^CO(Ni-<000500l>.COOTtiTj<eO(Mi-i00300t^l>-CDiO'<*'CO(N

O'-l(Nrt<'<:t<K3cDCD0000000000000000t^<:0u:)'^(Mi-iO00C0-^(M
(NCO'<^iOCDl>00050i-l(MCO'*iOCOt^00050i-<C<lCOTtH"<^iO<)t>
Latent

External

Heat.

05 05 as C5 oi C5 05 aJ

OOOOOOOOOO

rH

T-^ 1-H

,4 tH rH

i-J ,-1 ,-1

of
Cu.ft.

'*T-ll>.TjH01r^COOCD(N05iOi-100'<^01^COOiiOi-lt^rt<OCOC<IOO
'^TtiCOCOCO<N(N(Mi-iT-i0000505Ci00001:^t^t^(>CO(iOOTt<

Liquid, Pounds

Density

per

>
co^r^05THcoi:ot^O(McocooiOC<j^cooooThii>.050eoooocj5

per
Vol.
Liquid,

Pound.

Cu.ft.

Sp. of

of

Cu.ft.

Vapor,

c^(^^(^^(^^c^c<^c^c^c^c^(N(^^(N(N<N(^^(N(^^(^J<N(^^(^^(N(N<^^(N(N
ooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

OOtH(MOQOOOO
0(NTt^cOGOO(MTHt^CiTHirocOOOTHTtH<:005(M-^l>0(MCD05<NiO

GOOOCOOCX)Ci05a>C50iC)000'-ii-Hi--i'-H(N(NC<ICOCOCOCOT^Tti
OOOOOOOOOOi-HT-HT--J,-HT-H,-H,-HT-HT-<rH,-Hr-|i-HTHrHrH,-l

Pounds

Density

per

H
<1
P^

P
H

per
Vol.
Vapor,

Pound.

Cu.ft.

CO'^Tt^OOOO(M'^cOOr^^OO^-(lOO
O(MrHG0(Mc0(M00'*(M
iOrHOOiOCOOOOiOCO'-i05CO'*(MOOOcOnH(N0001>iOCO{N005
cq(Mi-HTH,-H,-iOOOOCi05G5050iOOOOOOOOOOI>l>l>l>l>i>CO

Sp. of

<1
02

O
w
W
I
H

Total

F.

(^^l005r4co<:oo5(^^looOl-^c^^looo(^qTt^t^C5(^^Tt^cDoo^-^cocoooo5

32

^^^^^^(X)OOooooo505050000r-lrHT-l,--^(^q(^^(^l(^^cocococoeo

Heat. Above

-*3

CI

43

(N'OOOOCOcOOSOq-^CDOlOCOCO

(N-^CDOO
(NCO
C^-^CDOO
TjHCOC^OqTH0050iOOt^cOO>-0'<*TjHCOC<lT--iOOOi001>-.i:DCDiOThi

p:?

fin

O
P^

of

F.
Liquid Above

32

Heat

^'CD'd^(^0(^t)(^<^l-HOool^colo-^co(^^rHOC50ot^cDlOrt^co<^^r-^o
Tt^Tl^Tl^Tt^r^TtlT^^rt^co(^^o:)(^:)co'>0(^o<^ococ^c<^c^(^^(^^(^^<^^(^^(N(N
1

Sq.in.

Pressure,

Pounds

Gage.

CO(M00iOr-tt^TH

"*
Absolute.

per

F.

l>Ttii-Hl>.iO(M05I>>OC0i-l

Oi CO t> t^ to

u^ CD r^
W lO CO O b 00 Oi o
M
00 05 oi O ^' rH
c^c^(^^(^^(N(N(Nc<^c^(^^c<^c^c^c<^(X)cccocococococococococoTt^
T-H

Scale,

tHi-Hili(rHi-lTHi-lrHTHT-lT-HTHT-IC^C<lC<l(N(NC<lC<l

Sq.in.

Pounds

05
N.C0CSOt-I00tJHO1>-C0O1>"^O00OC<)OQ0c0"^C0C<1t-IO
<:Ot>.|>00050iOi-Hi-l(MC0C0'*iOi0Ot^00000iOTH(MC0Tt<iOO

per

Pressure,

C^ (N CO

r}H u:)

(^q

b-'

T^^

CO(Mi-IOOi001>COWO-<*COC<JiHOrH(MCO'^OCDt>OOCOTH(NCO
tHililrH
TItHt-Ht

Temp.
1

ft

<J^o

!^00CiOT-i(MC0Tj<iOcOI^00OiOi-iC<>C0rHiOcOb'00<5P'-HC<IC0
Tt<Ttir*<lOOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOCOCOCOCOCOCOcOCOCOcOb-t>-t>-t>.

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

of Vapor.
Entropy

of

Liquid.

Entropy

Internal

Latent

External

Latent

43

GOooQOt-.t-.cocoiooiOTtH^Mcococ^cqiiHi5^oo^SSwoo
.....'"I'^. .'~I'~I'~I'~!'~!'~I'-I'-^. '-;'-|'-^'-;'-;^ooooo-

OOOO OOOO^ S
^
ooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
CO CO CO 00 CO 3 (M (N (M rH

rH

,-H

r-l

^^

r2

Heat.

OOGOOiOr-ir-icqcOCO->^iODC01>000005050T-irHCSCqcO^-^iO
Heat.

,-^^rH(^^(^q(^^(^q(^^(^l(^^(^^(^^<N(^^(^^(^^(N(^^cocococococococoeo
of

C
Ah

Cu.ft.

Tt^ocO(^^oo^Ol:OrH^>.coo5lOOcO(^^oocoo:>looo(^^^^coooT}^
Tfir)HCOCO(NC^C^i-lr-l00050i05C0001>l>CO'X>COOiO'*TtiCOCO

Liquid, Pounds

Density

per

(NO00OC0>Ol>.C5C0i000OC0c00ii-iC0c000C<Ji01:^OC0c00i(M

per

t'-t^t^OOCOGOOOCXDOiOiOiOOOOiliiili((MC^C^lCOCOCOCOTtH

Vol.
Liquid,

Pound.

^ O

Cu.ft.

Sp. of

ooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

c^c^c^(^^(^^cq(^^c^c^lc<^(^^(^lc<^(^^(^q(N(^^c<^c<^c^(^^(^l(^^<^^(^^(^^(^^

of
Cu.ft.

00(MiOa)(McDCiC0J>.O'^00(Ni00iC0I>.rHi005C01>.(NC0(M<:0i-i
Tt^iOiOiOcOOcOt^t^OOOOOOOiOiOJOOi-ii-ii-itNC^jCOeOTtiTfiiO

THrHT-HTHrHrHi-HTHT-HT-HrHT-HrHrH,-HC^CqCqC^C<J(rqCQC<JCqC^C^C^

Vapor,Pounds
Density

per

per

oolO(^^oO'*ooO':OTt^co(^^(M(^^(^^cocoT^^cd^-oooT-^cort^<:Doo

Vol.

t^c0'*C0'-iO05t^cOO'^C0(Mi-iO05001>c0iO'rt^TtiC0(MT-iO05

Vapor,

Pound.

Hi

OCOOCOCOCOiOOi0^iOiO0J^Ort<Tj<-^-^-<tlriH-^Tt<"<*"^Tj<cO

Cu.ft.

Sp. of

m
F.

Total

Heat

Above

32

^^

"x!'

^^ ^^

^'sP

Vj^

"^7"

^7^

'Vj'

Vj'

vp ^^

vj

^'^

Tji

^^ ^^

^7^

xj

'

'^

'

^^1

xj

'

^vj'

"^T"

^'

^7"

^^

CQ

i-HC0iOcO00O5

O':O00C5r-((M'^CO00

i-HC^JCO-^iOCDCOcOCOCD

C0(NT-iOOCi00t^C0O>O"r}HC0<MilOOOiOOb-cDiO-^COCQi-iO

<D 03

P5

COCOcOcOCOiOiOiOiOiOtOiOiOuOiOiOtO'^-'ti-^'rJHTt^rt^-rt^TttTtirJi

O
A4

of
F.
Liquid Above

32

Heat

05001>.COLO'*CO(Ni-ia3001>-<D0"^CO<NTHOOTH<M-<!tiiO<OI>-00
1lili(i(ili(i1,-Hr-l
1

Pounds

Gage.

per

Sq.in.

Pressure,

Pounds

++

CSi0i0i05C505OOOiHC<IC0'^000TH'*<:0O5(NiOOiC0l>i-HCO-i

Sq.in.

Pressure,

Absolute.

<:Ot>.OOOiOi-iCO'=tiiLOcOt^00050rH(^0'^iOi:OOOC50<MCOiOCOOO
(M(N(M(MCCeOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO^'<^TtiTjH-*^'<;J(Tt<iOOiOiOiO0

i-ieOiOOO-<CO<Oi(NCOOT}<OOCOoO
COcOCOcOCOcDI>t>.t>.C0C5
'-H(NC0Tt<iOCOI~^00O5O'-H00"rt^iOCOt^CiOr-HC^rtiiOt^00CT)-HC^

per

Scale,

Temp.

"F.

Abs.
Temp.

rhiiOCOI>.C0050i-iC<JCOTt<iOCDt>.00050i-<(MCOTfiiOcOb-OOOiO
rHi-tr-HTHi-lTH(N<M(N(N(M(M(N(N(N(MCOCCCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO-^

rtHiO<:OI>OOOiO'-i(NCO'*iOcOt^00050'-iC<JCO'^iOcOt^00050

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

44

of Vapor.

OOTHOcO(NOOrJHO0(NOOC005iOi-Ht^C005iOi-IOOTj<OCOC<IOOTiH
t>-t^t^<X>COlOlOiOTtHTtHCOCO(N(N(NrH,-4000050050000t--^

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO05050i050i0505

Entropy

OO<M^tJHC0000000OI>(N(M(NC0(N00OOtHtJHi0<;000cD00O
O(M'^C000OC^"^C00iOC0OJ>a>T-(C0CC)00O(MTt<C000OC^O

of

Liquid.

Entropy

oooooooooooooooooooooSooooo
"^OSOSOSTtiOSVOOcOfMOiCOC^OScOCOOt^iOfNiOOOOOCOt^i-H

05CX)OOC<)001>l>t^CO<;0^00'<*lTt^T^Tt<OOCOWC^<t-lrHT=Io050

Internal

Latent

External

Latent

Heat.

COi-HCOT-IO'r-4iOO'*OOrHrhiOOi-l'rfl|>.OCO0000<NTtiiOt^OO<r'5

iococoi>i>ooooa50505000i-iT-iT-iG\iC^i(N(Mcococococoeoco
Heat.

of

05iOOCOi-HN.cqoOCOOir}HO^O00OOiOOiOOiLOCJCD-<CD

Cu.ft.

Liquid, Pounds

Density

(M(M(Mr-lrHOO0i05G00000l>l><r)Oi0i0'*'<^C0C0(MC^i-i,-lO
OSOSOiqsOiOSOiOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

per

per

-*00rH'<e<l:^05Cq'i<l>OTt<l>OC0c0OTt<t^Ort<h,Ort<00rH-r^l00

TH'^0OiOiO':OOc01>l>.l>00000005C3i05000i-iT-iTH(N(Me<l

Vol.
Liquid,

Pound.

1
I
6

Cu.ft.

Sp. of

ooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

of
Cu.ft.

lOcOcOt^t^OOCOCiOiOOiiii(Ne0C0-<*>Oi0cDc01:^CC00OiO'

c<l(^^c^c^c^<^^c^c^^<^lcocococococococococococococococort^"^

Vapor,Pounds
Density

per

per

T-<Tt<l:^O-*l>.^'*00(NC0T-HiLO00f01>T-tC0Ol>.(Nl>-C000C0a>Tji

Vol.

Oi001>>I>000'st<COCOC^<Mi-iOOC5050000t>t>.COCOOiOTjH-^

Vapor,

Pound.

l^oeococooococo(^^(^ococo(^0(^^M(^^c<l(^^(^^(^^(N<^^(^^c<^(N(N(^

Cu.ft.

Sp. of

F.

Total

Heat Above

32

00000i0i0505050i0i05OOOOOOOOOrHrH,-l,-lTHi-ii-(,-(

QQ

W
H
W
Ph
o
p^

lOiOiOCOCDcOcOfCOCOCOCOCOCOcOOCOCOCDCOiO^iOTfl'^COeO
0500l^cO5TtHCOC<lT-(005001:^COiO'*CO(Ni-H00500t^cO0'*eo
|^:)(^Deol^^cocococococo(Nc^c^(^^<^^(^l<^^<^^(^^(^^rHT--ll-lr-l,-^T-l^

of
F.
Liquid Above

32

Heat

,-^,-^I-^r^l-^T-^l-^^-(l-^(^^c^C^(^^C^C^lC^(^l(^^cocococoC0COC0C0

^0005>ON053CO

Sq.in.

Pressure,

050i-HClCOTtliOI>OOCiOTH(NCOiOcDb-00050i-lCSICO-^Ot^CO

Pounds

Gage.

00CDr}<COC<l(MiHTHr-iTHO500000000OiTH
05TH(NOO01>.GOOC<lrlli01>.Oii-iCOiON.CiTHCOTtli:0000<N"rtit^

iOOCO<Ci';C><:OCC>l>-l>J>l>-l>-t>-OOOOOOOOOOOia)05050iOOOO
1

per

i-H r-l

C<ll><M<)(M0i';0(MOt>-0C0T-

T-H

O5Oi00000000CO>OOiO^CD00

Sq.in.

Pressure,

Pounds

Absolute.

"^lOt^OOOT-icO'ON.OOOCqrHCDt^Oir-ieOiOt^OiT-iCOiOt^OS'-i
l>.I>l>.i>.0000G0000000050505050i05OOOOOi-HT-irHT-4TH(N

per

F.

Scale,

TH(NC0'^i0OI>000iOTH(NC0rJ4iOC0l>.000>Oi-<C<lC0'^i0C0t^

Temp.

F.

Abs.
Temp.

OOOOOOOOOrH,-HrHrHTHi-Hi-Hi-H,-Hr-ICl(N(N(N(N(N<NC2

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

of
Vapor.
Entropy

45

OI>eOOiWDi-IOOTHOCOC<100iLOTHt>.COOcOC<10SiOi-Hts.WOCDC<l
t^COCOiOiOiO'<:J<'*'*COCO(N(M(NT-lT-l,-lOOOi050iOOOOOOt^b-

0505050505010505050505 O5C5O^O5OSOSO5O5000000Q00000G000

O(M05<N(N(M(NCCC0TtHc0CC)C0C000OO(N(NrtHT}iC0l>00000000
i>050coiot>05i-icoiot>.05i-(cooooo(NTricooooc<'^coooo
of

Liquid.

Entropy

t>J>.OOOOOOOOCXD05050505050000i-ii-ii-ii-iT-i(MC<l(NC<ICSCO

OOOOOOOOOOOOr-lTHrHr-lrHTHr-tr-lrHT-Hr-li-lTHi-lT-4

OTt<GOC01r^(M':OCOcOi:Ol^l>.0005050i-i(M'^i01:^000(N"<^oC30

001>-OCO^0-^CO(NT-i005QOCDTt<CO(M0051>.cOTt<rticqOOOcO
Internal

Latent

Heat.

External

Latent

Heat.

l>0>0'*CO(M'-i005001>iOThiCO(MT-l0051>.COiO'>!^eO(Ni-l0500

O'-^C^C^C0CCT}HTtH-<*i-^c0C0(NTH,--(O0500cDiOC0(NO00c0T*<C<|

of

TH(:0i-Hi:0i-(C0(Nt^(Nb-(Nl>'(Nt>-(Mc0i-iiOO^OTt<05C000C<ll>

P5

Cu.ft.

Liquid,

0050500001>l>COCC>iLOiO'*TlHcOCO(M(Mi-iT-i00050000t^l>CO

Pounds

00l>-I>t>-t-l>Wl>l>"l>-N'l>t>l>l:^t>-l:^l>-l>>t^t^cOcOcOcOcOcO

Density

per

>
r-<iO00<MiO05(MTiH00r-liO00(Mi0O5C000OiOO5C0cOOO05Tt<t^

per

COCOCOTt<'<tiTti0OtocDcOcDl:^t^l:^000005050500^'-ii-i(N(M

Vol.
Liquid,

ooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

Pound.

(^^c^c^(^^(^^(^^c^c^(^^(Nc^c^c<^(^qc^(^^(^^c^l(^^(^^(^^(^^(^^(^^(N(^^(N

Cu.ft.

l>.cO(^^ooo^eoc<^^-loo^<.lOxor}^(NT-l005oooooloco^lOl:^^^
i-l(MC0Tj<Ti<-iOCOt^000005OTH(MC0THiOX0CO0000O5OT-4Cqe0rt<

Cu.ft.

Sp. of

of

Vapor,

Pounds

Density

Q
H
<

per

per

Oi0i-I1>.C0OC0(M00i0t-I00'^t-<00i0(N05c0(NO00iO{NOI>'^
Tt^COCOC^(NCqT-li-(000050505000000t>-l>l>l>COCOCOCOiOiO

Vol.
Vapor,
Pound.

(N (N

Cu.ft.

(M* C<i (N*

<N

<M* (M*

(N (N

(M'

tH tH tH tH tH

r-I r-I t-I

tH tH

t-^ ,-i

tH rH tH tH

Sp. of

F.

Total Heat Above

32

(1

-*3

CI

C3

(NtHi-IO

050500t>.i:OlOTt<COT-i051>0'^COT-l

001>"3C0r-4O5

O 00 CO 0 ^' (N tH O 00 O* 0 CO
O 00 CD ^ (N
i-It-It-1OOOOOOOOO050505050505050505000000000000
(N tH

05*

(^5

05'

T}^

C<i 1-4

Tt<

b-^

O
of
F.
Liquid Above

32

Heat

C^rfit>.rHi005COOOeOOOrhiOi005COCOTHTHXO"3rfiCOeOi-HTHCOO

Sq.in.

Pressure,

050T-iC<lCO"<*ii01>.00050rH(MOO'^OC000050T-i(MCOiOCDl>.00

C0'^-^'*'<*'Tt<'<#riiTl<TiHiovO^^iOiO>OiOiOcC)CDC0c0c0CC)C0c0

Pounds

Gage.

05i-lPOCOOOOeOiOOOOOOcDOOOeOc005(N'*!:^OeOc005(NiOOO
OTHT-HrHT-HC^C^(N(NCOCOCOCOTt*rHTtiT:t<iOiOiOCOcC>COCOt^b--l>

per

O5,-lrt<00(NCO
Sq.in.

Pounds

Absolute.

Pressure,

iOi-ll><NCOCOOOOOO(N<Nr-l

9^

'^.

cocooooeouoooocoioo6ocoiooOi-HcocD05(NocOi-icocooeo

(N<N(NCOCOCOCOrt<Tj<-<^Tt<ioiO>OiOcOcOcOcDl>.l:^l^0000000505

per

F.

Scale,

..;

0005OTH(Me0r}HiOCDI>.00O5OT-4(MC0THiOcDI>0005O^23C0:3J
CO CO''l>

Temp.

t>.t>.t>.t>.t>t>.|>t^l>00000000000000000000O5O5O5O5O>

00050TH(NCOTj<iOcOt^C0050TH(NCOTj<iOcOI^00050'-t(MCC'*

C<l(NMCOCOCOCOCOCOeOCOCOrt<rJHr*Hrt<'!*lrtHTtHTt<rtH"^iOiOiOiOiO

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

46

(X)-^01>C005CO(MOOCOTHl>COOcO(N05Oi-<OOrt<THt>.T}iO?OC<l

cC'00oio-^'*'^coeoeo(N(NC^T-i,-HOOoo50505ooooooi>-t>.

OOOOCX)GOOOOOGOC30CXDOOGOOOGOOOOOOOOO(X)C01>.l>l>l>t>.|>l>.l>

(MTtHCDOiiiCOiOt^OiT-ICOiOt^ClrHCOiOt^Oii-lCOiOt^OiiICOIO

ocoocorHeocoo5(M>ooocOTt<i>.o-^GOTH>oo5coc?7iu:)OTt<o
<U

k.

03

lOOOOOOOOOiOOiOi

C<1C?(M(MC<IC^C^'t'iT-(T-tiItItii

+3

03

-I?

Ot^>0(N05b'^T-iOOiOC^05COCOOCO(MasiOT-lt^C005iOOcOi-t
(MrHTHT-i000005C5CiOOQ000001>-t^cOOcOiOiOTtiTti-^COCO

fl

T-iOO'*0>C0I:^C<l<>O'^0SC0NC<l0O-*'05C0r^i-liO0iC0l>.i-i
OlOiOTt^l^:lco(^^(^^1-ll-^ooiOoooo^>.l>oOK3Tt^Tl^co(^^(^^r-lr-l

McOl^3col^5cocococococol^ococococococO(^ococooocococococo

ft

(MiOOiCOt^COcOT-iiOO^iiJiCOt'-T-tcDiMCOOiOCsrHoOCOOiCOOO
l^:)cocoTJ^THlOlOcocol:^^^^^ooQOOi0500l-l'-lr-l(^^(^^cocort^'T^^

t^t^i^l:^l:>-l>l:^t>l>i>l^i:^l>l>l>r^cooocooooooOGOoooOGOoo

000000000000000000000000000
c^c<^c<^(N(^q(^lc^c^c^c^(^^(^^(^^c^(^^c^c^(^^(^^<^l(^l(^^(^^(^^(^^(^^(^^

't3

ft'-

02

30

I
o

-I-;

fj

(D

Q
H
^

P
H

53^i

G0G0OTHT-lTtHTt<i0C0000iTHTtHcDOC0t>-<MC0i0Ol>.C0C0N.OiO
lOtrJcioosoT-iccjcoTfiiocociociOc^co'^cDt^oooi-iC'i'^iot^co
CDcOCOOt^I>l>.l>.|>t^l>.l>.l>QOOOOOOOOOOOOOCi0505C505Cia)

<NCT>)t^Tt<(MO00cDT}<(MO00i:O-^(NO00C0'^C0i-<O5Q0CD'*C0t-l
lOTH-^TJHTtlr^lCOCOCOCOCOtNC^JClC^C^r-li-li-lr-lrHOOOOOO

<1

02

TjH(rOCOTHOOOt^t^l>'^'^CO(M(MTH0500<:O^CO(M0500^'rffOOi
(^

i-lT-ii-li-ii-iOOOOOOOOOOOiCi050iC30JOOOOOOC0001^
lO'00>OiOOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiO'^-^'^-^Tt*rtHTtiTt<Tt<->*'*TH

O
cc

W
t^lOCOiHCXJiOCOr-tOiCO-^rHOOCOCO

l>"<*li-<00OrH00'*

CO CO

r-i005COCOiO'*COT-tOOiOOOiO'rHCOT-iOC!51>.O^CO(NTHOioO

P^

^^

"^1 "^^ ^Ji

^*t^

^7*

^^

^T^

^P ^^ ^^ ^^

^T'

^r

^T* ^T" ^T*

^^J*

^^

"^^

^^ ^^ ^^ ^^

^M^ ^t^

^^

O
t>.00OO(MC0'^<:00000O(Nrt<O000irH(NTt<iOl>00OTHC0TH<:0

Ph

03 O <M CO -^ 10 co'lr^ 0005i-i(MCO"rt<K50C050-rH(M'cOiOCOt^OOa>

COt^l>t>l>.t>l>.t>-l>.l>COOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOiOi02C505050i050?

COCOt>-O5CO00CO00CO00CO00COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO00COCOCOCO

^^^
m
SOfJ

o3

1-1 rji b>i

'Tti

N.'

O*

Co"

b^ o"

TjH t>i 1-1 T^'

06

C<J

CD

'**

00

(M*

CO

lO oi

Co' l>^

OOOOOOOiOi05000r-i,-iTHC^(M(MCOeO-rf<'^'^iOiLOcOCOCOt^t^

THT-iT-iTHrHi-iC<>C^C^C^C^C^(NC^C^(NC<lC^Cq(NC^(N(N(N(N(N(N
a <o
v
C-d-S^
3 fl c?^

Sgcc

"* CD

JO

10

10

10

C0C5(NOaiC<JO00(MiOOi(NC00iC0N.-rH>O0SC0I^r-liOOrt<00(M
Oi05000i-ii-lT-lC^(M(MCOCOCO'*-rt<iOiOiOCOCON.I~^OOOOG005
'-^TH(^^c^(^^(N(N(^^c^c^(^l(Nc<^c^c<^(^^c<^(^^(^^(^^(^l(^l(^^(^l<^l<N(^^

iOcDl>-OOOiOr-iCqcOTtiiOCDN.OOOiOrHC<ieOThiiOcDlr^OOOOT-(

0505a5C5a5OOOOOOOOOOi-<rH,-(i-lTHr-(i-li-li-lT-l(M(N

<^0

OcOI>.OOOiOTH(NeO-^OcOI>-000>Oi-l(MCOT)<iOcOt>-COOiOi-i
iOiOiOiO>OCDCOCOcDCOCOcOCOCOCOt-l>l>.l>t>-l^l^I>-l>-t^0000

I0i0i0i0i0i0i0i0i0i0i0"0i0i0^^^0i0i0i0i0i0i0i0^i0

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

of Vapor.

47

050.-HOOrt<OOe005COC<JOOiOFHOOTt<i-<N.COOb*eOOCOC0050
COCOCO0^lO'<^TtHCOCOCOC^C<lC^r-lr-H,-H000050>050000t-.b-

Entropy

of

Liquid.

00000i0505C505OOOOO'-Hiir-ir-iii(N(NCl(NCNeOCOCOC0CO

T-^.-^r^THlHl-^l-^c<^c^<NC^c^c^c^c^(^l(^^c<^(^^(^^(^^(^^(^l(^^(^l(^^(^^

Entropy

TjH05cocoT}H05u:)OiOcor^'^oi:^coooo0(Mot^05t^oeocoio
t^-COi-tOOOC^OcDCOOt^Tt^CqOOiOC^OlcOCOOJiO^-it^THOcDC^J
Internal

Latent

Heat.

Oi0505oooooooooooooooot^b-t^i>t^r^i>.i>.ococDcocococoio

l^ocO(^^cO(^3eoMcocow(^5coeoco(^5(^0(^:)(^ocococO(^^(^^M(^:>c^

cDi-Hl>.cqcOT-iiOOK005COOOeOt^OC1iOOOOCOCOOOOC<lTt<iO
(N<NT-lTH0005Ci001>.l>.OCOiO'^'^CO(M'-ii-i0050000I>.OiO
External

Latent

Heat.

(^o

CO

CO CO

(>o

(N (N

c^' (^^

(N

c^'

(N (N (N (N

(m'

(N

(m'

(m (N

i-t

th

,-1 t-h r-i

rH

of
Cu.ft.

iOOiCOI^i-ixoa>COI:^0"^00(M005(NcOO'^OOC<>iOCftCOCOOCO
oc5a5ooooi>coco>oiO'*coco<Ni-ii-<ooc5ooooi>cocoioiO'<*t

Pounds

Liquid,

Density

<

per

>
C01>.f01>.COt^T-il>COOOC<J05"*a5iOr-iOOi-iiO(Mt^(NOOrtHOiO(M

per

lOiOcOcOt^lr^oOOOOsOiOOT-i^-ioqcOCO'^TtiiOiOcOcOt^oooOOi
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOi050iOl050505050iOi05CJ0505050iO>

Vol.
Liquid,

Pound.

15

Cu.ft.

Sp. of

ooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
(Nc^c^(^^c^c<l(^^(NCQc^(^^c<^(NC^<^l(^^(^^<^^(^^(^l(^^(^^(^^(N(^^(^^(^^

of

T-HC<1r:t<C01:^0005C^COi01>a)OCOTl<OOOOT-ICOiOt^05i-HCOiO

Cu.ft.

OOOOOOOO'-ir-irH,-i,-<(M0qC<jC^C^C0e0C0C0C0C0'^Tt<Tj<

Pounds

Vapor,

Q
<
P
H
Pm

Density

per

lOiO
OiOOiOOOOO
0051>.<:D'^CO(Mi-iC5001>'tOTt<CO'-iOa500N.OiO'^CO(NT-<

per

VO

Vol.
Vapor,
Pound.

tH

Cu.ft.

Sp. of

F.
Total

Heat

Above

32

+5

05

oo5ai05a50505Giooooooooooooooooi>t>-i>.t^i:^t^i>.i>t>.i>cc)

OOiOCO(Mi-ia)OOiOT}HTHa>l>CD'^TH001>iLOCOOOOiO(NrHl>cOCO
r^^^^^^>.^^C0C0cOc0';0lOlOOt0^rt^rJ^rHTt^^C0C0C0C0(N(N(^^
^^

^^J'

^^

"M*

^^

x]

'

"Sj'

vj^

vjt

xj'

"'^ ^^^

^^ ^^

"vP

SJ*

xj'

^^ ^n

^^^

XJi

TJ'

^J^

^^ T^ ^^

^5^

':0C0Ot^C0OO(M00Oi-l00"^O<:OC0Oi>OOc0T-l(r)(MI>C000
l>iO'*C0i-iOO5r^cOTtiC0(MOCi00cOOC0(MT-HOi00C0iOC0(MO

P^

TjHTt<TtlrJH-.^Tt^COCOCOCOCOCOCO-(M<M(MC<J(N(N(MT-lT-lT-HrHT-(,-lr-l
^^

Ph

Vj*

^^

^sj'

^s|*

vp

^J1

''sj^

^Ji

TJ1 VJ*

%p ^^

vj'

'^J'

'^'

vp

^sP ^J'

'VJ'

^T*

T^i

^^ ^^ ^^ ^^

^T*

O
P^

of
F.
Liquid Above

32

Heat

Pounds

Gage.

Sq.in.

Pounds

i-i'*00(Mt'.THioOiOOiOOiOOiOOiOOiOrHCOr-(r^(Ml^COOS
GOOOOOO:i0500r-<i-H(M(MCOCO^'*OiOCDCOl^l>0000050500
(M(M(M(M(MC0C0C0P0COCOC0C0C0COCOCOC0C0COCOCOC0C0CO'^'^

per

Pressure,

OOOOOOOOT-HT-ir-i^,-i,-irH^,-i(M(Mcq(Mcq(M(M(NCOCO
COCOCOOOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOOOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO

Sq.in.

Pressure,

OT-^cOrJ^lOcO^-*ClOl--l(^^co'Tt^c0^^00050l-lCOrt^lOcO^^OiO^-^

Absolute.

CD05C01^(McOOiOOOOiOOOQOOK3dcOi-<cD(MN.(NOOrt4
0>0500'^rH(N(NCOCO'*'*iOioScOt^l^0000050500'-iT-i(N

(M(MCOC0C0COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOC0COCOCOCOC0COCO'^'^Tt<"^Tl<

per

C<ICOTjHiOCOr^00050i-C<lCOTHVOCOJ^OOC50r-l(MCOTt<iOOt^OO
F.

Scale,

(N(M(M(N(N(NC^(NCOC0COCOCOCOC0COCOCOTt<rt<TjlTj<Tj<Tt<-<:JHrJ<Tt4

Temp.

F.
Abs.
Temp.

(MCO-<^iOcOI^00050T-(CqcOrt<iO<:Dl>00050i-i(NCOTHiOcOI^OO

0000000000000000050505Ci0i0i05050305OOOOOOOOO

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

48

of Vapor.

(MOOOTHOOrt<i-(00"^OI>COOCOC005COC<IOO5THt^rJ40COCOO>
t^cOcOcOiOiOiOrt^-^TjicOcOCOC^C^i-irMi-iOOOOiOSOSOOOOt^

Entropy

(N(NOOOT-<OOiOiOOOOOOOOOOCON.COCOrt<Tt<(MOOOOOOOO
i-hC001:^05i-iCO'^COOOO(M^CDOOO(M'*COOOO(N'^C00005t-h

of

Liquid.

TtHTti-rhiTtHTtHOtoOOiOCDcOcDi:DCDl>.t>.I:^l>t>.000000000000O5
c^(^^(^^c<lC^(^^c^c^(NC^^c^(NC<^c<l(^^c<^c^c^(N(^^(^^(^^(^^(N(^^<N(^^

Entropy

Tt<(Nr-(000000000'-l(MTt<iOI>.000(MTt<COOOO(MiOOO
OO^Ot>C005'^OCOT-iiOT-il>.C<|()i-iiOO00'<*iOO(NI>i-i005

Internal

Latent

External

Latent

Heat.

l>0OeO(NOOOOcO^CO(M005I>.COTt<eOTHOOOcOiOCO<MOOO

c000050000000000iOOCOiOeOC<JOOOcOT}i(NOOOiO(M
'^COC^(MT-iOGiOOt^cOO'*(M,-iOCiOOI>COTttCOC^r-i0001>0
Heat.

i-ii-iT-HT-ii-ii-i00000000005050iOOia>050S05o6o6o6

of

l>-OC01:^OC0t>'OC0c005(Mi000OC0cD00r-lTt<t^O(M^b-OC0
Cu.ft.

CO CO CO CO CO CO (N

Density

per

C<i

(N (N (N

(N* (M* C<J

(N <N

<m' (M* (M* (n'

rH rH

r-I

rH

1-H ,-H ,-1

cococococococococococococococococococococococococococo

00C0OcOT-l00'^a>C0C0C0i0C<lOc0'*OOiiO(N0ii0C00i!^iOTH

per

050i-HT-l(N(MCOCO'=*^0OCOt^OOOOOiOOrH(M(MCO"rtH">*iOOI>

05000000000000000i-<T-Hiii-Ht-Hiii(tHt-Ht-Ii-i

Vol.
Liquid,
Pound.

(^5co(^^rHr-^oo50icol>co<:oiOTi^Ttlco(^^rHl--^oo5Cioo^-cocoo

Liquid, Pounds

Cu.ft.

Sp. of

ooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
(MCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO

of

.1

Cu.ft.

Vapor,

Pounds

Density

Q
H

per

rt"-^>o>oioioco(:ocococoi>i>i>r>oooooooia50505000i-ii-i
lr^THl-lT-^THTHTHl-^^-^lHlr^THTHr^lHrH,H,-^,HT-^TH,-^(^ic^(^^^

per

THC<lTt<C000OTt<000000OOC<J(M'^O00(M"^00C<IC0O
oor^':DiO'^co(Mi-H0005oor^o<:oiO'^co(Ni-ioocsiooooi>.i>

Vol.
Vapor,

P4

Pound.

Cu.ft.

Sp. of

F.
Total

Heat Above

32

a
H

43

(Ni-ir-iT-li-lOOOOiOiOOOOOOGOt>-t^COi:Di:DiOiLOTtirtiCOCO(M(N

TttTti'^-^rJHTti'^THCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO

C000C005'*0iC000C01>O^O'^I>THTj<00THlOC0THrlHl>OC0<:0
05r^c0'Tt<C0T-iO00Jr^iOrt<C<lT-(0ilr^c0-^(Mi-(0it^c0Tt<C<l,-i0il^

P5

OOOOOOOOiOi05050505000000000000t^r^l^l>-t^l>CDCO
Tjl-^TjH^'-^rilTtlCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCQCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO

O
of
F.
Liquid Above

32

Heat

cocococoeococococococococoeocoeocococococococococococo

Sq.in.

Pressure,

000(NCOi:0000(NTt<COOi<N"^c005i--iTtic005T--<Tj<oi>000<NiO
(MTt<iOi:Ot>-OOOi-l(NCOTj<(N.OOOiT-l(MCO"^COl>00050(NCOTj<
COCOCOCOCOCO'*-<^"'*'^-^TtHTtl"<^Ttl)OiOOiOlOOlOOiCOCOCO

Pounds

Gage.

'TtHO^COt>.(MOO'>#OcDi-<l:^COC5iOCOOO'*T-it^Tfir-IOOiOOCS0
i-l(N<MC0C0Ttl-^OC0c01>.b-.000005OOT-ICq(NC0Tt<-^iOCDCDt>.

per

05>0000(Mb-COOiOi-HCDC<ICO"<^OOOC005CO(MOiOCOOlO'rt<0

Sq.in.

Pressure,

Pounds

Absolute.

(MC0Tt<-^iOiOc0i:Ol>.00000iO5OrHi-i(M(NC0TtH'<#)L0c0l>-l>000i

per

F.

Scale,

0iOTH(MC0rf<xO<r)t^000SO^C<ie0rt<O0l>000iOi-lC<IC0-^O
T^io>oiooioio>oioioiococococOi:oco<:ocococot^i>-t>-i>i>i^

Temp.

C3iOT-H(MCOTt<OCOl>OOOiO'-H(NCOrtHiOi:ON.OOOiOTH(NCOTf<iO
OT-li-iT-li-li-lt-lT-lTHTHrH(N(M(N(N<N<N(N(M<N(MCOCOCOCOCOCO

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

of Vapor.

49

i0<N00"!t<OI>C00iO(M00C0O0CQ00Tj<OC0C^00T}<OC0N
J>-l>COCOOtOiOr^'.^^eOCOCO(N<Ni-lrHiHOOSSWOO

Entropy

of

Liquid.

Entropy

COcOOr}<0(N0005gOOOOOOOOOQOT}1rt(T}<Tjirt<Tt<TlHr+lTt<CO
e0>Ot^05i-iC0Ot^00O<Nrt<CD00OC^Tt^O)O^^SSo
Oi0505C500000rHTHTHrHrH(M(M(MC^(MeOeOeOCOCO-5<

(^l(^lC^(^^cococo(^^(^^W(^^cocococo(^^(^^MMcoMww

O'*t^OrH00(MCOi0T}<00C<IC0OiL0O'<^O5rt<00C000C00iiO

i0t^.-i^00OC0C0C01>CX)Oi-lC0ThiOi0i:0^iO0000SSS
Internal Latent

Heat.

11,-iTHrHT

i0000005050iOi050iOOOOOOOOOOt^l>l:^l:^

cocococococo(^oco(^5co<^l(^l(^^(^^(N(^^c^(^^c^c^^(^^(N<^^(^^(^l.

O<:0C0OC0C<I00'*OC0(M00'^OiOOC0rHCD(NI>.(Mt^i-(iO
External

Latent

iOCO(MT-l0500CO0'^(NrHC5001>>0'^C<lTH0500<:0OCO(NO
000000001>.l>.l^t^l>-b-l>-COCDCOCDcOCDcO^iOOOiOiOO

Heat.

^1 Tji ^T* ^T^

^p ^^ ^^ ^r

"^p

^n ^^ ^^

^7^

^^

^T* ^4^

*^

"'st^

^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ *^

^4^

of

Cu.ft.

iOOOO(MiOr^OC<JiOb-b-(N'<^ir>OOOi-tCO"^OI>OOOOOSO
^eOCO(MrHOOC500t^cDcOK3TtiCOCO(Mr-iOOiOOI>COiO0

Liquid Pounds
Density

per

>

05l^i0C0O00c0rt<i-(O0iCD"^C0(NOO0i0>050iOOOO

per

t^OOC550r-li-H(NCOrHxOiOCDI>.00050T-li-H(NCO-^':Dt^0005

Vol.

,-^T-^rHc^(^^(^l(^^(^^(N(^qc^(^^(N(^^(^^cocoeocoeocococoeoco

Liquid,

Pound.

Cu.ft.

Sp. of

cocO(^ocO(^:)cO(^:l(^5(^5(^oeo(^5(^5CO(^:)COcocococococoeoeoco
ooooooooooooooooooooooooo

of
Cu.ft.

COOOO(M'^N.OCOOOO005COtON.COt^OOOOC<JCOO"rt<00

Vapor,Pounds
Density

per

<

cq(N(^^(^l(^l(Nc<l(Ncqc<^(^q(^^(^^(^q(^^(^^c^<N(^^(^^(N(N(^^(^l(^^

per

'rt400TtHOC0OrtH00Oi:D00(McD(M<:0OT}HO'<^O'*OTj<OC0
(lOiOiOTt^-^OOfMfNT-HOOOJOOOOOl^t^COCOiOiOT^T^eO

Vol.
Vapor,

Pound.

Cu.ft.

Sp. of

Pm

F.
Total

Heat

Above

THr-IOO050000I>.C0iOi0T}<C0(M(Mi-<O0500l>COC0iO">*C0

32

Oi-<TjHcOOOOiOOiOOOOOOOOiOOOOI>COiOTt<eOT-iO

P5

<T}<(MO00CDiO(MT-(05t>.V0C0r-<O5CDrt<(NO00i:DTtH(NO00

Pi

MCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO

O
P^
Ph

of

F.
Liquid Above

32

Heat

cooocoMMMcoMMcococococococococococoeocoeoeoco

Sq.in.

Pressure,

locoooosor-icoTtHiocoooosOrHco'rtiiocooogsoT-j^^io
COCDcOCDt^-t^t^t^t^t^l^lr^OOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOlOOiOlOi

Pounds

Gage.

M tH ^

O N^
CO
C5
OOOi050'-i-i(NCO'*<*<OCOt^l^00050'-iCaC<ieO;^OcObCO

0 rH

lO

r-I

05

U:j TfH

05

N.*

lO rM

^-.

t^

per

Sq.in.
Pressure,

Pounds

Absolute.

a50l-l(^^(^^cO'*Tt^lOcot^t^oooiO:HJ--(c^co;^^oco^-oooo

per

F.

Scale,

Temp.

i:^i>t^t>.ooooooooooooooooooooo505C505a>050500500
r-lT-Hi-li-li-lT-Hr-li-Hi-Hi-li-li-lTHTHi-li-ti-Hi-HT-lT-Hi-li-l'-H'-'GM
COt^OOOiOi-H(NCOTtHiOCOt>-OOOiOTH(NCO:*,^50t;-Q0 050

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

50

CO-liOOiOO:)0005COi-lCOl^C005iOOr)<OTHOTHi-<COiH
00l>O^(NrHa500C0'*C0C^O00l>.i0TtiC0.-(O00t>iO'<^(NTH
of Vapor.
Entropy

0500(M<M051>eOcOTHl>CO<N(NiOOO>OI>OOT-HOOOrHOOCOCC
(M(OOOC00500003rH05C^O<N-^(MTHT-irttcOI:^iOcDOOiOl>.
of

i-iOOiOOI>.COiOtOCOCOT-(i-i00500l>'COiO'*iCO(NT-i00500l>.
Liquid.

Entropy

oooooooooooooooooooooooooo

rH(MTt<COI>00
(N05<00'^OCD00
l>05iOT-H|>cCir}<
CO
00'^0<0(MOO'*'-lt>-(MOOiOOcO(NOOiOO':DC^OOCOa5iOTHCO
Internal

Latent

External

Latent

Heat.

l>t^l>.COCOOiO^'Tt<'<#C0C0C0(N(NrHTHT-(OOC5Oi000000t>.

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0505Ci0i050i

OOiOOCO"*CO(NOOO<r>rt<CqrH00500iOCOi-HOOiOO!>OiOTj4
Heat.

"^M^

^^ ^^

''^

''T'

'^T'

^^ ^^

^T*

^7^

^T"

^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^r ^r

^7^ ^T^

^^ ^^

^t^

^^

^J^ '^^

^^

o
Cu.ft.

>

Vapor,
Pounds

Density

per

of

*03-^0<:Oi-il>-COGOTHOiOi-icO(Mt^COOi'^0Oi-fl>-COOCD
<:OCOt^000005C5OOTH(MC4C0C0rt<TtiiOO<:01>l>.000005OO
<N (N (M (N (N CS (M coco COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO CO CO rf< "*

<NOOcD^THiOOOOOr-l(NcOO<NiOOiOCO(MT-iOOOOO
00OC0C005C^C0OTti00(MC0rHl>(Mt^C000TjHOcDCq00'^OO

per
Vol.
Vapor,

Tt<t*t^00O0i<:0OOC0rH00THl>(N00Tt<O(MOc0l>C0t^OO

Pound.

Cu.ft.

|>.l>.OiO'<^-^COCO(Mi-iTHOOa)OiOOOOt^lr^I>COOiOOiOTt
COC0COC0C0COC0C0COCOC0C0C0(M(M(N(N<M(N(N(N(N(N(N(M(N

Sp. of

Cu.ft.
Liquid,

1-^

per

p^
<i

o
P
5 H
P^
P
H

of

Co'

CO

Co'

CO CO

(N* <m' (N*

(N (N

C<i

(N Cq (N 05

Liquid

Pound.
Cu.ft.

Sp. of

Above

32

<5
QQ

,-H

tH

,-(

rH tH rH

OO

ItHtIrHrH
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
li

r-ti

to
Heat

i--<

l>t^OOOOC000050500000rHTHrH,-l(M(N(M(NCOCOCOr^TtH
iOOU^^>OiOOiOO^COCDCOCOCOCOcOcOCOCOCOCOCDCOCOi;0
ItliIrHrHrlTIt-HtHtHiliIrHrHTHT-HTHrHrHT

F.
Total

r-l 1-H

cO<;OCOcOCO<0^<OOcOCOcOCOcO'^COCO?OCDCOCOCOCOCOCO
TjHOcO
OOOT-HOOOTiHoq
OOcOrtHCq
0500'*<C0<MOO
COOOOCOiOOOOCOi:OOOi-iTHt>.0(M>OOOTHTticO<35(NiLOOOi-iTri

per
Vol.

TtlC0(Ni-lOO001><DlO'<^C0C<|rHO051>C0^Tt<C0(NrHO0500

Pounds

Density

lO^

lOiOiO

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

P>^

I00i0i0>0

lO

oio

o>oo

?0<NOOTt<0<><MOOTt<05iO(M<:0(NOO'^OcO(Nt>.COOOTj(0OT-i
(NC<lrHrHr-<OOOiOiOOOOOOl>.l>CDCOCOlOlOTt<-^COCOCO(M<N
C<l(MC^(M(M(N(MT-l,-lT-HrHrHTHT-Hi-li-lrHrHrHrHT-HTH,-l,-lr-l,-(

p^

of

C0(N00THOC0(N00C00iiOOC0(M00C0a)'>^OOOOi-lt><N

F.

Liquid Above

32

Heat

p^
Ph

CqC^(N(MC^CNCQ(M(M(MT-li-HT-lrHrHrHrHrH,-lT-l,-lr-lT-lrH,-lr-<
1

00C0(NCSi-H05C0i-IC00iC0C0OrHC0i0
Sq.in.

Pressure,

Pounds

Gage.

per

IOtH
OOOt-HCOCOOO
rt^OOCo'^>^^H^<^Co'o5TJ^cil005CO^^THlOO^05rt^OOTt^OiTt^05Tt^

OOrHrH(M(MC0C0Tt<rtHi0OC0cDI:^t^000000C3a)OO-<'-HC^
C^C^C^C^(NC^(N(NC^(NC^(NC^C^(N(N(N(N(NC^(NCOC0C0C0C0
lO

Sq.in.

Pressure,

Pounds

Absolute.

per

05C000O

00

(Mt^(M00biOt^00

1>00

OiCO^'C5'l>.(^^OOCOOi^'oT}^^>'^-^cDo'Ti^oicOOOCOOOcoOi^05

THC^(NC0C0-<^Tt<U:)l0C0t^l>t^000005Oi0iOOrH,-l(N(MC0C0
(N<N(N(N(N(NC^<NC^(N(NC^(N<NC^Cq<NO1C0C0C0C0C0COC0CO
O05Q01>.C0i0Tt<C0C<lT-lO0S00l><i0'^C0(NTHOi-HC^C0"*C

F.

Scale,

Temp.

77777777777

Oi-i(NC0-*>OCDt^0005OT-H(MC0Tt<i0c0t>-000JOi-HCqc0rt<iO
XjH TJ^

^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^

'^i^

^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^

^3^

NP

"^d^

NJ^

"^^

"^'

xi'

"M'

^J'

"M^

"vi'

^p

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

51

<r)OiOOCOi-4N.'HCOi-Hl>THiOOiOO(MCDOrt<005(Nc005M
05oocooco(NOO>i>.coTticoi-ioa)i>iococ^ooocoioeO'-HO
COCOCOeoeOCOCO(M(N(NCS(M<M(N'-i'-trHi-Hr-(i-iOOOOOO

of Vapor.

c^(^^c^c^(NCSC^(^^(^^(^^c^c^c^(NC^(N(^^<N(^^(^^(^^(^l(^l(^^(^^c^^

Entropy

t^ CD (M

00

of

Tt<

Gi lO

C01>.C0O001>tHO
CDtOCOOOCOOOi-lTt<"<^cOCO'^(MOCOi-iCO
GOa5COl^0005C01>.a)0005OiOcOc01>.l:^C^(N(M(M(N(NrHi-<0
COtO'^fOC^r-i00500t^cOiOTfieO(M.-iOOiGOI>CDiO-<^COC^rH

OOOO
oooooooooooooooooooooooooo
(N(NC^(M(NC<J(Mi-li-lTHT-(THr-li-lTHr-<i-HOOOOO.

Liquid.

Entropy

(Ne00000000000CO0000C000OiT-lC0,-iC0iO(Nr}Hi-(ioa)C0l>O5
(Mt^(Mt>COOOTt<Oi-<^05iOa)'^000'*OOC01>i-l>005TjioOC<J
Latent

Internal

Heat.

050iaiOSG505a)Oia5C5C505ai050505oooooooocx)oooooooooo
eO(N<NC<IC<(NC^(N<N(NC^C<lTHOil>'*(NOOOOTt<OcOC<IOOT}<
rt<Ti<rJ<TtfrJiT;t<xt<rtHT^rtH'^'^TtiCOCOCOCOCO(N(NCQ(Ni--iT-iOO
External

Latent

Heat.

^J1

c
<

Cu.ft.

Vapor,

^^1

^ijl

Tjl tJi

TJI

^^ ^^ ^^ ^^

^sJ*

^^'

^sP ^T* ^^P

^^

^yi

^^p

TJI

^^

^m" ^4'

^^ ^^

(^^a>lOT--loo*T-^ooTtll-loo>ocoT--lOl>'*cO'-^Oi^>.colOTJ^coco

i-HrHC<>e0C0rtli0^i:Dl>l>00aiOOT-i(MC0'^TtHi0C0r>0005O

Pounds

Density

^J1 ^^>

per

of

Q
X
O

per

rtHt^i-HCOC^Ot^-^lMr-iOOOilr^^COiOcOOOOCOiOOOT-HiOOO

Vol.
Vapor,

Pound.

(NCOiOi-HOOOT-HOO>OC^OiCDC^05CO(rOOb-rtiC^05COeOT--(000
rhiC0C0C0Cq(M(MT-(>-iT-iOOO05C5050i0000001>.I>I>I>i:DC0
c<^c^c^^c^c^cs^(^^(^^(^^(^l(^^c^^(^^^T--^r-^I-lT-lT--lT--^T-l,-lT--l1--ll--l.--l

Cu.ft.

Sp. of

Cu.ft.
Liquid,
Pounds

Density

per

of

I ^

Liquid,

Pound.
Cu.ft.

Sp. of

F.
Total

pq

(NTt^(MC0T^00^OC0C<100Tt<'^T:HrtHT}HTtiTt<00C^C0O'^00'*O
-*iOiOOi0Oc0I:^l:^l>000000Ci0iOOOrHT-icq(NC0e0-<*iTt4
OcOOcOcOcOcDcOCOCDcOcOcOcOCDl>"l>l>"l>t^JS"t>l>t^l>l>
1
(rHrHTHr-lT
ItHt
oooooooooooooooooooooooooo
tiIi-HtHi(ili

(T-Hi<i-HiItli(i-H

ItItItliIt

0000OiC3O5O50000000000t^l>.t>.|>t>COiOiOTHC0C<lTH

C500

Heat Above

32

OO^OiOSC^OCiOCiC^G^OiOiC^O^OiO^C^OOOOOiGiOCi

+3

OiO
100)0
lOOO
O
COi-(t>.(M00C0OiCOC5'<^O5-^a5'^O5C0I>T-tcO

10100>LOIOIO

lOiO

43

C01>.T-iiOO5C0

T-Ii-Jo0050500G01>^t^Oi:DvOiO-^'^COCOC<JC<lT-iOOoioOOO

T-i,-ii-iT-iOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOasC50S

3W
Eh
P^

OOOOOOOOi05a50i0505O3000000000000001:^t^l>>t^t^
CO(:OcOcOcDcOcD>OiO^^OiO'OiO>OiO0^0^i0^iO00
l>OeOc005(McOOCOI>-OTtiOOOacDO'^00(Ml:^i-icOrH00>0

per
Vol.

i-l0000t>.i:O(NO00^C0OiC0C000(NOcO(Mt^C0a)rfiu0r-liOO
t>.iO'^CO(Mi-<0001>-cO-*CO(N00500cOiOCOC^OOil:^':0'^CO

10

of

1000

10

lOtOiOiO

lO

F.

P^

Liquid Above

32

Heat

<N(Mi-iT-iOOOOiOiOOOOI>t>cOCDO^Tj<'<^COCOC<IC<lTHrH

7777777

P5
Ph

COOSCOCOCOtHCOCOOOCOOOCOOOOCOCOCOCOCOCOOOCOCOOOCOOO
Sq.in.

Pressure,

Pounds

Gage.

OiOT-Hl>.C0050i-il>-^01>TjHOt>'^T-HOOiO(NOil>."^i-HOOiO
cocorj^T+iio>ocoi>'i>oooiC50THT-i(MeocoTtiioiocr)b-oooooi

per

CO
Sq.in.

Pressure,

Pounds

Absolute.

-p
Temp,

0.

loioio

MCOCOWWWMCOCOCO'tTJ^Tt^TJ^TJ^Tt^Ti^T;^lrl^T4^T}^rt^TJ^^IOlO

per

Scale,

oo^^^^^

iOo'cO(MOOCOOCO(N050(NOOiOC<JOiOC001>Tt<C3^cOCOO

5t-a)Oi0^jc5W^;ocot>;0020rHg^eo^oor^oo^OjH

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

52

N.THc<i"rt<ot>.OT-tcq(Neoc<ic<ic<iTHoot^u:)eocoi-iaiN.Tt<oco
of Vapor.

00t>.OC0i-HO500C0'<#(MO00C0'*(M0it>.iOC0T-(0iC0Tt<(MOt^
O5O5O5C5O5000000000000l>l>t>t^COi:OCOCOCOiOiOiOiOtOTt<

Entropy

i>,iocooOt-hc^'>^ioo
of

iooiThieoTHooa5t^ooococooOTj<eo

i-HC<>C0Tt<iOCDl>.Ci00iT--i(NC0TtiiO<:Dl>CT)O'-iC<l'<^iOi:000O5

Liquid.

Entropy

<='SS2SS2SS:=It::!r:!!i:!:ij!=!:zl:=!Sac3<^c^c^c^c^c^
oooooooooooooooooooooooooo
(:OrHOOOcOCOCCOTt<rt<OOCOCO'rt<rt<iOi-HOOOaOOCQiOCOi-i
l>(N^CS<NiO05(M^00i-lC0C0O5T-l(NrtHCDl>OT-iCCOC0l>.t>.

Internal

Latent

External

Latent

Heat.

050iOi00001>.i;OcD0'*cO(MT-i00500i>.COOrt<(MT-iC5001>iO
Heat.

(^0(^^cococol^^co(^^cow(^:)cococo(^^(Nc<^(N(^^c^(N(^^l-^T-l,-^,-t

o
Cu.ft.

Vapor,
Pounds

Density

per

of

per

T-^(^^cO'*iOco^>oooiO^H(^^"^^occ>ooo5r^(^^T}^lo^>ooo(^^co
<)<lO?OCO<riCOCO<COt^l>l>l>l>l>t^l>.0000000000CO5O5OS

eot>.cooiTt<ocO(Mi-it^(MOt>."^rHooioeoi-ioooi>.coooio
COOOOiOeOi-iOOCO'^i-ia5t^'>*i(MOI:^OCOi-<05CDTti(MOOOCD

Vol.

C0(MI>Tt<e0C<l0SOOI>''^0irt<C0(MiO00O00C0(M00i-HOl>O
C^(Mi-i^(M(M(M^'*c00005(MiOaiC^COi-iiOOcO'-iOOiO-H05

Vapor,
Pound.

i;DC0i0i0i0>O'^->*rfiTt4C0C0C0e0C0C<l(N(NC<Ji-iTH,--i-(i--(OO

Cu.ft.

Sp. of

!2^

<s>

to

pq

Cu.ft.

Liquid,

per

^,cDcococoocOl0^u:)>o^rt^Tt^Tt^T^co(^:)coco(^l(^^(^^^--ll--(TH

of

O O

OiOCNOO-^Tfi'^OO'^OC^J'^cO'^cOOcOCOOOOOOcOCDCOOO

per

r-l051>K5Tj<(MOOOcOTtH(N051>.0(NOOOOCOT-<OOiO(Mail>'*

Pounds

Density

Vol.

Liquid,

Pound.

Cu.ft.

Sp. of

i>t^i>i:^i>i>i>.i>.t>ooooooooooooooooooooooooo50i05050
,
ItHiItHt
IrHi
IrHrHT
IrHi
oooooooooooooooooooooooooo
It

ii

It(1liliItli

ItHiii(t(t-HtI

P^
Eh

F.
Total

Heat

Above

32

t^b-t^lr^l^l>COcOcOcOcDiOiOiOiOTtH-^THCOCOCOC<J(M(MT-<T-H

OQ

lOiOiOiOOO

l>T-iTf.

rji

lO

lO

OilOO

OiOO

t^OCOCOOOi-<eOiOcOOOOTHi-t(N(NCO'^^iOiOiO'^CO

l:^l>.cOOiOTtHcO(M(Mr-iOOiOOOOt^CDOTiHCO(MT-i00500l:^CO

O5OiO5O5OiO5a5OiO5C5O500000000CX)0000000000001>.|>i>t^

H-l

of
PL(

F.

0^0<0(Nt>COOO'<*00(MOO'>*OCO(NOOrt<OCO(M05iQ(NOO

32

THi-l(M(MCOCOrt<JLO"3<001>OOOOa30iOTHrHCq(NeOTji'.:^

Liquid Above

Heat

P^
Pk

iocoococococooococoooiocooooocooeocoeocooooocooo

Sq.in.

Pressure,

Pounds

Gage.

CO>-i05l>.TfH(MOOOiOCOT-<OOcO"<*i(M00500cO'^<NOOOcO>0'^
Or-HT-l(NCOrtiiOtOC01:^OOOOClOr-lCq(MCO->*iOC01>l:^00050

per

(Ml>.

Sq.in.

Pressure,

Pounds

t^(M

iO(Mu:)iOt>-

lOiOiO

Absolute.

per

F.

Scale,

(NC0r)HOC01>.00OlOTH(MCC-^iOc0t^0005Oi-l(MC0rt<OC0b'

Temp.

<NCO'rtHiOcOr:^00050T-<(NeO'^OcDl>-00050i-iC<>CO'<^iOOt>

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

53
1-1

U^

,-1

00 05 tH

TjH

of Vapor.

i-HiOO"^0005i-lCOTtHiO(:0"5rJ<C<JOOl>COOiiOa>CQCOO
rtHTjHTtiCOeOCO(M<MC^(Mi-ii-irH00005050i0000001:^

of

iot^THi>cocooi>ooeot^coi>
cjicoTtHoOr-ioooocO'^
OCOl>0-^00(McOi-ii:0'-iOOCOOcOTfiiOT-ioa)OiO'-i
i-H(MC0>OC0l>CiO(NC0>OCD00O'-(e0'^l>a5O(NiOI:^

Entropy

Liquid.

Entropy

COCOCOCOCOCOfOTt<-^-^Tt<Tt(TtiiO00OiO0(:OcbcOCO
ooooooooooooooooooooooo

iOC0Oc0C0O5iOi-iCOT-l<)-ir^00
Internal

Latent

External

Latent

Heat.

oeoo5'*05TH<>i^oo ooooooco(Mi>(Mt>.i-icoo(roeo(N
Oii>iocoi-ioocDeoi-ioococoot^
Heat.

1lili

IrHOOOOO

a)0soi05o:>oooooooot>.i>i>t>.o

tf

o
<
>
H
Q
HX
o
^ Q
^
s O
^ PQ

ot^ocq(MT-io5oot^

pL.

Cu.ft.

Pounds

per

per
Vol.
Vapor,

Pound.

Cu.ft.

Ph

1-H
l-H
l-H

Q
W
H

Cu.ft.

Liquid,

Pounds

Density

per

)^

^
n
<j

oooooooooooooo

(MCOfNOr^t^OOCDt^ OOiOiOOOOOOt^iOOOOOOOTlHI>

i-i00iOC^00iy3(M00O T-iOOTt<OOCOOO'<*iCiiLOO"^OiCO
T-I0000l0i050000 00t^l>t^COCO>OiO'*TjHTt<CO(N(M,
^^1

of

<t1

O(M(MOtJH0000O(M

per

cocococococpcob-oooc^co-^co
-^(MOOOCD^C^OOO
CD'*(MOQOcOTjH(MOOiI>iOCO'-H
OOOOiOiCiCDOiOO
1-iT-ii-iOOOOOO OOOOOOo01:^l>.t:^t^I>cOcOcOcDcO

Sp. of

Qi
;3

OSOSOiOOOOT-Hi-i i-lr-l(M(N(MCOCOCO-*Tt<TtHiOiOO

of

l-H

s
o

l^TtirJ<Tj<iOi>OiC000 Tt^<^^oo(^^oolO(^^OioOl-^t^co

lO00r-lTt<t^OTt<t^T-(^00C01>(M

Vapor,
Density

Vol.

looir^osoi-ica-^io

OiOiOiOJOOOOO

Liquid,

Pound.
Cu.ft.

Sp. of

TJl ^7* ^sP

^^ ^^

^5" ^T* ^4" ^^*

^^ ^^

^sji

TJ1

-^COOOOOOOCNfMOOOO
oO'-ii-ii-iT-ii-icacatNCMcococo

ooooooooo oooooooooooooo

<t1

P^

P
H

lO lO lO lO
Total

<;

lO

to

U3 lO IC lO

'

F.

COr-ICOi-ICDr-IIOO'^ CX)(NiOOOOCOCOOi(M'^cOOOOCO

32

oooiOioooor^r^cDioio-^eococ^i-iooosoob-t^co

Heat Above

r/5
[i^

43

W
HH

W
Ph
C

1-iOOOcOCO

43
<U

CO

03

<>C005>i0i-IC0OTti00(Ni000O(MC0Tt<<>

>OTt<(Mi-lOOir>.COTti CO<N005t^iOTj<(M005r^iOCOi-l

of
F.
Liquid Above

32

Heat

iOT-i00OC0i-iOit>.>OC0i-iO5t>.COiOrt<"^'^rt<rtiiOCOt^
>OcOi:Ol:^0005050i-i (MC0C0-^OC0l>00C3OTH(NC0Tt^
rHr-l,-lr-li-l,-l,-l(M(M

P^
Ph
Sq.in.

Pressure,

Pounds

Gage.

per

(M<N(M(N(M(N(M(N<NCOCOC0C0CO

cooococoeococooooo oooocooooococococooococoooco
Tj^COCOCOCOCOCOCO'rfH iOOc0cO^C01:^lr^l>l>000i0iO
r-(C^COTtHlOCOt^00C5 O'-iC^C0^Oc01>00CiO'-H(MTfi
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOSOSOSOi

Sq.in.

Pressure,

Pounds

Absolute.

05o6oOOOOOOOOOo6o50 0i-<i-ior-l<NC<l(NC^eOrJ4T}HiO

(NcoTfiiocot^ooosOfNco'^JOcob-ooaiO'-ic^coTfiio
per

Scale,

F.
Temp.

000>O'-H(Me0'*iOC01>000iOi-H(MC0rJHiOCOt:^0005O

i00<:0c0c0c0c0cC'C0c0Occ>l>t>.t>-l>l>l>l>l>t*t^00

000iOi-H(NC0Tt<Oc0r^00O5OT-i(MC0'^OcDt^000iO

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

54

Table
SOLUTIONS OF

RELATION BETWEEN PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE,

Upper

Pounds peb Square Inch Gage

0^
PerC

0) C3
Q. *H

NH3I
Weig]

1.84

11

3
3.80

12

5.30
6

13
...

6.80

14

8.22

10

15

16

11
12

12.17

17

13
18

13.88
14

15

16

16.22
17

18.03
19

'

19

20

10

206.3 223.6 234.9

232
219
204
201.4 219.3 231.5
.993
226
198.5 214
201.1 218.5 230.8
.
212.5 225
194
195.8 213.2 225.5
219
206
191
191.5 208.8 221
.986
186.5 200.5 214
190.5 207.7 220
185
200
213
185.2 202.4 214.6
180
195
207.5
183.5 200.7 212.8
.979
178
192.5 206
180
197.1 209.2
175
189.5 202
175.8 193
205
.972
171
185.5 198.5
170
192.1 204
170
184.5 197.5
168.8 187.2 199.1
165.5 180
193
165.4 185.8 197.8
.966
164.5 179
191.5
160.8 182.5 194.5
161
175.5 188.5
156
177.7 189.6
.960
156.5 171.5 184.5
156.4 173.2 185.1

152.5 167.5 179.5

151.9 168.9 180.6
149
163
175.5
168
151
179.9
.953
147.5 162
174.5
147.5 164.4 176.4
144.5 159
171
143.7 160.5 172.3
.946
141
155
167.5
143.2 160
171.8
...
140.5 154.5 167
155.8 167.6
139
137
151
163
134.8 151.6 163.4
132.5 147
159
133.8 150.6 162.3
.94
131.5 146
157.5
130.6 147.4 159.1
129
143
155
126.2 142.9 154.6
.935
125
139
151
122.3 138.9 150.7
121.5 135.5 147.5
.

*,

figures are Starr values,

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

247.4
242
243.3
236.5
242.1
235.5
236.6
229
232.3
224.5
231.2
223
225.8
217.5
224.1
216
220.5
212.5
216.2
208.5
215.3
207.5
210.3
203
209
202
205
198.5
200.6
194.0
196.1
190
191.9
185.5
191.0
184.5
187.4
181.5
183.4
178
182.9
177.5
178.7
173.5
174.5
169.5
173.3
168.5
170.1
165.5
165.6
161.5
161.6
157.5

256.2
251
251.7
245.5
250.9
244.5
245.6
238
241
233
240
232
234.6
226.5
232.8
225
229.2
221
224.9
217
223.9
216
218.9
211.5
217.7
210.5
214.3
207
209.2
203
204.7
198.5
199.6
194.5
199.6
192.5
196.1
190
192
186.5
191.5
186
187.3
182
183.1
178
181.4

263.8
260
259.4
254
258.6
253
253.3
246.5
248.7
241.5
247.6
240.5
242.2
235
240.5
234
237
229.5
232.6
225
231.7
224
226.9
219.5
225.4
218.5
222
215
216.9

270.4
267
266.4
261.5
265.5
260.5
260.2
254
255.7
249.5
254.7
248
249.3
242
247.5
240.5
243.9
237
239.6
232.5
238.6
231.5
233.7
227
232.4
226
229
222.5
223.9
218
219.4
213.5
214.8
209.5
213.6
208.5
210.1
205
206
201.5
205.5
201
201.3

277.1
274
272.7
269.5
271.9
267.5
266.8
261.5
262
256
260.9
255
255.6
249
253.8
252.5
250.2
248.5
246.0
239.5
245.1
238.5
240.1
233.5
238.6
232.5
235.2
229
230.1
225
225.6
220
221
216
219.6
215
216.1
211.5
212.1
207.5
211.6
207
207.4
203
203.2
199
201.8
198
198.6
195
195.1

282.8
280
278.4
274.5
277.6
273.5
272.3
267
267.7
262.5
266.7
261
261.4
255
259.6
254
256.1
249.5
251.8
245.5
250.8
244.5
245.9
239.5
244.2
239
240.8
235
235.5
230.5

191
191.1

197
196.8

187

193

288.1
286
283.7
281
282.8
280
277.5
274.5
272.9
269.5
271.8
268
266.5
262.5
264.8
261
261.2
257
257
252.5
256.1
251.5
251.2
246
249.3
245
245.9
241.5
240.6
237
236.1
232.5
231.5
228
230.3
227
226.8
223.5
222.7
219.5
222.2
219
218.0
215
213.8
211
212.3
210
209.1
207
205.7
202.5
201.7
198.5

177

178.2
174
174.2
170
170.3
166.5

211
212.4

206.5
208.3
202.5
207.3
201.5
203.7
198
199.7
194.5
199.2
193.5
195.0
190
190.8
186
189.5
185
186.3
182
181.9
177.5
177.9
173.5

197
197.1
192.5
196
192

192.8
188
188.9
184.5
185.0
180.5

231
226

226.4
222
225.0
221
221.4
217.5
217.6
214
217.1
213.5
212.9
209.5
208.7
205
207.1
204.5
203.9
201
200.7

50
292.9
291.5
288.5
286.5
287.7
285.5
282.4
280
277.8
274.5
276.1
273.5
271.4
268
270.2
266
266.7
262.5
262.1
258
261.1
257
266.2
252
254.1
250.5
2.50.7

247
245.4
242.5
240.9
237.5
236.4
233
234.4
232.5
230.8
228.5
227.2
224.5
226.7
224
222.5
220.0
218.3
215.5
217.1
215.0
213.9
211.5
209.5
207.5
205.6
203.0

55

297.5
297
293.1
292
292.2
291
286.9
285
282.4
280.5
281.4
279.5
276.1
273.5
274.1
272
271.2
268
266.7
263.5
265.8
262.5
260.8
257.5
258.7
256.5
255.3
252.5
250
247.5
244.5
242.5
240.0
238
239.0
237
235.5
233.5
231.8
230.0
231.3
228.5
227.1
225
222.9
220.5
221.7
220.0
218.5
216.5
214.1
212.5
210.1
208.5

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

XLIV
AMMONIA IN WATER
AND PER CENT NH3 IN SOLUTION

55

lower figures are new.

Above One Standabd Atmosphere

Cent

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

301.9
301.5
297.5
296.5
296.7
295.5
291.4
289.5
286.8
284.5
285.7
284
280.4
278.5
279.2
276.5
275.6
273
271.1
269
270.1
267.5
265.2
262
263.1
261
259.7
257
254.4
252.5
249.9
247.5
245.4
242.5
243.4
242
239.9
238
236.2
234.5
235.7
234
231.5
229.5
227.3
225
226.1
224.5
222.9
221
218.5
217
214.6
213

306.3
306
301.8

310.4
310
306
305.5
305.2
304.5
300
299
295.3
294
294.2
293
288.9
287.5
287.1
285.5
284.1
281.5
279.6
277.5
278.6
276.5
273.7
271.5
271.6
270
268.2
266.5
262.9
261.5
258.4
256.5
253.9
251.5
251.9
251
248.4
247
244
243.5
243.5
242.5
239.4
238.6
235.1
234
234.6
233.5
231.4
230
227
225.5
223.1
221.5

314.4
315
310
310
309.2
309
303.9
303
299.3
298.5
298.3
297.5
293
292
291.7
290
288.2
286
283.6
281.5
282.7
281
281.7
275.5
275.6
274.5
272.2
270.5
266.9
265.5
262.4
260.5
257.9
256
255.4
255
251.8
251
248.7
247
248.2
246.5
244
242.5
239.8
237.5
238.6
237
235.4
233

318.2
318.5
313.8
313.5
312.9
312.5
307.6
307
303.1
302
302.1
301
296.3
295.5
295.5
294
291.9
290
287.4
285.5
286.4
284.5
281.5
279.5
279.4
278
276
274.5
270.7
269.5
266.2
264.5
261.7
259.5
259,7
253.5
256.2
255
252.5
250.5
252
250
247.8
246
243.6
241.5
242.4
241
239.2
237.5
234.8
233
230.9
229

321.8
322
317.4
317.5
316.6
316
311.3
311
306.7
306.5
305.6
305.5
300.3
299.5
299.1
298
295.5
294
291
289.5
290.1
288.5
285.2
283.5
283
282.5
279.6
278
274.3
274
268.8
268.5
264.3
264
263.3
263
259.8
258
256.1
255
255.6
254.5
251.4
250
247.2
246
246
245
242.8
241.5
238.4
237.5
234.4
233

325.2
325.5
320.8
321
320
320
314.7
314.5
310.1
310
309.1
309
303.8
303
302.5
801
299
302
294.4
303
293.5
302
288.6
287
286.4
286
283
282
277.7
277
273.2
272.5
268.7
267.5
266.7
266.5
263.1
263
259.8
259.0
259
258.5
254.8
254
250.6
249.5
249.4
248.5
246.2
245
241.8
241
237.9
237

328.5
329
324.1
324.5
323.2
323.5
317.9
317.5
313.4
313
312.4
312
307.1
306

331.7
307.5
327.3
330.5
326.5
327
321.2
320.5
316.6
316
315.5
315
310.2
310
309
307.5
305.5
304
300.9
300.5
300
299.5
295.1
293
292.4
292
289.6
282
264.2
277
279.7
272
275.2
267
273.2
266.5
269.6
262.5
266
258
265.5
257.5
261.3
260
257.1
255.5
255.9
254.5
252.7
251
248.3
247
244.4
243

334.8
335.5
330.4
331
329.6
330
324.3
324
319.7
320
318.7
318.5
313.4
313
312.1
311
308.5
307
304
303
303
302
298.1
296.5
296
295.5
292.6
291.5
287.3
287
282.8
282
278.3
277
276.3
276
272.8
272.5
269.1
268.5
268.6
268
264.4
263.5
260.2
259
259
258
255.8
254.5
251.4
250
247.4
246

337.8
339
333.4
334
332.6
333
327.3
327.5
322.7
323
321.6
326.5
316.3
316.5
315.1
315
311.6
310.5
307
306.5
306.1
305
301.2
300
299
296.5
295.6
294.6
230.3
290
285.8
285
281.3
280
279.3
279
275.7
275.6
272.1
271.5
271.6

340.7
341.6
336.3
337
335.4
336
330.1
330
325.6
325.6
324.5
324.5
319.2
319
318
317.5
314.4
313.5
309,9
309
308.9
308
303.9
303
301.9
301.5
308.6
297.6
293.2
293
288.7
288
289.2
283
282.2
282
278.6
278.5
276
274.6
274.6
274
270.3
270
266.1
265
264.9
264
261.7
260.5
257.3
256.6
253.4
262

301
300.9
300
295.6
294.5
291.1
290
290.1
289
284.8
283
283.5
281.5
280
277.5
275.4
278.5
274.5
277.5
269.6
267
267.4
266
264
262
258.7
257.5
254.2
252.5
249.8
247.6
247.7
246.5
244.2
243
240.5
239
240
238.5
235.8
234
231.6
230
230.4
229
227.2
225.5
222.8
221.5
218.8
217.5

231

229.5
227
225

305*.

304.5
302.2
300.5
297.1
296
296.7
295
291.7
290
289.7
289
286.3
285
281
280

276.5
275
272
270
270
269
266.5
266
262.8
261.5
262.3
261
258.1
256.5
253.7
252
252.7
251.5
249.5
248
245.1
243.5
241.1
239.5

271
267.4

266.5
263.2
262
262
261
258.8
257.6
254.4
263
250.5
249

0.

"^

MS
V
83

Weight.

NHjby

Per

.993

11

1.84
2
3

.986

12

3.80
4
5

.979

13

.972

14

.966

15

.960

11

. .

12

17

.946

18

.935

12.17
13

13.88
14

.94

10

.963

8.22
9

16
.

6.80
7

5.30

"

15

16

19

20

16.22
17

18.03
19

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

56

Table
SOLUTIONS OF

RELATION BETWEEN PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE,

Pounds peb Square Inch Gaqh
Cent

byght.
I

Qpq
19.87

21

20

'

21

22

21.75
22

23.03
24

23

24

24.99

.921

"

.915

"

.909

26

27

'

25

27.66

.904

92.

28

...

29

...

29.60
30

119.4
118
118.9
117.5
115.2
114
112.9
111.5
112
110.5
108
107
114.8
103.5
101.5
99
98.3
95.5
95.1
92.5
93.0
90.0

.928

26

31.05

27

.898

.891

32

'

33

"

33.25

28

.886

34

35

35.60

29

36

...

37

...

38

.881

38.20

30

.875

89.0
88.9
86.0
87
83.5
85.8
82.5
82.6
79.0
80.1
76.0
77.4
73.0
76.5
72.0
74.6
69.5
72
67.5
70.4
64.5
60.5
63.5
67.2
60.5
65.0
57.5
64.5
66.5

10

135.9 147.6
132
144
135.5 147.1
131.5 143.5
131.8 143.4
128
140
129.4 141
125.5 137.5
128.5 140.1
124
136.5
124.5 136.1
120.5 132.5
121.3 132.9
129
117
117.8 129.3
113.5 125.5
114.6 126.2
110.0 122.0
111.4 123.1
106.5 118.5
109.4 121.0
104.0 116.5
108.3 120.0
103
115
105.2 117.0
99.5 111.5
103.3 114.7
97.5 109.5
102.1 113.5
96.5 108
98.8 110.2
93.0 104.5
96.2 107.6
89.5 101
93.5 104.9
86.5
98
92.6 103.9
85.5
97
90.7 102
83.0
94.5
88.1
99.4
80.0
91.5
86.5
97.8
78.0
89
85.6
96.9
77
88
83.3
94.6
73.3
85.0
81.0
92.3
70.5
81.5
80.5
91.8
70.0
81.0

15

20

158.6 167.2
154
163
158,2 166.7
153.5 162.5
154.5 163.0
158.5
150
151.9 160.5
147
155.5
151.0 159.6
146
154.5
147
155.6
142.5 150.5
143.8 152.4
138
147
140.1 148.6
135
143.5
136.9 145.5
131.5 140
133.7 142.3
128
136.5
131.7 140.1
126
134
130.6 139.1
124.5 132.5
127.5 136
129
121
125.4 133.9
127
119
124.2 132.7
117.5 125.5
120.9 129.4
122
114
118.3 126.8
110.5 118.5
115.6 124.1
107
115.0
114.6 123.1
106.5 114.5
112.7 121.2
104.0 111.5
110.1 118.6
100.5 108.5
108.5 117
98.5 106
107.5 116.1
105
97
105.2 113.8
94
101.5
104.9 111.5
90.5
98.5
102.5 111.0
90
97.5

25
174.4
170.5
174.4
170
170.7
166
168.2
163.5
167.3
162.5
163.3
158.5
160.1
154.5
156.3
151
153.1
147
150.0
143.5
147.9
141.5
146.8
140
143.8
136.5
141.6
134.5
140.4
133
137.1
129.5
134.5
126
131.8
122.0
130.8
121.5
128.9
119
126.3
115.5
124.7
113.5
123.8
112.5
121.5
108.5
119.2
105.5
118.7
105

30
181.5
177
181.1
176.5
177.4
173
174.6
170
173.7
169
170.0
165
166.8
161.5
163
158
159.8
154
156.6
150.5
154.5
148.5
153.4
147
150.3
143
148.2
141
147
139.5
143.5
136
140.9
132.5
138.7
129
137.8
128
135.9
125.5
133.3
122
131.7
120
130.8
118.5
128.5
115.0
126.2
112
125.7
111.5

35

40

187.2
184
186.7
183.5
183.0
179.5
180.1
176.5
179.2
175.5
175.4
171.5
172.2
168
168.4
164.5
165.3
160.5
162.1
157
159.9
154.5
158.9
153.5
155.8
149.5
153.8
147
152.6
146
149.2
142
146.6
138.5
143.9
135
143
134
141.1
131.5
138.5
128
137.9
126
137.0
124.5
134.7
121.5
132.5
117.5
132
117.0

192.5
189.5
192.1
189
188.4
185
185.3
182.5
184.4
181.5
180.2
177.5
177.0
174
173.6
170
170.4
166.5
167.2
162.5
165.1
160.5
164.0
159
161
155
159
152.5
157.8
152
154.5
148
151.9
144.5
149.2
140.5
148.3
140
146.4
137.5
143.8
134.0
142.2
132
141.7
130
140.7
127
138.4
123.5
138.1
123.0

45
197.5
195.5
197
195

193.3
191

190.3
188
189.4
187
185.2
183
182
179
178.6
175.5
175.5
171.5
172.4
168
170.3
165.5
169.3
163
166.2
160.5
164.3
158
163.1
157
159.8
153
157.2
149.5
154.5
146
153.6
145
151.7
142.5
149.1
139
147.5
136.5
147.2
135
146.8
132
143.9
138.5
143.6
127.5

50

55

202.3 206.9
200.5 205
201.9 206.4
200
204.5
198.2 202.7
195.5 200
195.1 199.7
193.0 197.5
194.2 198.8
191.5 196
190.0 194.6
187.5 192.5
186.8 191.4
184
188.3
183.2 187.8
180
185
179.9 184.7
176.5 181
176.7 181.3
172
177.5
174.4 178.9
171
173.3
169.5
170.2
165
168.1
163.5
166.9
162
163.6
158.5
161.0
154.5
158.3
151.5
157.4
150.0
155.5
147.5
152.9
144
151.3
142
151.0
140
150.2
137
149.4
133.5
149.3
133

175
177.9
173.5
174.8
170
172.7
167.5
171.6
166
168.3
162.5
165.7
159
163.0
155.5
162.1
154.3
160.2
152
157.6
148.5
156.0
146
155.7
145
154.9
141
154.0
137.5
153,9
137.0

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

57

XLIV Continued
AMMONIA IN WATER

AND PER CENT

NH3 IN SOLUTION

Above One Standard Atmosphere

00

>>

.
Cent

00:3
1

60

65

211.3 215.6
209.5 214
210,8 215.2
209
213.5
207.1 211.5
205
209.5
204.1 208.4
202
206.5
203.2 207.5
201
205.5
199
203.3
196.5 201.5
195.8 200.1
193
197.5
192.2 196.5
188.5 193
189.1 193.3
185.5 190
185.9 190.2
181.5 186
183.3 187.6
179
183.5
183.2 186.6
177.5 182
180.2 183.5
174
178
178.1 181.4
171.5 176
176.9 180.2
174.5
170
173.5 177.0
166.5 171
170.9 174.4
163
167
168.2 171.7
159.5 163.5
157.3 170.8
169.0 163
165.4 168.9
160
156
162.8 166.3
152.5 156.5
161.2 164.7
150.5 154.5
160.8 164.5
149.0 153
159.7 163.7
145.5 149.5
158.6 162.9
142
146
158.3 162.6
141.5 145.5

70

75

219.8
218
219.3
217.5
215.6
213.5
212.6
210.5
211.7
209.5
207.5
205
204.2
201.5
200.7
197.5
197.5
194
194.3
190
191.8
187.5
190.7
186.5
187.6
182.5
185.6
180
184.4

223.8
221.5
223,4
221
219.7
217.5
216.6
214
215.7
213
211.5
209
208.3
205
204.7
201.5
201.6
197.5
198.4
194
195.8
191.5
194.8
190
191.8
186
189.6
184
188.4
182.5
185.2
178.5
182.6

179
181.2

174.5
178.6
167.5
175.9
163.5
175
162.5
173.1
160
170.5
156.5
168.9
154.5
168.7
153.0
167.9
149.5
167.1
146
167
145.5

80

227.6
225
227.1
224.5
223.3
221
220.4
218
219.5
215
215.3
211
212.1
207
208.5
205
205.3
201.5
202.2
197.5
199.6
195
198.5
193.5
195.4
190
193.4
187.5
192.2
186
189.0
182,5
186.4
178.5
175
179.9 183.7
171.5 175
182.8
179
170.5 174.5
177.1 180.9
168
171.5
174.5 178.3
164
168
172.9 176.7
165.5
163
172.7 176.5
160.5 160.5
171.9 175.8
153
157
171.1 175
153.5 150
171.0 174,8
149,5
153

85

90

95

231.2
229.5
230.7
229
227
224.5
224
221.5
223.1
220.5
218.9
216.5
215.7
212.5
212,1
208,5
208.9
205
205.7
201
203.2
198.5
202.2
197.5
199.1
193.5
197.0

234.6
233
234.1
232,5
230,4
227.5
227.4
225.5
226.5
224.5
222.3
220
219.1
216
215.5
212
212.2
208
209
204.5
206.6
202
205.6
200.5
202.6
196.5
200.4
194.5
199.2
192.5
196
189
193.4
185.5
190.7
181.5
189.8
180.5
187.9
178
185.3
174
183.7
172
183,5
170,5
182,7
167
181.9
163,5
181,8

237.9
236
237.4
235.5
233.7
231
230.7
228.5
229.8
227
225.6
223
222.4
219
218.8
215.0
215.6
211.5
212.5
207.5
209.9
205.5
208.8
204
205.7
200
203.7
198
202.5
196.5
199.3
192.5
196.7
188.5
194.0
185
193.1
184
191.2
181.5
188.6
177.5
187.0
175.5
186.8
174
186.0
170.5
185,2
166,5
185.1

163

166

191

195.8
189.5
192.6
185.5
190
182
187.3
178.5
186.4
177.5
184.5
175.5
181.9
171.0
180.3
169
180.1
167.5
179.3
164.0
178.5
160.5
178.4
160

100

105

241.1 244.2
239
242
240.7 243.8
238.5 241,5
237
240,1
234.5 237.5
233.9 237
232
234.5
233
236.1
230.5 233
228.8 231.9
226,5 229
225.6 228.7
222.5 225
222
225.1
218.5 221.5
218.9 221.9
214.5 271.5
215.8 218.7
210.5 213.5
213.1 216.2
208.5 211
212.1 215.1
207
210
209.0 212.1
203
206
206.9 210
201
203.5
205.7 208,8
199,5 202.0
202.5 206.6
195.0 198.0
199.9 204
192
194.5
197.2 201.3
188
191.0
196.3 200.4
187.5 190
195.4 198.5
184.5 187.5
192.8 195.9
180.5 183.5
191.2 194.3
178.5 181.0
193.9
191
177.0 179.5
190.2 192.8
173
176.0
189.4 191.7
172.5
170
188,3 191.4
169.5 172

110

247.2
245.5
246.7
245
243
240.5
240
237.5
239.1
236.5
234.9
232.5
231.7
228.5
228.1
224.5
225
220.5
221.8
216.5
219.2
214.5
218.2
212.5
215.1
209
213.0
207
211.8
205
209.6
201
207
197,5
204.3

115

250.1
248
249.6
247.5
245.9
243.5
242.9
240.5
242
239.5
237.8
235
234.6
231
231
227
237.8
223.5
234.7
219.5
222.1
217
221.0
215.5
217.9
211.5
215.9
209.5
214.7
208
212,5
204.5
209,9
200,5
207.2
194
196.5
203.4 206.3
196.0
193
201.5 204.4
190
193.0
198.9 201.8
187
189.5
197.3 200.2
184.5 187
196,9 199.8
182.5 185.5
195.8 198.7
179.5 182.0
194.7 197.6
175.5 178.5
194.4 197.3
175
178

0.2

Weight.

NHjby

Per

21

.928

19.87
20
21

22

.921

21.73
22

23

.915

24

24

.909

23.03

24.99
26

27

25

.904

...

28

29

26

.898

.891

.886

27

29.60
30

. .

27.66

31.05
32
33

28

33.25

"

'

34

"

>

35

.881

29

35.60

...

36

37

33

...

.875

30

38.20

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

58

Table

XLV

AMMONIAWATER SOLUTIONS
VALUES OF PARTIAL PRESSURES OF AMMONIA AND WATER VAPOR FOR
VARIOUS TEMPERATURES AND PER CENTS OF AMMONIA IN SOLUTION
per cent

2. 5

NHa

5.0

o
0)

-t

7.5

OQ
CO

53
fa 03

" 2
o

^
.2

DO

DQ

Q,

i;a

Si

S.2

!?a
If

=5

1
Press. Inc bes

35.6
39.2
42.8
46.4
50.0
53.6
57.2
60.8
64.4
68.

71.6
75.2
78.8
82.4
86
89.6
93.2
96.8
100.4
104.0
107.6
111.2
114.8
118.4
122.0
125.6
129.2
132.8
136.4
140

.236
.256
.276
.295
.315
.354
.394
.434
.492
.552
.611
.670
.729
.807
.885
.985

1.085
1.18
1.28
1.38
1.455
1.655
1.811
1.970
2.15
2.320
2.520
2.740
2.955
3.15
3.37

.177
.197
.236
.276
.315
.355
.413
.472
.532
.590
.670
.748
.847
.945

Hg

Press. Inches

.413
.453
.512
.571
.630
.709
.807
.906

1.024
1.142
1.281
1.318
1.576
1.752
1.06
1.945
1.2
2.185
2.445
1.36
1.515 2.695
1.69
2.97
1.89
3.27
2.125 3.580
2.36
4.015
2.62
4.431
2.95
4.920
3.21
5.36
3.54
5.860
3.88
6.400
4.29
7.030
4.73
7.685
5.21
8.36
9.14
5.77

1.3
1.5
1.6
1.8
2.

2.1
2.5
2.8
3

3.4
3.8
4
4.6
5

5.2
5.9
6.4
7
7.8

8.2
9

.512
.571
.591
.650
.709
.788
.866
.965

1.062
1.18
1.319
1.455
1.592
1.75
1.925
2.125
2.30
2.52
2.725
3.01
3.29
3.58
3.90
4.23
4.58
4.96
5.35
5.80
6.25
6.72
7.2

1.21
1.24
1.36
42.8 1.495
46.4 1.67
50
1.87
63.6 2.05
67.2 2.28
60.8 2.52

64.4 2.79

.158
.177
.197
.236
.276
.315
.355
.413
.472
.532

.158
.197
.236
.276
.315
.355
.394
.452
.511
.590
.649
.728
.826
.925

1.043
1.180
1.34
1.495
1.672
1.870
2.085
2.30
2.56
2.815
3.11
3.44
3.80
4.22
4.65
5.12
5.63

Hg

Press. Inches

.788
.867
.945

.670
.768
.827
.926

1.024
1.343
1.260
1.417
1.573
1.770
1.958
2.183
2.418
2.675
2.968
3.305
3.64
4.015
4.397
4.880
5.375
5.88
6.46
7.045
7.69
8.40
9.15
10.02
10.90
11.84
12.83

'i'.i)

lA

2.

2.^
2.e
2.5

3.

3.S
3.8
4.1
4.5
5
5.2
6

6.5
7
7.8
8.5
9
10.
11

12
12.9

.158
.197
.216
.256
.295
.335
.374
.433
.473
.552
.611
.689
.788
.866
.985

1.041
1.16
1.28
1.415
1.575
1.75
1.925
2.125
2.34
2.58
2.835
3.09
3.49 1.122
3.70 1.28
4.06 1.435
4.42 1.615
4.82 1.81
5.27 2.03
5.72 2.245
6.18 2.50
6.78 2.76
7.33 3.05
7.89 3.37
8.55 3.70
9.25 4.07
9.89 4.5
10.06 4.98
11.45 5.49

1.368
1.417
1.557
1.731
1.946
2.185
2.405
2.693
2.992
3.322

1.5
1.5
1.7
1.9
2
2.4
2.9
3
3.4

1.58
1.72
1.89
2.09
2.31
2.56
2.82
3.12
3.45
3.82

.138
.157
.177
.217
.256
.295
.335
.394
.453
.512

1.718
1.877
2.067
2.307
2.566
2.855
3.155
3.514
3.903
4.332

Hg
.946

1.064
1.161
1.297
1.455
1.615 1.6
1.789 1.8
2.008 2.
2.223 2.1
2.477 2.5
2.736 2.9
3.029 3.1
3.368 3.6
3.701 3.9
4.075 4.1
4.612 4.8
4.98
5.2
5.495 5.8
6.035 6
6.63
6.7
7.30
7.3
7.965 8
8.68
8.8
9.54
9.4
10.38 10.2
11.26 11.3
12.25 12.
13.32 13.2
14.39 14.4
15.04 15.8
16.94 16.9

15

12.5

10

32
35.6
39.2

Ah

32.

a
2

0>

m O

iHa

-sew

03

Si
S3

Co

o
S

a
CQ

1.5
1.8
2.1
2.5

2.8
3
3.3
3.7
4
4.5

2.11
2.3
2.54
2.79
3.07
3.41
3.76
4.14
4.55
6.02

.138
.157
.177
.217
.256
.295
.335
.374
.433
.492

2.248
2.457
2.717
3.007
3.326
3.705
4.095
4.514
4.983
6.512

2
2.5
2.8
3

3.2
3.8
4.1
4.7
5

6.5

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table
Per cent

XLV Continued

10

NHi

12 .5

a
3 sa
00>

And

59

a
<o

3 b
2 2

si*

00

cJ

g5

1
as.

aj

S>

_O
3a
^a
a3<J

15

a
3
u

3 ^

a
a>

o
iH

Si

2"^

S.2

as

OZ

1^

a a

a
o
Ih

m3
V

fc-

a>

Si

00
y*
09

U
2'^

Ah>
t^a
e8<J

Pi

a
Incthes Ilg

]Press.

68
71.6
75.2
78.8
82.4
86
89.6
93.2
96.8
100.4
104.0
107.6
111.2
114.8
118.4
122.0
125.6
129.2
132.8
136.4
140

3.09
3.4
3.74
4.09
4.49
4.9
5.35
5.86
6.37
6.94
7.5
8.19
8.88
9.6
10.38
11.22
12.05
12.95
13.95
15.0
16.5

.590
.670
.767
.847
.965
1.1

1.24
1.4
1.555
1.75
1.95
2.165
2.42
2.68
2.97
3.25
3.58
3.96
4.37
4.81
5.29

3.680
4.070
4.507
4.937
5.455
6.0
6.59
7.26
7.925
8.69
9.45
10.355
11.30
12.28
13.35
14.47
15.63
16.91
18.32
19.81
21.79

Press. Inches Ilg

3.8
4
4.6
5

5.4
6.1
6.8
7.4
7.9
8.8
9.5
10.4
11.4
12.2
13.3
14.5
15.5

4.22
4.61
5.04
5.55
6.08
6.66
7.26
7.92
8.63
9.38
10.18
11.02
11.9
12.88
13.85
14.95

.571
.65
.729
.827
.926

1.04
1.18
1.32
1.47
1.67
1.87
2.07
2.32
2.56
2.83
3.13

2.72
3.0
3.29
3.62
4.02
4.41
4.87
5.36
5.92
6.5
7.13
7.8
8.55
9.33
10.2
11.1
89.6 12.1
93.2 13.2
96.8 14.35
100.4 15.6
104.0 16.95
107.6 18.45

.138
.157
.177
.217
.256
.295
.335
.374
.433
.492
.552
.631
.71
.788
.866
.966

1.08
1.22
1.36
1.5
1.67
1.85

5.4
6

6.6
7
7.8
8.5
9.3
10
11

12
13

14.4
15.7
17
18

Hg

5.55
.552
6.102 6
6.1
.631
6.731 7.7
6.7
.71
7.41
7.6
7.33
.81
8.14
8
7.98
.906
8.886 8.9
8.66 1.005
9.665 9.9
9.5
1.12
10.62 10.7
10.35 1.26
11.61 11.9
11.28 1.42
12.70 12.8
12.25 1.59
13.84 13.9
13.22 1.77
14.99 15
14.30 1.98
16.28 16.3
15.45 2.2
17.65 17.8
16.62 2.44
19.06 19
17.9
2.69
20.59 20.6
19.3
22.27 22.2
2.97

17

18.2
20

21.2

22.5

20

17.5

32
35.6
39.2
42.8
46.4
50
53.6
57.2
60.8
64.4
68
71.6
75.2
78.8
82.4
86

4.791
5.26
5.769
6.377
7.006
7.70
8.44
9.24
10.10
11.05
12.05
13.09
14.22
15.44
16.68
18.08

Press. Inches

17.1
18.62

3.46
3.84
4.22
4.65
5.12
5.63
6.2
6.8
7.49
8.2
9.0
9.85
10.75
11.75
12.75
13.9
15.05
16.30
17.75
19.35
17
18.6 21.05

20.30

19.9

2.858 2.8
3.157 3.1
3.467 3.5
3.837 3.9
4.276 4.2
4.705 4.8
5.205 5.2
5.734 5.9
6.353 6.5
6.992 7
7.682 7.8
8.431 8.5
9.3
9.26
17.118 10.3
11.066 11.4
12.066 12
13.18 13.3
14.24 14.5
15.71 15.8

.118
3.578
3.5
.138
3.978
4
.158
4.378
4.3
.177
4.827
4.9
.217
5.337
5.1
.256
5.886
5.9
.295
6.495
6.4
.335
7.135
7.1
.394
7.884
7.8
.453
8.653
8.6
9.512
.512
9.5
.571 10.421 10.3
.65
.73
.85
.905

1.14
1.26
1.4
1.55
1.71

11.40
12.48
13.60
14.805
16.19
17.56
19.15
20.90
22.76

11.5
12.4
13.6
15
16.1

17.9
18.9
20.6
22.3

4.37
4.85
5.33
5.86
6.43
7.07
7.74
8.48
9.3
10.18
11.12
12.15
13.25
14.45
15.85
17.40

.118
.138
.158
.177
.197
.236
.275
.315
.354
.394
.453
.512
.571
.65

.729
.807

4.488
4.988
5.488
6.037
6.627
7.306
8.015
8.795
9.654
10.574
11.573
12.662
13.821
15.10
16.579
18.207

4.6
5

5.9
7
6.7
7.3
8
9
9.7
10.8
12

12.9
14
15.2
17
18

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

60

Table

XL VI

ABSORPTION OF GASES BY LIQUIDS

Selected from Smithsonian Physical Tables,
Values of a; = volume of gases referred to 32 F. and 29.92 ins. Hg which one volume of
water can absorb at atmospheric pressure and temperature of first column.

Temperature.

CO.

COi.

H.

N.

0.

NHs.

Air.

H2S.

O jp

"C.

32

1.797
1.450
1.185
1.002

41
50
59
68
77
86
104
122
212

5
10
15

20
25
30
40
60
100

.901

.772
....

.506
....

.244

.0354
.0315
.0282
.0254
.0232
.0214
.0200
.0177
.0161
.0141

.02110
.02022
.01944
.01875
.01809
.01745
.01690
.01644
.01608
.01600

.02399
.02134
.01918
.01742
.01599
.01481
.01370
.01195
.01074
.01011

Table

.04925
.04335
.03852
.03456
.03137
.02874
.02646
.02316
.02080
.01690

.02471 1174.6
.02179 971.5
.01953 840.2

4.371
3.965
3.586
01795 756.0 3.233
.01704 683.1 2.905
610.8 2.604

COi and NH3 measured

Cu.ft.

Temperature.

C.

2
3
4
6
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Oxygen

at

29.92 ins.
Hg per 1000
cu.ft. water.

10.19
9.91
9.64
9.39
9.14
8.91
8.68
8.47
8.26
8.06
7.87
7.68
7.52
7.35
7.19
7.04

Cu.ft.

at 29.92 ins.

Sum

of

Oxygen
and

Nitrogen
per 1000
cu.ft. water.

Nitrogen.

18.99
18.51
18.05
17.60
17.18
16.77
16.38
16.00
15.64
15.30
14.97
14.65
14.35
14.06
13.78
13.51

29.18
28.42
27.69
26.99
26.32
25.68
25.06
24.47
23.90
23.36
22.84
22.33
21.87
21.41
20.97
20.55

Ethylene.

.04573
.04889
.04367
.03903
.03499
.02542

.2563
.2153
.1837
.1615
.1488

XL VII

ABSORPTION OF AIR IN WATER

Air free of

Methane.

(Winkler, 1904)

and 32 F.
Cu.ft.

Temperature.

C.

16
17
18
19

20
21

22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

Oxygen

at

29.92 ina.
Hg per 1000
cu.ft. water.

6.89
6.75
6.61
6.48
6.36
6.23
6.11
6.00
5.89
5.78
5.67
5.56
5.46
5.36
5.26

Cu.ft.

Nitrogen
per 1000
cu.ft.

water.

13.25
13.00
12.77
12.54
12.32
12.11
11.90
11.69
11.49
11.30
11.12
10.94
10.75
10.56
10.38

Sum

of

Oxygen
and
Nitrogen.

20.14
19.75
19.38
19.02
18.68
18.34
18.01
17.69
17.38
17.08
16.79
16.50
16.21
15.92
15.64

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table

61

XL VIII

AIR REQUIRED FOR COMBUSTION FOR VARIOUS SUBSTANCES

(Combustion complete in every case except for C burning to CO)
1

Substance
Cu.Ft.

Lbs.

C to CO2
Carbon,
C to CO
Carbon,
Hydrogen,
H2
Carbon monoxide, CO
S
CH4.

Sulphur,

Methane,
Ethane,
Ethylene,

C2H2.
CsHg.
CsHe.
C3H4.

Propane,
Propylene,

Allylene,

C4H10.

Butane,
Butylene,
Pentylene,

C4H8.
CeHio

Hexane,

CeHu

Benzole,

CeHe.
C7H16

Heptane,
alcohol,

Ethyl alcohol,

CH3OH.
C2H6OH

Standard

11.55
5.77
34.64
2.47
4.32
17.32
16.16
14.85
13.32
15.75
14.85
13.86
15.53
14.85
14.85
15.22
13.32
15.24
6.49
9.04

C2H4

Acetylene,

Methyl

CzHe.

Table

Cu. Ft. of Substance

(Standard)
Requires Air

Lb. of Substance
Requires Air

143.10
71.55
429.19
30.6
53.52
214.59
200.22
183.99
165.07
195.14
183.99
172.73
192.42
183.99
183.99
188.58
165.07
188.85
80.47
111.96

Lbs.

.193
.193

2.39
2.39

.774

9.59
16.73
14.34
11.95
23.90
21.51
19.12
31.07
28.68
35.85
45.45
35.84
52.58
7.17
14.34

1.354
1.157
.964

1.929
1.736
543
508
315
890
66
89
4.243
.58

1.17

XLIX

RADIATION COEFFICIENTS

Porous carbon (black body)

Glass
Ice
Polished cast iron

Wrought

iron poUshed

Steel polished
Brass polished

Copper hammered
Silver polished

Cu.Ft.
Standard.

Radiating and Absorbing Powers.

Reflecting Power.

1.00

0.00

.90
.85
.25
.23
.19
.07
.07
.03

.10
.15
.75
.77
.81
.93
.93
.97

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

62

Table L
COEFFICIENTS OF HEAT TRANSFER
Average Practice
Thermal Action
Giving

Up

in Substances.

Heat.

B.T.U. per Hour per

Square Foot per

Receiving Heat.

Degree.

Liquid warming

50-75

Apparatus.

Liquid heat exchangers, aqua

ammonia water and beer

ammonia

coolers,

absorber

cooling coils

Gas warming

2-6

Hot-water radiators and cooling tower surfaces, depending

on air velocity and character
of water surface

Liquid boiling

100
10-20
30-50

Shell brine coolers with circu-

Liquid cooling

tank

lator;

without

brine

coolers

double
pipe brine coolers depending
circulator;

on velocity and hot hquid

evaporators

Liquid warming

2-5

Brine coolers in cold storage

rooms depending on
Air

lation.

air circu-

with

coolers

water or brine
mizers

coils;

Gas warming

2-4

Steam superheaters

Liquid boiling

2-5

Direct expansion

econo-

ammonia

coils

'

in

cold

pending

Steam
Liquid warming

150-350
1000

storage

rooms de-

on

circulation.

air

boilers

Feed-water heaters and steam

condensers depending on water velocity and removal of
Experiair on steam side.
heater
feed-water
mental
high velocity

Vapor condensing ....

Gas warming
Liquid boiling

Jr*
400-600

Steam radiators and pipes

Vacuum

evaporators with con-

exiiaust steam depending on viscosity of solu-

daising
tion

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

63

p=:

per

32
29.92

o b
S
H
W
u

tf
f^

1-1

53^

WW

na.
t. id
''"'

00

CD
CD U9
OS

CO ec CO

pq'S

<
^
^
o

^
CO

Hg.

at
T.U.

aj

rt
Q w
H w
O H
B 02
H fe
Oi w
}

s
3
o

>
O

u->

>>

.a

f^

u^i^

05

03-73

<
S

o
a
o

,bfi

bJi

CO
05

1>

o
8

O
OS

05
CO
'

(N
tH

<N
(N

11

S
!< w
P
O H

Q
^ ^
O ^

y^

fi^

W
w
<1
^ H
H-J

r")
ii

o 1
Q o
^ 02
< H
!z;

rn

fc

cS

JB

1
M

.-ft

.^

(V

Sop
a
'*-!

> tH tn > tn
<U CJ c3 O
p^pqpqp^pq

o3

<3

"1*

b- (M CO CO
Tin (M CO TjH

'1

P^ ft

tH iH tH tH r-

(N

T-

c3

c3

P^pqO

rH
lH
O OC lO
^^ Tt^ CO
^^ "^ ^^

03

i^H H
M

02

cc

O O O C

C O

oj

c3

-a

ii

uu

1
H

.iS
"+3

1 g s 1
2 52 ?2

o
c3

03

03

b^<f^OOf^

02

1 g
> 'O
2
03 c

-C

H^<

i CO
5 (N t^
O
O
lO J> ei OS
O
O IN t^
CO
CO
(M GO -^ 00
T^
tH O 1 O
T
o
;e kO LQ
TfH 1:^

1-1
I:^

r-l

<;o

ffO
r*< "^

"S

.3

<L>

rfl

HP:5H
00
OS
CD
CO

t^
05 T
00 00
CO o

;i

TO

TS
'3

faD

;r5

<

rfi

3
-3
O

ptH

o
u

O^
o-

-.

pc^ [Jh P-<

rH HH Hn o q o
o o
C^ (M (N
Tfl

Tfl

T-H

T 1
1

CO 05 CO (N (N <M

fin

:2
a-

0-.

u-

g
03

"*

i^is
WJ

HWOO
c3

03

0
-^
00
CO -^ CO
(N (N (N

CO

OO

"sH

iH
ei

(M (M

tJ< Tj<

,-(

c3
e

o
o

>^

O
PQ

o
o
qT

-d
s

o
ccc ?
m

08

02

^^oTaT^
o o -5 ^ 5
^oM
K
tn

f-l

o:i

o:

c3

eS

c c p

i
a
O

.g

tw

T-H

CO CO (M (N
"O
fe!
-H
o
=5. ^

H
-<
W
W

(U

i-H bTt< T-H

f/i

O
w

T3 ^

Pi^

O
HH
H ;^
KH
P w
H
oj
o
Pm

O) e_ tij

s^
o t^^i^

d o
d^
ai- m w

Ph
;z4

CO

p^

Fz4

(J

4)

a-^ a

(1

H ^
^ 02
W P
^
S <:
H (^
w
W ^
P o
w
H-1

wj

hJ
<r|

.2 1-1

s
^

, .

CZ2

oT

1
^

02

1^

(U

^
-

^
-

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

64
F.
per

32

B.P.U.

Hg.

and

oo

C5 ec

29.92

at

Hi
-* OS
OS i>.
8 CO
31

!>

ins.

OS

> OS

1720

OS 00

1570

Cu.ft.

>
o

'm

c3

<

<

02

CO

CO

hC

O
>

per

tlO

00

29.92

Hg.

at32F.

Cu.ft.

and

CO

CO

ins.

r-4
r-t

Lb.

^^
H

1=1

03

03

to

a a

a a

;2 f^

<1

s g
U s
U

d a a

03

c3

o o o

^
"
o3

0 00
iH
CO (N
OS
(M (yi th
Tjl
JO.

SB
m
m

mm

f^'

OO

mOU

a a

P3

CQ
.

rS r2

c5

02

^ 43 C sSss
'^

o -^45
rd S 03 03

i
o
O
tH 5
CO CO CO
O
iH 05
to 05 O
CO
C5
O 1> o
^
0
OS 00
D (N
O
(N lO (N rH
O OS
O OS 00 tH iH O
OS O CS tH
O
(N (N tH
(M (N tH
ifl

i>.

Tt<
J:^

to

a a
o o

a
o

-S^^
o

.2

H WOO HPQOO

fflOO

03

a a
o o

I I

1-1
Tt^

T-H

r-l

!> I>-

r-t

T-l

rC3

o3

03

O
O

lO GO 50
<N Tj^ X*
CO t>. <N rH
CO (N 00 1
1-1 r-l fH tH

CT3
.
ft

2
O
0)

*
02

eS

^
^
<

(N (M

'-'

'-I

(M (M

^
CO

tH 1
<N (N

Tt<

1 1
1

CO (N (N

rH T-l
CO (N (M

rfH

tH
CO CO (M (M
rt< rJH T-i

* rH t-l
CO CO (N <N

o
d
O
M

CTv.

*^

"**

'^

s*

>

V.

o
o

q
o
a

o
to

W
o

02

03

1
Ph

1
J

q
o
'o

"o

-H

^
a
0)

^
V.

^
eS

-p

o3

q
fl

bO

tJH

CI
to

<o
ID

ft
ft

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

65

-fc3

a ^
<D
02

c3

t4

n3

+5

<3
(U

o3

<u

P^

a B
o o

a
o

*^

cc <^

g
O

11
N,

tv.

II

+^

,.

t-iM

cy.S

mxi

mH

o
02

>>

'"^
,1
T-t

w
l>
^
O
1

-lO

r
tH

"^O

-^^ ^.^

T-H

i'

11

i-H

piH*

?
C5

CO CO i-H t^ !> CO (M
00
l^
r^ rti t^
T^ CO o o o "^ "^

ft

*3

tJ

H
w

'

'

^'^

''"^

o
^
rd

<o

<o

zi

i-^l

h:i

(S
fe

fe

^1

(M CO

CO

O
O O
O
O
O O
O O
O
O O
O O
O O
O
1-1

+ rH+ tH+ tHr

T

11

T-H

O
O O O O O
00 O CO 00 lO lO
O
O 05 00 (N
(M <M CO (N (M CO
1-1

/""^

1,

(N C^ /-N
CO CO (M
CO

^-s <N
1

^i

O
00

O
o
Oo
O

O
O
O
O
a o

Oi -^
t^ (M
05 <*' 00
CO
(N

00 (N ^-^ lO --^
(N 00 (M 05 TjH to
!> t^ 1-1 00 lO

r-

?^
rH -U -U
i'

s ^-^

00

T-i

.^

^3

_
1

^-^
C^
CO C^ (M .'-s (M ,-^
CO CO (M CO (N
CO
CO

,,

05
00 lo
o CO
8
O o
O 8
O8
O o
O
(M (M

i'

3h5

NO
v_x

S g o o

43

S
-

-^
1

'

N N N
d d d
<o
H^l

ja

^^"^

^
d d ^

03

02

^"^^

^_,^ C^
(N ^-^ CO ^-^ ^--s
CO (M
(N (M
CO CO
CO

) S)

.t^
03

N N
d d

h-^

<u
(U

.t5
03

m !tl
d p o
o3
02

-e

-t^

c3

d
S

pd si

03

;d
'0

(M
CO Oi
CO 00
T-l

++
^J=l
(M CO
05 1-1

+i

oO
O
(N
00 (M

lO

05
l>
lO 1> tH CO (N

J=11oZi
CO (M CO CO
CO rfi ""^i TtH
Ci (M Tji Tji

00
!>.
t>.

1-1

CO

a
CO
ft
o3

id

SH
ft

g^

^-^

OQ ft

fed
TO (U

02

O
O
O O
P

'

Q
3
cd

o
d

C^ t^ (M -Cr^ t^ r
-^
lO 00
11
1-* (N o

tH

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O
O
O
O
O Q
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(M
p O O 00
^

r-t

-f^

+3

'

o3

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^-^ -^ --^ 00 !>.

lO
CO OS t^ lO 05 (M (TQ
Oi !>. Oi >0 CO
CO
1 CQ 1H 11 r-( tH T

lo O
CO
o
^
Cq
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2]
o
o
o
O
o
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'^

io c5

T-i

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1-1

"^^

+++

l'

J1

X_^ v_^ ^_X

l'

N_^

d^

i> CO
1-1 1-H 00 (N 00 (M
05 tH
1> t^

O O
1-1

1-1

o3

oc O^
CO (M
CO
TjH

Cq

T-H

11

H-3

l-<

O
(N

T-l

V_.^ v_-^

-*

o o o O ,O
o o o 0 QO
+ 11::
rH
.

+ rH
+

1-1

00

1-1

o
oo
o

lO 1-1 i>. '^

CO CO 00
lO 00 CO ^

CO

1-1
11
1-1

o:

0;

o3

10 CO 00 00 CO
CO CO (N (N 10 CO
'^ 00 10 10 CO 05
1 tH c^
CO
1

tH

1-1

C3

'^

<4-l

t0.

(S
-**

^3

Ill's
b
<0

+3

02

bC

t5*

OQ
-03

i
.i:

>

j3

1
PQ

rd
CC

<;

o3
0)

c
-d
Eh

>

N N

o5

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

66

d fl d
o o o
^
fe
o
.r o o o
a)aj^^^

S
O

(U

f-l

*-<

,.j" ^--

-d

^j
ro
a>

>

o)

Ji^

a>

m
u

GQ
(u

GO

'-I

^-i

SO

^ X5o S
^ ^O
b o o
o
_0

-Q ,Q

S S

0)

O
o
O
o

_0

<D

&b
CQ

2
u

03

00
00

.11

d
a

CO

CO
'

00
CO CO o

CO

1- 1>

i-iiO00(N0000

00

00 tH (M 05 t^ CO
00
o o ot^io6dco;::;coS^:^^^o5bo^^^?^^

05 lO CO (M (N

03

00
o

00 lO
lo CO CO

CO
(N

r-l

Tjl

(N

CO

00

<N 00 (M
i-t
(N

CO

o
o
o
O
1^

00
CO
1-1

o
o
CO
*<

CO

pp

o
o

r* *^

"a

a
CO

CO TjH
CO lO

CO

o
o
CO
00 o ^
05 (M (N
O
O O
o O
o
o o
o
o o
o o
o

o o
o
o
o o

o o

o
o

rti

03

w
o
c^
o
o
o o
CO

T-H
T-(

tH(N

b* CO CO

C5 N.

OC0lO00Tt<CO(NTt<i-((N

oooooooooooooo
oooooooooooooo

a
d
o
02

<u
GO
CO
CD

^
d d
o d
o3
02
Si

03

73

Ph

p.

03

o d

0)

24
o3

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to

s
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03

cS

a^

O O S W3
"P -o -i^ d

- d J2
O ^ g M

d
d

o o

cZ2czj^%P4<iWfiiUOfHWyh:i

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

67

43

^
u
(U

Ui
0)

X> -D
0)

*3
Schleiermacher

Winkplmann

Winkelmann

0)

^t^

Winkelmann

Winkelmann

Winkelmann

Winkelmann

Winkelman

Schwarze

d
d

Winkelmann

S3

Eckerlein

Schwarze

Graetz

^^^^6

p4

(N (N CO
CO CO

(M
CO

i-^

crJ4

"^ 00

CD

02.2

O
o
o
o
00

t3

"*
CO >o
05 t> CO lO TjH
Tt<

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HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

68

Table LIII

RELATIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

Conductivities Carbon Dioxide

AND

Resistances Silver

=1

Conductivity Carbon
Dioxide =1.

Substance.

at 32 F.

Resistance

=
Conductivity
=1.

Silver

Iron
Iron (Wiederman and Franz)

Copper
Copper (Wiederman and Franz)
Steel

Steel

(Wiederman and Franz)

Aluminum
Lead
Lead (Wiederman and Franz)
Tin
Tin (Wiederman and Franz)
.

Zinc
Zinc (Wiederman and Franz)
Silver

Slate

Granite and sandstone

Marble, limestone, etc

Portland cement
Plaster of Paris

Son
Sand, white dry

Chalk
Firebrick

Carbon
Glass

Diatomic earth
ParaflGine

Ice

Sawdust
Snow, packed

Woods
Strawboard
Pasteboard
Asbestos paper
Blotting paper
Felt

Cotton wool

5700
4165
23000
25760
3600
4165
11000
2700
2975
6000
5320
5000
9835
35000

5.23
8.60
1.52
1.36
9.74
8.60
3.18
12.95
11.75
7
6.58
7

117
176
153-182

300
199
228-192

3.56,
1

23.2
22.8
10.7 dry; 52.2

1511
1531

wet

30.4
6.52
9.12
13.2
35.8 to 75
4.24

7.50at 0C. to
55.0 at 100 C.
72.7; 18.5
3.92
16.6
9.8 w.g.; 2.94 a.g.
9.8
14.7
14.0
4.9
2.84
1.4

3270 dry; 6700 wet

1150
6370
3840
2650
978 to 467
8260
4670 at 32 F. to 637 at 212
481; 189.0

8940
2110
3570 with grain; 11900 ac.g
3570
2380
2500
7150
12300
25000

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

69

Table LIII Continued

RELATIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
Conductivity Carbon
Dioxide =1.

Substance.

Resistance

=
Conductivity

Silver =1.

Cotton wool, pressed

Haircloth

Cork
Leather, cowhide

Water
Methyl alcohol
Methyl alcohol (De Heen)
Ethyl alcohol
Ethyl alcohol (Henneberg)
Ethyl alcohol 90% (Henneberg)
Ethyl alcohol (Henneberg)
Benzole
Benzole (Weber)
Petroleum

39.09
16.12
10.70
13.78
12.07
12.53
21.22
10.83
11.25
11.56

896
2170
3270
2540
2900
2990
1650
3240
3100
3030

1.85
1.27

18900
27600
20600
27400
2960
3280
2960
7100
20450
19100
25500
15200
18500
21600
19300
35000
30400
32100
13600

Air

Ammonia
Ammonia

32400
8930
25600
1495
2560

1.08
3.92
1.37
2.34
13.7

Flannel

(Plank)

Ethylene
Ethylene

Hydrogen
Hydrogen (Stefan)
Hydrogen (Kindt and Warberg)
Nitrogen

Oxygen
Oxygen (Stefan)
Methane
Methane (Stefan)
Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide (Kindt and Warberg)
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide (Stefan)
Carbon dioxide (Kindt and Warberg)

1.7
1.28
1.37
10.65
12.97
13.14
1.71
1.83
1.89
2.30
2.57
1.62
81

00
15

09
94

Illuminating gas (Plank)

Table LIV

COMPARISON OF CELLULOSE AND AVERAGE WOOD

Constituent.

Cellulose.

(Dry and Ash Free)

Wood, Average of
Maple, Oak, Pine,

Spores of Club Moss.

Willow.

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Oxygen and nitrogen

44.44%
6.17%

49.2%
6.1%

63.0%

"44!7%o

28.4%

8.6%

49.39%,

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

70

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86

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HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

88

PARAFFINES

(CH2+2)

Table LVIII
FROM PENNSYLVANIA PETROLEUM
Molec-

Boiling-point.

Name.

Specific Gravity

Formula.

at 32 F.
-p

C.

Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane normal
Pentane

iso

Hexane normal
Hexane iso
Heptane normal
Heptane iso
.

'

16

-25

-13

C4H10
C6Hi2

38

32
100.4

C5H12
CeHi*

30
69

CeHu

61

C7H16
C7H16
CgHis
CgHis
C9H20

97.5

86
156.2
141.8
207.5
195.8
257
224.4
276.8
343.4

Nonane
Decane

C10H22

Endecane

C11H24

182

359.6

Dodecane

C12H26

198

388.4

Tridecane
Tetradecane
Pentadecane

C13H28
C14H30
C15H32
C16H34

216
238
258
280

420.8
460.4
496.4
536.

.775 at 64

CisHss
C20H42
023H48
C25H62

205
234

401.
453.

.778 at 99
.779 at 118

370

698

Liquid

Hexadecane
Octodecane
Eicosane
Tricosane
Paraffine (myricle)
Paraffine (c.er^/\)

Solid

<

ETHYLENES
Ethylenes
Ethylene.
Propylene.
Butylene.

(CH2)

C30H62

Octylene.
Oct. Naphthalene

Nonylene
Diamylene

C2H4
CsHs
C4H8

gas
gas

C5H10
C6H12
C7H14
CgHie

CsHio+He

36
70
84
119
136

C9H18

....

C10H20
C11H22
C12H24

161
180

Dodeca Naphthalene C12H18+H6

C14H28

Triatoylene

(CH2_6+H6)

30
44
58
72

Composition
by Weight.

%c. %H.
75
25
80.12 19.98
81.84 18.16
82.76 17.24
83.33 16.67

72
86
86
100
100
114
114
128
142

83.33
83.76
83.76
84.00
84.00
84.21
84.21
84.38
84.51

156

84.62 15.38

170

84.71 15.29

184
198
212
226
254
282
324
352
380
422

84.78
84.85
84.92
84.96
85.02
85.10
85.18
85.23
85.26
85.31

16.67
16.24
16.24
16.00
16.00
15.79
15.79
15.62
15.49

15.22
15.15
15.08
15.04
14.98
14.90
14.82
14.77
14.74
14.69

FROM RUSSIAN

Naphthalenes

Hexylene.
Heptylene

C^27li66

AND NAPHTHALENES
PETROLEUM

Amylene.

.446
.536
.60
.627 at 57
.628
.658 at 68
.664
.683 at 68
.699
.702 at 68
.703
.718 at 68
.741
.73 at 68
.757
.774 at -15
.765
.773 at -10
.776
.792
.775 at 39

91
125
118
136
173

Octane normal.
Octane iso
1

Weight
Approx.

CH4

Methane
Gas

ular

Tetraamylene

CifiHso

C20H40

33.8
96.8
158
183.2
246.2
276.5

.635

321.8
356

,777

384.8

,803

,76

,714
,733
,771

196
240
248
over
390

464.

478.4
over

734

28
42
56
70
84
98

85.7
85.7
85.7
85.7
85.7
85.7
112
85.7
106+6 85.7
126
85.7
140
85.7
154
85.7
85.7
168
162+6 85.7
196
85.7
210
85.7
280
85.7

14.3
14.3
14.3
14.3
14.3
14.3
14.3
14.3
14.3
14.3
14.3
14.3
14,

14
14,
14.

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

89

Table LIX

MINERAL OILS BY CALORIMETER AND

CALCULATION BY DENSITY FORMULA OF SHERMAN AND KROPFF

CALORIFIC POWER OF

B.T.U. per Pound.

Sp.gr.
at

Class of Oil.

Gasolene
Gasolene
Gasolene
Gasolene
Kerosene

.71

.7175
.72

.7709
.7830

California, refined.

West

.7850

Virginia, crude

.7945

Kerosene

.795

Ohio, crude

.8048

Pennsylvania, crude.

.8059

.7964

California, refined

.8080

Kansas, refined
West Virginia, crude

.8103

California, refined

.8248

West

.8237

Virginia, crude

.8261

.8321

Pennsylvania, crude,

.8324

Ohio

.8418

Indian Territory.

.8421

.8436

Indian Territory

.8466

California, refined,

.8500

Kansas, crude.

.8510

.8514
.8534

Kansas, crude,

.8580

crude.

.8597

Illinois,

.8616
California, refined

Pennsylvania, fuel

.8640

.8648

oil

.8660

Pennsylvania, fuel

oil

.8670

Indian Territory ....

.8690

.8708
.8712

Kansas, crude
Pennsylvania, fuel
Kansas, crude

oil

.8745
.8773

.8800
.8807

.8810

Error.

Degree B6.

15 C.

67.2
65.1
64.4
51.6
48.8
48.35
46.2
46.1
45.8
44.0
43.7
43.2
42.8
40.0
39.7
39.5
38.2
38.2
36.3
36.25
36.0
35.4
34.7
34.5
34.45
34.05
33.20
32.8
32.5
32.05
31.9
31.65
31.5
31.1
30.8
30.7
30.1
29.6
29.0
29.0
28.9

Calo-

Calcul.

rimeter.

S.&K.Form.

21120
20389
20527
20038
20018
20014
20030
20135
20236
20068
20057
19802
19963
19766
19827
20021
19757
19782
19710
19795
19924
19685
19715
19724
19701
19784
19389
19379
19741
19555
19656
19555
19530
19534
19654
19614
19354
19428
19447
19435
19435

20938
20854
20726
20314
20206
20194
20098
20094
20082
20010
19998
19979
19962
19850
19838
19830
19778
19778
19702
19698
19690
19666
19638
19630
19630
19610
19578
19562
19550
19530
19526
19516
19510
19494
19482
19478
19454
19434
19410
19410
19406

.91

+2.33

.99

+1.38

+
+
+
-

+
+

.92
.89
.33

.20

.76
.29
.29

.88
.00
.42
.05

.05

.11

.02

.04
.48

-1.17

+
+

+
+
-

.09
.38
.47
.35

.86
.95
.95

.95
.12
.65

.19

.10
.20

.86
.68
.50
.03

.18
.47
.15

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

90

Table LIX

Continued

CALORIFIC POWER OF HYDROCARBON OILS BY CALORIMETER AND

CALCULATION BY DENSITY FORMULA OF SHERMAN AND KROPFF
B.T.U. per Pound.
No.

Sp.gr.
at

Class of Oil.

Error,

Degrees B6.

15 C.

42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

.8820

Kansas, crude.

.8828

.8833

Indian Territory,

.8860
.8862

Indian Territory,
Texas, crude.
.

.8900

.8914

.8970
.9007

51

.9050

52

.9065

53

54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64

Kansas, crude,

.9066

.9087

Kansas, crude.
Texas, crude.
Texas, crude.
Texas, crude.

.9114

.9137

.9153

.9155

California, crude.

.9158

Fuel

.9170

oil

California, crude.

.9179

California, crude.

.9182

Texas, crude.

.9336

California, crude,

.9644

28.75
28.7
28.5
28.0
28.0
27.3
27.1
26.1
25.4
24.7
24.45
24.4
24.1
23.6
23.2
22.95
22.9
22.9
22.7
22.5
22.5
20.0
15.2

Calo-

Calcul.

rimeter.

S.&K. Form

19643
19249
19474
19454
19372
19418
19242
19355
19359
19228
19352
19089
19282
19303
19028
19246
19008
18572
19103
18779
18985
19080
18589

19400
19396
19390
19370
19370
19342
19332
19294
19267
19238
19228
19226
19213
19194
19178
19168
19166
19166
19157
19150
19149
19048
18858

-1.22

+
-

+
-

.73
.42
.42
.01

.39
.45
.31

.47

.05

.63

.69

.55

.76

.39

.80

.35

+2.58

+ .28
+ 1.94
+ .83
-

.16

+ 1.42

Table LX
PROPERTIES OF OIL GAS
At 32

Volumetric Analysis.

No.

Thwaite oil gas.

Pintsch American
Pintsch American
.

oil

oil

Oil gas

Pintsch gas from

petroleum residue
Pintsch gas from

American petroleum

paraflSne

8
q
10
11

and 29.92"

Description.

CH*

2
3
4
6

F.

oil

Bell.

The hydrocarbon analyses

lent to kerosene

63.19 31.61
63.1
5.6 27'a
61.2
6.4 28.3
58.3 24.3 17.4

58.0

24.3

54.9

5.6

oil gas
53.7
Pintsch gas, Moore52.5
head
General
48.
Crude oil Retort gas,
England
35.4
English shale oil gas,

Young and

H2

19.

CO. CO2.

.4
.4
.2

.7

5.06 .03427
.05142
.05109
.04313

17.

4.8 41.2

.2

23.5
16.5

1.0

6.6 49.4

1.5

16.85 44.83

.5

.5

5.0

.63

1.4

.3

B.T.U.>per
Cu. Ft.

Pressure.

'

B.T.U. per
Lb.

High.

Low. High. Low.

893.5
995,9

818.0 26072
22815
24710
803.9 23096

990.2

898.

1074.
1260.7 1064.
1173.

23869
20889
20854
18650

24260 22000

16.92

1126.8 1034.8 19065 17509

.1

.05726 17.46

1294.8 1192.0 22607 20812

3.5
3.0

.04777 17.32
.04318 23.16

1157.5
901.3

.0591

.9

966.5 20060 16940

716. 20874 16583

.05972 16.750 1390.7 1107.

.24 1.15 .04670 21.41

in this table for oil gas are quite imcertain,

and gasolene.

29.18
19.45
19.6
23.2

.04081 24.5

8.9

18.5

'.8

'.9

28.9

32.

O2

Cu.Ft.
N2 Cu.Ft. per
Lb.
Lbs.

Hg

but

less so

1043.1

23282 18542

966.0 22333 20682

than the hydrocarbons equiva-

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

91

Table LXI

COMPOSITION OF NATURAL GASES

Volumetric Analysis.
Authority

Source.

O2

West

Report Gas Eng.

Com. N.E. L.A...
Report Gas Eng.
Com. N.E. L.A...
Bunsen
Bunsen

Virginia

Kansas
Caucasus
Caucasus

Kokomo, Ind
Kokomo, Ind
St.

Levin.

Mary's, Ohio

Marion, Ind
Marion, Ind
Findlay, Ohio
Findlay, Ohio
English
Russian
Caucasus
Anderson, Ind.
Anderson, Ind.
Ohio

99,

.25 98, 3

.7

.55

.3

.29

94, 16

.42

.55

.3

.29

.35 93, 85

.74

.44

.2

Lucke

.35 93, 85

.14

.44

.2

Eng. & M. J
Levin
Eng. & M. J
Levin

.55 93, 57

.2

.6

.15

57
.39 93. 35
.39 93. 35

.4

.6

.15

.64

.41

.35

.84

.41

.35

8
98
98
42
42
41
41

.55 93.

Eng. &
Levin

93. 16

West

Virginia

Pa
Butler County, Pa
Butler County,

U. S
Pittsburgh, Pa.

Penna
Pittsburgh,

U.
U.
U.
U.

S
S
S

Pa

Allen

&

1.0

93. 1

.98

09
93. 07
93. 07
92, 84
92. 84

.98

93.

M.J

.42
.42

Caucasus
Caucasus
.

1.2

.3

Eng. & M. J
Levin

Lucke
Bunsen
Bunsen
Hoyle

CO

2.69
4.4

95 56

.35 92, 67

Leechburg, Pa.
Penna. & W. Va.

N2.

94, 16

Levin
Eng. &
GiU

C2H4.

.3

Muncie, Ind
Muncie, Ind
Findlay, Ohio

CO.

.25

97, 57

.35

H2.

Lewes
Eng. & M. J

Fostoria, Ohio.

C2H6.

Lewes
Lewes
Bunsen
.

CH4.

]\I.

.35

.35 92. 67
.3

92. 6

.34 92. 6

92. 49
92. 24

89. 65

Burrell

35

81. 5

.35

.45

.25

02
02
82
82
53
53

.3

.5

,3

.18

.5

.31

61 2.6

.94

.93

.86

.73

.47

.01

.73

.47

.89

.55

.20

.5

.4

.25

.89

.75

.20

.25
.3

.35

.2

.55

72, 18

6.1
20.6

1.

72. 18

20.

1.

Jiiptner

67,

22.

.6

Hoyle
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford

67,

22.

.6

65, 75

26.12 .8
29.03 .58
9.64 1.0
23.41
35.92 .4 12.3

57, 85

.26

.6

75. 44

49, 58

.26

13

3.50
4.79
26 4.39

13.5

2.1

.25

9 2.18
49 2.18

80. 11

.78 60, 7

.3

83.

Report Gas Eng.

Com. N.E. L.A... .15
Hoyle
Hoyle
1.1
Ford
Levin
.8

.3

5.72
18.12

.66
.34
.8

3.0
1.0
5.0

.8

3.0
3.0

.6
.6
.6

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

92

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98

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC
Table LXIV

COMPOSITION OF UNITED STATES COKE

(Mainly from U. S. Geological Survey Reports)

Origin.

From
From

Moist-

Vol-

ure.

atile.

Connelsville bituminous coal, 72 hours roasting

.23

1.32

Connelsville bituminous coal, 48 hours roasting

.19

.51

.75

.35

.27

.48

Foundry Ganley Mountain, U.S. Geological Survey.

Foundry Milwaukee Solvay, U.S.G.S

From Connelsville, U.S.G.S

From Alabama coal, U.S.G.S. No. 1
From Arkansas coal, U.S.G.S. No. 6
From lUinois coal, U.S.G.S. No. 2
From Illinois coal, U.S.G.S. No. 3
From Indiana coal, U.S.G.S. No. 1
From Indian Territory, U.S.G.S. No.
From Iowa, U.S.G.S. No. 1
From Iowa, U.S.G.S. No. 3
From Kentucky, U.S.G.S. No. 1
From Kentucky, U.S.G.S. No. 4
From Missouri, U.S.G.S. No. 2
From West Virginia, U.S.G.S. No. 1
From West Virginia, U.S.G.S. No. 2
From West Virginia, U.S.G.S. No. 3
From West Virginia, U.S.G.S. No. 4
From West Virginia, U.S.G.S. No. 5
From West Virginia, U.S.G.S. No. 6
From West Virginia, U.S.G.S. No. 10
From West Virginia, U.S.G.S. No. 12
.

Connelsville average of

3, J.

.18

.32

.33

.72

1.30
1.57

2.85
2.83

.96

.44

1.16
2.60
2.11
1.80

1.24
1.85
1.79
1.95

.51

.84

.52

.73

2.18
.59

1.82
1.95
1.31

.38

.87

.20

1.15

.40

.42

.43

1.00

1.85

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.55

1.00

.75

1.34

1.03

B. Proctor

Chattanooga, Tenn., average of 4, J. B. Proctor

Birmingham, Ala., average of 4, J. B. Proctor
Pocahontas, Va., average of 3, J. B. Proctor
New River, W. Va., average of 8, J. B. Proctor
Big Stone Gap, Ky., average of 7, J. B. Proctor

Alabama, run-of-mine, foundry, Moldenke

Alabama washed slack, foundry, Moldenke
Colorado washed slack, foundry, Moldenke
Illinois washed slack, foundry, Moldenke
Pennsylvania washed slack, foundry, Moldenke
Pennsylvania washed slack, foundry, Moldenke
Tennessee, foundry, Moldenke
Tennessee, foundry, Moldenke
Virginia, foundry, Moldenke
Virginia, foundry, Moldenke
West Virginia, foundry, Moldenke
West Virginia, foundry, Moldneke
Proposed standard foundry coke specification

.75

.75

.44

1.31

2.78

.74

.23

.29

.91

2.26

.22

1.67

.11

1.6

.16

.80

1.52

1.67

.67

.46

.60

2.35

.5

.75

Fixed 1
Carbon.

88.18
89.6
86.38
89.63
88.75
82.63
78.84
75.42
87.08
84.81
80.25
77.01
78.64
93.25
86.40
81.34
87.47
86.70
84.48
85.42
84.34
89.60
90.34
90.37
88.96
80.51
87.29
92.53
92.38
93.23
83.35
86.00
82.18
83.35
92.53
80.84
92.44
76.87
93.24
88.52
95.47
84.09
89.75

/
Ash.

10.27
9.7
12.52
9.62
10.75
16.32
17.01
20.18
11.52
13.19
15.30
19.09
17.61
5.40
12.35
14.66
.18

11.40
14.27
13.23
14.81
7.55
8.51
7.88
9.74
16.34
10.54
5.74
7.21
5.69
14.28
11.50
16.07
13.13
6.95
15.99
7.23
19.86
5.80
8.29
4.00
12.96
9.0

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

99

Table LXV
PRODUCTS OF BITUMINOUS GAS COAL DISTILLATION

(Juptner;

(Variation with coal composition)

Pas

Coal from

O2

H2

Products of distilla-, Ammonia water

tion, per cent byCoke
weight
Coal dust
.

Ga^ produced per

kg coal

^^j^ ^^^.^ ^^^^^

fCOo

CO
H2
4

CH4

Volumetric analysis

4.34
8.80

6.17
10.73

5.56
5.06
88.38

6.66
5.36
86.97

7.71
5.40
85.89

10.10
5.53
83.37

11.70
5.64
81.66

13.70
3.90
4.59
71.48
6.33

15.08
4.65
5.57
57.63
7.07

15.81
5.08
6.80
64.90
7.41

16.95
5.48
8.61
60.88
8.08

17.00
5.59
9.86
58.00
9.36

30.13

31.01

30.64

29.73

27.44

1.47
6.68
54.21
34.37

1.58
7.17
52.79
34.43

1.72
8.81
50.10
35.03

2.79
9.86

3.13
11.93
42.26
37.14

.79

.99

.96

2.48

3.02

3.98

of gas

4.5.45

36.42
1.04
4.44

Table LXVI
AVERAGE DISTILLATION PRODUCTS OF CRUDE MINERAL OILS
Name

ClasB.

Average
Per Cent

of Product.

Yield.

Cjrmogene
Rhigolene
Gasolene
C naphtha (benzene)
B naphtha
I A naphtha (benzene)

small

Petroleum ether.

Lamp

kerosene

Gas
r

Heavy

oils

oils ....

17.5

28-22

.980

13

.725-. 765
.817-. 828
.840-. 860
.870-. 897
.908-. 912
.915-. 920

63-53
41-39
37-33
31-26
24
23-22

2
loss

Solar oil
Spindle oil

Engine

oil

oil

Gasolene or benzene
Kerosene

oils

Intermediate

Fuel

Lubricating

Residue and

Petrol

Lubricating

oil

Cylinder oil
Residue, astatki or

gondron

107

94-92
91-83
76-70
65
58
49
44

.85
.885-. 920

- 2.5

oil

Paraffine

\
I

Lamp

B6.

2- 2.5
-20
40 -55

2
12

\ Ordinary kerosene.

Intermediate

-1.5
10

Water white

60 F.

.635-.658
.680-. 700
.717-. 72
.742-. 745
.780-. 785
.800-. 810

'

spirit.

Specific Gr.

.590
.625-. 631

.1

Petroleum

Blanzy.

3.31
7.21

Gas
Tar

Commentry

7.06

N2

England.

2.70

Ash
Coal composition,
per cent by weight

Calais.

2.17
9.04

Moisture

'

De

-10

-16
-40
-12
-15
-40
-5

30
10
12
25
3

35

.88

4.76

(Robinson)
BoilingPoint, F.

32
64
86-158
140-212
175-250
212-265
300-^75
300-700

a
at

m
rt

10

-15

.900-. 950

25-17

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

100

Table LXVII

FRACTIONATION TESTS OF KEROSENES AND PETROLEUMS

Temperature

of

Distillation.

No.

Clasa and Density of Original.

Volumetric
Per Cent
Distilled.

23
11

American kerosene
Robinson
Sp.gr. .797

BL

45.67

8
9
10
16

7
3
Left as res.
13

20
2

Sp.gr. .825
B4. 39.9

13
18
12
6
1

Left as res.
3

American kerosene
Robinson
Sp.gr.

Alsatian petrolemn
Engler & Schestopal
Sp.gr. .801
Be. 44.8

"Kaiser " oil

Engler & Schestopal
Sp.gr. .795

Be. 46.1

Pennsylvania kerosene
Maschinenfabrik, Augsburg
Sp.gr. .800

Be. 45

Deg. F. at

End.

257
302
347
392
437
482
527
572

302
347
392
437
482
527
572
680

680
239
284
329
374
419
464
509
554

9
18

Russian kerosene
Robinson

Deg. F. at
Beginning.

284
329
374
419
464
509
554
680

680
293
338
383
428
473
518

338
383
428
473
518
572

30.35
44.7
20.2
3.8

302
392
482
572

302
392
482
572
608

29.7
32.3
26.3
11.7

302
392
482
572

392
482
572
608

15.8
22
19.25
16.8
26.15

302
392
482
572

302
392
482
572
608

25
23
28
13
7
3
.08

Specific

Gravity of

Density,

Distillate,

Baum6.

60 F.

.748
.767
.783
.794
.807
.821
.831
.836

57.21
52.5
49.0
46.5
43.5
40.8
38.8
37.5

.843

36.5

.786
.799
.816
.829
.831
.845
.857
.864

48.2
45.4
41.6
38.9
38.5
36.8
33.5
32.2

.877

29.8

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table LXVII

101

Continued

FRACTIONATION TESTS OF KEROSENES AND PETROLEUMS

Temperature

of
Distillation.

No.

Class and Density of Original.

Volumetric
Per Cent
Distilled.

Deg. F. at
Beginning.

German, benzol
7

Maschinenfabrik, Augsburg
Sp.gr. .873
Be. 30.5

Beaumont, Texas
8

Richardson

&

Wallace

Sp.gr. .912

Be. 23.5

Ohio
9

Mabey & Noble

Sp.gr. .829

Be. 38.9

Pennsylvania
10

Sp.gr. .914

Be. 23.2

Virginia, petroleum,

11

B.

heavy

Redwood

Sp.gr. at 32 F. .873, Be. 30.5

Virginia, petroleum, light

13

B.

Redwood

Sp.gr. 32 F. .8412

Be. 36.6

13

Pennsylvania, hght
B. Redwood
Sp.gr. at 32 F. .816
Be. 41.6

14

15

Penn., heavy, B.

212
302

Java, petroleum
B. Redwood
Sp.gr. at 32 F. .923

Deg. F. at
End.

230
302
572
752

302
572
752

23.0
21.0
21.0
27.0

185
302
572
752

21.0
41.0
14.0
23.0

176
302
572
752

1.0
1.3
12.0

212
284

212
284
356

1.3
4.3
11.0
17.7
25.2
28.5

212
248
284
320
356

212
248
284
320
356
392

4.3
10.7
16.0
23.7
28.7
31.0

212
248
284
320
356

212
248
284
320
356
392

12.0

500

500
536

212
248
320
356
392
428

212
248
320
356
392
428
464

1.0
1.0

15.0
22.3
24.3

Density,

Baum6.

60 F.

212
302

2.5
40.0
20.0
25.0

Redwood

Sp.gr. at 32 F. .886. Be.

Be. 21.8

68
28.7

Specific
of
Distillate,

Gravity

.8749
.9089
.9182

30.1
24.2
23.6

302
572
752

.7297
.8014
.8404
.8643

62.3
45.1
36.8
32.2

302
572
752

.7188
.7984
.8334

65.2
45.8
38.3

Paraffine

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

102

Table LXVIII

FRACTIONATION TESTS OF GASOLENES

Temp,
No.

Class and Density of Original.

of Distillation.

Density of

Volumetric
Per Cent
Distilled.

Beginning.

Gasolene [Blount]
Sp.gr. .739
Be. 59.5

Gasolene [Blount]
2

Sp.gr. .736

Be. 60.2

Gasolene
3

[Blount]

Sp.gr. .717

B^. 65.3

Gasolene

[Blount]
Sp.gr. .716

Be. 65.5

Gasolene
5

[Blount]

Sp.gr. .716

B6. 65.5

Gasolene
6

[Blount]
Sp.gr. .717

Be. 65.3

Gasolene
7

[Blount]

Sp.gr. .719

B^. 64.7

Gasolene
8

[Blount]

Sp.gr. .711

B6. 66.9

Gasolene
9

[Blount]

Sp.gr. .715

B^. 65.8

Gasolene

10

[Blount]

Sp.gr. .712

Be. 66.7

Gasolene

11

[Blount]
Sp.gr. .710

Be. 67.2

Density,

Distillate,

Deg. F. at

Deg. F. at
End.

60 F.

Baum^.

39
49
7.5
3.5

158
212
248
271

212
248
271

.722
.748
.757
.767

63.9
57.2
55.0
52.6

48
37
11.5
2.5

158
212
248
271

212
248
271

.727
.747
.762
.767

62.5
57.5
53.9
52.6

65.5
26.5
4.5
2.5

149
212
248
271

212
248
271

.708
.742
.754
.769

67.9
58.8
55.8
52.2

69.0
22.0
4.5

149

212
248

212
248
271

.707
.743
.751
.770

68
58.5
56.5
51.9

.704
.742
.753
.772

68.9
58.9
56
51.5

.71

.744
.753
.769

67.2
58.2
55.9
52

271

65.0
26.0
5.0
2.5

145
212
248
271

212
248
271

70.0
24.0
3.0

212
248
271

1.5

149
212
248
271

67.0
21.0
6.0
4.5

140
212
248
271

212
248
271

.706
.742
.750
.770

68.2
58.9
56.8
51.9

66
24
6.5
2.5

140
212
248
271

212
248
271

.700
.731
.741
.762

70
61.6
58.9
53.8

59
28.5
7.0
4.0

212
248
271

62.0
25.0
7.0
5.0
68
22.5
6.5
2.0

212
248
271

'

212
248
271

.701
.736
.750
.765

69.8
60.2
56.6
53.0

145
212
248
271

212
248
271

.699
.730
.742
.758

70.1
61.8
58.8
54.8

136

212
248
271

.699
.736
.750
.736

70.1
60.2
56.6
60.2

145

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table LXVIII

103

Continued

FRACTIONATION TESTS OF GASOLENES

Temp,
No.

Class and Density of Original.

Deg. F. at
Beginning.

Deg. F. at

86.5
11.5

133
212
248
271

212
248
271

59
29

145
212
248
271

212
248
271

64
26
6.5
2.5

149
212
248
271

68
23
5.5
2.5

Distilled.

12

Gasolene [Blount]
Sp.gr. .700
Be. 70

Gasolene
13

[Blount]

Sp.gr. .718

Gasolene

14

[Blount]

Sp.gr. .717

Be. 65.3

Gasolene

15

[Blount]
Sp.gr. .717

Be. 65.3

Gasolene

16

[Blount]

.717
B6. 65.3
Sp.gr.

Gasolene
17

[Blount]

Sp.gr. .715

Be. 65.8

Gasolene

18

[Blount]

Sp.gr. .705

Be. 68.6

Gasolene

19

Sp.gr. .705

Be. 68.6

Gasolene

20

Sp.gr. .71

B6. 67.18

[Chambers]

Density,

Distillate,

Bauml.

60 F.

End.

72.3
59.5

704
.742
.755
.768

69
58.8
55.5
52.5

212
248
271

.705
.740
.754
.770

68.8
59.4
55.8
51.7

149
212
248
271

212
248
271

.705
.743
.755
.773

68.8
58.6
55.5
51.2

67.5
22
5.5
3.5

143
212
248
271

212
248
271

.706
.742
.758
.770

68
58.8
54.9
51.8

58
24
9.5
6.5

136
212
248
271

212
248
271

.700
.733
.749
.770

70
61

131

212
248
271

.697
.736
.751
.768

60.2
56.5
52.5

140
212
248
271

212
248
271

.696
.736
.745
.764

71.1
60.3
57.9
53.2

148.8
149.2
167.0
176
176
186.8
197.6
206.6
212.0
219.2
226.4
233.6
248.0
258.8
284.0

149.2
167.0
176.0
176
186.8
197.6
206.6
212.0
219.2
226.4
233.6
248.0
258.8
284.0
311

73
17.5
5
3

[Blount]

Density of

.692
.739

8
3

Be. 65

of Distillation.

Volumetric
Per Cent

74
15.5
5.0
4.0

6.67
6.66
6.67
6.67
6.66
6.67
6.67
6.66
6.67
6.67
6.66
6.67
7.67
5.66
4.37

212
248
271

57
51.8
71

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

104

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TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

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HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC
Table LXX

106

RATE OF FORMATION OF CO FROM

CO2

AND CARBON

Volumetric Analysis.

Form

Fine,

of

Carbon.

amorphous

mm

Charcoal, 2-5
Charcoal, hazel nut

mm

Coke, 2-5
Coke, hazel nut
Gas carbon, 2-5

Gas

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Charcoal, 5

Charcoal, 5

Charcoal, 5

Charcoal, 5

Charcoal, 5

Charcoal, 5

6.

mm

coke, hazel nut,

Coke

mm ....

mm.

mm.

mm.

mm.

mm

Temp.

Time.

Deg. F.

Seconds.

CO

CO2

CO

13.6
39.9
17.1
79.1
83.6
80.1
86.7

86.4
60.1
82.9
20.9
16.4
19.9
13.3

6.43
1.51
4.88

50.3
50.4
51.8
52.2
37.5
28.3
24.5
6.3
3.9

1.01
1.01
1.07
1.09

CO2

1472
1472
1472
1472
1472
1472
1472

480
480
480
480
480
480
480

1472
1472
1472
1472
1472
1472
1472
1472
1472

189
116
57
46

2.7
1.6

49.7
49.6
48.2
47.8
62.5
71.7
75.5
93.7
96.1

1562
1562
1562
1562
1562
1562
1562
1562

123
54
24
13
9.3
4.6
3.7
3.3

25.7
29.8
42.8
47.4
70.3
70.3
77.6
77.5

74.3
70.2
57.2
52.6
29.7
29.7
22.4
22.5

2.88
2.36
1.34

87.3
86.7
70.8
49.8
31.1
34.4

6.87
6.52
2.42

4.3
2.8
2.2

12.7
13.3
29.2
50.2
68.9
65.6

1697
1697
1697
1697
1697
1697

119
81
12
5.8
4.3
2.3

5.3
6.7
15.2
28.2
35.8
62.5

94.7
93.3
84.8
71.8
64.2
37.5

17.9
13.9
5.57
2.54
1.79

1832
1832
1832
1832
1832

70
18.6
8.2
3.7
2.3

5.1
5.7
9.7
20.3
20.5

2012
2012
2012
2012
2012

36.5
10.4
4.97
3.6
1.9

1652
1652
1652
1652
1652
1652

1652
1652
1652
1652

24
16
12

64
44
10

142
80
44
25

CO
CO +CO2

Authority.

.864
.601
.829
.209
.164
.199
.133

Boudouard

.503
.504
.518
.522
.375
.283
.245
.063
.039

Clement

.743
.702
.572
.526
.297
.297
.224
.225

Clement

.873
.867
.708
.498
.311
.344

Clement

Clement

.60

.947
.933
.848
.718
.642
.375

94.9
94.3
90.3
79.7
79.5

18.6
16.5
9.3
3.92
3.88

.949
.943
.903
.797
.795

Clement

1.3
1.7
1.9
2.7
5.4

98.7
98.3
98.1
97.3
94.6

75.9
57.8
51.6
36.0
17.5

.987
.983
.981
.973
.946

Clement

72.4
86.9
90.6
94.3

27.6
13.1
9.4
5.7

.26
.20
.25
.15

.60
.40
.32
.067
.041

1.11
.42
.42
.29
.29

.99
.45
.52

.382
.151
.104
.061

.276
.131
.094
.057

Clement

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table

107

LXXContinued

RATE OF FORMATION OF CO FROM

CO2

AND CARBON

Volumetric Analysis.

Form

6.

7.

8.

9.

of

Carbon.

Coke

Coke

Coke

Coke

Coke

10. Anthracite

11.

Anthracite

12. Anthracite

Temp.

Time,

Deg. F.

Seconds.

1652
1652
1652

1832
1832
1832
1832
1832
1832
1832
1832

16

9.6
3.7
123
80
33
19
6.4
4.1
3.1

2.0

2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012

90
30

2192
2192
2192
2192
2192
2192

19
13

13

6.7
3.2
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
.96

8.3
2.4
1.6
1.1

CO

CO

C02

CO +CO2

CO2

CO

95.1
97.4
99.2

4.9
2.6

21.6
35.6
47.1
68.0
86.1
88.5
90.8
93.7

78.4
64.4
52.9
32.0
13.9
11.5
9.2
6.3

3.62
1.81
1.12

2.9
14.6
33.9
44.4
68.3
69.6
76.0
77.9
78.6
86.7

97.1
85.4
66.1
55.6
31.7
30.4
24.0
22.1
21.4
13.3

33.6
5.85
1.95
1.25

1.1

98.9
97.8
95.3
68.5
43.9
33.5

89.7
44.4
20.2
2.18

99.9
97.9
93.2
83.4

999
46.5
13.7
5.02

7.2
1.5

.8

2.2
4.7
31.5
56.1
66.5

.051
.027
.008

.47
.16
.13
.101
.067

.46
.437
.316
.284
.272

.154

.78
.504

.049
.026
.008

Clement

.784
.644
.529
.320
.139
.115
.092
.063

Clement

.971
.854
.661
.556
.317
.304
.240
.221
.214
.133

Clement

.989
.978
.953
.685
.439
.335

Clement

.999
.979
.932
.834

Clement

.878
.601
.477
.302
.265

Clement

Clement

Clement

2372
2372
2372
2372

8.9
4.1
2.1
1.1

2.1
6.8
16.6

2012
2012
2012
2012
2012

34
9.4
5.4
3.3
2.4

12.2
39.9
52.3
69.8
73.5

87.8
60.1
47.7
30.2
26.5

2192
2192
2192
2192
2192

47
10
5.1
2.8
1.6

.3

14.4
28.5
57.7
69.0

99.7
85.6
71.5
42.3
31.0

332.3
5.95
2.5
.73
.45

.997
.856
.715
.423
.310

2372
2372
2372
2372
2372
2372

12.4
6.0
3.6
3.0
1.91
1.07

3.5
17.6
19.1
33.7
49.7

99.9
96.5
82.4
80.9
66.3
50.3

999
27.6
4.68
4.23
1.97
1.01

.999
.965
.824
.809
.663
.503

.1

.1

.91
.43

.36

Authority.

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

108

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TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

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112

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TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

113

Table LXXII

COMPOSITION OF WATER GAS

Volumetric Analysis.

No.

Ratios.

Description.

CO
CO.

H2.

54.52
gas, coke, Sexton
Dellurck process water gas, Lewes
52 .76
No. 3
52 ,76
Strong water gas, Moore
Dellurck Process water gas, Lewes
52 ,43
No. 1
Average water gas, Lewes
51 ,89

Essen water

CH4.

CO2.

31.86 1.62

N2

O2.

12. 00

37.50
35.88 4.11

4.08
2.05

46

38.30
40.08

4.73
4.80

74

.10

CO
CO +COj

CO2

5.2
9.2
4.33 17.5

,90

3.80
3.13

.89

.95

8.1
8.35

.89

From

anthracite before carburetting

for illumination, O'Connor
51.8
Dellurck Process water gas, Lewes

14
15
16

1.3

12.4

.93

22 3.36 7.4
3.25 14.4
3.74 14.4
.71 11.8
8.75 8.45
4.00 16.1

carburetting,
before
gas
3.0
Lowell
48, 6 43.2 2.0
48, 31 35.93 1.05 4.25
Average water gas, Lewes

2.8 14.4
9.95 8.45

.93

2.2

15.3

.94

Water

50.

gas,

Morehead

50,

gas. Allen

Uncarbm*etted water gas

Uncarburetted water gas
Essen water gas, coke, Thorpe

11
12
13

3.5

5.38
09 39.95
43.25 .5
3.0
49, 65 42.89 .75 2.97
3.87
49, 55 45.89
49, 50 35.93 1.05 4.25
49, 17 43.75 .31 2.71

No. 2
Blue water

8
9
10

43.4

.935
.935
.92
.89
.94

Water

Water

gas
average
Water gas
average

Lowe water

17
18

Water

19

Water

before

carburetting,

before

carburetting,

47.97 42.75 4.23 2.80

gas, anthracite,

gas, anthracite,

45. 57 44.85 4.41

Thorpe. 44. 50 42.10

Loomis

.89

4.45
3.60

.77 10.1

.91

9.80 11.7

.92
.92

Petti-

bone

44, 3

42.4 2.7

3.5

6.9

bituminous coke, Loomis

Pettibone
42, 1

32.6 2.9

5.3

16.8

12.1

gas,

6.15

,86

Table LXXIII

COMPOSITION OF OIL PRODUCER GAS

Volumetric Analysis, Per Cent.

Ratio.

B.T.U. per
Cubic Foot.

Name.

CO

H2

8.0
8.6
7.8
7.3
8.35
6.0

12.0
10.0
9.8
47.4
53.65
46.0

CH4 Cn^hn

O2

CO2

.2

4.2 57.4
5.4 64.4
6.5 65.5
2.0
4.5
2.25 7.45
8.4
3.0

N2

CO
CO2

CO
CO +CO2

1.9
1.6
1.2
3.7
3.7
2.0

.66
.61
.55
.78
.79
.67

High.

Low.

275
209

249
192
176
605
487
566

Process of International

Amet. Co

Do
Do
Lowe

process

(I

It

16.2
7.0
6.0
28.6
22.50
26.0

2.0
4.2
4.0
10.0
5.4
10.30

.3

.4
.2
.4
.3

192
661
543
630

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

114

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TO

o o

O
2

OOOOOOO'cioOOOOCO'TjOOJOOOOO
lOO^OOiOO bCO(NOO^C0 ?^001>-0000
O^

05
CO

0
CO

(N
t^

i^ '^ "^^
00 1> tH

tH 00 05_
cq o

'"1

00

00
CO

CD

CO

CO

>0

'

CO
CO

00
CO

CO

rH

05

O O CO
o
O
rH
rH

00

tH
CD

00
o

'd^

CO

CO

CD

CD

O
tH

00

00

CO

l>

lO

CD

CD

11

00
05

rH

Oi

CO

00
05

CO

1-1

rH

rH

00

CO
CD

rjl

CO

1>

rH

CO

CO

05
CO

Oi

Oi

tH

05
lO
CO

CD
(M
CJ>

OS
lO
CO

'

00
Oi

00

T-I

Oi

CO
CD

Oi

CO
(M

00

o
O
CD
CD

Oi

CO
CO

Oi

CO
rH

fe
CO
CO

00

r-i

1>

CD

Oi

Oi

71

1>

CO
Oi

CO

o
00
CO

1-H

rH

00
CD

O
CD

CO
lO

Oi

00
00

O
O o
lO
CO
CO
Oi
1>
o

CO
1>
t^

00
-*
to

00
<N

rH

tH

o
Oi

CD
CO

CD

1-1

CD
Oi
CO

Tt<
r-l

O CO
o
o
00

CO
00
Oi
lO
lO

CO

(N

Tt^

lO

Oi
00

r^

Ttt

CO
(N
CM

TjH

CO

CO

1-H

r-l

T-i

Oi
Oi

lO
Oi

1>

CO
1>

00

r-i

lO

Oi

CO

1^
CO

l>
iO

CD

CO

CO
CO

00

CO
CO
rH

CO
C3i

lO

o
o

CO

CO

CO
CO

o
l>
o

rH
Oi

(N

Oi

CO

rH
CO

1-H

1-1

TtH

Oi
CO
Oi

lO

T-i

TJH

11

CO

o
o
00
(N

CO

00

(N
'^
'^

CN
rji

o
o o
Oi
o O

CO
t^
CO
Oi

CO

Oi

CD
00

rH

lO
lO
lO
00

iO
rH

CO
(N

CO
CO
CO

(N
Oi
Oi

CO
03
CD

<M

(N

CO

03

(N

to
1>
Oi

1>
K3

CO
lO
Oi

TtH
r-i

rH

CO

o
o

rH
:
.a
13 _;

o
a
*3b

>

^
<A

-a
fl >: .9
bD "^ bC
i-j
tj
'^ m^ -H

n^

Oi
lO
00
lO

^
.3
bfl

of
1-H

o3

'bb

(M

00

l>

o3"

a 1^

lO
CO

o
CO

^2
6

O*

(N

c3

be

"^ CO
lO

i-H

bC

00
CO
00

o
CO

TtH

CI

fl
.^
i-{
,^

r-i
T}H

_co_

00

bO

00

00
(N

CO
CO
CO

Oi

rJH

lO
Oi

lO
CO

Pi

(M
00
00
rH
rH

11

Oi

00
CO
00

TjH

o o
rH
00
O 00

00
lO
lO

Oi

o
l>

1-^

t^
CO

tH

Oi
1>

rH

Oi
tH

CO

CD

iH

CD

1>

CO

CO

00.

tco

11

CO
CO

1-1

00

o
o

CO

T-i

lO
(M
00

Tj<

CO

rH

o o o
o
CO

o
CO

rH
CO
CO

O
CD
O
tH

1-H

CO

O
rH

11

CD

o O
o
tH
rH

Oi

Oi

<^^ ^.
CO CO

<^..

o o

00

1-H

(N

CO
CO

to

O
CO

CD'

CO
CO

o
OS

rH

rH

CO
tH

1>.

00
CO
CO

O
o
Oi
CO
2 o
o 1>
o CO CD
O
Oi
O
O
T
CD
O
CD
1>
CD

Oi
CO

-^^'

Oi

iH

'^^ '^l

8
Oi

00
00

CD
CD
CD

<=^

bC

.s ii
bC

>
K^

>

o
fl

.ti

-^

xa

f^

kT

.-t;

CD

>^ oT

.^5
.~ "^

."^

.+0

fl

to

t^
pq

hjr

115

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

116

LXXV

Table

COMPOSITION OF POWDERED COAL, PRODUCER GAS

Volumetric Analysis, Per Cent.
Sample.

2
3
4
5

O2

CO2

N2

CO2

CO
CO +CO2

High.

Low.

1.4

9.2
8.1
7.6
4.9
8.0

63.29
61.40
66.50
62.40
64.80

1.7
1.7
1.6
3.7
1.7

.63
.63
.62
.79
.63

119
140
112
128
118

Ill
129
103
119
109

CO

CO

H2

15.85
13.52
12.20
18.2
13.8

6.17
11.51
10.50
12.20
10.4

CH4

4.09
5.17
3.20
2.1
2.5

CH27l

.3

.0
.1

B.T.U. per
Cubic Foot.

Ratio.

.1

.5

Table LXXVI
COMPOSITION OF BOILER FLUE GASES (Volumetbic)
Stat. Boiler, Illinois Coal.U. S. Geological Survey.

Locomotive

Boiler, U. S. Geological Survey.

Average
Analysis.

of.

CO2

O2

3.4
3.7
4.4
5.0
5.3
5.9
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8.0
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8
9.0
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8
10.0
10.2
10.4
10.8
11.0

11.1

11.4

17.5
17.2
16.3
15.0
14.7
14.4
14.1
13.7
13.0
12.6
12.8
12.6
12.4
12.9
12.1
11.7
11.6
11.3
11.1
10.8
10.7
10.4
10.1
9.9
9.4
9.2
9.9
8.9
8.6
8.8
8.6
7.9

4
3
5
5
5
5
6
9
16
9
14

20
18

20
14

30
31

27
16
17

19
14
16

10

8
8
6
8
4

CO
CO

CO2

Analysis.

CO
CO +CO2

.1

.0189

.0185

.04

.0068

.00674

.03

.00485

.00482

.07

.0109

.0108

.10

.0152

.0149

.01

.00147

.0147

.06

.0086

.0085

.08

.0111

.011

.00
.05

.0066

.00655

.03

.00385

.00375

.04

.005

.00498

.10

.0122

.012

.10

.0119

.01175

.10

.0116

.0115

.20

.0228

.0222

.10

.0111

.011

.10

.0109

.01075

.20

.0213

.0208

.20

.0208

.0204

.20

.0204

.02

.20

.020

.0196

.20

.0196

.0192

.5

.048

.046

.02

.00185

.36

.00185
.0327

.30

.027

.0253

.40

.035

.034

.0317

CO
CO2

CO
CO +CO2

CO2

O2

CO

10.16
11.10
11.15

8.49
7.84
7.52
6.92
7.49
7.08
7.00
7.07
6.93
6.94
5.87
4.49
4.75

.13

.0128

.0126

.23

.0207

.0203

.20

.0179

.0176

.10

.00875

.17

.0148

.23

.0193

.00865
.0147
.0189

.14

.0117

.0155

.15

.0125

.0123

.05

.0041

.0407

.22

.0177

.0174

.20

.0147

.0145

.25

.018

.0177

11.45
11.46
11.50
11.96
11.96
12.05
12.20
12.45
13.57
13.87

.00

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

O

iH Ni 00 CO
00 05 t> 05 CC

rt4
!>

oa
o

CO
io CO

cq
CO

OCOOeOCD(NOi-iCO

O0005O05OC0500
CO

Tj<

i> CO

-i 1-1

1> lo

OOOiCOiiC005Tt<t-(0S
iOC0I>C005t-ItJ1t-iO

lO 00 i>
1 05 CO

CO
00
CO
<N 00
(N CO

Oi r^ CO
lo CO CO

05
CO

O
O
O CO
O t^
O

rti

00 lO t^ rH

CO
O
05 05
CO o

CO C5

CO

CO (N

CO lo 00
05 CO t^
(N t^ (M

CO

lO 00
O
00 lO

00

CO 00 05

Oi (N CO 05 CO
CO lO 00
05 <N (N (N 1-H

CO lO 00
i>

CO 05 r^ t^

11
11

05
T

1>
CO

00 lO

CO CO
CO lo 1

i-(<N05iOcOiO(Mt^(N
Ttio5ioo5rH05Tt^t^oo

05C0
i>ai

0(M1>
ooi>

rt<

COi-<C^

CO
tH

1ico"^
1ii1it

00

Gi

-^

COOiCO0000(MiOiO

Tj<CO
00Tt<

00COTt<
00t-Tj<

00
C^

t>^0J(N

(Ni-lCO

1lT-l(N

Tt<05
1ii
!>>

00 CO CO
(M (N o:>

CO(NOS01>-l>-iOCOTt<
1 T CO
I

lOi-t
tH

t>.

G5

05<NCOCOi-<iOC<I(No6

1-1

05t*h,-<|>0
lotocoi-tio
i-<01>COOi

'^

1 LQ 05
I

CO^

COOOTjHO'^COOTt^TtH
rlHT-(rH001:^t^O(N
iO<M(M(Miiiiiii

"<* ""^
<Z> r-i

tH
05

OO

r-l

(N

CO

PU

^ Oi ao
03 lO CXI

PL.

^00 (N

117

05

CO00(N

00
CO

CO

00 (N (N
T-l (N

Tt<

(N

Tt<

1^0500
OS'^CO
cooco
lOOO-^

CO
CO
0
oj
CO

t^

O
OO o
OO

05 lO 1
CO
1-t >o
t^
(N 1-t
(M CO
i-<
(M (N
1-1 (M (N (M

C5^0i

00(NCO

TJH

t-1

CO

Tt<

05 00
.J

"i^

lO

00 05

rt<

CO

OiO

TjHt^cocot^cqco

COiOOi^COOOOO

ri<

(M

1-1

i-<

t^<M

00(M

th cq lO
CO (N (M
lO
(M

(N

t^(NO

1-I05

CO

3 "

t^O^t^OOr-tCO'^CO

Tj^cO

"^l^iOrt^COCOO

(M CO

TfiCO(MOi-<i-iCOI>CO

OO Oi

(NTt<t^"<:J^COC0(Mi-iOi
CO 1 1 1
I

T-< -I

t^

rtl

C<l(NOSrt<COiOiOCOTt<
11 1-1

PQ (N
CO

Tt<

Oi

o o
00 CO 00 CO
^
O (N
t^
t^ "^
O O t^
(N
O

(MiOCO

OOi-i

I> CO (N (M

1-1

Oiiico
l>.t^CO

1-1

Tt<

CO
CO

05
CO -^ t^ o
O
lO O (N O O

C5 C^ CO
lO CO Oi
rH Ttl

o^

00

1-ICD

-rtlOSOO

<35

TfiCO

t^(MTt<
05l>i-l

00
05
05

lO

1itHih

CO

l>00iO

O (M
CO *

05
CO
'^ tH Oi
i>. i> CO

tH

(N 00 O)

CO
lO

l>COi-l

COfMt^

OOi-l

(N

rt<

CO lO '^

(N 05 05

0 tH

oo

tH (N CO

CO

O
O

CJ5

CO lO

05

Tj<

i-)o:)>OiOi>.

1-1

Tt<

TjH

C3i

ooo

CD
00

1>
(M lO <M

O
o

T}<

Tt^
l-H

lO 00

CO lO (M
CO lO -^

o
lO
O

(N
Tt<

(N

Oi
CO

00

Tt<

00

as

CO

lO

CO CO

tH 05 (M

Tt<

00

(N

p^

O
O

Ph

O
P^
Ph

lO

CO

H
P^

lO (N
CO
CD 00 00
(M
(N 1> lO 1-1 Tt*

"=^

H^
I

00

CO

lO CO

0 05
05
Tt<
CO CO CO
C5 t^ 05

OCO
coos

OOi-lOS

OlOSCOrtHCOiOOOOiO
C0C0iOC01>00OC0Tti

O
CO

l-H

00000(N000 oo ooo
O

^ 3o

1-1

COiO
Oi-i

oo>o-^05cooiT-(cooo

t^fM-^iOi-iOiOOOO

P^

lO ^^ 00

T-ICO

OC01>.^1:^C000001>

t>-

O
O

<3

O
-(
o
o

o
<

o
o

(N

(M

CO

"<^

i-<

O 1>
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CO o

to -^ (^

1-1

CO

-"^

1-1

i-I

CO

00 l> CO

0]

o
a

bO
;

cu

OJ

00 I> lO

TJH

Q^

Tt<
i-t

05
(M

rt<

O
05
O

o
O
(N
(M
1-1

ft

t3

TO

c3

t/^

^'

> >
9 ?

bC

0)

o3
-!f.

(N

CO
CO

bC

'

CO

(M (M CO

o3

o
S

00

CO

11

(N

CO

tn

V,
'x

00

lO (M

1-t

OO

(N

lO

iH CO 05

(N 00
Ttl

CO
IQ

OO
W
00 o

(M

o
CO
00

(N

CO lO

(N !>. CO
0 CO TiH

o
o

05

<N

C5 CO

1-1

CO

O 1>

1-1

13

"ts

(U

o o o

WWpqp^UO

'*'

n:

c^

bC

Q^

o3

OD
;3

bC o
o t^ g
^ s a

.-S

__

c3
i-^

>^
j^

"
G "^
t-i

."S
'"-I

tn
o3

uj

bO

bD
5r!

O O o
o S <u
G
bC^ 03 y^
O.bC
O *^
^ ^
zr p-^ ^
.

"^
""

*-'

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

118

Table LXXVIII
LIMITS OF PROPORTION FOR EXPLOSIVE AIR-GAS MIXTURES
Per Cent of GiIS in the Mixture by Volume.
Authority.

Gas.

Combining
Proportion.

r^Q-rVfcrkn

TYinnnvinp

<

"

....

<<

''

....

29.6
29.6
29.6
29.6
29.6
29.6
29.6
29.6
29.6

TTxrrlrriO'PTi
11

tt
Cl

"W^o+pr

0Pn<5

t,Vl

POfPtical

"

<<

<<

"

t(

it

C!nnl

....

14.9
14.9
14.9
14.9

Cfift

( (

It
((

...

<<
(

Boston illuminating gas

ti

IC

11

""7.9

An^fvlpTiP
<(

7.9
7.9
7.9
7.9
6.5
6.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
3.4
3.4
2.7

*'

ct

a
Tr.+lTirlp-np

n
A/Ipt.ViaTiP

i(

Ethpr
(<

Tlpni/PTiP
<'

11

2.6
2.6

< <

11

QfiO

Re

o -a A

ti

71

(t

Aco TiA

AlprkViol
'.<

jjiau oil

6.5
6.5

go/fa

9.0
TT+Vinnp

When Air is in
Excess.
16.5
16.5
13.0
9.45
9.45
7.69
5.00
12.4
12.4
9.0
3.8
8.33
7.9
7.9
5.3
6.0
6.7
6.25
6.67
6.25
6.67
3.35
3.35
1.54
2.96
3.0
4.1
4.1
6.1
6.1
5.0
2.75
2.75
2.65
2.65
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.5
1.54
1.54
1.31
3.95
3.95
4.0
5.0
4.0

When Gas

is

in

Excess.

Eitner

74.95
58.4
75
66.4
54.4
33.3
72.0
66.75
54.3
55.0
16.7
33.3

Bunte
Clowes
Eitner

Bunte
M.I.T.
Clowes
Eitner

Bunte
Clowes
M.I.T.
M.I.T.

19
11.2

Eitner

16.7
29
20
14.28
25.0
12.5
20.0
52.3
49.0
47.6
66.7
82.0
14.6
10.5
12.8
9.7
13.0
7.7
5.0
6.5
3.9
4.9
2.5
4.9
2.4
4.76
4.76
4.76
13.65
9.7
8.0
13.0
22.0

Clerk

Bunte

.,

Clowes
Clerk

Grover
M.I.T.
M.I.T.
M.I.T.
Eitner

Bunte
M.I.T.

Clowes
Eitner

Bunte
Eitner

Bunte
Clowes
Eitner

Bunte
Eitner

Bunte
Eitner

Bunte
Eitner

Bunte
M.I.T.
M.I.T.
M.I.T.
Eitner

Bunte
Hallock

Lucke
Clowes

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

119

ooooocoooio^ooofNoioooooovooooomo
CO'<^<OOCOCOOi>-iOOiOcOC<J000500iOOO-^O^OiOiO
Xi

^0(Tt^cOTt^TJ^I>(r)COcOOOO^*^>C5o6oOOOcOOOo6o6
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(^^l>rt^OTJ^Ol-H0005^-^(^^OOcOCO'rf^cOTt^0051-l^>.ocOTt^
l>05005X>J>COCOT:t<'*'^CiOa5CO(NOOr-iCOI>COOT--liOTtHO
ooOl-Hcocx)lO^05005^-^^>^(Nl-^05(^o(^i1-l(^^ooir-IT--I1-^

c8

(^lT-^(^^^-^rH1-^r^T-^c^T-^(^^r-^<^^(^J(^^rH(N(^^(^^(^lc^l--l(^l(^l(^^

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QOoo^'C<^lOlOoo(^^05oocooOlO^--^Or-lco"^coco(^^(^^GO'--l

1liItHt-ItliliItlCq>ICqCOi-Hr-lCqi-lC^CQTlilili(tHiIC^

lO CO CO 05

oo

COC005COiO>Ot^OO>OCOCOO(MOOOC<J05'^OOi-iOCOa50i

CO'^COCOCOCOCO'*COTlHOcO'^'^iOiOiOCOiO'<^iOCOCO'<ti>0

X
X
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TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

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121

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

122

Table

LXXX

DIAGRAM FACTORS FOR OTTO CYCLE GAS ENGINES

Compression.

Size in Inches.

Test
Authority.

Engine.
Bore.

Stroke.

Efficiencies

cycle. ......

Four cycle

40 H.P. four cycle

7.8

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
....

51.18
33.465
22.64
Delamarre
23.622
CockeriU
23.622
Letombe
20.47
Winterthur
Cie. Berlin Anhalt 16.92
16.73
Benz
15.75
Soest
14.173
Deutz
14.5
Taneve
13.78
Fetu
13.78
Schmitz
13
Otto-Deutz
13.78
Niel
12.2
Winterthur
11.85
Schmitz
11.8
Winterthur
11.8
Benier
Cockerill
(

Tangve
Dudbridge
Tangye
((

National
Giildner
<(

Catteau

Tangye
Four cycle
<(

(<
((

11

11
11
10
10
10

9.85
9.85
9
7
6
6
6
6
6

11.8

12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
....

Vol. before Press, after

Meyer

3.73-6.45

55.07
39.37
37.4
31.5
31.5
29.92
27.56
22
22.83
22.87
22
22
21.26
22.83

Hubert

19

Witz

17.7
18
17.7
17.3
20
18.6

Mathot

Frangois

Witz
Allaire

Witz

Mathot

<<

It

Witz
Mathot
11

19
Witz
19
Mathot
18
15.75 Schrotter

< (

(t

9.18
10.35
5.8
7.28
8.03
11.2
8.17
13.06
7.35
11.55
4.83
9.12
9.12
9.4
11.58
7.75
11.3
10.32
4.39
10.64
4.83
5.81
6.8
5.88
10.6
10.6
12.59
10.2

Witz

tc

(t

6.37

15.75
Witz
18
Hirsch
16
Burstall
12
12
12
((
12
((
12

t(

3.03-8.13
3.03-8.13
3.03-8.13
3.03-8.13
3:03-8.13
3.03-8.13
3.03-8.13
3.03-8.13

Burstall

Hopkinson

Per Cent.

Dia-

gram
Actual.

Vol. after Press.before

Four

25
24.4
21.4
18.8
18.9
21.2
21.9
23.1
16.6
18.7
17.2
18.1
33.5-37.0
depending

upon load
22.9
25.0

2.44
4
2.78
2.7

'

19.75
24.3
27.3
25.6
26.9
23.8
31.3
30.4
30.6
18.0
24.2
38.8
31.8
31.6
31.3
25.2
13.75
29.8
29.2
27.4
30.1
21.2
39.0
33.9
37.2
25.8
21.0
18.0
18.0
17.6
16.4

Air Card

Factor.

Standard.

44
42
37
33
33
36
43

47
33
36
43
47
52

46.9
48.7
39.7
43.4
45.0
49.9
45.2
52.0
43.6
50.3
36.2
46.9
46.9
47.3
50.4
44.5
50.1
48.7
34.3
49.2
36.4
39.7
42.4
39.9
49.1
49.1
51.5
48.6
42.8
29.6
42.8
33.3
32.7

.58
.58
.58
.57

.57
.59
.51
.49
.50
.52
.40
.38
.64-.71

.49
.514
.498
.56
.606
.514
.595
.457
.718
.605
.845
.384
.515
.82
.63
.71
.625
.518
.4

.605
.802
.69
.71
.53

.795
.69
.723
.53
.49
.608
.42
.529
.502

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table

123

LXXX Continued

DIAGRAM FACTORS FOR OTTO CYCLE ENGINES

Compression.

Size in Inches.

Test
Authority.

Engine.
Bore.

Stroke.

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
8^
8^
81

12
12

< <

12
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
13

<(

n
11
(

Meyer
< (

Per Cent.

Dia-

gram
Vol. before Press, after

Vol. after

Fourcycle

Efficiencies,

Press.before

Actual.

16.2
15.6
13.6
13.4
12.6
11.7
19.4
20.0
22.7

2.04
2.17
4.0
4.0
1.75
2.7
2.22
2.94
4.0
3.75
3.6
2.84

32.7
26.8
20.2

Compression pressure ratio has been calculated assuming an

initial

Factor.

Air Card

Standard.

34.6
26.2
42.8
42.8
19.5
32.7
26.9
35.0
42.8
41.2
40.3
35.2

pressure of

.468
.595

.318
.313
.646
.358
.721
.572
.53
.794
.665
.574

14.7 lbs.

per square inch.

Table

HEAT BALANCES OF GAS AND

LXXXI

OIL ENGINES (Per Cent of Gas or Oil Heat)

Radiation

Engine and Authority.

I.II.P.

B.H.P.

Friction.

Exhaust.

Jacket.

and Unaccounted
for.

Donkin
Beck engine, Kennedy
Griffin engine, Kennedy
Atkinson engine, Kennedy
Otto Crossley engine, Kennedy.
Comp. Ratio.
2.67
2.67
4.32
4.32
General,

R.P.M.
187

247
187
247

22.32
19.4
21.1
25.5
22.1

43.29
42.9
39.8
37.9
35.5

32.96
33.0
35.2
27.0
43.2

18.0
18.1
24.4
23.7
33.0
29.48
43.5
45.8
41.5
31.8
33.3
21.5

30.8
36.3
21.8
26.8
31.0*
36.3
24.1
23.9
24.8
41.1
37.1
25
24.1

51.2
45.6
53.8
49.5
36.0
34.22
34.3
31.8
33.8
27.1]

1.43
4.7
3.9
9.6
8 excess

a/g (Air-gas)

7.11,
7.35,
7.43,
7.40,

Slaby
Slaby
Slaby
Slaby

Mathot

Westinghouse, Bibbins
300 H.P. engine at 197 H.P., Eberly
''
''
294 H.P., Eberly
"
''
335 H.P. Eberly
6 H.P. engine, I.C.E
24 H.P. engine, I.C.E
Deutz 2 H.P., WimpUnger
Giildner 20 H.P., Schroter
Wabath 75 H.P., Geer and Yane,

lain

300 H.P., Goldsmith and Hart

wig
Hornsby, Robinson
De la Vergne F. H., Towl
Pierce-Arrow, Chase

* Including radiation,

28.0
24.9
33.5
32.2
30.9
26.7
28.3

5.0
4.58
10.0]
13.6
10.6
5.1

16.1

5.4

27.1

21.3

5.8

23.4

49.5

24.4

17.1
18

7.3

21

40.14

27.52

50.6
29
20.03

25.0
50
26.50
29.4

42.7

18

t Including

pumps.

12.62

1.9 excess
1.5

'*

.1

''

29. 6j\x

50.4
33.2

% Including external radiation.

3.1

13.33

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

124

Table LXXXII
MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE FACTORS FOR OTTO CYCLE ENGINES
(m.e.p') = 5.4
[l "
Eq. (933)

F^

Px
Pa
Atmos

^Px^

[-*] ^A^-im
.0000

1.0
1.2
1.4

.878

.0508

.274

9.43442-10

8.705522-10

9.438140-10

.786

.0917

.495

9.895623-10

8.962180-10

9.854271-10

9.817662-10

.679

9.831608-10

.1546

.835

9.189181-10

9.921799-10

.1797

.971

9.254451-10

9.987069-10

.610

2.0

9.784979-10

.2017

.569

2.2

9.755412-10

2.4

9.728421-10

9.304706-10
.2213

.535

9.344981-10
.2389

.505

2.6

9.703591-10

2.8

9.680601-10

3.0

9.659199-10

3.2

9.639179-10

9.378234-10
.2549

.479

9.406300-10
.2694

.456

9.430398-10
.2827

.436

9.451403-10

.417

3.4

9.620372-10

3.6

9.602641-10

3.8

9.585869-10

4.0

9.569957-10

.401

.385

.2951

9.469925-10
.3065
9 486402-10
.3171
.

9.501223-10
.3271

.372

9.514615-10
.3364

.359

9.526804-10

4.2

9.554822-10

4.4

9.540391-10

4.6

9.526601-10

4.8

9.513399-10

9.557760-10

.3168

.3686

9.500736-10

9.566579-10

.3080

.3757

5.2

9.488569-10

9.574794-10

.2998

.3823

5.4

9.476861-10

9.582461-10

.3451

.347

9.537983-10

.336

.3534

9.548255-10
.3612

.327

5.0

5.6
5.8

6.0
6.2

.2921

.3887

9.465580-10

9.589648-10

.2849

.3948

9.454694-10

9.596410-10

.2781

.4007

9.444178-10

9.602776-10

.2716

.4063

9.434006-10

9.608794-10

.2656

.4116

6.4

9.424157-10

9.614486-10

.2598

.4168

6.6

9.414611-10

9.619886-10

.2543

6.8

9.405351-10

7.0

9.396359-10
.2441

.4217
9 625025-10
.4265
9 629909-10
.4311

7.2

9.387620-10

9.634558-10

.2394

.4355

7.4

9.379120-10

9.639008-10

.2349

.4398

7.6

9.370847-10

9.643265-10

.2491

9.694798-10

.1256

9.098990-10

.2306

.4439

7.8

9.362789-10

9.647334-10

.2264

.4480

8.0

9.354936-10

9.651239-10

.2225

8.2

9.247276-10
.2187

.4518
9 654984-10
.4556

8.4

9.339801-10

9.658584-10

1.090
.037324
1.196
.077599
1.291
.110842
1.377
138918
1.456
.163016
1.528
184021
1.594
.202543
1.656
.219020
1.713
.233841
1.767
247233
1.817
.259422
1.865
.270601
1.909
.280873
1.952
.290378
1.991
.299197
2.030
.307413
2.066
.315079
2.100
.322266
2.133
.329028
2.165
.335394
2.195
.341414
2.224
.347104
2.252
.352504
.

^Px^

[-(f:)*]

.2115

.4592
9 662040-10
.4628

9.325369-10

9.665384-10

.2082

.4662

9.318398-10

9.668591-10

.1931

.4821

10

9.285714-10

9.683092-10

8.8

11

12

9.332501-10

.1804

.4960

9.256148-10

9.695456-10

.1695

.5083

9.229156-10

9.706154-10

.1601

.5195

13

9.204328-10

9.715552-10

.1518

.5295

14

9.181337-10

9.723891-10

.1445

.5378

15

9.159935-10

9.731355-10

.1380

.5471

16

9.139914-10

9.738099-10

.1322

.5549

17

9.121108-10

9.744231-10

.1269
18

9.103376-10
.1221

.5621
9 749837-10
.5688

19

9.086604-10

9.754990-10

.1177

.5751

20

9.070693-10

9.799751-10

.1136

.5810

21

9.055556-10

9.764169-10

.1099

.5865

22

9.041126-10

9.768283-10

.1065

.5915

23

9.027337-10

9.772131-10

.1033

.5967

24

9.014135-10

9.775741-10

.1003

.6014

25

9.001471-10

9.779127-10

.0976

.6058

26

8.989305-10

9.782339-10

.0950

.6100

8.977597-10

9.785344-10

27

.0925

.6141

28

8.966316-10

9.788204-10

.0902

.6179

29

8.955430-10

9.790918-10

.0881

.6215

8.944914-10

9.793504-10

30

.0860

.6251

8.934741-10

9.795963-10

.0841

.6285

32

8.924893-10

9.798305-10

.0823

.6318

33

9.915347-10

9.800546-10

31

.0806

.6349

34

8.906086-10

9.802691-10

.0789

.6379

35

8.897094-10

9 804746-10

.0773

.6408

36

8.888355-10

9.807623-10

.0758

.6436

37

8.879056-10

9.808616-10

2.278
.357643
2.304
.362527
2.329
.367176
2.353
.371626
2.376
.375883
2.399
.379952
2.440
.383857
2.446
.387602
2.462
.391202

"t^J

.2150

8.6

.656

1.8

Px
Pa
Atmos

.000

1.000

.715

1.6

.0744

.6463

38

8.871583-10

9.810434-10

.0730

.6489

39

8.863525-10

9.812192-10

.0717

.6514

40

8.855671-10

9.813881-10

.0705

.6539

41

8.848011-10

9.815511-10

.0693

.6563

42

8.840733-10

9.817082-10

.0681

.6586

43

8.833147-10

9.818609-10

.0670

.6608

44

8.826105rl0

9.820076-10

^A^-{m
.

2.481
394658
2.500
398002
2.519
0.401209
2.604
.415710
2.680
.428074
2.746
,438172
2.807
.448170
2.861
.456509
2.911
.463973
2.956
.470717
2.998
.476849
3.037
.482455
3.073
.487608
3.107
.492369
3.139
.496787
3.169
.500901
3.197
.504749
3.224
.508359
3.249
.511745
3.273
.514947
3.296
.517962
3.318
.520822
3.338
.523536
3.358
.526122
3.377
.528581
3.396
.530923
3.413
.533164
3.430
.535309
3.446
.537364
3.462
.539341
3.477
.541234
3.492
.543052
3.506
.544810
3.520
.546499
3.533
.548129
3.546
.549700
3.558
.551227
3.570
.552694

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

125

Table LXXXIII

VALUES OF C FOR AIR FLOW

Orifice of diameter

Rp
C

...

Orifice of

Rp
C

..

diameter = .843

ins.

2.01
.723

.678

.634

.573

Short tube, diameter = .394 ins.and length = 1.181

1.30
1.10
Rp.... 1.05
.830
.771
730
C
Short tube, diameter = .557 and length

Rp
C

C= coefficient
The

of friction in
of pressures.

ins.

= 1.673 ins.

1.69
.822

1.41
813

Short tube, diameter = .394 ins. and length = .630

1.85
1.59
1.38
Rp.... 1.24
.971
.965
.986
.979
C......

Rp = ratio

.788

.754

1.67

1.36

1.09

1.05
558

2.15

1.89

.724

.692

.589

ins.

1.65

1.43

1.09

1.05
555

= .394

(Weisbach)

formula

ins.

rounded entrance
2.14
.978

= C\/2gh

Weisbach gives as follows:

mouthpiece
with pressures from 0.23 to
For conoidal

coefficient of effiux, Ce,

1.1

Short cylindrical mouthpieces,

The same rounded

at inner end,

Conical converging,

Table

90 elbow
:

.99
.79
.84
.93
.99

Fj^ (Reitschel)

1.1
.3

of duct

=2 to 4 duct widths
r = 5 to 6 duct widths
r

"

to
to
to
to

Resistance Factor r

Condition.

"
135 elbow
Long bend r = width

Ce=.97 to

LXXXIV

FLOW CHANGE RESISTANCE FACTORS

Sharp

atm.

= .56
= .81
= .92
= .90

Circular orifices in thin plates,

Long bend 135

Long double offset
Outlet register with valves | free area and 2 X flue area
"
"
face at | free area
wire screens 1.5 Xflue area
Entrance for square corners
"
rounded corners
' *
flue extending into header as short pipe
*

'

.25
.15
.07
.15
.4 to .1
.6
.4

0.0
1.0
.5 to .2

1.5

Enlargement of area from Ai to A2, sharp corners

Reduction of area from A2 to Ai, sharp corners
Free discharge into room when velocity becomes zero

(43

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

126

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HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

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TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

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TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

131

Table LXXXVII

THEORETICAL DRAFT PRESSURE IN INCHES OF WATER* IN A CHIMNEY

100 FT. HIGH
(For other heights the draft varies directly as the height)

Temperature

Temperature

of

External Air (Barometer 30 Ins.)

in

Chimney
Fahr.

10

220
240
260

0.453
0.488
0.520
0.555

0.419
0.453
0.488
0.528

280
300
320
340

0.584
0.611
0.637
0.662

360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500

200

30

40

50

0.384
0.419
0.451
0.484

0.353
0.388
0.421
0.453

0.321
0.355
0.388
0.420

0.292
0.326
0.359
0.392

0.263
0.298
0.330
0.363

0.234
0.269
0.301
0.334

0.209
0.244
0.276
0.309

0.182
0.217
0.250
0.282

0.157
0.192
0.225
0.257

0.549
0.576
0.603
0.638

0.515
0.541
0.568
0.593

0.482
0.511
0.538
0.563

0.451
0.478
0.505
0.530

0.422
0.449
0.476
0.501

0.394
0.420
0.447
0.472

0.365
0.392
0.419
0.443

0.340
0.367
0.394
0.419

0.313
0.340
0.367
0.392

0.288
0.315
0.342
0.367

0.687
0.710
0.732
0.753

0.653
0.676
0.697
0.718

0.618
0.641
0.662
0.684

0.588
0.611
0.632
0.653

0.555
0.578
0.598
0.620

0.526
0.549
0.570
0.591

0.497
0.520
0.541
0.563

0.468
0.492
0.513
0.584

0.444
0.467
0.488
0.509

0.417
0.440
0.461
0.482

0.392
0.415
0.436
0.457

0.774
0.793
0.810
0.829

0.739
0.758
0.776
0.791

0.705
0.724
0.741
0.760

0.674
0.694
0.710
0.730

0.641
0.660
0.678
0.697

0.612
0.632
0.649
0.669

0.584
0.603
0.620
0.639

0.555
0.574
0.591
0.610

0.530
0.549
0.566
0.586

0.503
0.522
0.540
0.559

0.478
0.497
0.515
0.534

20

60

70

80

90

100

be the tabular values less the amount consumed by friction in the

In stacks whose diameter is determined by Eq. 1005 the net draft will be 80 per cent
of the tabular values.
Hence to obtain from the table the height of stack necessary to produce a net draft of say 0.6 in., the theoretical draft will be 0.6 X 1.25 = 0.75 in., which can
be obtained with a stack 100 ft. high with flue-gas temperature of 420 F., and air temperature
of 0 F.; or a stack 125 ft. high when the air temperature is 60 F. and the flue temperature
*

The

stack.

460.

available draft will

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

132

Logarithms to the Base 10

1234
1.00
1.01

1.02
1.03

1.04
1.05

1.06

1.07
1.08

1.09

1.10
1.11

1.12
1.13

1.14
1.15

1.16

1.17
1.18

1.19

1.30
1.21

1.22
1.23

1.24
1.25

1.26

1.27
1.28

1.29

1.30
1.31

1.32
1.33

1.34

0009
0052
0095
0137
0179

0013
0056
0099
0141
0183

0017
0060
0103
0145
0187

0022
0065
0107
0149
0191

0026
0069
0111
0154
0195

0030
0073
0116
0158
0199

0035
0077
0120
0162
0204

0039
0082
0124
0166
0208

0043
0086
0128
0170
0212

0212
0253
0294
0334
0374

0216
0257
0298
0338
0378

0220
0261
0302
0342
0382

0224
0265
0306
0346
0386

0228
0269
0310
0350
0390

0233
0273
0314
0354
0394

0237
0278
0318
0358
0398

0241
0282
0322
0362
0402

0245
0286
0326
0366
0406

0249
0290
0330
0370
0410

0253
0294
0334
0374
0414

0.0414

0453
0492
0531
0569

0418
0457
0496
0535
0573

0422
0461
0500
0538
0577

0426
0465
0504
0542
0580

0430
0469
0508
0546
0584

0434
0473
0512
0550
0588

0438
0477
0515
0554
0592

0441
0481
0519
0558
0596

0445
0484
0523
0561
0599

0449
0488
0527
0565
0603

0453
0492
0531
0569
0607

0607
0645
0682
0719
0755

0611
0648
0686
0722
0759

0615
0652
0689
0726

0618
0656
0693
0730
0763 0766

0622
0660
0697
0734
0770

0626
0663
0700
0737
0774

0630
0667
0704
0741
0777

0633
0671
0708
0745
0781

0637
0674
0711
0748
0785

0641
0678
0715
0752

0645
0682
0719
0755
0792

0.0792

0828
0864
0899
0934

0795
0831
0867
0903
0938

0799
0835
0871
0906
0941

0803
0839
0874
0910
0945

0806
0842
0878
0913
0948

0810
0846
0881
0917
0952

0813
0849
0885
0920
0955

0817
0853
0888
0924
0959

0821
0856
0892
0927
0962

0824
0860
0896
0931

0966

0828
0864
0899
0934
0969

0969
1004
1038
1072
1106

0973
1007
1041
1075
1109

0976
1011
1045
1079
1113

0980
1014
1048
1082
1116

0983
1017
1052
1086
1119

0986
1021

0990
1024
1059
1092
1126

0993
1028
1062
1096
1129

0997 1000
1031 1035
1065 1069
1099 1103
1133 1136

1004
1038
1072
1106
1139

0.1139

1143

1173
1206

1176
1209
1242

1146
1179
1212
1245
1274 1278

1149
1183
1216
1248
1281

1153
1186
1219
1252
1284

1156
1189
1222
1255

1159
1193
1225
1258
1290

1163 1166 1169

1196 1199 1202
1229 1232 1235
1261 1265 1268
1294 1297 1300

1173
1206
1239
1271
1303

1310
1342
1374
1405
1433 1436

1313
1345
1377
1408

1316
1348
1380
1411
1440 1443

1319
1351
1383
1414
1446

1323

1326 1329
1358 1361
1386 1389 1392
1418 1421 1424
1449 1452 1455

1332
1364
1396
1427
1458

1335
1367
1399
1430
1461

1467
1498
1529
1559
1590

1471

1474

1501 1504
1532 1535
1562 1565
1593 1596

1477
1508
1538
1569
1599

1602

1605

1486
1517
1547
1578
1608

1489
1520
1550
1581
1611

1492
1523
1553
1584
1614

1620
1649
1679
1708
1738

1623
1652
1682
1711

1629
1658
1688
1717

1632
1661
1691
1720

1635
1664
1694
1723
1749 1752

1638
1667
1697
1726
1755

1641
1670
1700
1729
1758

1644
1673
1703
1732
1761

1239
1271

1.39

1430

1.37

1.40

1307
1339
1370
1402

1.41

1492

1.42

1523

1.43

1553
1584

1464
1495
1526
1556
1587

1614
1644
1673
1703
1732

1617
1647
1676
1706
1735

1.44
1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48

1.49

10

0004
0048
0090
0133
0175

1.38

1.36

6789

0043
0086
0128
0170

0.0000

1303
1335
1367
1399

1.35

0.1461

1626
1655
168S
1714
1741 1744

1055
1089

1123

1287

1746

1355

1480 1483
1514
1541 1544
1572 1575
1511

0788

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

133

Logarithms to the Base 10

1:^34
160
1.51

1.52

1.53

1.54
1.55

1.56
1.57
1.58

L59

1.60
1.61
1.62

1.63

1.64
1.65
1.66

1.67
1.68
1.69

1.70
L71
1.72
1.73

1.74
1.75

1.76

1.77
1.78

1.79

1.80
L81
1.82

L83
1.84
1.85

1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89

1.90
1.91

1.92
1.93
1.94
1.95

1.96

1.97
1.98
1.99

6789

10

1889

1778
1807
1836
1864
1892

1781
1810
1838
1867
1895

1787
1816
1844
1872
1901

1790
1818
1847
1875
1903

1909 1912 1915

1937 1940 1942
1965 1967 1970
1992 1995 1998
2019 2022 2025

1917
1945
1973
2000
2028

1920
1948
1976
2003
2030

1923 1926 1928

1951 1953 1956
1978 1981 1984
2006 2009 2011
2033 2036 2038

1931
1959
1987

2014
2041

2047
2074
2101
2127
2154

2049
2076
2103
2130
2156

2052
2079
2106
2133
2159

2055
2082
2109
2135
2162

2057
2084
2111
2138
2164

2060
2087
2114
2140
2167

2063
2090
2117
2143
2170

2066
2092
2119
2146
2172

2068
2095
2122
2148
2175

2177
2204
2230
2256
2281

2180
2206
2232
2258
2284

2183
2209
2235
2261

2185
2212
2238
2263
2287 2289

2188
2214
2240
2266
2292

2191
2217
2243
2269
2294

2193
2219
2245
2271
2297

2196
2222
2248
2274
2299

2198
2225
2251
2276
2302

2201
2227
2253
2279
2304

2330
2355
2380
2405

2307
2333
2358
2383
2408

2310
2335
2360
2385
2410

2312
2338
2363
2388
2413

2315
2340
2365
2390
2415

2317
2343
2368
2393
2418

2320
2345
2370
2395
2420

2322
2348
2373
2398
2423

2325
2350
2375
2400
2425

2327
2353
2378
2403
2428

2330
2355
2380
2405
2430

2430
2455
2480
2504
2529

2433
2458
2482
2507
2531

2435
2460
2485
2509
2533

2438
2463
2487
2512
2536

2440
2465
2490
2514
2538

2443
2467
2492
2516
2541

2445
2470
2494
2519
2543

2448
2472
2497
2521
2545

2450 2453
2475 2477
2499 2502
2524 2526
2548 2550

2455
2480
2504
2529
2553

0.2553

2577
2601
2625
2648

2555
2579
2603
2627
2651

2558
2582
2605
2629
2653

2560
2584
2608
2632
2655

2562
2586
2610
2634
2658

2565
2589
2613
2636
2660

2567
2591
2615
2639
2662

2570
2594
2617
2641
2665

2572
2596
2620
2643
2667

2574
2598
2622
2646
2669

2577
2601
2625
2648
2672

2672
2695
2718
2742
2765

2674
2697
2721
2744
2767

2676
2700
2723
2746
2769

2679
2702
2725
2749
2772

2681
2704
2728
2751
2774

2683
2707
2730
2753
2776

2686
2709
2732
2755
2778

2688
2711
2735
2758
2781

2690
2714
2737
2760
2783

2693
2716
2739
2762
2785

2695
2718
2742
2765
2788

0.2788

2810
2833
2856
2878

2790
2813
2835
2858
2880

2792
2815
2838
2860
2882

2794
2817
2840
2862
2885

2797
2819
2842
2865
2887

2799
2822
2844
2867
2889

2801
2824
2847
2869
2891

2804
2826
2849
2871
2894

2806
2828
2851
2874
2896

2803
2831
2853
2876
2898

2810
2833
2856
2878
2900

2900
2923
2945
2967
2989

2903
2925
2947
2969
2991

2905
2927
2949
2971
2993

2907
2929
2951
2973
2995

2909
2931
2953
2975
2997

2911
2934
2956
2978
2999

2914
2936
2958
2980
3002

2916
2938
2960
2982
3004

2918
2940
2962
2984
3006

2920
2942
2964
2986
3008

2923
2945
2967
2989
3010

1790
1818
1847
1875

1764
1793
1821
1850
1878

1767
1796
1824
1853
1881

1772
1801
1830
1858
1886

1775
1804
1833
1861

1903
1931
1959
1987
2014

1906
1934
1962
1989
2017

0.2041

2068
2095
2122
2148

2044
2071
2098
2125
2151

2175
2201
2227
2253
2279
0.2304

0.1761

1770
1798
1827
1855
1884

1784
1813
1841
1870
1898

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

134

Logarithms to the Base 10

These two pages give the common logarithms of numbers between 1 and 10, correct to four
Moving the decimal point n places to the right (or left) in the number is equivalent to
adding n (or w) to the logarithm. Thus, log 0.017453=0.2419 2 [=2.2419].
To facilitate interpolation, the tenths of the tabular differences are given at the end of each
line, so that the differences themselves need not be considered. In using these aids, first find the
nearest tabular entry, and then add (to move to the right) or subtract (to move to the left), as the
places.

case

may

require.

Pages 132-137 are reprinted by permission from Huntingtons "Four Place Tables."

1334
1.0

0.0000

1.1

0414
0792
1139
1461

1.2

1.3

1.4

0043
0453
0828
1173
1492

0086
0492
0864
1206

0128
0531
0899
1239
1523 1553

0170
0569
0934
1271
1584

5
0212
0607
0969
1303
1614

6789
0253
0645
1004
1335
1644

0294
0682
1038
1367
1673

0334
0719
1072
1399
1703

0374
0755
1106
1430
1732

Tenths of the
Tabular Difference

10
0414
0792
1139
1461
1761

12346

To avoid Interpolation

the first

In

1.9

1761
2041
2304
2553
2788

1790
2068
2330
2577
2810

1818
2095
2355
2601
2833

1847
2122
2380
2625
2856

1875
2148
2405
2648
2878

1903
2175
2430
2672
2900

1931
2201
2455
2695
2923

1959
2227
2480
2718
2945

1987
2253
2504
2742
2967

2014
2279
2529
2765
2989

2041
2304
2553
2788
3010

ten lines, use the

. .- 41. .

3.0

0.3010

3222
3424
3617
3802

3032
3243
3444
3636
3820

3054
3263
3464
3655
3838

3075
3284
3483
3674
3856

3096
3304
3502
3692
3874

3118
3324
3522
3711
3892

3139
3345
3541
3729
3909

3160
3365
3560
3747
3927

3181
3385
3579
3766
3945

3201
3404
3598
3784
3962

3222
3424
3617
3802
3979

2.1

2.9

3979
4150
4314
4472
4624

3997
4166
4330
4487
4639

4014
4183
4346
4502
4654

4031
4200
4362
4518
4669

4048
4216
4378
4533
4683

4065
4232
4393
4548
4698

4082
4249
4409
4564
4713

4099
4265
4425
4579
4728

4116
4281
4440
4594
4742

4133
4298
4456
4609
4757

4150
4314
4472
4624
4771

3.0

0.4771

3.1

4914
5051
5185
5315

4786
4928
5065
5198
5328

4800
4942
5079
5211
5340

4814
4955
5092
5224
5353

4829
4969
5105
5237
5366

4843
4983
5119
5250
5378

4857
4997
5132
5263
5391

4871
5011
5145
5276
5403

4886
5024
5159
5289
5416

4900
5038
5172
5302
5428

5453
5575
5694
5809
5922

5465
5587
5705
5821

3.9

5441
5563
5682
5798
5911

5478
5599
5717
5832
5933 5944

5490
5611
5729
5843
5955

5502
5623
5740
5855
5966

5514
5635
5752
5866
5977

5527
5647
5763
5877
5988

5539
5658
5775
5888
5999

4.0

0.6021

4.1

6128
6232
6335
6435

6031
6138
6243
6345
6444

6042
6149
6253
6355
6454

6053
6160
6263
6365
6464

6064
6170
6274
6375
6474

6075
6180
6284
6385
6484

6085
6191
6294
6395
6493

6096
6201
6304
6405
6503

6542
6637
6730
6821
6911

6551
6646
6739
6830
6920

6561
6656
6749
6839
6928

6571
6665
6758
6848

6580
6675
6767
6857

6937

6946

6590
6684
6776
6866
6955

6599
6693
6785
6875
6964

1.5

1.6
1.7
1.8

2.2
2.3

2.4
2.5

2.6
2.7
2.8

3.2

3.3

3.4
3.5

3.6
3.7
3.8

4.2
4.3

4.4
4.5

4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

6532
6628
6721
6812
6902

special tabiu

uii

um

preceding page.

811
810

8 10

4
4
4
4
4

2
2

2
2
2

4914
5051
5185
5315
5441

5551
5670
5786
5899
6010

5563
5682
5798
5911
6021

4
4

6107
6212
6314
6415
6513

6117
6222
6325
6425
6522

6128
6232
6335
6435
6532

6609
6702
6794
6884
6972

6618
6712
6803
6893
6981

6628
6721
6812
6902
6990

2
2

6
6
6

4
4

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

135

Logarithms to the Base 10

Tenths of the
Tabular DifferencB

10

7050
7135
7218
7300
7380

7059
7143
7226
7308
7388

7067
7152
7235
7316
7396

7076
7160
7243
7324
7404

7364

7042
7126
7210
7292
7372

4
4
1 2 2 3 4
1 2 2 3 4
1 2 2 3 4

7443
7520
7597
7672
7745

7451
7528
7604
7679
7752

7459
7536
7612
7686
7760

7466
7543
7619
7694
7767

7474
7551
7627
7701
7774

7482
7559
7634
7709
7782

7825

7896
7966
8035
8102

7832 7839 7846

7903 7910 7917
7973 7980 7987
8041 8048 8055
8109 8116 8122

7853
7924
7993
8062
8129
8195
8261
8325

5.0

0.6990

5.1

7076
7160
7243
7324

6998
7084
7168
7251
7332

7007 7016 7024

7093 7101 7110
7177 7185 7193
7259 7267 7275
7340 7348 7356

7412
7490
7566
7642
7716

7419 7427 7435

7497 7505 7513
7574 7582 7589
7649 7657 7664

5.9

7404
7482
7559
7634
7709

7723

7731

6.0

0.7782

6.1

7853
7924

7993
8062

7789
7860
7931
8000
8069

7796
7868
7938
8007
8075

7803 7810
7875 7882
7945 7952
8014 8021

8082 8089

7818
7889
7959
8028
8096

6.9

8129
8195
8261
8325
8388

8136
8202
8267
8331
8395

8142
8209
8274
8338
8401

8149
8215
8280
8344
8407

8156
8222
8287
8351
8414

8162
8228
8293
8357
8420

8169
8235
8299
8363
8426

8176
8241
8306
8370
8432

8182
8248
8312
8376
8439

8189
8254
8319
8382
8445

8388
8451

7.0

0.8451

7.1

8513
8573
8633
8692

8457
8519
8579
8639
8698

8463
8525
8585
8645
8704

8470
8531
8591
8651
8710

8476
8537
8597
8657
8716

8482
8543
8603
8663
8722

8488
8549
8609
8669
8727

8494
8555
8615
8675
8733

8500
8561
8621
8681
8739

8506
8567
8627
8686
8745

8513
8573
8633
8692
8751

8756
8814
8871
8927
8982

8762
8820
8876
8932

8768 8774
8825 8831
8882 8887
8938 8943

7.9

8751
8808
8865
8921
8976

8987 8993 8998

8779
8837
8893
8949
9004

8785
8842
8899
8954
9009

8791
8848
8904
8960
9015

8797
8854
8910
8965
9020

8802
8859
8915
8971
9025

8808
8865
8921
8976
9031

8.0

0.9031

8.1

9085
9138
9191
9243

9036
9090
9143
9196
9248

9042
9096
9149
9201
9253

9047
9101
9154
9206
9258

9053
9106
9159
9212
9263

9058
9112
9165
9217
9269

9069
9122
9175
9227
9274 9279

9074
9128
9180
9232
9284

9079
9133
9186
9238
9289

9085
9138
9191
9243
9294

9299
9350
9400
9450
9499

9304
9355
9405
9455
9504

9309
9360
9410
9460

8.9

9294
9345
9395
9445
9494

9315
9365
9415
9465
9509 9513

9320
9370
9420
9469
9518

9325
9375
9425
9474
9523

9330
9380
9430
9479
9528

9335
9385
9435
9484
9533

9340
9390
9440
9489
9538

9345
9395
9445
9494
9542

9.0

0.9542

9.1

9590
9638
9685
9731

9547
9595
9643
9689
9736

9552
9600
9647
9694
9741

9557
9605
9652
9699
9745

9562
9609
9657
9703
9750

9566
9614
9661
9708
9754

9576
9624
9671
9717
9759 9763

9581
9628
9675
9722
9768

9586
9633
9680
9727
9773

9590
9638
9685
9731
9777

9782
9827
9872
9917
9961

9791
9836
9881
9926
9965 9969

9795
9841
9886
9930
9974

9800
9845
9890

9805
9850
9894
9939
9983

9809
9854
9899
9943
9987

9814
9859
9903
9948
9991

9818
9863
9908
9952
9996

9823
9868
9912

5.2

5.3

5.4
5.5

5.6

5.7
5.8

6.2
6.3

6.4
6.5

6.6
6.7
6.8

7.2
7.3

7.4
7.5

7.6

7.7
7.^

8.2
8.3

8.4
8.5

8.6

8.7
8.8

9.2
9.3

9.4

9.8

9777
9823
9868
9912

9.9

'9956

9.5

9.6

9.7

9786
9832
9877
9921

7033
7118
7202
7284

7738

9934
9978

9063
9117
9170
9222

9571
9619
9666
9713

9956

2 3 4 5

3
3

3
3
3

12
12

4
4

4
4
4
4
4

12
12
12
12
12

112
112
112
112
112

2
2
2

2,
2
2
2

2
2

2
2

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

136

LOGABITHMS TO THE BaSE

1
2
3

These two pages give the natural (hyperholic,

logarithms

or Napierian)

Qumbers between

and

10,

of
correct to

four places. Moving the decimal point

n places to the right (or left) in the num-

is equivalent to adding n times 2.3026

n times S.6974) to the logarithm.

ber

[or

6
8

Log, (Base e

2.71828

2.3026
4.6052
6.9078
9.2103
11.5129
13.8155
16.1181
18.4207
20.7233

2
3

4
5

6
7
8
9

0.6974-3
0.3948-5
0.0922-7
0.7897-10
0.4871-12
0.1845-14
0.8819-17
0.5793-19
0.2767-21

Tenths of the

+)

Tabular Differencfl

10

2 3 4 5

1.0

0.0000

0953
1823
2624
3365

0100
1044
1906
2700
3436

0198
1133
1989
2776
3507

0296
1222
2070
2852
3577

0392
1310
2151
2927
3646

0488
1398
2231
3001
3716

0583
1484
2311
3075
3784

0677
1570
2390
3148
3853

0770 0862 0.0953

1823
1655 1740
2624
2469 2546
3365
3221 3293
4055
3920 3988

10 19 29 38 48

1.1

4121
4762
5365
5933
6471

4187
4824
5423
5988
6523

4253
4886
5481
6043
6575

4318
4947
5539
6098
6627

4383
5008
5596
6152
6678

4447
5068
5653
6206
6729

4511
5128
5710
6259
6780

4574
5188
5766
6313
6831

4700
4637
5247
5306
5878
5822
6419
6366
6881 0.6931

6 13 19 26 32
6 12 18 24 30

1.9

4055
4700
5306
5878
6419

3.0

0.6931

2.1

7419
7885
8329
8755

6981
7467
7930
8372
8796

7031
7514
7975
8416
8838

7080
7561
8020
8459
8879

7129
7608
8065
8502
8920

7178
7655
8109
8544
8961

7227 7275
7701 7747
8154 8198
8587 8629
9002 9042

7324
7793
8242
8671
9083

7372
7839
8286
8713
9123

9203 9243 9282

9594 9632 9670
9969.[0006 0043
0332 0367 0403
0682 0716 0750

9322
9708
0080
0438
0784

9361
9746
0116
0473
0818

9400
9783
0152
0508
0852

9439
9821
0188
0543
0886

9478
9858
0225
0578
0919

9555
9517
9895 0.9933
0260 1.0296
0647
0613
0953 1.0986

4
4
4
4

7 11 14 18

7 10 14 17

1053
1378
1694
2000
2296

1086
1410
1725
2030
2326

1119
1442
1756
2060
2355

1151
1474
1787
2090
2384

1184
1506
1817
2119
2413

1249
1569
1878
2179
2442 2470

1314
1632
1939
2238
2528

7 10 13 16

6 10 13 16
6 9 12 15

1.2
1.3

1.4
1.5

1.6
1.7

1.8

2.2
2.3

2.4

7419
7885
8329
8755
9163

2.6

9163
9555

2.7

0.9933

2.8

1.0296

2.9

0647

3.0

1.0986

3.1

3.3

1314
1632
1939

3.4

1^238

1019
1346
1663
1969
2267

3.5

2556
2837
3110
3376
3635

2585
2865
3137
3403
3661

2613
2892
3164
3429
3686

2641
2920
3191
3455
3712

2669
2947
3218
3481

3.9

2528
2809
3083
3350
3610

3737

2698 2726 2754

2975 3002 3029
3244 3271 3297
3507 3533 3558
3762 3788 3813

4.0

1.3863

4.1

4110
4351
4586
4816

3888
4134
4375
4609
4839

3913
4159
4398
4633
4861

3938
4183
4422
4656
4884

3962
4207
4446
4679
4907

3987
4231
4469
4702
4929

4012
4255
4493
4725
4951

4036
4279
4516
4748
4974

4061
4303
4540
4770
4996

4085
4327
4563
4793
5019

5041
5261
5476
5686
5892

5063 5085
5282 5304
5497 5518
5707 5728
5913 5933

5107
5326
5539
5748
5953

5129
5347
5560
5769
5974

5151
5369
5581
5790
5994

5173
5390
5602
5810
6014

5195
5412
5623
5831
6034

5217
5433
5644
5851
6054

5261
5239
5476
5454
5686
5665
5892
5872
6074 1.6094

2.5

3.2

3.6
3.7

3.8

4.2
4.3

4.4
4.5

4.6
4.7

4.8

4.9

1217
1537
1848
2149

1282
1600
1909
2208
2499

9 17 26

35 44

8 16 24 32 40
7 15 22 30 37
7 14 21 28 34

6 11 17 23 29
5 11 16 22 27
5 10 15 21 26
5 10 IS 20 24
5

9 14 19 23

4 9 13 18 22
4 9 13 17 21
4 8 12 16 20

3
3

2809
2782
3083
3056
3350
3324
3610
3584
3838 1.3863

4110
4351
4586
4816
5041

2
2
2
2
2

8 12 16 20

8 11 15 19
7 11 15 18

6 912 15
6 91214

6
3 5
3 5
3 5
3 5

81114
8

1114

8 1113
8

1013

81013

71012
71012
5 7 912
5 7 911
4 7 911
5

2 4 7 911
2 4 6 911
2 4 6 811
2 4 6 810
2 4 6 810

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Logarithms to the Base

137

e
Ten'thsiDfthB

Tabular Difference

10

6292
6487
6677
6864
7047

8 10

8 10

5.0

1.6094

5.1

6292
6487
6677
6864

6114
6312
6506
6696
6882

6134
6332
6525
6715
6901

6154
6351
6544
6734
6919

6174
6371
6563
6752
6938

6194
6390
6582
6771
6956

6214
6409
6601
6790
6974

6233
6429
6620
6808
6993

6253
6448
6639
6827
7011

6273
6467
6658
6845
7029

5.9

7047
7228
7405
7579
7750

7066
7246
7422
7596
7766

7084
7263
7440
7613
7783

7102
7281
7457
7630
7800

7120
7299
7475
7647
7817

7138
7317
7492
7664
7834

7156
7334
7509
7681
7851

7174
7352
7527
7699
7867

7192
7370
7544
7716
7884

7210
7228
7387
7405
7561
7579
7733
7750
7901 1.7918

6.0

1.7918

6.1

8083
8245
8405
8563

7934
8099
8262
8421
8579

7951
8116
8278
8437
8594

7967 7984
8132 8148
8294 8310
8453 8469

8001
8165
8326
8485
8641

8017
8181
8342
8500
8656

8034
8197
8358
8516
8672

8050
8213
8374
8532

8083
8245
8405
8563
8718

8733
8886
9036
9184
9330

8749
8901
9051
9199
9344

8764
8916
9066
9213
9359

9081
9228
9373

8795
8946
9095
9242

6.9

8718
8871
9021
9169
9315

9387

8810
8961
9110
9257
9402

8825
8976
9125
9272
9416

8840
8991
9140
9286
9430

7.0

1.9459

7.1
7.2

9601
9741

7.3

1.9879

7.4

2.0015

9473
9615
9755
9892
0028

9488
9629
9769
9906
0042

9502
9643
9782
9920
0055

9516
9657
9796
9933
0069

9530
9671
9810
9947
0082

9544
9685
9824
9961
0096

9559
9699
9838
9974
0109

7.5

0162
0295
0425
0554
0681

0176
0308
0438
0567
0694

0189
0321
0451
0580
0707

0202
0334
0464
0592
0719

0215
0347
0477
0605
0732

0229
0360
0490
0618
0744

0242
0373
0503
0631
0757

0255 0268
0386 0399
0516 0528

7.9

0149
0281
0412
0541
0669

8.0

2.0794

8.1

0919
1041
1163
1282

0807 0819 0832 0844

0931 0943 0956 0968
1054 1066 1078 1090
1.175 1187 1199 1211
1294 1306 1318 1330

0857
0980
1102
1223
1342

0869
0992
1114
1235
1353

0882
1005
1126
1247
1365

0894
1017
1138
1258
1377

1412
1529
1645
1759
1872

1424
1541
1656
1770
1883

1436
1552
1668
1782
1894

1459
1576
1691
1804
1917

1471

1564
1679
1793
1905

5.2
5.3

5.4
5.5

5.6
5.7

5.8

6.2
6.3

6.4
6.5

6.6
6.7
6.8

7.6
7.7

7.8

8.2
8.3

8.4

8610 8625
8779
8931

8066
8229
8390
8547
8687 8703

2 3 4 5

8 10

4 5
4 5

9573 9587
9601
9713 9727
9741
9851 9865 1.9879

9988j0001 2.0015
0122 0136
0149

8871
8856
9006
9021
9155
9169
9301
9315
9445 1.9459

0281
0412
0541
0669

0643 0656
0769 0782 2.0794

0906
1029
1150
1270
1389

0919
1041
1163
1282
1401

1518
1483 1494 1506
1633
1587 1599 1610 1622
1748
1702 1713 1725 1736
1861
1815 1827 1838 1849
1928 1939 1950 1961 2.1972

8.8

1401
1518
1633
1748

8.9

1861

9.0

2.1972

1994
2105
2214
2322
2428

2006
2116
2225
2332
2439

2017
2127
2235
2343
2450

2028
2138
2246
2354
2460

2039
2148
2257
2364
2471

2050
2159
2268
2375
2481

2061
2170
2279
2386
2492

2072
2181
2289
2396
2502

2083
2192
2300
2407
2513

2083
2192
2300
2407

1983
2094
2203
2311
2418

9.1

2513
2618
2721
2824
2925

2523
2628
2732
2834
2935

2534
2638
2742
2844
2946

2544
2649
2752
2854
2956

2555
2659
2762
2865
2966

2565
2670
2773
2875
2976

2576
2680
2783
2885
2986

2586
2690
2793
2895
2996

2597
2701
2803
2905
3006

2618
2607
2711
2721
2814
2824
2925
2915
3016 2.3026

4
4

8.5

8.6
8.7

9.2
9.3

9.4
9.5

9.6
9.7

9.8
9.9

1448

PART

II

CHARTS
CONSTRUCTION AND USE OF DIAGRAMS
This chart gives the work required to compress and deliver
a cubic foot of (sup.pr.) air, or the horse-power to compress and deUver 1000 cu.
ft. of (sup.pr.) air per minute, if the ratio of pressure (del.pr.)-^ (sup.pr.), the
value of s and the (sup.pr.) are known, and compression occurs in one stage.
The work or H.P. for any number of cubic feet is directly proportional to num-

Chart

1.

ber of feet.

The curves

when s = l, and
drawn

are dependent

upon the formulas, Eq.

Eq. (49) for the case when

as follows

5 is

not equal to

(31) for the case

,

1.

They were

On a horizontal base various values of Rp are laid off,

The

starting with the value

number of values
of Rp with a constant value of (sup.pr.) and s.
A vertical work scale was then
laid off from origin of Rp and a curve drawn through the points found by
2 at the origin.

values for work were then found for a

the intersection of horizontal lines through values of work, with vertical

The process was then repeated for

other values of 5 and curves similar to the first, drawn for the other values of s.
From the construction so far completed it is possible to find the work per cubic
foot for any pressure ratio and any value of s for one (sup.pr.) by projecting
up from the proper value of Rp to the curve of value of s and then horizontally
lines

through corresponding values of Rp.

be noted from these formulas, however, that

the work may be laid off on the horizontal base and a group of lines drawn so
that the slope of the line equals ratio of work for any supply pressure to that
for the (sup.pr.) originally used.
For convenience, in order that the group of
s curves and the latter group may be as distinct as possible, the origin of the
If from the point for
latter group is taken at the opposite end of the base line.
work originally found, a projection is made horizontally to the proper (sup.pr.)
curve, the value for work with this (sup.pr.) will be found directly below.
It will be noted that from point of intersection of the vertical from the Rp
value with the s curve, it is only necessary to project horizontally far enough to
intersect the desired (sup.pr.) curve, and since no information of value will
be found by continuing to the work scale for the original (sup.pr.) this is omitted
from the diagram.
In brief, then, the use of this chart consists in projecting upward from the
proper value of Rp to the proper s curve, then passing horizontally to the value

to the scale of work.

It will

and finally downward to the work scale. As an example of the use

the curve: Find the work to compress 1000 cu. ft. of free air from 1 to 8i

of (sup.pr.)

of

139

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

140

atmospheres adiabatically. On the curve project upward from 2?p=-8.5 to

curve of s = 1.406, then over to 14.7 (sup.pr.) curve and down to read work

= 6,300,000.
This gives the work required to compress and deliver a cubic
foot of (sup.pr.) air or the horse-power to compress and deliver 1000 cu. ft. of
(sup.pr.) air per minute if the ratio of pressures, the value of s and (sup.pr.) are
known and if compression occurs in two stages with best-receiver pressure and
The work or H.P. for any other number of cubic feet
perfect intercooling.
may be found by multiplying work per foot by the number of feet. The

Chart

2.

method of arriving at this chart was exactly the same as that for one stage.
As an example of the use of the chart, find the work to compress 5 cu. ft. of
free air from 1 to SJ atmospheres adiabatically in two stages.
Project upward
from Rp = 8.5 to curve s = 1.406, then over to 14.7 curve and down to read
5320 ft. -lbs. per cubic foot.
Chart 3. This chart gives the work necessary to compress and deliver a
cubic foot of (sup.pr.) air, or horse-power to compress and deliver 1000 cu. ft. of
(sup. pr.) air per minute, if the ratio of pressures, the value of s, and the (sup.
pr.) are known and if the compression occurs in three stages with best-receiver
pressures and perfect intercooling. The work or horse-power for any other
number of cubic feet may be found by multiplying the work for one foot by
the

number

of feet.

As an example
100 cu.

ft.

of use of this chart, determine the horse-power to compress

free air per

inch abs. to 90

lbs.

minute adiabatically in three stages from 15 lbs. per square

per square inch gage.

From Rp = 7,

project to curve of

then over to (sup.pr.) = 15 and down, and the horse-power will be

found to be 13.6.
Chart 4. This chart is for finding the (m.e.p.) of compressors. In the
case of multi-stage compressors with best-receiver pressure and perfect intercooling, the (m.e.p.) of each cylinder may be found by considering each cylinder
as a single-stage compressor; or the (m.e.p.) of the compressor referred to the
L.P. cylinder may be found.
The chart depends on the fact that the work per cubic foot of (sup.pr.) gas
is equal to the (m.e.p.) for the no-clearance case and that the (m.e.p.)
with clearance is equal to the (m.e.p.) for no clearance, times the volumetric efficiency.
Diagrams 1, 2 and 4 are reproductions of Charts 2, 3 and 4 to a smaller
scale and hence need no explanation as to derivation.
Their use may be briefiy
shown. From the given ratio of pressures project upward to the proper curve,
then horizontally to the (sup.pr.) and downward to read work per cubic feet of
s

= 1.4

(sup.pr.) gas.

The volumetric efficiency diagram was drawn in the following manner:

From Eq. (59) vol. eff. ={l-\-c cRps), showing that it depends upon three
variables, Rp, c and s.
A horizontal scale of values of Rp was laid off. Values
of

RpJ were found and a vertical scale of

origin as the

Rp

values.

from the same

Through the intersection of the verticals from various
this quantity laid off

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

values of

Rp with the

way

drawn through the corresponding values of

s, a curve of this value of s was drawn.
In a similar

horizontals

known value of

{Rp)^ for a

curves of other values of

completed

it is

141

were drawn.

possible to j&nd the value of

value of Rp to the curve of

From

the construction so far

{RpY by projecting upward from any

and then horizontally to the

scale of (Rp)^.

Values

found for various clearances and the values of (Rp)^

horizontal
on a
base, with the origin at the opposite end of scale
from that of Rp values, in order that clearance curves and s curves might be
of volumetric efficiencies

are laid off

as distinct as possible.

These clearance curves were drawn through the

section of horizontals through the (Rp)^ values,

and

inter-

of verticals through the

vulmetric efficiency values corresponding to them for the particular clearance

in question.

To find volumetric efficiency then it is merely necessary to project from value

Rp to the proper s curve, then across to the given clearance and finally
down to volumetric efficiency. As the value of (Rp)^ is not desired, the hori-

of

is carried only to the intersection with the clearance curve

of the diagram.
the
edge
To find the (m.e.p.) for single stage, the
and not to
work per cubic foot is found from the diagram and then the volumetric efficiency,

zontal projection

both as described above. The product is {m.e.p.).

For multi-stage compressors with perfect intercooling and best-receiver
pressure, as stated above, the (m.e.p.) of each cylinder may be found, considering each to be a single-stage compressor and remembering that (1 rec.pr.)
becomes (sup.pr.) for second stage, and (del.pr.) for first stage; and that (2 rec.
The (m.e.p.)
pr.) becomes (sup.pr.) for third stage, (del.pr.) for second stage.
reduced to low-pressure cylinder is found by taking work per cubic foot of
(sup.pr.) gas and multiplying by volumetric efficiency of low-pressure cylinder.
To illustrate the use of this curve solve the following problem. A threestage air compressor runs at 100 R.P.M. with best receiver pressure; the lowCompression from
pressure cylinder is 32 X 24 ins., clearance 5 per cent.
=
1.4.
Find horse-power
lbs.
square
inch
absolute,
s
140
per
to
atmosphere

and the best receiver pressures.

Projecting upward from the pressure ratio of 9.35 to the line of s = 1.4
and then over to (sup.pr.) = 15 in diagram 4, since compression is three stage
and from 15 lbs. per square inch to 140 lbs. per square inch, work per cubic
foot or (m.e.p.), is found for no clearance to be 37.8 abs. per square inch;
since best-receiver pressure assumed is 31.6, which gives a ratio of 2.1 for the
low-pressure cylinder. From diagram 3, by projecting upward from Rp = 2.1
and over to the 5 per cent clearance fine, volumetric efficiency is 96.5. The
product gives (m.e.p.) reduced to low-pressure cylinder and is 36.5. From the

'^'

Chart

formula, the horse-power

5.

There

maximum work

is

one

found to be 358.

which for a definite (del.pr.) will give the

This chart, originated by Mr. T. M. Gunn,

(sup.pr.),

of compression.

is

142

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

gives a graphical

means

clearance and value of

of finding this value of (sup.pr.)

are known.

find the (sup.pr.) to give

on the right-hand of the chart

condition.
The figure was drawn by

maximum work

necessary to project from the proper value of

and then horizontally to read the value

gives the (sup.pr.) desired.

To

(del.pr.),

It also gives

a means for finding the (m.e.p.) for this

means of Eqs. (139) and (142).

To

when the

of Rp.

any

for

(del.pr.) it is

only

to the given clearance curve,

The

(del.pr.)

divided by this

obtain the (m.e.p.) project upward from the

value of 5 to the clearance curve, then horizontally to read the ratio

'

'

'

\del.pr./

The

{del.pr.) multiplied

As an example

by this quantity gives the m.e.p.

be required to find the (sup.pr.)

for the case of maximum work for 9 X 12 in. double-acting compressor running
200 R.P.M., having 5 per cent clearance and delivering against 45 lbs. per square
inch gage. also the horse-power. Compression such that s = 1.3.
Projecting from the value 1.3 for s on the left-hand diagram to the line of
60
5 per cent clearance find Rp to be 2.8, hence (sup.pr.) =^r = 21.4 lbs. per
of the use of this chart let

it

2.0

square inch absolute = 6.4 lbs. per square inch gage. Again, projecting from
value 1.3 for s on right-hand diagram to line of 5 per cent clearance find
(m.e.p.)
400
^ I.H.P.
TTTT3 = 23 X 1 X 64 X
hence (m.e.p.). =23 and
rhat .
r- = .383,
^tttt^t^t:
(del.pr.)
33,000
,

= 17.8.
Chart

6.

This chart

is

designed to show the saving in work done in com-

pressing and delivering gases

by two-stage

or three-stage compression with

and perfect intercooling over that required for compressing and delivering the same gas between the same pressures in one stage. The
chart was made by laying off on a horizontal base a scale of pressure ratios.
From the same origin a scale of work for two or three stage divided by the
work of one stage was drawn vertically. For a number of values of Rp the
work to compress a cubic foot of gas was found for one, two and three stage
The values found by dividing the work of two or three
for each value of s.
stage by the work of single stage were plotted above the proper Rp values, and
opposite the proper ratio, values and curves drawn through all points for one
value of s. To find the saving by compressing in two or three stages project
from the proper Rp value to the chosen s curve for the desired number of
best-receiver pressure

stages, then horizontally to read the ratio of multi-stage to one-stage work.

This value gives per cent power needed for one stage that will be required to
compress the same gas multi-stage. Saving by multi-stage as a percentage
of single stage is one minus the value read.
To illustrate the use of this chart, find the per cent of work needed to compress a cubic foot of air adiabatically from 1 to 8J atmospheres in two stages
compared to doing it in one stage. From examples under charts Nos. 1 and
2 it was found that work per cubic foot was 6300 ft.-lbs. and 5320 ft.-lbs. respectively, for one- and two-stage compression, or that two stage was 84.5 per cent

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

143

Rp, 8i project up on Chart 6 to s = 1.406 for two stage, and

over to read 84.6 per cent, which is nearly the same.
of one stage.

From

Chart 7. This chart, designed by Mr. T. M. Gunn, shows the economy

compared to isothermal compression.
The chart was drawn on the basis of the following equation

^
liiconomy

,,

,x

(isothermal)

= m.e.p.

isothermal (no clearance)

-,

-.

m.e.p. actual il^i, actual

:;

Values of this expression were worked out for each exponent, for assumed values
of Rp.

scale of values of

Rp was

and from the same

laid off horizontally

origin a vertical scale of values of the ratio of isothermal to adiabatic.

The

found were then plotted, each point above its proper Rp and opposite
its ratio value.
Curves were then drawn through all the points found for the
value
of
s.
In a similar way a set of curves for two-stage and a set for
same
three-stage compression were drawn.
This chart is also useful in obtaining the (m.e.p.) of the cycle if the (sup.pr.)
and the volumetric efficiency of the cylinder be known. A second horizontal
scale laid off above the Rp scale shows the (m.e.p.) per pound of (sup.pr. for)
the isothermal no-clearance cycle. This is found to be equal to loge Rp, since
the (m.e.p.) for no clearance is equal to the work per cubic foot of (sup.pr.) gas,
results

which, in turn, for the isothermal case

Rp

(sup.pr.) loge

is

or loge

Rp when

(sup.pr.) = 1.

Knowing the

economy compared to isothermal can be

Also knowing Rp the (m.e.p.) per pound initial is

ratio of pressures,

found as explained above.

found from the upper scale.
Since the latter quantity is assumed to be known, by multiplying it by
factor just found there is obtained (m.e.p.) isothermal.
Since volumetric
efficiency is assumed known, all the factors are known for the first equation
given above which, rearranged, reads
,

N.I =

(m.e.p.) actual

Chart

8.

This chart

is

m.e.p. isothermal (no clearance)

t
-r
in
i^
(economy isothermal; il^,;
-.

drawn

to give the cylinder displacement for a

and clearance.

desired capacity, with various values of Rp,

Eq. (58): (L.P. Cap.) =Z)(l+c-ci2pi).

The right-hand portion of the diagram

is

From the formula

for the purpose of finding values

and is constructed as in Chart 2. The

values of the lower scale on the left-hand diagram give values of Z) = (L. P. Cap.)
-^{l-\-c cRps), where capacity is taken at 100 cu.ft., this scale was laid
out and the clearance curves points found by solving the above equation for
of

(i2p)s"

for various values of

Rp and

s,

various values of {Rp)i for each value of

c.

To

obtain the displacement neces-

sary for a certain capacity with a given value of Rp, c and s, project upward
from Rp to the proper s curve across to the c curve and down to read displacement per hundred cubic feet. Also on the left-hand diagram are drawn lines of
piston speed, and on left-hand edge a scale of cylinder areas and diameters to
give displacements found on horizontal scale. To obtain cylinder areas or
approximate diameters in inches project from displacement to piston speed line

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

144

and across

to read cylinder area or diameter.

Figures given are for 100 cu.ft.

For any other volume the displacement and area of cylinder will

per minute.

be as desired volume to 100, and diameters will be as \/desired volume to 100.

As an example of the use of Chart 8, let it be required to find the low-pressure cylinder size for a compressor to handle 1500 cu. ft. of free air per minute.
Receiver pressure to be 45 lbs. per square inch gage and (sup.pr.) to be atmosPiston speed limited to 500 ft. per minute. Compression to be so that
s=1.4 and clearance = 4 per cent. Projecting upward from Rp = 4: to s

phere.

= 1.4,

across to c = 4:%,

and down to piston speed = 500, find the diameter of

a cylinder for 100 cu. ft. per minute is 6.3. For 1500 cu. ft. the diameter will
beas Vl5X6.3 = 3.9X6.3 = 24 ins.
Chart 9. This diagram for mean effective pressure in terms of initial and
back pressure, clearance, compression and cut-off, facilitates the solution of Eq.
The mean effective pressure is the difference between mean forward and
(184)
mean back pressure. The former is dependent upon clearance, cut-off and initial
pressure.
In the example shown on the figure by letters and dotted lines,
Project horizontally to the point
clearance is assumed 5 per cent, shown at A.
Project downward
F, on the contour line for the assumed cut-off, 12 per cent.
.

to the logarithmic scale for ''mean forward pressure in terms of initial pressure"
to the point G.

On the

H, representThrough G and H a straight

"mean forward pressure," where

scale for ''initial pressure" find the point

ing the assumed initial pressure, 115 lbs. absolute.

line is

passed to the point

the value

is

K on the scale for

read, m.f.p.=49.5 lbs. absolute.

Mean back

pressure

is

similarly dependent

upon

clearance, compression

by the points, A,B,C, D

and back pressure, and the same
and E, reading the mean back pressure, 3.2 lbs. absolute at the point E. Then
by subtraction (m.e.p.) = (m.f.p.) (m.b.p.) =49.5 3.2 = 46.3 lbs.
Chart 10 is arranged to show what conditions must be fulfilled in order to
obtain equal work with complete expansion in both cylinders in a compound
engine, finite receiver, logarithmic law, no clearance, when low-pressure admission and high-pressure exhaust are not simultaneous. The diagram repreprocess

is

followed out

sents graphically the conditions expressed in Eqs. (283) to (286).

To

illustrate its use

the volume of receiver

then - = .667.

assume that in an engine operating on such a

is

cycle,

1.5 times the high-pressure displacement, 1.5

Locate the point

on the

bottom

scale at

2/,

of diagram, corre-

sponding to this value. Project upward to the curve marked "ratio of cut-offs"
and at the side, C, read ratio of cut-offs Zh/Zl = 572. Next extending the
From D
line AB to its intersection D, with the curve GH, the point D is found.
project horizontally to the contour line representing the given ratio of initial
to back pressure.
In this case, initial pressure is assumed ten times back pressure.
Thus the point E is located. Directly above E at the top of the sheet is
read the cylinder ratio, at F. Rc = Dl/Dh = 2A.
If cylinder ratio and initial and final pressures are the fundamental data of
the problem, the ratio of cut-offs and ratio of high-pressure displacements to
.

receiver

volume may be found by reversing the

order,

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

145

Chart 12. Diagram (A) is the Marks and Davis modification of the Cp
curve of Knobloch and Jacobs, the integral of which (C) gives the heat of superheat from any temperature of steam generation to actual steam temperature,
while (B) shows the values for the mean specific heat above the temperature of
saturation for the particular pressure in question.

Chart 13. This diagram is for the purpose of finding the cubic feet per
pound, or pounds per cubic foot, of a gas at 32 F. and a pressure of 29.92 ins.
of Hg, if its volume or weight per cubic foot be known at any pressure and
temperature. The curves depend upon the fact that the pounds per cubic foot
That is
(5) vary directly as the pressure and inversely as the temperature.
^32*')

29.92''

T
d

TP 7q9

p~'

29 92

The

line of least slope is so

drawn that

for

any

temperature on the horizontal scale its value when divided by 492 may be
read on the vertical scale. The group of lines with the greater slope is so drawn
that for any value on the vertical scale this quantity times 29.92/P may be
used on the horizontal scale. That is, the vertical scale gives the ratio of
densities as affected by temperature for constant pressure, while horizontal
scale gives the ratio as affected by both temperature and pressure.
A reciprocal scale is given in each case for volume calculations.
To find the pounds per cubic foot of gas at 32 F. and 29.92 ins. of mercury
when its value is known for 90 and 13 lbs. per square inch. On the temperature
scale, pass vertically until the temperature line is reached, then horizontally
until the curve for 13 lbs. absolute is reached.
The value on the scale below is
found to be 1.265, so that the density under the standard conditions is 1.265
of the value under known conditions.
Had it been required to find the cubic
feet per pound the process would be precisely the same, the value being taken
from the lower scale, which for the example reads .79, or, the cubic feet per
pound under standard conditions is 79 per cent of the value under conditions
assumed.
Charts 16 to 21. These are diagrams of the properties of steam and give
respectively the pressure-temperature values, heat of the liquid, latent heat,
total heat, specific

volume and density

density of the vapor.

The

of the liquid,

and

specific

volume and

values in the charts correspond to the tabular

values given in the steam table (XL).

Charts 25 and 26.

These diagrams, devised by Professor Parr were de/

rived from

Eq.

(576),

= h' -0.000367 h{td-L)

(l

32\

T7y^)^
I

where

is

barometric height in inches, after applying all corrections, and h' is pressure
of saturated water vapor, in inches of mercury, corresponding to the temperature

The vapor

is in ins. of mercury corresponding to given readand dry-bulb thermometers, td and tta, degrees F. The use of
the curves is best illustrated by an example: if the dry-bulb reading is 75
F. and the wet-bulb 65 F., find the dew point. The difference of wet- and drybulb temperatures is 10. From 10 at the top of the diagram (B) Chart 25
project downward, and from 75 air temperature at the left of diagram project
tw.

ings of the wet-

10

pressure, h,

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

146

to the right to the intersection, where the

dew point

read by interpolation
These curves are drawn for a
is

between the contour curves at (C) to be 59.5 F.

barometric pressure of 29.92 ins. (standard) and will not apply correctly, when
the barometer is not equal to this, though with fair approximation, so long as
the difference in barometer is not great. Where there is much departure the
formula must be used. Chart 26 gives weight of aqueous vapor per cubic foot
of mixture, in grains (yToV ^^) ^^^ ^l^o the degree of humidity.
The temperature of the dew point 59.6 F.,is located at (C) on the right-hand side.
Interpolation between the ends of the contours for weight, gives 5.6 grains per
cubic foot. On the same scale the temperature of the air, F., is represented at
point (A) 75, projecting to the intersecting point D and down to the bottom of
the diagram gives on the scale for degree of humidity, 60 per cent.
Charts 27, 28 and 29. These diagrams have been plotted chiefly from experimental data: the lower values are new, but the upper are those given by
Starr several years ago and generally accepted by refrigeration engineers, as
standard.

These data

refer to the equilibrium conditions

of the solution,

and

in

problems care must be taken to avoid applying them

to other conditions, for example to solutions that are not homogeneous, or in
which there has not been sufficient time for the establishment of equilibrium.
Charts 30 and 31. These represent various fractionation tests plotted in
curve form, on which are indicated the boiling-points of known hydrocarbons,
and bands are added for the class of distillate in accordance with the Robinson
using

them

for practical

classification.

Horizontal distances represent fractions

distilled,

a fraction

being the per cent by volume that has been discharged between two given temperatures in a boiling mass, the temperature continually rising. Incidentally

may

be noted that the temperature is different in the vapor than in the boiling liquid, though that of the liquid is usually taken. The rate of boiling or
application of heat very seriously affects these curves, any one of which might
easily be changed thereby.
Chart 33. This diagram gives the heats of reaction plotted as a function of
S alone, laid off horizontally, and a separate curve drawn for each value of the
it

CO
p^^yr-

first,

ratio, 2, 6, 15

and

infinity.

The

vertical distances are heats of reaction,

per pound of gases produced and second, per pound of carbon, the former

being a measure of temperature

rise,

and the

latter of efficiency of reaction.

These two heats are derived from Eq. (658) in the two Eqs. (661) and (662).
S is the weight of steam per pound of air reacting.
Chart 34. Here one set of the Mallard and Le Chatelier values for the mean
specific heat of various gases given in Eq. (674) has been used to calculate the
temperature rise above 32 for various quantities of heat. For any heat increment per pound of gases there is a corresponding temperature increment that
can be read off directly. Thus, for CO2, consider 1 lb. to receive 1000 B.T.U.;
starting at 32 F., the temperature rise would be 3290 F.- 32 F.= 3258,

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

147

whereas from 1000 F. as a starting point this same 1000 B.T.U. would yield a
temperature of 3690 F. or a rise of 2690.
Chart 36. The values of the factor of evaporation and equivalent pounds of
water per hour per boiler horse-power may be found directly from the curves,
which also give the heat per pound for dry saturated, wet or superheated steam
above any feed-water temperature. The construction of this chart is given on
the diagram.
Charts 38 and 39. These represent a number of boiler tests with some one
item of importance, selected to show the effect of various conditions of service
and fuels in the same and different boilers, all of which are self explanatory.
Chart 40. Calculation and use of diagram, giving constant volume lines for
steam. To illustrate the method, the location of the line of constant volume of
2 cu. ft. will be traced. Let the first temperature be taken at 800 F. absolute
for the first point A, corresponding to 340 F.
From the steam tables dry satu340
rated steam at
F. has a specific volume of 3.786 cu. ft., so that the quality
when the volume is 2 cu. ft. is 3.7^86 =52.8 per cent. The entropy of the
water at 340 F., from the steam tables, is 0.4903, therefore the entropy increase in making this steam from 32 F. and at 340 F. = entropy of the steam
+entropy of water content - entropy at 32 = 0^-032 = (.528 XI. 0984 .4903)
= 1.0703. Another point B is located by assuming a temperature
4=440 F. or 7^6 = 900, for which 06-032 = 1.5602 by the same method.
To illustrate the use of the diagram in solving problems, suppose 1 lb. of wet
atmospheric pressure steam, occupying 10 cu. ft. be enclosed in tank and heated
to raise the pressure to 30 lbs. per square inch absolute, find the final temperature, entropy and dryness.
From 14.7 lbs. per square inch on the pressure
scale project to point P on the constant volume line of 10 cu. ft. and follow this
line to the point C for 30 lbs. per square inch absolute pressure.
Projecting
710
=
250
from C to D the absolute temperature is found to be
or ^
F., and
projecting from C to E the entropy 0c 032 = 1.332.
The final quality

CM
OM

==== = ^^
72.4

per
cent.
^

heat be added to raise the temperature to 842 absolute the entropy

found by following the 10 cu. ft. line to the point
opposite the temperature,
Again,

is

if

entropy is found 0^ 032 = 1.724.

The quality may be read off directly from Chart 44 which carries lines
of constant quality that might be superimposed on this constant-volume

and projecting down from

to

the

chart.

Charts 41, 42 and 43. These have been drawn to facilitate calculations of
T relations for expansions and compression having various values of s;

P, V,

Charts 41 and 42 have been plotted to a vertical scale of

horizontal scale for the corresponding (y-j
different value of

s,

as

marked on

it.

and

{tft)

These are

p^)

with a double

Each curve

also given

is

for a

on logarithmic

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

148

cross-section paper in Chart 43 as arranged

by Gunn, where

all lines

become

which an entropy scale is added.

Chart 44. Calculation and use of temperature entropy diagram, lines of
constant pressure and quality. Let it be assumed that the line of quality 80 per
cent is to be located, starting with the pressure of 200 lbs. per square inch absolute, point A.
From the steam tables t = 381.9 F. or Ta = 841.9, the enliquid
tropy of the
is .5437, of evaporation complete, 1.0019, so that <^a 032
= .8Xl.0019H-.5437 = 1.3452. To locate a point B in the superheat region
at the same pressure and for 100 of superheat, the steam tables are found
straight, to

to give directly 06

(/)32

= 1.6120.

The following problem will serve as an example of the use of the diagram.
Steam at a pressure of 160 lbs. per square inch absolute, dry and saturated expands adiabatically to atmospheric pressure and to some unknown quality to
be found.
cally

down

From

the point

representing the initial condition project verti-

to the pressure line 14.7, at point D.

By interpolation

the quality

found to be 86.5 per cent, as point D lies between the two lines of 80 per cent
and 90 per cent quality.
Another example will illustrate the passage into the superheat region. Atmospheric exhaust steam at 20 lbs. per square inch absolute, is superheated 120
by a reheater and then expands adiabatically in an exhaust steam turbine to an
absolute pressure of half a pound per square inch absolute, to find the final
quality.
The initial condition is represented by point E, from which projecting downward to the low-pressure line at H, lying between 80 per cent and 90
per cent, the quality is found by interpolation to be 88.4 per cent and the temperature by projecting to K,is T = 540. The corresponding volumes may be
read off from Chart 40.
Chart 45. The Mollier Diagram. On this diagram the total heats above
32 are ordinates, and entropy from 32 are abscissa, plotted in a series of curves.
On this chart the vertical distance from any pressure, temperature or quality,
to any other, is the work done in heat units, by the whole cycle including an
adiabatic expansion; this can be marked off on a strip of paper and referred to
the scale of heat to permit the work to be read directly, or the ordinate of the
low can be subtracted from that of the high point. As this is so convenient for
turbine work a scale of corresponding steam jet velocities has been plotted
is

very necessary
when many calculations of this nature are to be made and such may be plotted
from the steam tables.
Chart 46. To illustrate the use of the diagram, the following problem will be
graphically solved.
Find the Rankine cycle efficiency, heat and steam consumption for an initial pressure of 150 lbs. per square inch gage and dry satubeside that for total heats.

large scale chart of this sort

is

Starting
per square inch absolute.
at the initial pressure point B, project up to the 10-lb. back pressure curve point
C, and then across to the efficiency scale point D, reading there a thermal

rated steam with a back pressure of 10

B.T.U. per hour

Continuing across horizontally to the back pressure curve of 10

efficiency of 19.3 per cent

per I.H.P.

lbs.

and a heat consumption

of 13,200

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

lbs. in

To

Chart 47.

and thence downward to the water-rate

steam per hour per I.H.P. is read off directly.

the left-hand angle to point

scale point F, the value 12.6 lbs.

149

illustrate the use of this chart, find the

thermal

efficiency,

heat and steam consumption, for the Rankine cycle, when steam is 90 per cent
initially dry at 200 lbs. per square inch gage pressure, and the back pressure 15
lbs. per square inch absolute.
From the scale of quality at 90 per cent, point

F on 15- lb. curve, and then horizontally to point G at

efficiency and 13,400 B.T.U. per hour per I.H.P. heat
per
thermal
18.98
cent
consumption. Continue across to
and down to K, reading the water rate
E, project up to point

value 14.4

lbs. of

steam per hour per I.H.P. on the bottom

To

Chart 48.

illustrate the use of this

per pound of steam, and

mean

scale.

diagram, find the jet velocity, work

Rankine cycle

steam
and saturated expanding to 10 lbs. absolute.
Project up from point B to point C and across to point F where there is read,
work done = 115,000 ft.-lbs. per pound of steam. Continuing across to D and
down to E, (m.e.p.) =23.5 lbs. per square inch, or continuing CD across to G
effective pressure for the

for

at 75 lbs. initial pressure gage, dry

the jet velocity

Chart 49.

mean

is

2790

ft.

per second.

To illustrate

the use of this diagram, find work, jet velocity, and

Rankine cycle when initial pressure is 200 lbs.

50
per square inch gage,
superheat and back pressure 1 lb. per square inch
effective pressure, for the

absolute.

= 272,000

Projecting up from point

ft.-lbs.,

curve at point

velocity =4190

the

mean

ft.

to

F and

across to G, read,

per second, and stopping on the

pressure 7.4

lbs.

per square inch

is

work
1-lb.

read directly

below at K.
Chart 50. Carnot steam cycle. To illustrate the use of the diagram,
solve the problem: For the Carnot cycle with dry saturated steam between 150
lbs. per square inch gage and 10 lbs. absolute find the thermal efficiency, heat,
and steam consumption. From point B pass up to C and across to D, reading
efficiency = 21.1 per cent, and heat consumption 12,060 B.T.U. per hour per
I.H.P. Passing horizontally to E and down to F' the water rate of 13.9 lbs.
per hour per I.H.P. may be read off directly.
Charts 51, 52 and 53. Carnot steam cycle. The use of these diagrams
requires no special explanation since they follow in general the methods given
for the Rankine cycle charts.
Chart 54. Non-compression gas cycle. To illustrate the use of the diagram find for a Lenoir cycle receiving 800 B.T.U. per pound of working gases
the thermal efficiency, heat consumption, and cubic feet of 300 B.T.U. per cubic
foot fuel gas per hour per I.H.P.
From the 800 point E pass vertically to point
F on the Lenoir curve and thence horizontally to G on the efficiency scale,
reading 35.2 per cent and heat consumption, 7250 B.T.U. per hour per I.H.P.
Passing across to the 300 B.T.U. calorific power curve at H and down to K,
the gas consumption is found to be 24 cu. ft. per hour per I.H.P.
Chart 55. Work of the non-compression gas cycle. The following problem illustrates the use of this diagram Find the work per pound of working
gases and the mean effective pressure for an Otto and Langen cycle receiving
:

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

150

500 B.T.U. per pound of gases. Starting at the 500 B.T.U. point G^ pass up to
the cycle curve at
and then across to the point
on the work scale, reading
260,000 ft.-lbs. Passing horizontally across to the point L and thence downward to point
the mean effective pressure is found to be 1.18 lbs. per
square inch.
Chart 56. Stirling gas cycle. To illustrate the use of this chart, find the
efficiency, cyclic and fuel heat consumption for a Stirling cycle, for 300 B.T.U.
supplied from fire per pound of working gases, 30 atm. compression, and a furnace efficiency of 40 per cent. Starting at point E at the value 300 on the upper
scale, pass vertically up to point F on the efficiency curve referred to fire heat,
and horizontally to G, reading thermal efficiency of 62.8 per cent, and cyclic
heat supplied 4050 B.T.U. per hour per I.H.P. Continuing across to point
on the 40 per cent furnace efficiency curve and down to fire heat scale at K,
the fire heat supplied is found to be 10,200 B.T.U. per hour per I.H.P.
Charts 57 and 59. A similar procedure applies to the curves for the
Ericsson cycle, which need no detailed explanation.
Charts 60 and 61. Adiabatic compression cycles. Illustrating the use
of the curves the solution of the following problem is traced graphically on
Chart 60. Required the thermal efficiency, cyclic heat, and fuel consumption for
the Diesel cycle, supplied with an oil yielding 1500 B.T.U. per cubic foot in its
vapor, the cycle receiving 600 B.T.U. per pound of working gases after 10 atm.
compression. From the 600 point E on the heat-supplied scale pass up to the
10 atm. compression Diesel curve F, and horizontally across to the efficiency
scale G reading 28.6 per cent and 8900 B.T.U. per hour per I.H.P.
Continuing
across to the fuel calorific power curve of 1500 B.T.U. per cubic foot H, and
thence down to K, the fuel consumption is found to be 6 cu.ft.
The second set of efficiency curves, Chart 61, is used in exactly the same way
as Chart 60, the only difference between the two being the scales.
Charts 66 and 67. Comparison of rational and emperic formulas for air and
steam flow. These have been calculated for air from Eq. (25) using 7 = 1.4;
and by the Mollier diagram for steam. To this diagram are added some curves

of experimental flow laws stated in Eqs. (951), (952)

and

(953).

This diagram was calculated from Eq.

(968) and also by the simple equation in which density changes are neglected.
These give comparative results as indicated in the chart, reproduced from

Chart 69.

Velocity of air pipes.

Kneeland.
Chart 71. Chimney diameter. This diagram corresponds to Eq. (1005)
which assumes that the minimum-cost steel stack has a diameter depending
solely upon the horse-power of the boilers it serves, and a height proportional
to the net draft

required.

Charts 72 and 73. Refrigerating effect, ammonia and carbon-dioxide.

See the diagrams for construction and use.

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

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159

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HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

164

Pressure inPouniasPer Sq. In. Abs..

//

15

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i

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I

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at 32 F.

at

any

1.8
I

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Density
~ at 32&29.92"
^ ^
Density at any T&P

Volume
Volume

1.^5

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Outer Scale = Ratio

Chart

/ 1 l\ /
3(3

1
1

'

/
/

1.0

'7

= Ratio
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,

/ / /
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// // /
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Density at 32 F.
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Inner
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Density at any T

Equivalent Gas Densities At Different Pressures and Temperatures.

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

165

y
v
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U
to

a
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10

60

Chart

14.

160

110

Temperatures

in

210

260

Degrees Fahr.

Ammonia Pressure-temperature Relations, for Saturated Vapor.

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

166

.3

.3

.1

CCritical

.5

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Temperature Divided "by any other Temperature)-!

+

/
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900

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9^

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1

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50

50
Xeanperafeures in Degrees Fahr.

Chart

Carbon Dioxide Pres&ure-temperature Relations for Saturated Vapor.

15.'

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

167

n
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9i

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670

650

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610

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590
570
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320

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266

270

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325
280

500

Temperature in Degree^ Tahr,

Chart

16.

Steam, Pressure-temperature (Table XL).

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

168

14

16

18

2p

Upper Horizontal Scale =Pressures in Lbs. Per Sq. In. Abs.

" = Temperature in Degrees F.
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575

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390

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..

290

in Degrees F.

Chart

18.

300

305

455

465

475

Upper Scale = Pressure

480

630

610

in IDs. per sq.in. aba.

Steam, Latent Heat (Table XL).

650

655

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

170

12

^'^

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CllEO

13

14

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Lower Scale = Temperature Degrees .Fahrenheit

Upper Scale Pressure Lbs. Per Square Inch Absolute

^^

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190
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1000

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400

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160

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150

220

240

275'

120

300

510

GO(k

Temperature, Fahrenheit

3.5
:i200

d
1175

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AND DIAGRAMS

.TABLES

171

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550

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0:

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HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

172

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TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

173

Temperature.Deg. Cent.

30

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

300

220

240

Temperature.Deg. Fahr.

Chart

Vapor Pressure

22,

of

Hydrocarbons and Light Petroleum

Class.

Distillates of the Gasolene

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

174

Temperature Deg. Centigrade

20

i-o

30

40

,50

60

70

100

'

33

40

60

80

IQQ

120'

140

160-

ISO

200

.Tempemtxire Deg. Fahrenheii?

Chart

23.

Vapor Pressure of Heavy Petroleum

Distillates of the

Kerosene Class.

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

175

Temperature, Deg. Centigrade

20
I.

I
.

SO

40

50

60

30

U
,

70

80

50

40

90

60

100

110

120

130

140

Temperature Degrees, Fahrenheit

Chart

24.

Vapor Pressure of the Alcohols.

150

160

UO

176

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC
Difference in Temperature :Wet
2
6
8
4

and Dry Bulbs Degrees Fahrenheit

t

10

13

567

1
2
3
4
Difference in Temperature :Wet

Chart 25.

14

16

18

10

20

11

and Dry Bulbs: Degrees Centigrade

Relation between Wet' and Dry Bulb Psychrometer Readings and Dew Point
Air and Water Vapor.

for

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

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HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

178

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Temperature in Degress Fahrenheit

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230

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TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

135

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33.73 35

4041.55

45

50

Anrmonta inSottflami.

Annnonia-water Solutions, Relation between Total Pressure and

Per Cent

NH3

in Solution.

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

180

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50

Percent by Weight of Ammonia in Solution

Chart

29.

Ammonia-water Solutions, Relation between Temperature and

Per Cent

NH3

in Solution.

_
55

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

r"

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HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

182

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185

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53

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ill

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stt empers ture.

if

^ Oj^

eiO^

fe"

Per Cent Jay "Volume Distilled

Chart

31.

Fractional

Distillation of Gasolenes.

1(K)^

'

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

183

\\

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fl

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no

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HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

184

\
rooo

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6000

eS

P3

4000

>

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s,

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55

FI

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Lbs. S lem u
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N^
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= ^ ^ ^ ^ S
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s.

\ \
S

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.8000

1000

of Carbon.

per lb. of Gas produced.

3000

lb.

Lower Curves -Heat of Reaction

\\

y V

C3

o
o

per

5000

Upper Curves -Heat of Reaction

p er

^ V^

*^ lIi'

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> \
CO
CO

-1000

"^

^-^

'

S^
[^
"^

^l-.

-^

^
^^ r^ -"**

-1500

Chart

33.

Heats

of Reaction for Hypothetical Producer

Gas from Fixed Carbon, B. T. U.

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

S

'

/
/

1
1

6000
/

/
/
/ /

'
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5500
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1
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1

11

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5000

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\ Steam Const
J
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CO Var.)

fe

0,Const.^2

COgConst.

185

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1500

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1000

~~~

fli

^aV^'^'U

-^

,<.'^<^-^''n

-A

""

'^
'

^
500

1000

1500

2000

B.T.TJ. per

Chart

34.

Relation Between Temperatures and

^

and Variable

2500

3000

3500

4000

Pound of Gas

Heat

for

Gases According to the Constant

Specific Heat.

186

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

(asiB^ JO eoqoui) '^^ qsy puc aouuanj; uaoAv^aq pajmbaa

W'JJ'CI

JO

90J:o

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

~"
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33.4788 3.35 3348 2.79

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IC

2 SQ

Upper Line=Temperature for Saturation,

Lower Line=At)SQlute Pressures

Chart

36.

Heat per Pound of Steam above Feed Temperature.

per Boiler Horse-power.

Evaporation per Hour

Factor of Evaporation.

Each of the upper curves gives directly the total heat per pound of steam above 32
and the distance between them and the lower curve intercept, that for any feed-water temperature, by a vertical distance.
If, therefore, AB be the total heat for the steam above
32 at 100 lbs. per sq. in. absolute and 20 superheat and DE the heat of Hquid at 200 F.
feed temperature above 32, then AC, the vertical distance between these two points, is the
heat per pound of steam above the feed temperature 200 F. for 100 lbs. steam with 20
superheat.
This can be marked on a slip of paper and read off on the extra scale to the
right in terms

of,

heat in B.T.U., or factor of evaporation, or actual weight of water that

to give a boiler horse-power.

must be evaporated per hour

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

188

Evaporation

Chart

37.

^Heat Balance

From & at

for

10

212F, per Square

11

12

13

14

15

16

Foot of Heating Surface per Hour,

Locomotive Boiler Workine Under Various Rates of Evaporation,

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

C
o

o
o

189

1005^

o^ i^

X
y

B.&W. Boiler

/J

Ss

n"

^ Thornj-croft Boiler

8054

^ 5^
S

^ ^.,

N + >-v
"&Q

RO^,

eoi

20

15

10

3 4
5
6 7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Lbs. Water Evaporated from and at 212F.
per Sq .Ft Heating Surf, per Hr.

Lbs. Air per Lb. of Coal

755^

90^.

X^

\ N,
\J V

>

"^

V.

'V

xFurnace Temperatun
oFlue Gas

=3

^X

>^ <^

:i5|oO

Furnace Temp'era'tur e

mi i^00

y'

2^

27^30

2^00

700

'HX)

2900

0.5

Chart

1.0

in Flue Gases

38.

/
10

800

Plue Gas Temperature

% CO

555^

Influence

11

12

CO2 in Flue Gases

lost

205^

30i4

40?i

Volatile Carbon in Total CarbonPer Ceait.

of Various Factors

on Boiler

Efficiency.

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

190

>y
/

/
/

f
J

/
f

500 H.P.

B.

& W. Boiler

/l

/
1

'0.2

400

0.4

0.3

600

Draft over Tire in incites of Water

800

MOO

1200

IPOO

Boiler Horse Power

.2

P4

60 f'

50

y^

"^

^.

JJ

^ ^,

40^

/
VV\eir.

18

26

23

Pounds of Dry Coal Fired per Hr. per

Thickness of Fire in.inclies

Sq. Ft. of Grate Surface

90 5?

^^
^
^^U ^
y^
<;
^
^ ^ L^^ ^T^
^^
^
/^

f*^

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.2805^

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f^.

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^^\
v^

70 3^

12

6
4
5
7
8
Evaporation per Sq. Ft. of Heating
Surface per flr.

Chart

39.

Influence

12

Evaporation per Sq. Ft. of Heating

Surface per Hr.

of Various Factors

on Boiler

Efl&ciency.

',

..

'

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

191

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i _L.

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r-
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Refrigerating Coil Press. Xbs, per Sq.In., Ga.

Chart

72.

for

Chart
Any

to Determine Available Refrigerating Effect per

Refrigerator Pressure

Pound

of

Ammonia

and Any Refrigerator or Liquid Temperature.

Construction and use of Diagrams, Charts 72 and 73. These diagrams are for the purpose of finding the refrigerating effect per pound of fluid, which is made up of the latent
heat, or as much of it as is available, less the heat necessary to cool the liquid from its original
temperature to that due to the pressure in the coils, plus the heat absorbed in superheating
the vapor.
A horizontal scale of pressures is laid off in both directions for a vertical axis carrying

a B.T.U. scale. In the section to the right of the center axis curves are drawn representing
These are so
various temperatures of the liquid before entering the refrigerator coils.
drawn that the vertical scale opposite the intersection of a vertical from any pressure with
any curve gives the latent heat for that pressure, less the heat required to cool the liquid.
This

is

the available heat for refrigerating

if

the vapor leaves the coils dry and saturated.

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

223

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any Refrigerator Pressure and any Refrigerator or Liquid Temperature.

In the section to the left of the center axis are two sets of curves, the lower, representing
temperatures of the vapor leaving the coils, is so drawn that the value of the left-hand
vertical scale opposite a point of intersection of a vertical from any pressure with any curve,
The sum of this and the value found in
gives the heat absorbed in superheating the vapor.
the first section gives the total refrigerating effect for the case when the vapor leaves the coils
in a superheated state.
The upper curves in this section represent quality of the vapor if
the liquid has not been entirely evaporated and are so drawn that the value on the vertical
scale opposite the point of intersection of a vertical from any pressure with any curve,
shows the heat unavailable for refrigerating, due to incomplete evaporation of the liquid, and
the difference between this value and that found in the first section gives the total refrigerating effect for the case of wet vapor leaving the coils.
As an example of the use of Chart 72 let it be required to find the refrigerating effect per
pound of ammonia when the pressure in the coils is 20 lbs. gage, the temperature of the liquid

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

224

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74.

Density and Specij&c Volume

before entering the coil

(a)
(6)
(c)

From 20

is

70 F.

of

Ammonia-water

Solutions.

and

Vapor leaves dry and saturated;

Vapor leaves 92.5 per cent, dry;
Vapor leaves at a temperature of

30*^

F.

up to curve 70. The value on the

502 B.T.U., which is the value for case (o). From 20 in the
left-hand section project to curve 92.5 per cent.; the value on the left-hand vertical scale is
43, therefore, for case (6) the result is 502 43 = 459 B.T.U.
For case (c), project from
20 to curve 30, the value on the vertical scale corresponding to which is 12.5, hence the result
for this case is 502 + 12.5 = 514.5.
The refrigeration per pound of fluid may be obtained from Eq. (1030), but since these
are all tabular values, except the heat of air and of vapor superheat, the determinations
can be readily made by means of the charts. From the data of these diagrams the displacements of compressors and pumps may be computed directly by the use of the sliderule.
When superheated vapor densities are to be evaluated, either vapor ammonia or
carbon dioxide may be assumed to behave as a perfect gas, volumes being directly, and
density inversely proportional to absolute temperatures.
The volume per pound of ammonia solutions may be read off directly from Chart 74.
in the right-hand section (Chart 72) project

vertical scale at this point

is

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INDEX
(Numbers

refer to pages)

Absorption of air in water (Winkler), table

of, 60
of gases by liquids, table of, 60
Accuracy of Marks and Davis tables, 2
Adiabatic expansion of steam, values of s,
table, 14
Air, absorption of in water, table of, 60
and steam flow, charts of, 216, 217
and water vapor, dew point, chart of,
176
flow, coefficient of friction for, in ducts,

chart of, 220

values of C for, table of, 113
blast-furnace,
composition of,
gas,
table, 99
mixtures, best calorific properties of,
table, 107
explosive, limits of proportion,
table of, 108.
required for combustion, table of, 61
velocity of, in pipes, chart of, 219
Alcohols, vapor pressure of, chart, 175
Altitudes and barometric pressures, 8
Ammonia, gas, Mollier diagram for, 226
pressure-temperature relations, for saturated vapor, chart of, 165
refrigerating effect per pound, chart,

222
solutions, table of relations of, 54
tables of properties of, how derived, 3
T4> diagram for, 225
vapor, properties of saturated, table of,

Blast-furnace gas and air gas, composition

horse-power, evaporation per hour,

chart of, 187
locomotive, heat balance for, diagram
of, 188
Boiling points, table of, 32
Brayton gas cycle, thermal efficiency, heat
and fuel consumption, charts of,
210, 211
use of diagrams, 150
Brine, sodium chloride, specific heat of,
table, 25
British thermal unit (B.T.U.) vlaue of, 2.
of steam and gases, variation of with
temperature, chart, 185

Calcium chloride, freezing points, table of, 19

Calorific power and composition of coals,
table of, 70
of hydrocarbon oils, table of, 90
of mineral oils, table of, 89
properties of best air-gas mixtures,
table of, 117
Carbon dioxide, Mollier diagram for, 227
pressure-temperature relations for saturated vapor, chart of, 166
refrigerating effect of, per pound, chart
of,

Balance, heat, for locomotive boiler, diagram

of, 188

Barometric heights, altitudes and pressures,

tables of, 8
pressure,

Baume

how

used, 1

specific gravity scale, table of, 19

Bituminous gas coal distillation, products of,
table, 95

223

tables of properties of, how derived, 3

vapor, properties of saturated, table of,

41

water solutions, table of partial pressures, 58

relation between temperature and per
cent NH3 in solution chart of, 180
relation between total pressure and
per cent NH3 in solution, chart of,
179
relation between total pressure and
temperature, chart of, 178
work absorbed in refrigeration by,
charts of, 229
Atomic weights, international, table of, 34
Average distillation, products of, crude
mineral oils, table of, 90

of,

table, 99
Boiler efiiciency, influence of various factors
on, charts, 189, 190
flue gases, composition of, table, 106

50

work

absorbed

in

refrigeration

charts of, 230

Carnot steam cycle and derivatives.

mal

efficiency

by,

Ther-

and heat consump-

tion, charts of, 200, 201

use of charts, 149
work and jet velocity, charts of, 202, 203
Cellulose and wood, comparison of, table, 69
Centigrade and Fahrenheit temperatures,
table of, 16
Charts, construction and use of, 139-150
Chemical compounds, heats of combustion
of, 63
Chimneys, dimensions of, by Kent's formula, table, 130
relation of diameter to horse-power,
chart of, 221
construction of chart, 150
Classification of coals by gas and coke qualities, table of, 87
new basis of, 4

231

INDEX

232

CO from

CO2, rate of formation, table of, 106

classification of by gas and coke
qualities, table of, 87
combustible and volatile of, table of, 78
combustion, rate of, table, 119
new basis of classification of, 4

Coals,

new

table of chemical and thermal properties of, 3

powdered, producer gas, composition of,

table, 116
rate of combustion of with draft, diagram of, 186
table of composition and calorific power
of, 70
Carnot gas cycle, thermal efficiency, heat
and fuel consumption, charts of,
210, 211
use of diagrams, 150
Coefficient of cubical expansion of liquids,
table of, 26
of friction for air in ducts, chart of, 220
of heat transfer, table of, 62
of linear expansion of solids, table of, 25
of pressure rise of gases and vapors,
constant volume, table of, 27
of radiation, table of, 61
of volumetric expansion of gases and
vapors, constant pressure, table of,

26

Coke oven, and

retort coal gas, composition

of, table,

94

United States, composition of, table,

98
Combustible and volatile of coals lignites and
peat, table of, 78
Combustion, air required for, table of, 61
heats

of,

table

of,

63

of coal, rate of, table of, 119

rate of with draft, chart of, 186
Complete-expansion Otto, gas cycle, thermal
efficiency, heat and fuel consumption, charts of, 210, 211
use of diagrams, 150
logarithms, 132, 134
Composition and calorific power of characteristic coals, table of, 70
of blast-furnace gas and air gas, table of,
99, 104
of boiler flue gases, table of, 116
of coke oven and retort coal gas, table of,

Common

94
of hypothetical producer gas

from

fixed

carbon, chart of, 183

of natural gases, table of, 91
of oil producer gas, table of, 113
of powdered coal, producer gas, table of,
116
of producer gas, table of, 108
of United States coke, table of, 98
of water gas, table of, 113
Compound engines, equal distribution of
work in, chart of, 161
Compression gas cycles, thermal efficiency,
heat and gas consumption, charts
of,

207-211

work and

m.e.p., charts of, 212, 213

Compressibility of gases, table of, 82

Compressor

cylinder
displacement
for
given capacity, chart of, 159
Compressors, one, two and three stages,

mean

effective pressures of, charts

154
Conductivity, thermal, table of internal, 65
table of relative, 68
Constant, gas, values of R, table of, 28
pressure and constant quality lines for
steam with T(i> diagram, 194
volume, gases and vapors, coefficient
of pressure rise of, table, 27
lines for steam on the T^ diagram, 191
construction and use of diagram,
147
Constants for the curve PF" = K, table of,
of,

13
for use in Heck's formula for missing

water, table

of,

18

Construction and use of charts, 139-150

Consumption, fuel, Brayton gas cycle,
charts of, 210, 211
Carnot, 210, 211
complete-expansion Otto, 210, 211
Diesel, 210, 211
Ericsson, 207, 209
Otto, 210, 211
Stirling, 206, 208
gas, and thermal efficiency, non-compression cycles, charts of, 204
heat, and thermal efficiency, Carnot
steam cycle, charts of, 200, 201
Rankine cycle, steam, charts of, 196,

197
Conversion table, heat and power, 7
inches of mercury to pounds per square
inch, 10
of units of distance, 5
of power, 7
of pressure, 6
of surface, 5
of volume, 5
of weight and force, 5
of work, 6
Crank angle and piston position, table of,
11
Critical point, table of, 30

Crude mineral oils, average distillation, products of, table, 99

Cubical expansion of liquids, coefficient of,
table, 26
Cylinder, compressor, displacement for given
capacity, chart of, 159
Densities, equivalent gas, at different pressures and temperatures, chart of,

164
of gas, comparison of experimental and
computed values, table of, 29
Density and specific volume of ammoniawater solutions, chart, 224
of the liquid (steam), chart of, 171, 172
Determination of m.e.p. for single-cylinder
engines, chart of, 160
construction and use of chart, 144
Dew point for air and water vapor, chart of,

176

INDEX

Diagram

factors for Otto-cycle gas engines,

table of, 122
to give economy of exponential cycles
referred to isothermal, chart of, 158
Diesel gas cycle, work and m.e.p. for various
amounts of heat added, chart of,

215
thermal efficiency, heat and fuel consumption, charts of, 210, 211
use of diagrams for, 150
Dimensions of chimneys by Kent's formula, table of, 130
Displacement for given capacity of compressor cylinder, chart of, 159
Distance, units of, conversion table, 5
Distillation, average, products of crude mineral oils, table of, 99
of gasolenes, fractional, chart of, 182
of kerosene and petroleums, fractional,
chart of, 181
Distillates, vapor pressures of, chart of, 173,

233

Expansion and compression, tabular values

for, PF = K, 13
cubical of liquids, coefficient

of,

table,

26
linear of solids, coefficient of, table, 25
volumetric of gases and vapors at constant pressure, coefficient of, table,

26
Explosive air-gas mixtures, limits of proportion, table of, 118
Exponential cycles referred to isothermal,
diagram to give economy, 158
gas changes, charts of, 192, 193
construction of charts, 147
Factor of evaporation, chart

of,

187

Factors, efficiency, piston steam engine

turbine, table of, 126

and

Fahrenheit and

Distribution of work, equal, in compound

engines, chart of, 161
Draft, rate of combustion with variation in,
diagram of, 186

Centigrade temperatures,
16
Feed temperature and heat per pound of
steam, chart of, 187
Fixed temperatures, tables of, 15
Flow change resistance factors, table of, 125
Flue gases, boiler, composition of, table, 106
Force and weight, conversion table of units

Economy

Formation of

174

table

of,

of exponential cycles referred to

isothermal, diagram of, 158

Efficiency, boiler, influence of various factors
on, charts, 189, 190
volumetric, of compressors, chart of,

154
Empiric and rational formulas for air and
steam flow, charts of, 216, 217
Engine, see under separate headings, steam

and gas cycles.

Engines, Otto cycle, mean effective pressure
factors for, tables of, 124
steam, and turbine efficiency factors,
table of, 115
Entropy diagram, total heat for steam,
Mollier, 195
-temperature and PV relations of gases,
chart of, 193
diagram with constant pressure and
constant quality lines for steam,
194
for ammonia, diagram of, 225
for carbon dioxide, diagram of, 227
for steam, diagram of, 194, 195
Equal distribution of work in compound
engines, chart of, 161
construction and use of chart, 144
Equivalent gas densities at different pressures and temperatures, chart of,

164
Ericsson gas cycle, thermal efficiency, heat
and fuel consumption, charts of,
207, 209
use of diagrams, 150
Ethylenes and naphthalenes from Russian
petroleum, table of, 88
Evaporation, factor of, chart of, 187
of locomotive boiler, heat balance of,
diagram, 188
per hour, per boiler h.p., chart of, 187

of,

CO from CO 2, table of, 106

Fractional distillation of gasolenes, chart of,
182
of kerosenes and netroleums, chart of,
181
Fractionation tests of gasolenes, table of, 102
of kerosenes and petroleums, table of,
100
Freezing, or melting points, table of, 34
point of calcium chloride, table of, 19
Friction, coefficient of, for air in pipes and
ducts, chart of, 220
Fuel consumption, Brayton cycle, charts of,
210, 211
Carnot, 210, 211
complete-expansion Otto, 210, 211
Diesel, 210, 211
Ericsson, 207, 209
Otto, 210, 211
Stirling, 206, 208
elements, heats of combustion of, table,

63
liquid and gaseous, boiling points of,
table, 33
table of composition of coals, 70
Fusion, latent heats of, table of, 31

Gas,

air-,

mixtures, best, calorific properties

table of, 117

of,

and

composition
104
and oil engines, heat balances of, table,
123
changes, exponential, charts of, 192, 193
coal distillation, bituminous, products
of, table of, 99
constant, R, table of, 28
consumption of, and thermal efficiency,
non-compression cycles, charts of,
204
air gas, blast-furnace,

of, table,

INDEX

234

Gas, Bray ton cycle, charts of, 210, 211

Carnot, 210, 211
complete-expansion Otto, 210, 211
Diesel, 210, 211
Ericsson, 207, 209
Otto, 210, 211
Stirling cycle, charts of, 206, 208
cycles compression, work and m.e.p.
charts, of. Bray ton, 210, 211
Carnot, 210, 211
complete-expansion Otto, 210, 211
Diesel, 210, 211, 215
Ericsson, 207, 209
Otto, 210. 211, 214
Stirling, 206, 208
thermal efficiency,

heat and fuel consumption, charts of.

Bray ton, 210, 211
Carnot, 210, 211
complete-expansion Otto, 210, 211
Diesel, 210, 211
Ericsson, 207, 209
Otto, 210, 211
Stirling, 206, 208
non-compression, thermal efficiency of,
charts, 204
work and m.e.p., charts of, 205
densities equivalent at different pressures and temperatures, chart of,
164
comparison of experimental and computed values of, table of, 29
engines. Otto cycle, diagram factors for,
table of, 122
from fixed carbon, heats of reaction for
hypothetic producer, chart of, 184
composition of hypothetic producer,
chart of, 183
oil producer, composition of, table, 113
pressure-temperature-volume relations,
charts of, 192
producer, composition of, table, 101
tests, table of, 114
PV and T(f) relations, chart of, 193
water, composition of, table, 113
Gases, absorption of by liquids, table of, 60
and vapors at constant volume, pressure rise of, coefficient of, table, 27
at constant pressure, coefficient of
volumetric expansion, table of, 26
boiler flue, composition of, table, 116
compressibility of, table, 28
natural, composition of, table, 91
relation between temperatures and heat,
chart of, 185
specific heat of, chart, 162; of table, 22
Gasolenes, fractional distillation of, chart of,
182
fractionation tests of, table of, 102
vapor pressure of, chart of, 173
Harter's weight of flow, superheated steam,
chart of, 218
Heat and fuel consumption, compression gas
cycles, charts of,

Bray ton, 210, 211

Carnot, 210, 211

Heat and fuel consumption, complete-expansion Otto, 210, 211

Diesel, 210, 211
Ericsson, 207, 209
Otto, 210, 211
Stirling, 206, 208

and

gas

consumption,

and thermal

efficiency,
non-compression
cycles, charts of, 204

gas

and power conversion table, 7

and temperatures, relation of, for gases,
chart of, 185
balance for locomotive boiler, diagram
of, 188
balances of gas and oil engines, table of,
123
consumption and thermal efficiency,
Carnot steam cycles, charts of,
200, 201

Rankine cycle, (steam), charts of,

196,

197
latent, steam, chart of, 169
of fusion for various substances, table
of, 31
of vaporization for various substances,
table of, 31
of the liquid, steam, chart of, 168
per pound of steam above feed temperature, chart of, 187
specific of gases, chart of, 162; table of,
22
of liquids, table of, 24
of solids, table of, 20
of superheated steam, 2; chart of, 163
supplied and work, compression gas
cycles, chart of, 214, 215
total entropy diagram for steam, Mollier, 195
steam, chart of, 170
transfer, table of coefficients of, 62
unit of, 2
Heats of combustion of fuel elements and
chemical compounds, table of, 63
of reaction for hypothetical producer
gas from fixed carbon, chart of, 184
Heck's formula for missing water, 18
Horse-power of chimneys, diameter for,
charts of, 221
per pound m.e.p., table of, 12
per 1,000 cu. ft. per minute supply
pressure gas, for single-stage compressors, chart of, 151
for two-stage compressors, chart of,
152
for three-stage compressors, chart of,
153
construction and use of chart for
single-stage, 139
two-stage, 140
three-stage, 140
Humidity and weight of moisture, cubic foot
saturated air, chart of, 177
construction and use of chart, 145

Hydrocarbon

oils, calorific

power of,

Hydrocarbons, vapor pressure

of,

table,

chart

90
of,

173
Hyperbolic logarithms, 136

INDEX
Hypothetical producer gas from fixed carbon, composition of, chart of, 183
heats of reaction of, chart, 184
Ignition temperatures, 3; tables of, 30
Inches of mercury to pounds per square inch,
conversion table, 10
of water, theoretical draft pressure,
table of, 117
Indicator card, missing water from, 18
Internal thermal conductivity, table of, 65
International atomic weights, table of, 34
Isothermals, compressibility of gases by,
table of, 28
Jet velocity and work, Carnot steam cycle,
charts of, 202, 203
Rankine, cycle (steam), charts of, 198,

199

235

Melting or freezing points, table of, 34

Mineral oils, calorific power of, table of, 89
crude, average distillation, products of,
table of, 99
properties of, table of, 92
Missing water, Heck's formula for, 18
Moisture, weight of, per cubic foot of saturated air, chart of, 177
Mollier diagram for ammonia, 226
for carbon dioxide, 227
total heat entropy diagram for steam,
95
Multi-stage compressors,
pressure of, chart

mean
of,

effective

154

Napierian logarithms, 136

Napier's coefficient of steam flow, chart

of,

218
Naphthalenes from Russian petroleum, table
of, -88

Kerosene and petroleums, fractional

distil-

lation of, chart of, 181

fractional tests of, table of, 100

Kerosenes, vapor pressure

of,

Latent heats of fusion, table

chart

of,

of,

174

31

of vaporization, table of, 31

of steam., chart of, 169
Lignite, composition and calorific

power

of,

77
Lignites, combustible and volatile of, 83, 85, 86
Limits of proportion for explosive air-gas
mixtures, table of, 118
Linear expansion of solids, coefficient of,
table, 25
Liquid and gaseous fuels, boiling points of,
table, 33
Liquids, absorption of gases by, table of, 60
coefficient of cubical expansion of, table,
26
specific heats of, table, 24
Logarithms to the base e, 136
to the base lo, 132, 134
75,

Marks and Davis' steam

Maximum work and

tables, 36, 40
supply pressure, chart

156
value of, 2
effective pressure and h.p., table of, 12
and maximum work, chart of, 156
and work non-compression gas cycles,
chart of, 205
Diesel cycle, for heat added, chart
of, 215
Otto cycle, for various amounts of
heat added, chart of, 214
compression gas cycles. Bray ton,
Carnot, Diesel, Otto and completeexpansion Otto, charts of, 212, 213
Mean effective pressure, determination of,
for single cylinder engines, chart of,
160
factors for Otto cycle engines, table of,
124
of compressors, one, two and three
stages, charts of, 154, 155
construction and use of charts, 140
of,

Mean B.T.U.

'

Natural gases, composition of, table, 91

Non-compression cycles, thermal efficiency,
heat and gas consumption, charts
of, 204
use of diagrams, 149
work and m.e.p. chart of, 205
Oil

and gas engines, heat balances

of,

table

123
Oil gas, properties
of,

of, table of, 90

producer gas, composition of, table of,
113
Oils, hydrocarbon, calorific power of, table
of, 90
mineral, calorific power of, table of, 89
crude, average distillation, products
of, table of, 99
properties of, table of, 92
Otto-cycle gas engines, diagram factors for,
table of, 122

mean

effective pressure factors for,

tables of, 124

thermal efficiency, heat and fuel consumption, charts of, 210, 211
use of diagrams, 150
work, and m.e.p. for various amounts of
heat added, chart of, 214
Paraffines from Pennsylvania petroleum,
table of, 88
Parr's psychrometric diagrams, 176, 177
Peat, composition and calorific power of, 77

combustible and volatile of, 86

Petroleum and kerosene, fractional
tion

of,

distillates,

chart

vapor

181
pressure

distilla-

of,

heavy,

of

chart of, 174

ethylenes and naphthalenes from, table
of,

88

kerosenes, fractionation tests

of,

table of,

100
light,

vapor pressure

of,

chart

of,

173

paraffines from, table of, 88

Pipes, velocity of air in, chart of, 192
Piston positions for any crank angle, table of,
11

INDEX

236
Pitot tube readings

and velocity

of air, chart

219
Pounds per square inch to inches of mercury,
conversion table, 10
Power and heat, conversion table, 7
of,

(h.p.) and m.e.p., table of, 12

units of, conversion table of, 7
Pressure, barometric, table of, 8

constant of steam, with T^ diagram, 194

inches of water, theoretical draft,
table of, 131
mean effective, for compressors, one two
and three stages, chart of, 154
rise, of gases and vapors at constant
volume, coefficient of, table, 27
temperature, relations for saturated
vapor, carbon dioxide, chart of, 166
for saturated vapor of ammonia,
chart of, 165
steam, chart of, 16, 167
volume relations of gases, charts of,
192
units of, conversion table, 6
in

vapor

of

chart

heavy petroleum
of,

distillates,

174

of hydrocarbons, chart of, 173

relations of gases, chart
volume and

T0

193
ratios, constants for, table of, 13
values of, for gases, various conditions, table of, 28
of,

Pressures, interpretation

of, 1

Producer gas, composition of, table of, 108

from fixed carbon, composition of hypothetical, chart of, 183
hypothetical from fixed carbon, B.T.U.,
heats of reaction, chart of, 184
powdered coal, composition of, table of,
116
tests of, table of, 114
Products of bituminous gas coal distillation,

table

of,

99

of crude mineral oils, average distillation, table of,

99

ammonia and carbon

tables of, how derived, 3

Properties of

dioxide,

of mineral oils, table of, 92

of oil gas, table of, 90
of saturated carbon dioxide vapor, table
of,

Rate

combustion

of coal with draft, dia186

table of, 119
of formation of CO from CO2 and carbon, table of, 106
Rational and empiric formulas, air and steam
flow, charts of, 216, 217
Reaction, heats of, for hypothetical producer
gas from fixed carbon, chart of, 184
Refrigerating effect per pound ammonia,
chart of, 222
carbon dioxide, chart of, 223
Refrigeration, work absorbed in by ammonia, charts of, 229
by carbon dioxide, charts of, 230
Relative thermal conductivity, table of, 68
work of two-stage compressors, compared to single-stage, chart of, 157
Resistance factors, flow change, table of, 125
Retort coal and coke oven gas, composition
of, table of, 94

of

gram

of,

values of for adiabatic expansion of steam,

table of, 14
for various substances and conditions,
15
Saturated ammonia vapor, properties of,
table, 41
carbon dioxide vapor, properties, table

of, 50
steam, table of properties of, 36
Single cylinder engines, determination of
mean effective pressure in, chart
for, 160
-stage compressors, horse-power per
1,000 cu. ft. per minute supply
pressure gas, chart of, 151
work per cubic foot supply pressure,
chart of, 151
Sodium chloride brine, specific heat of, table,
25
Solids, coefficient of linear expansion of,
table of, 25
specific heats of, table, 20

Solutions, ammonia-water, relation between

total pressure and per cent NH3 in
solution, chart of, 179
relation between total pressure and

temperature, chart

of,

178

between temperature and per cent

50

ammonia vapor, table of, 41

steam, table of, 36
of superheated steam, tables of, 40
Psychrometer readings, chart of, 176. Construction and use of chart, 145

NH3 in solution, chart of, 180

table of relations of, 54
of partial pressures, 58
Specific gravity scale, Baume, table of, 19
heat of sodium chloride brine, table of,

Quality, constant steam, lines of with T<^

of gases, chart of, 162; table of, 22

of liquids, table of, 24
of solids, table of, 20
of superheated steam, 2; chart of,

25

diagram, 194

R, gas constant, table of, 28

Radiation coefficients, table of, 61
Rankine cycle (steam) thermal efficiency and
heat consumption, charts of, 196,
197
use of charts, 148, 149

work and
199

163

volume and density

(steam), chart

Stack, see Chimney.

Steam, adiabatic expansion

jet velocity, charts of, 198,

of

of, 171,

table of, 14
air flow, charts

of,

the
172

values of

for,

and

of,

liquid,

216, 217

INDEX
Steam, consumption of, and thermal efficiency, Carnot cycle, charts of, 200,

237

Thermal

and heat consumption,

Rankine cycle (steam), charts of,

efficiency

201

196, 197

Rankine

cycle, charts of, 196, 197

engine (piston) and turbine efficiency
factors, table of, 126
piston position and crank angle, table
of,

11

expansion and compression of, tabular values for given ratios of PV, 13
flow, curves of for superheated steam,
218
heat of the liquid, chart of, 168
heat per pound of, above feed temperature, chart of, 187
latent heat, chart of, 169
pressure-temperature, chart of, 167
relation
between temperatures and
heat, chart of, 185
saturated, table of properties of, 36
specific heat of, 2

volume and density of the liquid,

chart of, 171, 172
superheated, table of properties of, 40
specific heat of, chart of, 163
tables, saturated 36; superheated, 40
specific

thermal efficiency and heat consumption of (Rankine cycle), charts of,

196, 197
(Carnot cycle) charts of, 200, 201
total heat, chart of, 170
entropy, diagram for, MoUier, 195
work per pound of and jet velocity
(Carnot cycle), charts, 202, 203

Rankine cycle, charts of, 198, 199

Stirling gas cycle, thermal efficiency, heat
and fuel consumption, charts of,
206, 208
use of diagrams, 150
Superheated steam, flow
properties
specific

table

of,

heat

of, 2;

Supply pressure and

of,
of,

chart

of,

218

40

chart

163
work, chart

156
construction and use of chart, 141
Surface, units of, conversion table, 5
of,

xv

Table of symbols, xv
Tables, see list of, pageix; also under separate headings.
Temperature-pressure, relations for ammonia saturated vapor, chart of,
165
relations for carbon dioxide saturated
vapor, 166
for steam, chart of, 167
volume relations of gases, charts of, 192

Temperatures and heat, relation

of for gases,

chart of, 185

construction of chart, 146

heat and fuel consumption, adiabatic

compression cycles, use of diagrams,
150
Thermal efficiency, heat and fuel consumption,

table

of,

table of relative, 68

cycle, charts of, 210,

Carnot cycle, charts of, 210, 211

complete expansion Otto, 210, 211
Diesel, 210, 211
Ericsson, 207, 209
Otto, 210, 211
Stirling, 206, 208
non-compression gas cycles, charts
204

of,

Theoretical draft pressure in inches of water,

table of, 131
T<^ and PV relations of gases, chart of, 193
T(j> diagram and constant-volume lines, 191
for
for

ammonia, 225

carbon dioxide, 227

with lines of constant pressure and
quality for steam, 194
construction and use of diagram, 148
Three-stage compressors, horse-power of,
chart of, 153
work of, chart of, 153
Transfer of heat, table of, coefficients for,
62
Turbine and piston engines efficiency factors
for, table of, 126
Two-stage and three-stage compressors,
compared to single-stage, chart of,
157
Two-stage compressors, horse-power of,
chart of, 152
work of, chart of, 152

Unit of heat, 2
Units of distance, conversion table of, 5
of heat and power, conversion table, 7
of power, conversion table, 7
of pressure, conversion table, 6
surface, conversion table, 5
velocity, table, 7
volume, conversation table, 5
weight and force, conversion table, 5
work, conversion table, 6
United States coke, composition of, table of,

of
of
of
of
of

98

Use and construction of charts, 139 to 150

Values of C for air flow, table of, 125
of the gas constant, R, table of, 28
of 5 for adiabatic expansion of steam,
table of, 14
for various substances
of X

16

30

Thermal conductivity, table

Brayton

211

Temperatures, Centigrade and Fahrenheit,

fixed, table of, 15
of ignition, 3; table of,

cycle, charts of, 200,

201

of,

maximum

of,

Symbols, table

Carnot steam

of internal, 65

tions, 15
for use in Heck's

and condi-

formula for missing

water, 18
Vapor pressure of the alcohols, chart of, 175
of heavy petroleum distillates, chart of,

174

INDEX

238
Vapor pressure

of hydrocarbons of the gasolene class, chart of, 173

Vaporization, latent heat of, table of, 31
Velocity of air in pipes, chart of, 219
units of, table of, 7
Volatile and combustible of coals, lignites,
and peat, table of, 78
Volume, pressure and T</) relations of gases,
charts of, 193
-temperature-pressure relations of gases,
charts of, 192
units of, conversion table, 5

Volumetric efficiency of compressors, chart

of, 154
construction and use of chart, 140
expansion of gases and vapors at constant pressure, coefficient
of,

of,

table

Work absorbed and

steam
Rankine
199

and m.e.p. Diesel cycle for various

amounts of heat added, chart of,
215
Otto cycle, chart of, 214
for the compression gas cycles,
Brayton, Carnot, Diesel, Otto,
and complete expansion Otto,
chart of, 212, 213, 214, 215
for non-compression gas cycles,
charts of, 205
use of diagram, 149
Work, equal distribution of in compound
engines, chart of, 161
pressure, chart

maximum, and supply

26

of,

Water, absorption of
gas, composition

air by, table of,

60

table of, 113

missing, from indicator card, 18
Weight and force, units of, conversion table
of, 5
Weights, atomic, international, table of,
of,

34

Wet and dry

bulb psychrometer readings,

of, 176
Wood and cellulose, table of comparison of,
69
Work absorbed in refrigeration by ammonia,
charts of, 229
by carbon dioxide, charts of, 230
chart

jet velocity, Carnot

cycle, charts of, 202, 203
cycle, (steam), charts of, 198,

156

and three-stage compresscompared to single-stage,

of two-stage
ors,

chart of, 157

per cubic foot of supply pressure gas for
single-stage compressors, chart of,
151
construction and use of chart, 139
for two-stage compressors, chart of,
152
construction and use of chart, 140
for three-stage compressors, chart of,
153
construction and use of chart, 140
units of, conversion table, 6