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Police role in society: -Authority to use force force continuum -Social control (3 systerms) 1) Gate keepers of criminal justice

system= make arrests people v May 2) Part of social welfare system= social problems 3) Political system Crimes: Felony is 1 year or more ; misdemeanor is 15 days to a year ; violation is up to 15 days Duties of general Law Enforcement Agencies: 1) Prevent crime (patrol) (police-citizen encounter) Decision making Sound judgment Make a choice = appropriate action 2) Investigate crime and apprehend criminals Criminal Investigations: 1) Prevention and detection of offenses 2) Apprehension of offenders 3) Recovery of stolen property US Constitution: -Establishes structure of govt -Assigns power of govt -Restrains exercise of these powers so that individuals right may be preserved -Executive- law enforcement in which configures laws in society; legislatureenacts the law; judicialinterprets the law Peace Officer: o Works in NYC o Uniformed court officer o Animal control officer o Probation officers o Bridge and tunnel officers o Parole offocer o Chief fire marshal Police Officer: o Outside of NYC Myth= Society says police should protect and serve as crime fighters but thats only a small percent Rule of Law= no one is above the law

Law of procedure = the rules of how the criminal law is enforced; Substantive= defines crimes and punishments; procedural= rules regarding criminal justice system Arrest= prosecution ; taking person to custody; Discretion= regulated; Clearance Rate= Crime is cleared What Americans want from the police? o Ensure public safety o Enforcing laws- responding to calls and crime fighting even though officers spend a lot of time at court o Providing service- directing traffic and administering emergency medical services o Preventing crime- initiatives such as community relations and problemsolving strategies o Preserving the peace- diffusing danger and improving quality of life services associated with controlling public spaces Important names: o Henry Fielding= bow street runner take thieves first modern detective form o Sir Robert Peel= Scotland yard created the principles of policing o Allan Pinkerton= private eye first detective o Baldwin= 1st police women hired as a juvenile specialist o Alice Stebbins Wells= 1st women to be able to make arrests o 1880= every major American city had a police force o Horatio Homer first African American Police officer in Baltimore o 1857= Baltimore and Newark PD o 1842= Detective branch opened in Scotland Yard Social Control: o external social control are designed to encourage conformity or compliance w laws o Advanced civilizations incorporate informal and interpersonal relationships centered in privacy and individualism Political Era: o Police chiefs were politically appointed & helped those who appointed them o Foot patrol was most common method o Officers poor decisions, lac of training and awkward circumstances led to illegitimate use of force, false arrest and unwarranted searches o spoils era= promoted reciprocal political favoritism more than crime control

Reform Era: o Enhanced accountability for actions and behaviors o Impartiality in enforcement o Rid police service of corruption and political influence o Development of a centralized hierarchy of command o Police was demanded more because of unskilled Spanish speaking and African Americans living in these areas o Era of conflicting Pressures: o Also known as the police crisis era Community-problem solving era: o Police were encouraged to interact more w the community o Greater openness between police and public enhanced trust levels and reduced the fear of crimes Why need for Detectives Arose? o Corruption and graft were popular o Little communication of information between departments August Vollmer= father of American police professionalism; reform agenda which was higher education and standards; led to professionalism movement Professionalism Movement: o Appoint people who are qualified o Define policing professional o Raise personal standards o New management principles o Specialized units o Eliminate political influence Problems with professionalism: o Created unions o Rank & police officers were not recognized o Police subculture emerges Forms of policing: o Problem oriented policing = proactive o Community policing= develop relationships with the community o Zero-tolerance policing= broken windows theory in which lead to more complains about authority Four theories as to why police department were created: 1) Disorder control theory= to suppress violence 2) Crime control theory= community has fear bc of crime 3) Class control theory= exploitation of underclass

4) Urban dispersion theory= bc one town has one, the other town wants it when some dont even need it Top ten cases in everyday policing: 1) Miranda v Arizone = about the 5th amendment 2) Mapp v Ohio= 4th amendment; search and seizure 3) Terry v Ohio= stop & frisk based on reasonable suspicion 4) Carroll v US= probable cause lets you search a car w/o a warrant 5) Chimel v California= when being arrested, police are allowed to search the area of your immediate control 6) Tennessee v Garner- cant shoot an unarmed person when they are fleeing from the crime scene 7) Rochin v California= search and evidence being destroyed if thrown in mouth 8) US v Ross= irhg to open the trunk of a car and search the packages 9) Illinois v Gates= probable cause can be based of totality 10)Brewer v Williams= interrogation dont have to be actual Roots of the broken Windows: o Observation that public places in NYC were overrun w thugs, homeless people and criminals o Fear of crime was at an all time high o Disorder breeds crime o Downward spiral of decay may be almost impossible to turn around Broken windows metaphor: o Left unattended, broken windows or graffiti send a signal that o one cares about a neighborhood o Suggests that the neighborhood is a safe place to break things, litter and vandalize o Strong link between disorder, fear and serious crime Support for Broken Windows: o Two vehicles w broken windows o Just as a vehicle w a broken windwon will be destroyed, so will a community o Community policing initiatives attempt to restore order Criticism of Broken Windows: o Litigation concerns o Criticism of watchman-style policing (overly aggressive) o Police officer criticism o Criminals view o Organizational resistance to change Community policing: o Significant number of police department had community policing plans or missions by 2003

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Collaboration between the police and the community Seek to identify and solve community programs Goal is to enhance the quality of police services Balances reactive responses w proactive problem solving Components: o Organization and jurisdiction-wide philosophical approach o Decentralized authority and responsibility o Empowered partnership o Police-solving orientation o Proactive stance

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