There are three type of Tenses :

I) Present Tense II) Past Tense III) Future Tense Each Tense has four sub categories. They are : I) Present Tense a) Simple Present b) Present Continuous c) Present Perfect d) Present Perfect Continuous II) Past Tense a) Simple Past b) Past Continuous c) Past Perfect d) Past Perfect Continuous III) Future Tense a) Simple Future b) Future Continuous c) Future Perfect d) Future Perfect Continuous

And English grammar has classified human beings, animals and things into 7 categories.
They are : I, We, You, He, She, It and They !I" is called First Person ingular !!e" is called First Person Plural. !"ou" is called econd Person ingular # Plural !$e" is called Third Person ingular ! he" is called Third Person ingular !It" is called Third Person ingular !They" is called Third Person Plural #ne should be e$tremely careful in the use of third person singular especially in and Present Perfect Tenses imple Present

I)Present Tense %a) imple Present : This Tense is used to e&press the habits, daily routine and uni'ersal truths. In this tense the first form of the 'erb is used.
Ta%in& the 'erb (eat) (e can ma%e sentences in the follo(in& manner : The formula for simple present is I eat an apple e'eryday We eat apples e'eryday ub*ect + ,-

You eat apples e'eryday He eats an apple e'eryday She eats an apple e'eryday It eats an apple e'eryday They eat apples e'eryday

%b) Present .ontinuous : This Tense is used to e&press an action /hich is continuing or
ta0ing place no/. In this tense the (ing) form of the 'erb is used. The formula for present continuous is I am eatin& an apple no( We are eatin& apples no( You are eatin& an apple no( He is eatin& an apple no( She is eatin& an apple no( It is eatin& an apple no( They are eatin& apples no( ub*ect + Au& +,1 %ing form)

%c) Present Perfect : This Tense is used to e&press an action /hich is o'er *ust no/ or
completed today. In this tense the third form of the 'erb is used. The formula for present perfect is I ha'e eaten an apple today We ha'e eaten apples today You ha'e eaten an apple today He has eaten an apple today She has eaten an apple today It has eaten an apple today They ha'e eaten apples today ub*ect +Au&iliary ,erb + ,2 %Past Participle Form)

%c) Present Perfect .ontinuous : This Tense is used to e&press an action /hich began
at some point of time in the past and is still continuing. In this tense the (ing) form of the 'erb is used. The formula for present perfect continuous is ub*ect+Au&+Au&+,1%ing form)

I ha'e been eatin& apples for the last three months We ha'e been eatin& apples for the last three months You ha'e been eatin& apples for the last three months He has been eatin& apples for the last three months She has been eatin& apples for the last three months It has been eatin& apples for the last three months They ha'e been eatin& apples for the last three months

II) Past Tense %a) imple Past : This Tense is used to e&press an action /hich is o'er or completed at some point of time in the past. In this tense the second form of the 'erb is used.
The formula for simple past is ub*ect + ,3

I ate an apple yesterday We ate apples yesterday You ate an apple yesterday He ate an apple yesterday She ate an apple yesterday It ate an apple yesterday They ate apples yesterday

%b) Past .ontinuous : This Tense is used to e&press an action /hich /as continuing at
some point of time in the past. In this tense the (ing) form of the 'erb is used. The formula for past continuous is I (as eatin& an apple yesterday We (ere eatin& apples yesterday You (ere eatin& an apple yesterday He (as eatin& an apple yesterday She (as eatin& an apple yesterday It (as eatin& an apple yesterday They (ere eatin& apples yesterday ub*ect +Au& + ,1%ing form)

%c) Past Perfect : This Tense is used to e&press an action /hich /as o'er long ago. In
this tense the third form of the 'erb is used. The formula for past perfect is ub*ect +Au& + ,2

I had eaten an apple si$ years a&o We had eaten apples si$ years a&o You had eaten an apple si$ years a&o He had eaten an apple si$ years a&o She had eaten an apple si$ years a&o It had eaten an apple si$ years a&o They had eaten apples si$ years a&o

%d) Past Perfect .ontinuous : This Tense is used to e&press an action /hich began at
some point of time in the past, continued for some time and /as subse4uently discontinued. In this tense the (ing) form of the 'erb is used. The formula for past perfect continuous is I had been eatin& apples until last year We had been eatin& apples until last year You had been eatin& apples until last year He had been eatin& apples until last year She had been eatin& apples until last year It had been eatin& apples until last year They had been eatin& apples until last year ub*ect +Au& +Au& + ,1%ing form)

III) Future Tense %a) imple Future : This Tense is used to e&press intention. In this tense the first form
ub*ect + Au& + ,-

of the 'erb is used.

The formula for simple future is

I (ill eat an apple tomorro( We (ill eat apples tomorro( You (ill eat an apple tomorro( He (ill eat an apple tomorro( She (ill eat an apple tomorro( It (ill eat an apple tomorro( They (ill eat apples tomorro( Here it may be mentioned that strict &rammar rules prefer the use of (shall) for (I) and (!e) 5 First person singular and plural Ho(e'er, in interrogati'e sentences (shall) has to be used /ith (I 6 !e) instead of (/ill).

%b) Future .ontinuous : This Tense is used to e&press an action /hich is imagined to be
continuing at some point of time in future. In this tense the (ing) form of the 'erb is used. The formula for future continuous is ub*ect +Au&+Au&+ ,1%ing form)

I (ill be eatin& an apple tomorro( in the e'enin& We (ill be eatin& apples tomorro( in the e'enin& You (ill be eatin& an apple tomorro( in the e'enin& He (ill be eatin& an apple tomorro( in the e'enin& She (ill be eatin& an apple tomorro( in the e'enin& It (ill be eatin& an apple tomorro( in the e'enin& They (ill be eatin& apples tomorro( in the e'enin&

%c) Future Perfect : This Tense is used to e&press an action /hich is imagined to ha'e
been completed at some point of time in future. It may be noted that this tense is basically theoretical and rarely used. The formula for future perfect is ub*ect+Au&+Au&+,2

I (ill ha'e eaten an apple by this time tomorro( We (ill ha'e eaten apples by this time tomorro( You (ill ha'e eaten an apple by this time tomorro( He (ill ha'e eaten an apple by this time tomorro( She (ill ha'e eaten an apple by this time tomorro( It (ill ha'e eaten an apple by this time tomorro( They (ill ha'e eaten apples by this time tomorro(

%d) Future Perfect .ontinuous : This Tense is used to e&press an action /hich is

imagined to began at some point of time in future and continue for sometime. It may be noted that this tense is basically theoretical and rarely used. In this tense the (ing) form of the 'erb is used. The formula for future perfect is ub*ect+Au&+Au&+Au& +,1

I (ill ha'e been eatin& apples from ne$t year We (ill ha'e been eatin& apples from ne$t year You (ill ha'e been eatin& apples from ne$t year He (ill ha'e been eatin& apples from ne$t year She (ill ha'e been eatin& apples from ne$t year It (ill ha'e been eatin& apples from ne$t year They (ill ha'e been eatin& apples from ne$t year

English 7 Articles
(a), (an) and (the) are the three articles used in English language. (a) and (an) are called indefinite Articles and (the) is called the definite article.
(a) and (an) are used in the sense of (one). The indefinite )rticle (a) is used before (ords be&innin& (ith consonants or consonantal sound The indefinite )rticle (an) is used before (ords be&innin& (ith 'o(els or 'o(el sound Eg. : *a&u ate a banana The youn& boy sa( a ti&er The Principal declared a holiday for the colle&e tomorro(

In all the abo'e three e&amples the article (a) /as used in the sense of one.
Sita ate an apple in the mornin& *a'i sa( an elephant in the circus An old man (as (al%in& across the street +atin& an oran&e e'eryday is also &ood for health *a&hu lost an umbrella in class ,ita (anted an in%-stand

In all the abo'e three e&amples the article (an) /as used in the sense of one.
Here it has to be emphasi.ed that students should be careful in noticin& the 'o(el sound In certain cases the (ord may be&in (ith a 'o(el but it may ha'e a consonantal sound In such a case the indefinite article !a" should be used Eg. : He &a'e the be&&ar a one-rupee coin I met a +uropean in /arol-0a&h Scre(dri'er is a useful instrument This is a 1ni'ersity Similarly, in other cases the (ord may be&in (ith a consonant but it may ha'e a 'o(el sound In such a case the indefinite article !an" should be used Eg. : He is an honest officer There are 23 minutes in an hour He is an heir to crores of property

The definite article (the) is used before the names of ri'ers, mountain ranges and things /hich are uni4ue in the /orld.
Eg. : The ,an&es is a polluted ri'er no( The Yamuna flo(s throu&h 4elhi

The Himalayas are the hi&hest mountain ran&es in the (orld The Sun rises in the east The 5oon has a cycle of one month

The definite article (the) is used before superlati'es.

Eg. : /umar is the cle'erest boy in the class ,eeta is the tallest &irl in the class Cheeta is the fastest animal

The definite article (the) is used to refer to a particular person or thing.

Eg. : The patient (ho (as admitted in the hospital yesterday, died today mornin& The apple (hich (as %ept on the table is rotten The computer (e bou&ht last month is infected by 'irus

The definite article (the) is used before $oly boo0s.

The *amayana, The 5ahabharta The 6uran, The 0ible, The 0ha&(at&ita

It is also used in comparison :

Eg : 5umbai is considered the 5anchester of India /alidasa is the Sha%espeare of India

English 7 Acti'e 6 Passi'e ,oice

The most famous sentence, most of us are familiar is:
*am %illed *a'ana - Acti'e ,oice *a'ana (as %illed by *am - Passi'e ,oice Here the first sentence is said to be in )cti'e 7oice and the second sentence in Passi'e 7oice

A sentence is said to be in Acti'e ,oice /hen the sub*ect does something. imilarly, a sentence is said to be in Passi'e ,oice /hen something is done to the sub*ect.
In the abo'e sentence 8am is the !sub*ect" and 8a'ana is the !ob*ect" In the acti'e 'oice sentence *am i e , the sub8ect has %illed the ob8ect *a'ana In the second sentence *a'ana is the sub8ect but he allo(ed himself to be %illed by sub8ect *am Here the sub8ect is Passi'e Therefore, it is called Passi'e 'oice

Eg. : *a&hu %ic%ed the ball In this sentence 8aghu is the !sub*ect" and ball is the 9 ob*ect9 The (ord %ic%ed is the 'erb

$ere it must be noted that:

!I" becomes !me" in Passi'e 'oice !We" becomes !us" !You" remains !you" !He" becomes !him" !She" becomes !her" !It" remains !it" !They" becomes !them "

$ere also the acti'e 'oice and passi'e 'oice are e&pressed in different tenses. I) Present Tense a) imple Present

I (atch mo'ies e'ery (ee% - )cti'e 7oice 5o'ies are (atched by me e'ery (ee% - Passi'e 7oice We (atch mo'ies e'ery (ee% 5o'ies are (atched by us e'ery (ee% You (atch mo'ies e'ery (ee% 5o'ies are (atched by you e'ery (ee% He (atches mo'ies e'ery (ee% 5o'ies are (atched by him e'ery (ee% She (atches mo'ies e'ery (ee% 5o'ies are (atched by her e'ery (ee% It (atches mo'ies e'ery (ee% 5o'ies are (atched by it e'ery (ee% They (atch mo'ies e'ery (ee% 5o'ies are (atched by them e'ery (ee%

b) Present .ontinuous
I am (atchin& a mo'ie no( ) mo'ie is bein& (atched by me no( We are (atchin& a mo'ie no(

) mo'ie is bein& (atched by us no( You are (atchin& a mo'ie no( ) mo'ie is bein& (atched by you no( He is (atchin& a mo'ie no( ) mo'ie is bein& (atched by him no( She is (atchin& a mo'ie no( ) mo'ie is bein& (atched by her no( It is (atchin& a mo'ie no( ) mo'ie is bein& (atched by it no( They are (atchin& a mo'ie no( ) mo'ie is bein& (atched by them no(

c) Present Perfect
I ha'e (atched a mo'ie today ) mo'ie has been (atched by me today We ha'e (atched a mo'ie today ) mo'ie has been (atched by us today You ha'e (atched a mo'ie today ) mo'ie has been (atched by you today He has (atched a mo'ie today ) mo'ie has been (atched by him today She has (atched a mo'ie today ) mo'ie has been (atched by her today It has (atched a mo'ie today ) mo'ie has been (atched by it today They ha'e (atched a mo'ie today ) mo'ie has been (atched by them today

d) Present Perfect .ontinuous

:ormally ideas are not e$pressed in Passi'e 7oice in this tense Therefore it is better to a'oid attemptin& a Passi'e 7oice in any Perfect Continuous Tense

II) Past Tense a) imple Past

I (atched a mo'ie yesterday

) mo'ie (as (atched by me yesterday We (atched a mo'ie yesterday ) mo'ie (as (atched by us yesterday You (atched a mo'ie yesterday ) mo'ie (as (atched by you yesterday He (atched a mo'ie yesterday ) mo'ie (as (atched by him yesterday She (atched a mo'ie yesterday ) mo'ie (as (atched by you yesterday It (atched a mo'ie yesterday ) mo'ie (as (atched by it yesterday They (atched a mo'ie yesterday ) mo'ie (as (atched by them yesterday

b) Past .ontinuous
I (as (atchin& a mo'ie yesterday ) mo'ie (as bein& (atched by me yesterday We (ere (atchin& a mo'ie yesterday ) mo'ie (as bein& (atched by me yesterday You (ere (atchin& a mo'ie yesterday ) mo'ie (as bein& (atched by you yesterday He (as (atchin& a mo'ie yesterday ) mo'ie (as bein& (atched by him yesterday She (as (atchin& a mo'ie yesterday ) mo'ie (as bein& (atched by her yesterday It (as (atchin& a mo'ie yesterday ) mo'ie (as bein& (atched by it yesterday They (ere (atchin& a mo'ie yesterday ) mo'ie (as bein& (atched by them yesterday

c) Past Perfect
I had (atched a mo'ie three years a&o ) mo'ie had been (atched by me three years a&o We had (atched a mo'ie three years a&o ) mo'ie had been (atched by us three years a&o You had (atched a mo'ie three years a&o

) mo'ie had been (atched by me three years a&o He had (atched a mo'ie three years a&o ) mo'ie had been (atched by him three years a&o She had (atched a mo'ie three years a&o ) mo'ie had been (atched by her three years a&o It had (atched a mo'ie three years a&o ) mo'ie had been (atched by it three years a&o They had (atched a mo'ie three years a&o ) mo'ie had been (atched by them three years a&o

d) Past Perfect .ontinuous

)s (e indicated earlier, ideas are normally not e$pressed in Passi'e 7oice in this tense Therefore it is better to a'oid attemptin& a Passi'e 7oice in any Perfect Continuous Tense

III) Future Tense a) imple Future

I (ill (atch a mo'ie tomorro( ) mo'ie (ill be (atched by me tomorro( We (ill (atch a mo'ie tomorro( ) mo'ie (ill be (atched by us tomorro( You (ill (atch a mo'ie tomorro( ) mo'ie (ill be (atched by you tomorro( He (ill (atch a mo'ie tomorro( ) mo'ie (ill be (atched by him tomorro( She (ill (atch a mo'ie tomorro( ) mo'ie (ill be (atched by her tomorro( It (ill (atch a mo'ie tomorro( ) mo'ie (ill be (atched by it tomorro( They (ill (atch a mo'ie tomorro( ) mo'ie (ill be (atched by them tomorro(

b) Future .ontinuous
I (ill be (atchin& a mo'ie at this time tomorro( ) mo'ie (ill be bein& (atched by me at this time tomorro( We (ill be (atchin& a mo'ie at this time tomorro(

) mo'ie (ill be bein& (atched by us at this time tomorro( You (ill be (atchin& a mo'ie at this time tomorro( ) mo'ie (ill be bein& (atched by you at this time tomorro( He (ill be (atchin& a mo'ie at this time tomorro( ) mo'ie (ill be bein& (atched by him at this time tomorro( She (ill be (atchin& a mo'ie at this time tomorro( ) mo'ie (ill be bein& (atched by her at this time tomorro( It (ill be (atchin& a mo'ie at this time tomorro( ) mo'ie (ill be bein& (atched by it at this time tomorro( They (ill be (atchin& a mo'ie at this time tomorro( ) mo'ie (ill be bein& (atched by them at this time tomorro(

c) Future Perfect
I (ill ha'e (atched a mo'ie by 2 pm tomorro( ) mo'ie (ill ha'e been (atched by me by 2 pm tomorro( We (ill ha'e (atched a mo'ie by 2 pm tomorro( ) mo'ie (ill ha'e been (atched by us by 2 pm tomorro( You (ill ha'e (atched a mo'ie by 2 pm tomorro( ) mo'ie (ill ha'e been (atched by you by 2 pm tomorro( He (ill ha'e (atched a mo'ie by 2 pm tomorro( ) mo'ie (ill ha'e been (atched by him by 2 pm tomorro( She (ill ha'e (atched a mo'ie by 2 pm tomorro( ) mo'ie (ill ha'e been (atched by her by 2 pm tomorro( It (ill ha'e (atched a mo'ie by 2 pm tomorro( ) mo'ie (ill ha'e been (atched by it by 2 pm tomorro( They (ill ha'e (atched a mo'ie by 2 pm tomorro( ) mo'ie (ill ha'e been (atched by them by 2 pm tomorro(

d) Future Perfect .ontinuous

:ormally ideas are not e$pressed in Passi'e 7oice in this tense Therefore it is better to a'oid attemptin& a Passi'e 7oice in any Perfect Continuous Tense All sentences cannot be made into Passi'e ,oice. #nly the sentences (ith an ob8ect in them can be made into Passi'e 7oice )ll 'erbs are not transiti'e ) 'erb (hich ta%es an ob8ect is said to be a Transiti'e 7erb and a 7erb (hich does not ta%e an ob8ect is said to be Intransiti'e For +$ample, the follo(in& sentence cannot be con'erted into Passi'e 7oice for the simple reason that the 'erb !&o" does not ta%e an ob8ect

I &o for a (al% e'eryday In the abo'e sentence the 'erb (go) is an Intransiti'e ,erb Such sentences (hich do not ha'e an ob8ect cannot be con'erted into Passi'e 7oice 5ore e$amples of sentences (ith Intransiti'e 7erbs: *a8u 8umped ;3 feet 4a'id ran fast Sita dro'e rashly A case of double ob*ect. Certain sentences contain t(o ob8ects In such a case t(o passi'e sentences can be made usin& one ob8ect in each case The principal sent a tele&ram to ,opi ) tele&ram (as sent by the Principal to ,opi

English 7 Au&iliaries
am, is, are, /as, /ere, do, does, did, ha'e, has, had are called Primary Au&iliaries. !ill, shall, /ould, should, can, could, may, might, ought to, must, need are called 9odal Au&iliaries.
The Primary Au&iliaries can be used as helpin& 'erbs as (ell as principal 'erbs The 9odal Au&iliaries are al(ays used as helpin& 'erbs In other (ords they cannot be used as Principal 'erbs

Eg., Am

I am a soft(are professional I am (or%in& for Wipro In the abo'e first sentence !am" (as used as a principal 'erb and in the second it (as used as a helpin& 'erb

Is
He is a doctor He is performin& a sur&ery at the mo'ement

Are

We are students of Hansra8 Colle&e We are participatin& in a football tournament here

!as
/alidasa (as a &reat poet ,opal (as ridin& a bi-cycle (hen he (as hit by a scooter

!ere

They (ere my classmates in 4ehradun They (ere &oin& to ,oa (hen their train met (ith an accident

$a'e
I ha'e many &rammar boo%s at home I ha'e read all of them

$as

He has a laptop (ith him He has put it in his briefcase

$ad
I had a beautiful pen I had bou&ht it in <33=

:o

They do their (or% sincerely They do not &o home before > pm

:oes
He does his (or% efficiently He does not (aste e'en a sin&le minute

:id

She did her 8ob 4id she come to office yesterday?

9odal Au&iliaries 9odal Au&iliaries can only be used as a helping 'erb. !ill @ It is used to e$press intention It is normally used in future tense
We (ill &o to Aaisalmer ne$t (ee% They (ill 'isit our place in February Will they accompany you for lunch?

!ould @ It is the past form of (ill

He (ould complete his (or% by this time tomorro( She (ould be &oin& for her dance classes from ne$t (ee% Would you li%e to ha'e a &lass of (ater?

hall
Shall I ta%e lea'e tomorro(? Shall (e &o on a picnic ne$t (ee%? Shall (e ha'e coffee in CP?

hould
You should pay attention in the class Should I accompany her to her house? You should drin% t(o &lasses of (ater daily in the mornin&

9ay @ It is used to indicate possibility

I may come to your house tomorro( It may rain in the e'enin& ,o'ernment may hi%e the price of petrol and diesel 5ay I borro( your boo% for a couple of days?

9ight @ It is the past form of may and is used to e$press less certain situations
I mi&ht ta%e a lea'e tomorro( 4ad mi&ht come to office the day after tomorro( 5id term elections mi&ht be announced in mid 5arch