Taxonomy; Lets Sort This Out! 9.

1 SB13U: 11U Biology

_____________: is the science of classify organisms The two reasons why scientists classify organisms are; To identify organisms To represent relationships among them Did You Know: Taxonomy dates back to Aristotle who coined the term scala naturae (ladder of nature) whereby he proposed that all creatures could be arranged in a hierarchy of complexity. He believed that sponges occupied the lowest rung on the hierarchical ladder while humans occupied the top. Our current biological system of classification was developed by a Swedish botanist named _____________. It is based on organisms _____________ and ___________ features and operates on the idea that the more features organisms have in common the closer their relationship. He designed specific rules for assigning names to plants and animals known as binomial nomenclature. ____________________: a method of naming organisms by using a two part scientific name using Latin and sometimes Greek language. The two components of nomenclature are: The scientific genus name The species name The scientific genus name: The first part of the name and first letter is ____________ capitalized. Often based on some characteristic such as _____________________ of the organism. The genus portion can be used alone (i.e. Acer, commonly known as maple trees) The species name: The second part of the name and is all ______________. Can ____________ be used alone (must always follow genus name). Often describes similar characteristics of organisms within the same species (i.e. Acer rubrum, commonly known as the red maple)

Levels of Classification Classification is also known as ______ (singular: taxon) and currently there are ___ main levels.

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Initially there were only _____ recognized kingdoms; ___________________, however now there are six kingdoms of classification. ________________ (true bacteria): a group of prokaryotic microorganisms that possess a peptidoglycan cell wall and reproduce by binary fission. (i.e. bacteria and cyanobacteria) ________________: a group of prokaryotic microorganisms distinct from eubacteria that possess a cell wall not containing peptidoglycan and that live in harsh environments such as salt lakes and thermal vents. (i.e. extreme thermophiles and halophiles) ______________: a group of mostly single celled (though some multicellular) microorganisms who lack a cell wall and that live in both aquatic and or moist habitats. (i.e. algae and protozoas) ______________: a group of mostly multicellular organisms that possess a cell wall, are all heterotrophs and who live on land. (i.e. mushrooms, yeast and mould) _____________: a group of organisms that possess a cell wall, are all multicellular and autotrophs and who live on land. (I.e. mosses, flowering plants, and ferns) ________________: a group of organisms that possess a cell wall, are all multicellular and heterotrophs and live in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. (I.e. sponges, starfish, worms and humans) Using your textbook (pg. 329) complete the summary table below of the six-kingdom system of classification .

_______________: the history of the evolution of a species or a group of organisms. Relationships are often show in a diagram known as a phylogenetic tree were the tree starts from the most ancestral form and includes branchings that lead to all of its descendants. This debate has led to the most commonly used system known as the three-domain classification system.

But Wait!
How do Scientists conduct classification and determine identification? Through the use of a _________________. A dichotomous key (also known as a spider key) is ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________