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Circuit Analysis using

Laplace Transform
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Circuit Analysis using LT
All the linear networks can be represented by
linear constant coefficient differential
equations, and the use of LT provides an
easy method to obtain the solution.
The terminal characteristics of each element
can be described in s-domain by
transforming its time domain equations.
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(i) s-domain resistor model
The time domain terminal characteristic is
v(t) = i(t)R
s-domain equation will be
V(s) = I(s)R
s-transformed resistor model
t-domain
s-domain
v/s
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(ii) s-domain inductor model 1
The v-i relationship of inductor is given by


The s-domain equation: V(s) = sLI(s)-Li(0)

s-transformed inductor model (voltage)
t-domain s-domain
dt
t di
L t v
) (
) ( =
Using Theorem 4
Initial condition
v/s
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(ii) s-domain inductor model 2
Rearrange the s-domain equation:


s-transformed inductor model (current)
t-domain s-domain
Initial condition
( ) (0)
( )
V s i
I s
sL s
= +
v/s
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(iii) s-domain capacitor model 1
The v-i relationship of capacitor is given by


The s-domain equation:
I(s) = sCV(s)-Cv(0)
s-transformed capacitor model (current)
t-domain s-domain
dt
t dv
C t i
) (
) ( =
Using Theorem 4
Initial condition
v/s
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(iii) s-domain capacitor model 2
Rearrange the s-domain equation:


s-transformed capacitor model (voltage)
t-domain s-domain
( ) (0)
( )
I s v
V s
sC s
= +
Initial condition
v/s
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Summary of RCL circuit
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Example 4.6.1: Draw the
s-domain transformed circuit for a
series RLC circuit.
For resistor
For inductor
For capacitor
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Transformed equation for voltage, V(s)
for series RLC
V(s)=I(s)R + sLI(s)-Li(0) + I(s)/sC+v(0)/s

There may be situation when the initial conditions are
zero, this, we called it simply as ZERO INITIAL
CONDITIONS.

Thus,
V(s)=I(s)R + sLI(s)+ I(s)/sC
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Applications of LT in Circuit
Problems
RC-circuit
Obtain the expression of current i(t) for the RC-circuit,
considering the capacitor as initially uncharged and
source voltage V dc.
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s-domain transformed circuit
( ) | |
s
k
t ku L = )
1
( )
V
I s R
s sC
| |
= +
|
\ .
( )
1
V
I s
R s
RC
=
| |
+
|
\ .
1
1
( ) [ ( )]
t
RC
V
i t I s e
R

= = L
Dc voltage
Initially uncharged, v
C
(0-)=0
| |
a s
dt e e e L
st at at

= =
}

1
0
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RL-circuit
Find the expression of current i(t) for t>0, if inductor
current at t=0- is I
O
. Voltage is dc.
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s-domain transformed circuit
2
( )
o
I
I s
s R L
=
+
1 2
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
o o
V s LI I V L
I s I s I s
R sL s s R L s R L
+
= = + = +
+ + +
i(0-)=I
0
1
( )
( )
V L
I s
s s R L
=
+
Use partial fraction expansion
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1
0
0
( )
s
s
V L
A sI s V R
s R L
=
=
= = =
+
1
( )
A B
I s
s s R L
= +
+
1
( ) ( )
s R L
s R L
V L
B s R L I s V R
s
=
=
= + = =
1
1 1
( )
V
I s
R s s R L
| |
=
|
+
\ .
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1
1 2
( ) [ ( ) ( )] 1

R R
t t
L L
o
R
t
L
o
V
i t I s I s e I e
R
V V
I e
R R

| |
= + = +
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
L
1 2
1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
o
I V
I s I s I s
R s s R L s R L
| |
= + = +
|
+ +
\ .
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Example1:
Determine the output voltage of the
network shown at t=0+
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Assume that right before the switch is flipped (that is at
t=0-), the circuit has achieved its steady state conditions.
So, the capacitor would be open and voltage across
capacitor would be v
C
(0-)=1V.
And, the inductor would be shorted and current across
inductor would be i
L
(0-)=1A.
*We may denote t=0- as t<0 as well
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When the switch is flipped at t=0, the top
switch closes and middle switch opens.
We can model the voltage source as 4u(t).
The circuit is as shown at the top.
We need to determine the output voltage
after the switch is flipped, that is at t=0+.

*We may denote t=0+ as t>0 as well
Li(0)=1 x 1
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The s-transformed circuit is as shown.
We will use mesh equations to solve.
Li(0)=1 x 1
V(0)/s
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From Transform Pair 15
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Example 2:
Find the current i(t).
Assume zero initial conditions.
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s-transformed circuit.
To find I(s), use current divider rule:
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Example 3:






Draw the s-domain circuit for the LC tuned circuit
above. Include the initial conditions. Then, find the
voltage v(t) using ILT assuming zero initial conditions
and C=0.5F and L=1H.
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current
s-domain transformed circuit
with initial conditions
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With zero initial conditions (shown above)
Substitute C=0.5F and L=1H
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Pole-Zero Plot
) (
) (
) (
s B
s A
s F =
1
1 1 0 1 2
1
1 1 0 1 2
... ( )( ) ( )
... ( )( ) ( )
m m
m n m
n n
n n n
a s a s a s a s z s z s z
b s b s b s b s p s p s p

+ + + + + + +
=
+ + + + + + +
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Poles and zeros can be plotted in complex s-plane,
we called the plot pole-zero plot/diagram
Zeros: The roots of polynomial A(s), i.e. s =-z
1
,-z
2
,,-z
m

of F(s) such that at these values of s, F(s)=0
Poles: The roots of polynomial B(s), i.e. s = -p
1
, -p
2
,,-p
n

of F(s) such that at these values of s, F(s)=.
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Example 4.8.1
Plot the poles and zeros of function F(s)
) 5 (
) 2 (
) (
+
+
=
s s
s
s F
Zero at s=-2
Poles at s=0 and -5
Complex s-plane, s=o+je
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Example: Poles and zeros

( )
( )( )
( )( )( ) 2 2 1
1 1
j s j s s
j s j s s
s F
+ +
+
= Let
Location of poles such that F(s) becomes infinity
s
p1
= 1 s
p2
= j2 s
p3
= j2

Location of zeros such that F(s) becomes 0
s
z1
= 0 s
z2
= 1 j s
z3
= 1 + j
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s plane plot
je
o
sp1 = 1 sp2 = j2 sp3 = j2
sz1 = 0 sz2 = 1 j sz3 = 1 + j