BACKGROUND: a.

Hitler's rise to power in Germany, jews rushing to Palestine - increase in migration and change of demography - 5 lakh out of 15 lacks (30%-palestine population) b. holocaust - extermination of 6 million jews in the camp - world wide sympathy for the jews c. USA stepped in 1945 - FDR was a very active player in 1941 after Pearl Habour d. BILTMORE CONFERENCE - 1942 - a programme - to create a jewish homeland in the mandate of UK, Palestine - to push them out of USA, Canada, Australia, NZ - famous zionists e. Post 2nd WW condition Even in Europe refugee crisis and an attempt to ease out Jewish migration f. Against all this the white paper of 1939 wanted to restrict the Jewish immigration however the report would never be implemented

POST WORLD WAR 2 1. UK+F had officially won the war but they had been devastated economically and socially. 2. they were heavily dependant on USA for regeneration -Marshall plan to bail them out of the economic crisis. 3. politically they were in a state of turmoil - decolonisation that started post 1st world war had taken a new course and many asian and african countries were asking for independence - indo-china, persia, african countries, indoneasia (west indies) 4. the will o hold the mandates of Asia (palestine, Jordan, Iraq) - weak and an attempt to switch over responsibility 5. UK post 2nd world war had colonies- persia, she had Anglo Iranian Oil Company (AIOL) shah of Iran was the son of Reza Khan Pahlavi. he was called Moh Reza Shah - he was pro west and pro british -Iraq (mosul), Jordan ruled by abdullah -pro UK , Cyprus, Suez Link is under her as Egypt is ruled by King Farukh. 6. Immense hostility in Palestine from Arabs and Jews 7. Now major power are USA and USSR - cold war had started! pg 88 yellow book - timeline
condition of the british empire and her considerations post WWII -emerged as a victor but completely devastated -Turkey was a friend (become a republic - completely pro west ) -Friendly govt. in Iraq, Jordan, Saudi arabia, Sheikhdoms - oil discovered

- Iran, Reza shah, Pahlavi, AIOC, very much interested in staying (puppet rulers) - turmoil in the Indian sub continent - Cyprus egypt - Farukh was ruling

UK's concern

-USSR attempts to make friends in the arabs, as the were anti colonialists - USSR is pro poor and anti USA/Israel -Most of her mandated arab states (asia and africa) there was a growing opposition to the puppet govt. -USA was a force to reckon with -USA was pro Jews, Truman had come under the pressure of the Jewish Lobby, interested in gaining a national homeland, Chaim Weizmann -Jewish migration had increased - Arabs had no leadership, Husseini sided with the Nazis - discredited

1919-39: the UK govt. had taken a pro Arab stand

-In all the white papers passed - UK supported the Arab -Arabs did not feel obliged - the jewish migration had not stopped - The arabs sided with the Nazis Jewish Agency - (world Zionist movement) Chaim Weizman - Spoke to truman about the formation of Israel - Chaim Weizman - first president of Israel - David Ben gurion - prime minister of Israel both were warming up to USA and were quite aware of the contradiction which was in front of the UK govt.

Jewish Concerns - August 1945

- August 1945 war was over a) Nov 1945 a committee was constituted -Anglo American Committee of Enquiry -American members in the committee open to the idea of the partition of Palestine yet the british members were not -Peel commission which had come 1939 - some people wanted a proper partition of palestine to provide a homeland for the Jews - some opposed it b) Jewish agency is a civil face of the Jewish Movement In 1919 -1939, the JA developed militant wings - HAGANAH, IRGUN,

STERNGANG, LEHI - all the Jewish organisations by 1946 were convinced that i) they need to drive the British away ii) Depend most on the support of USA - Planned a number of militant and terrorist activities to scare the british worst attack was on the 22nd July 1946 (bomb blast) on King David Hotel, Jerusalem King David Hotel Bombing - 22nd july 1946 -claimed it was a symbolic act - they gave warnings to everyone (using, letters, pamphlets) Reasons for the bombing ? to throw the british out - displeasure with them civilian and military command? the actual act? Warned or not? this is the main debate - if the british were warned then why did they not take precautions - why did they not stop the Jews from planting the explosives -if they were unable to, then why did they not evacuate Criticism and massive condemnation - Jewish army - we gave warnings, it's their fault that there were fatalities United Resistance (H, I, L) - British (appealed to USA) British govt. was insistent that they got no warnings in the first place Even if a warning was given by the terrorist organisation, how can you not condemn an act of terrorism -the bombing of the hotel and the killing of 92 people was a heinous act and it should get universal condemnation -Post 22nd july 1946 - sep side consequences of the attack text book - Pg. 92 and 93 - racist statement by UK - damaging their reputation - reaction of the Jewish agency the controversy over the warning The UNSCOP a) July 1946 - beginning of 1947 : terror attacks by Jews and arabs

convinced the British about withdrawing -a plan put forward by the British Foreign minister (e. bevin) in Feb 1947 rejected and a frustrated British Cabinet decides to hand over the Mandate to UNO b) May 1947, the United Nations Special Committee On Palestine (UNSCOP) -11 members: Canada, Peru, Guatemala, Uruguay, India, Iran, Sweden, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Holland, Australia What they did: -An impartial committee representing all shades of world opinion -Tour the Palestine land (may-sept 1947) -Figure out what the population needs -come out with a plan for future peace and order in Palestine c)Committee was under a lot of pressure: - Jews anticipated in all the deliberations, gave interviews, presented their points of view and almost convinced the UNSCOP that any future peace in Palestine, depended only on one thing - Arabs and Jews having their independent states -Arabs did not participate in the preceding of the committee The Report of UNSCOP Sept - Nov 1947 Majority vs Minority plan for Palestine MINORITY PLAN: -India - Iran - Yugoslavia -no division of palestine, Federal unit in which the centre handles Defence, FA, Currency) -Jewish and Arab state Rejected by the UNO MAJORITY PLAN: -Divide the province of Palestine -give one part to Jews and other to the Arabs -both will have their territorial boundaries + two serrate political states The majority plan put to vote in the GA on 29/11/47

Incidents that took place May 1047 - Nov 1947

a) Jewish Agency was busy purchasing weapons from USA, Czechoslovakia, and a lot of them had served with the Allies (USA+UK+F+USSR) in the final stages of the war - war veterans joined with their experience b) After the bombing of David King Hotel, 2 British sergeants were captured by the United Resistance and were hung to death - bodies Mutilated -British spies who were out to sabotage the Jewish Movement (C. Martin, M Paice) c) Anti Jewish sentiments spread all over in UK - determined to leave Palestin

d) Diverting 'Exodus' - the ship8 from Palestin - Creating anti British feelings
e) USA and truman using their power/ influence/ monetary pressure/ on all the American, afro asian, European nations to support them when any plan on Palestine is put to vote in the GA The Final Vote British had to leave them Mandate of palestine was unanimous in both the Plans (majority and minority) -The majority plan was put to vote - 29/nov/1947 - out of 56 - 33 voted for the plan -13 voted against it -10 abstained -UK By a majority Resolution 181 was passed a state for the Jews was born in Palestine after 200 years of Diapora

AL NAQBA (disaster) - read text book - pg. 99 onwards

Jews won - got a homeland -major victory

Factors responsible for the victory: a) exploited the sympathy factor b)got tremendous help from USA c) ship exodus was turned back- publicity against the UK d) during the cold war - URRS supported them - while the Arabs had partial UK support

Resolution 181 -

Created a state for the Jews (look for Map)sheikhdoms: officially against the creation of Israel provided funds to wage a war, could not spoil relations with USA - beyond a point US patronage secured their outdates structures and protected them from modern arab states who did not like the hypocrisy of the Sheikhdoms -earned the wrath of the Arab states Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, and egypt which were against Israel yet the quarrel of leadership plagued them -competitors were Egypt, syria, Iraq Transjordan: King Abdulla, very pro British - he wanted a state for Palestinian Arabs -even if the Jews were also given a homeland otherwise fear of Pro arabs as refugees flooding the country - he should include western bank of river Jordan and reach Transjordan Jewish Agency since - 1917 (alijahs): 1919 - 1939, 1945: purchasing land from the Arabs - preparing for the defence of this land -purchasing arms and ammunition from USA+Czechoslavakia -supported the Allies during WWII and with that experience - war veterans created a Jewish Force

- Conscription started and Jewish boys and girls joined the army PLAN D: in order to create a homogeneous Jewish State - Arab pockets which were in the Jewish Areas had to be removed -Terrorism came about -MAss murder of Arabs, to scare them and force them to flee or run to safer Arab States Jews executed this plan -from 29/11/47 till the end of the 1st war there was an exodus of Arabs from the Jewish Areas and flooding of the neighbouring arab states Deir Yassin 1st Arab - Israel war Results of the Arab Israel war pg 99 pg. 100 paragraph 1 + 4 pg 101 sent shock waves from out the Arab world -myths: arabs were invincible was destroyed -Arabs lost a lot of territory which was given to them -Exodus of the Arabs: they fled to neighbouring arab states - Created a sense of betrayal and outrage -Leadership qualities played a role -

Palestinian Diaspora, 1947 - The Massive Exodus of the Arabs

Diaspora of the Arabs

The arabs claimed that they lived in Palestine (their claim) from pre-biblical times (history claims) from last 1500 years and its results on the neighbouring countries/region - major crisis of the UNO in the 21st century.

Migration of the Arabs

i) Started in 1890's when the Jews began buying land in Palestine from the rich or poor and ignorant turks - in order to create ALIYA's and KIBURTZ - Arabs lost their livelihood - evicted as farmers, and industrial enterprises - Kiburtz were self sustaining - Arabs were forced to flee ii) 1917-1939 - Balfour Declaration : Jewish Agency which was actively involved in

migration of the Jews, with funds they purchased lands , Kitburtz and proper settlements, and followed a policy of throwing the Arabs out go their areas - violence in the mandate began iii) Arabs mobilised themselves under Sheriff Hussein. In Palestine (Al husseiniorganisation) had organised one riot after another - British set up set up commission that issued White Papers - FORBADE/ Stopped Jewish immigration - created massive conflict and realisation dawned on the Jews. They had to take matters into their own hands. iv) The Jewish Agency and the militant groups (hagana, Lehi, Irgun) devised plans by which they decided to force the Palestinian Arabs out of the Jewish Designated Areas. - mainly terrorism creating fear - they fled because of incidents like Deir Yassin, and escalating violence in the mandate under the British - civil population began to flee - Plan D: conscious policy of expulsion - ETHINIC CLEANSING - of the Jewish land - as a result - 1 million arabs were out of the Jewish areas - demography was changing v) Post the 948 war - 10 lakhs Arabs fled to neighbouring countries.(pg 105) - Jordan, West Bank of Jordan, Gaza, Dispersed in Lebanon, Syria, Saudi Arabia, and African Countries - Fled to USA - even now - (2013) - 75% of palestinian arabs out of Palestine vi) Initially they were welcomed to J,L,S,Egypt - sympathy factor - by 1960 - they became a burden - economical resources being drained, social problems, political systems of the Arab countries were being affected as the arabs set up Permenant camps and many of them turned to military camps. vii) The plight of the Palestinian Arabs, forceful education, destruction of their livelihood collapsing family structure major Humanitarian concern. Role Of the UNO 1950 - UNRWA - UNITED NATIONS RELIEF AND WORKS AGENCY - trying to help the Palestinian Arabs by looking after them in the Refugee camps - TO provide food, water, sanitation, medical relief, Hospitals, Makeshift schools - Created some relief for the Palestinians - but this war was a major humanitarian crisis. - Psychological impact of physical dislocation from the land of both, change of

livelihood and employment - very soon by 1950s. the Palestinian Arabs were flooding countries like J,S,L, saudi arabia, Egypt and the failure of the Arab Monarchs to the defeat Israel in the 1948 war. Was to lead to bigger repercussions - Birth of a new ideology that was based on ARAB NATIONALISM - ARABISM a) Removal of the old system (mandate system) - Assasignation attempts against all the monarchs, Abdulla killed, Faizal along with his PM, Farukh forced to flee. b) a New ideology based on ARAB NATIONALISM, ARABISM - anti old and feudal, pro modernity, pro unity of Arab speaking people and pro development

The Jewish State Post 1948-49 War

a) their victory was a validation of the fact that the Jews owned the promised land and what was told to them, that is their MESSIAH will be born in Palestine and so the land was promised to them and the Tribes of Abrahim b) The arabs had foolishly played into their hands by violating UNO resolution 181 that created for both the Arabs and Jews and had attacked the state of Israel in May 1948 - Arabs lost a lot go the world sympathy for it and then they were defeated - the fact that they were forced to flee out of Palestine was not a responsibility of the Jews. - In the land captured after the 1948 war the Jewish settlements came up - by 1950, the KNESSET (parliament) passed a law which hindered the return of the Palestinian arabs and claim their land d) 1950 - A LAW OF RETURN - any Jew whose father/grandfather is a jew - has full right to come and settle in Israel. e) 1952 - citizenship law - all the Jews all over the world