Introduction to LTE

By:Nadisanka Rupasinghe,
Engineer Planning and Optimization, Etisalat Lanka (Private) Limited

No more Codes
Key technologies.
For Downlink : OFDM and MIMO

For Uplink : SC - FDMA

IMT Advanced Requirements

Support for at least 40 MHz Bandwidth Peak Spectral Efficiencies : DL : 15 bits/s/Hz (600 Mbps) UL : 6.75 bits/s/Hz(270 Mbps) Control Plane Latency < 100ms User Plane Latency < 10ms

Releases of 3GPP Specifications

Rel. 8 Rel.9 Rel.10 Rel.11
LTE
Location Services

EPC/SAE
MultiStandard BS

MBMS

LTE - A

Carrier Aggregation

Relays

Enhanced Carrier Aggregation

Intra Band Carrier Aggregation

LTE/SAE Network Architecture

P-GW HSS
S6a S5

Internet

EPC
MME/S-GW

MME/S-GW

S1

S1

S1

S1

X2

E-UTRAN
eNodeB
X2 X2

eNodeB

eNodeB

Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)

eNodeB :
Directly connected to the Core via S1 interface No RNC as in WCDMA eNodeBs interconnected via X2 interface Handovers are handled by eNodeBs it self, communicating via X2 interface This is an intelligent Node

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

Mobility Management Entity (MME) :
Control Plane Node of the EPC handling connection/release of bearers to a terminal handling of IDLE to ACTIVE Transition handling of security keys

 Serving Gateway(S-GW) :
User plane node which connects EPC to E-UTRAN Acts as a mobility anchor when Terminals move between eNodeBs Mobility Anchor for other 3GPP technologies (GSM,HSPA) Collecting information for charging purposes

Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW) :

Connects EPC to the Internet Allocation of the IP address for a specific terminal QoS handling

Home Subscriber Service (HSS) :

A database containing subscriber information

What is Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) ?

OFDM
Why ?

ISI Inter Symbol Interference

Time domain :

Data Rate

ISI

Time Spreading (Freq. Selective Fading)

When an impulse is transmitted , how does the average power received by Mobile vary as a function of time delay ?
Power Delay Profile

Freq. Selective Fading : Ts

< 0 > 0

Non Freq. Selective Fading : Ts

Power Delay Profile

Spaced Freq. Correlation function

FT

Inside Coherence BW channel passes all freq. components with equal gain and linear phase
Freq. Selective Fading : W Non Freq. Selective Fading

> f0 : W < f0

 Symbol rate not increased in order to achieve high data rates. Instead of that Available BW breaks in to many narrower subcarriers and modulate generated symbols to these subcarriers. These subcarriers then combine linearly and transmit (OFDM symbol).

Single carrier transmission Vs OFDM Transmission

: Single Carrier 1 0 1

Transmission

: OFDM Transmission
0

Sub carrier Pulse shape and Spectrum

Subcarrier BW < Coherance BW

Why Orthogonal ?
Two modulated OFDM subcarriers 1 and 2 are mutually orthogonal over the time interval m t < (m+1)

Subcarriers Orthogonal in the time domain

In OFDM, Subcarriers are overlapped in Frequency domain while maintaining orthogonality in time domain

Overlapping subcarriers in Freq. domain

Overlapping Subcarriers

Spectral Efficiency

OFDM Symbol
Generated by Multiplexing several overlapping subcarriers and a Cyclic Prefix (CP).

CP

Modulated Subcarriers

Cyclic Prefix added to the beginning of the OFDM symbol in order to eliminate ISI At the Receiver CP is removed and only the information bearing part is further processed .

OFDM as a Multiple Access Scheme (OFDMA)

OFDMA : In each OFDM symbol interval, Different subsets of the overall set of available subcarriers are used for transmission to different terminals.

What is Multiple-Input MultipleOutput (MIMO) ?

1 1

Main Transmission Techniques

Spatial Diversity : Signal copies are transmitted at
multiple antennas or received at more than one antenna
1

Spatial Multiplexing : Transmit independent and

separately encoded data streams over different antennas

Why MIMO?
Significant increase in Spectral efficiency and data rates - Spatial Multiplexing High QoS - Spatial diversity Wide Coverage - Spatial diversity SISO Channel Capacity : = log 2 (1 + ) MIMO Channel Capacity (MIMO system with MN antenna configuration) : = ( + )
B : Channel Bandwidth SINR : Signal to Interference plus Noise ratio

Received signal y at the receiver when signal x is transmitted,

1 11 = 2 21

12 1 22 2

Channel impulse responses ( ) are determined by transmitting reference signals from each transmitting antenna.

What is Single Carrier FDMA (SC FDMA)?

SC FDMA (DFTS-OFDM)
Why not Multi Carrier OFDM in Uplink ?
One of the main drawbacks in OFDM : Large instantaneous power variations in the Transmitting signal This leads to High Peak-to-Average-Power Ratio (PAPR) in the Power Amplifier. Power Amplifier Efficiency

Power Amplifier Cost

Hence Multicarrier OFDM is not a Viable solution for Low power Mobiles

 In OFDM, each subcarrier carries information relating to one specific Symbol In SC-FDMA, each subcarrier contains information of All Transmitted symbols. Hence no need of transmitting with High Power. Signal energy is distributed among sub carriers.

User Multiplexing in SC-FDMA

Localized Transmission : Distributed Transmission :

User 1

User 2

User 3

User 1

User 2

User 3

LTE Physical Layer

Available DL BW and Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs)
Bandwidth (MHz) Subcarrier BW (kHz) PRB BW (kHz) No. of available RBs 6 12 25 1.25 2.5 5.0 15 180 50 75 100 10.0 15.0 20.0

Generic Frame Structure

1 Frame (10 ms)

1 Slot (0.5 ms)

1 Sub Frame (1 ms)

7 OFDM symbols

Resource Grid
F R E q R E S O U R C E B L O C K

7 OFDM symbols

Time

R E S O U R C E G R I D

Resource Element

 Physical Resource Block (PRB) allocation is done by the scheduling function in eNodeB

PRB is the smallest element of resource allocation assigned by the base station scheduler.

LTE Radio Access : An Overview

 Channel dependent Scheduling and Rate adaptation :

Depending on the channel conditions, time frequency resources are allocated to users by the scheduler Scheduling decisions taken once every 1ms with frequency domain granularity of 180 kHz. Scheduler allocates resources depending on the Channel State Information(CSI) provided by the UE

 Inter Cell interference Coordination (ICIC) :

In LTE, Frequency Reuse Factor equals to one (full spectrum availability at each Cell) This leads to high performance degradation specially the Users in cell edge. ICIC reduce ICI at cell edge applying certain restrictions on resource assignment.
Adaptive Fractional Frequency Reuse Coordination:
3

Inner Region Outer Region

 Multicast / Broadcast Single frequency Network (MBSFN)

As Identical information is transmitted from transmitters (time aligned), UEs in Cell edge can utilize received power of several surrounding cells to detect / decode broadcasted data.

Special Features in LTE A (Rel.10)

Carrier Aggregation :

Relaying:

Extended Multi Antenna Transmission :

DL Spatial Multiplexing expanded to support up to 8 transmission Layers.

Heterogeneous Deployments :
Ex : Pico Cell placed inside a Macro Cell

References :
. 4G LTE/LTE-Advanced for Mobile Broadband by Erik

Dhalman, Stefan Parkvall, Johan Skold Overview of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution Physical Layer by Jim Zyren, Dr.Wes McCoy Wireless Communication by Andrea Goldsmith

THANK YOU!