Chapter 26: ELECTRICITY FORM CHEMICAL REACTIONS:

Salt brid e: an electrical connection between the two half cells in an electrochemical cell" it is usually made form a material saturated with electrolyte solution #nternal circuit Contain ions that are free to move $alance charges Cations (%ive ion) cathode &nions ('ive ion) anode (o salt bridge ) solution in one half cell will accumulate negative charge *olution in a other half cell will accumulate positive charge &ccumulation prevent production of electricity Galvanometer indicates electron flow Current flow because one half cell has greater tendency to push eldctrons into e+ternal circuit ,edo+ ) electrons are being produced and consumed Electrons accepted by cathode when ions collude Electron flow towards the o+idant Electron flow away from the reductant Gal!anic cell: an electrochemical cell" a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. !+idant and reductant do not come in direct contact Electron only transferred by travelling through e+ternal circuit ) connect negative and positive electrodes -low of electron create electric current Chemical energy electrical energy

Electric current flows through wires and light globe External circuit: the section of an electrochemical cell circuit in which electrons move (eg. wires) Globe converts electrical energy of current to light and heat. Current flows because chemical reaction ta ing place !nly if salt bridge present

SALT BRIDGE:

HALF CELLS: Each half cell Electrode in contact with solution *pecies in each half cell form con.ugate redo+ pair #n general ) one member is metal ) used as electrode /sually contain other species not involved in reaction ) spectator ions and particles that ma e up solvent Electrodes: 0etal #nert ) platinum1 graphite Gas &node: o+idation occurs ) negative terminal Cathode: reduction occurs ) positive terminal George is a Catholic Priest ) Galvanic Cathode 2ositive On A Royal Cruise !+idation &node. ,eduction Cathode

Cations (%ive ion) cathode &nions ('ive ion) anode &node: o+idation occurs ) negative terminal Cathode: reduction occurs ) positive terminal *tronger o+idant reduced *tronger reductant o+idi3ed Electr"c#e$ical %erie%: 24 5C1 6 &701 6 0

&OTENTIAL DIFFERENCE: - Called emf - 0easured in volts (8) 9etermined using voltmeter - 0easure amount o energy supplied by a fi+ed amount of charge flowing - :arge potential difference ) strong o+idant and strong reductant - 2otential difference at standard condition ) calculated using E'
value *tandard half'cell potentials ) give numeric measure of tendency of half cell reaction to occur as reduction reaction ,eduction reaction most li ely to occur ) high E5 value !+idation ) low E' value Cell potential difference ; higher half cell E' ( lower half cell E' 9ifferent cell voltage obtained under non'standard conditions

&RIMARY CELLS: Dr* cell%: a commercial electrochemical cell with an electrolyte that is a moist paste rather than a solution. 9ry cell &l aline cell *ilver'3inc cell :ithium button (on'rechargeable 2roducts migrate slowly away from electrodes Consumed by side reactions occurring in cell. +INC(CARBON DRY CELL:

REDO) REACTION: <igher half cell ) forward direction (reduction) :ower reaction ) bac reaction (o+idation) Chemical on left of electrochemical series must react with a chemical on the right that is lower in the series #f directly mi+ed ) react directly Energy released as heat (rather than electrical energy) (aturally occurring reactions or spontaneous reactions LIMITATIONS OF &REDICTIONS: <alf cell potential vary in different condition Electrochemical series give no information about rate Chapter 2=: CELLS AND BATTERIES: Galvanic cells. $attery: consist of a number of cells connected together in series. 2ortable power

Electrolyte: moist paste of >nCl2 (<?Cl *ame role as salt bridge (internal circuit) 2roduce 6.4 volts 9iminishes significantly during use *oluble reaction products must migrate away from electrodes &"lari%ati"n: build'up of products around electrode slows or stops forward reaction 0ore significant during prolonged operation Cell rest ) products migrate away from electrodes and @recoversA Barming cell ) increase rate of recovery Cell reaches eCuilibrium ) used no longer Cheap portable energy for infreCuent low'drain use.

AL,ALINE CELLS:

,elatively e+pensive ) small si3e and material 8ariant: lithium cell ) employing iodine as o+idant (heart pacema er implants last 64 years)

RECHARGEABLE CELLS AND BATTERIES: *econdary cells or accumulators 7o recharge: 2roducts must be converted bac to original reactants Cell reaction must occur in reverse. Connecting cell to charger ) source of electrical energy with greater potential different than the cell Electrical energy chemical energy 2roducts formed during discharge must remain in contact with electrodes in convertible form. CAR BATTERY: Al-aline cell: a commercial electrochemical cell with an al aline electrolyte that is a moist paste rather than a solution. &n organic compound that has the carbo+yl functional group attached to an al ane chain. >inc and manganese 2erformance and longevity 4+ life of 3inc'carbon cell *lightly more e+pensive than dry cell $etter money for value Cost'efficient where high currents needed intermittently ,eCuire fewer electrolytes than dry cell ) more reactant to be included.

B.TTON CELL:

Butt"n cell: a small galvanic cell used in watches1 cameras1 calculatorsD etc. 2 types: *ilver'3inc cell ) constant 6.6 volts :ithium cells ) E volts during discharge

:ead'acid batteries (car battery) ,elatively cheap1 reliable1 high current1 long lifetime Fump start car battery and operate electrical accessories. Car starts: &lternator provide electrical energy to operate electrical system and recharge battery 6 separate cells connected in series E positive electrode between ? negative electrodes

Contact between electrode prevented ) porous separator &"%iti!e electr"de: lead (#8) o+ide (2b!2) Ne ati!e electr"de: lead grid pac ed with powdered lead Electr"l*te: ?0 sulphuric acid solution 62 volts potential difference ,echarge: Electrode reaction reversed &lternator (potential difference 6?8) ) force electrons into negative terminal and draw out at positive terminal 9rive spontaneous reaction bac wards Electrical chemical

!perate at 24H degrees Celsius

F.EL CELLS:

Each cell produces 68 <igher voltage ) connect number of fuel cells in series to form battery of fuel cell stac B*'/r"duct%: water and heat Electrodes ) act as catalyst and si3e of current depends on their surface area.

Acid 0uel cell: Electr"l*te: concentrated phosphoric acid &ir as source of o+ygen 9oes not reCuire pure hydrogen *ame overall reaction as al aline fuel cell *pecific electrodes different &lternative to internal combustion of engine #mproves efficiency and reduce greenhouse gases and other emissions and reliance on oil. *tationary fuel cells ) generate electricity for domestic1 commercial and industrial purpose 6HH B ) domestic purpose 0egawatt ) industries or large commercial building *mall appliances ) swap replaceable fuel pac

,eactions supplied continuously Constant production of electrical energy Chemical energy directly to electrical energy. Efficient use of energy released by spontaneous redo+ reactions. GHI efficient compared with EHI'?HI thermal stations Employ heat waste to ma e steam <eating or operate turbine ,aising efficiency Reactant%: pure o+ygen and hydrogen gas. Electr"l*te: potassium hydro+ide

Ad!anta e%: Chemical energy directly to electrical energy <ydrogen fuel cell ) water by'product: no pollution Generate electricity for as long as fuel cell is supplied ) does not cease at eCuilibrium (ot reliant on connection to electricity grid ) electricity can be generated on'site. Di%ad!anta e%: Constant fuel supply E+pensive ' limited numbers and no economies of scale E+pensive electrolyse and catalyst ) high purchase price and maintenance costs Generate direct current ) inverter reCuired to change 9C to &C appropriate voltage

7ransport: lac of facilities for hydrogen storage and distribution