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Manuscript Number: APM-D-13-02566

Title: Analytical Solutions of Fractional Differential Equations by Variational Iteration Method and
Sumudu Transform

Article Type: Research Paper

Keywords: Variational iteration method; Fractional calculus; Fractional differential equation; Sumudu
transform; Symbolic computation.

Corresponding Author: Dr. Pranay Goswami, Ph. D.

Corresponding Author's Institution:

First Author: Ravi S Dubey

Order of Authors: Ravi S Dubey; Pranay Goswami, Ph. D.; Vartika Gulati

Abstract: In this paper, we have modified the variational iteration method (VIM) by making use of the
Sumudu transform. Using this method we have solved linear differential equations and successfully
extended it for fractional differential equations. The process of the methods which produce solutions in
terms of convergent series is explained. The fractional derivatives are described in Caputo sense. Some
examples are provided to show the accuracy and easy implementation and the methodology is
demonstrated.

Suggested Reviewers: Abdon Atangana
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Adem Kilicman
Department of Mathematics , University Putra Malaysia
akilicman@putra.upm.edu.my
Expert in the field

Aydn Seer
Department of Mathematical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University
asecer@yildiz.edu.tr
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Devendra Kumar
Department of Mathematics , Jaganath Gupta Institute of Technology
devendra.maths@gmail.com
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Department of Mathematics , Alexandria University
amasayed@alexu.edu.eg
Expert in the field




To
The Editor,
Applied Mathematical Modelling


Subject: Submission of manuscript of research paper

Dear Sir/Madam
Subjected mentioned above I am submitting my research paper entitled
Analytical Solution of Fractional Calculus by Variational Iteration
Method a universal approach using Sumudu Transform for your
kind consideration and perusal.
Your early response is highly appraisable.


With regards
Ravi Shanker Dubey
Department of mathematics
Yagyavalkya Institute of Technology
Jaipur - 302022, India
Contact No.: 91-9829009476
E Mail: ravimath13@gmail.com

Cover Letter
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1

Analytical Solutions of Fractional Differential Equations by
Variational Iteration Method and Sumudu Transform

Ravi Shanker Dubey
Department of mathematics
Yagyavalkya Institute of Technology
Jaipur - 302022, India
ravimath13@gmail.com
Pranay Goswami*
Department of Mathematics
Bharat Ratan Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University
Delhi - 110007, India
pranaygoswami83@gmail.com

Vartika Gulati**
Department of Mathematics
University of Rajasthan,
Rajasthan -302055, India
vgmaths26@gmail.com

Abstract: In this paper, we have modified the variational iteration method (VIM) by making
use of the Sumudu transform. Using this method we have solved linear differential equations
and successfully extended it for fractional differential equations. The process of the methods
which produce solutions in terms of convergent series is explained.
Keywords: Variational iteration method; Fractional calculus; Fractional differential equation
; Sumudu transform; Symbolic computation.
MSC: 39A08; 65K10; 34A12

1. Introduction
Differential calculus has its great importance in the field of science and technology. A lot of
work has been done by various mathematicians to make the process easy. In recent years,
fractional calculus has been used in various fields like model physical and engineering
processes. It is worth nothing that the standard mathematical models of integer-order
derivatives, including nonlinear models, do not work adequately in many cases [2]. In the
recent years, fractional calculus has played a very important role in various fields such as
chemistry, biology, mechanics, electricity, signal and image processing and notably controls
theory [27].
In this paper we use the Lagrange multiplier technique [1]. This technique was widely
used to solve a number of nonlinear problems which arise in mathematical physics and other
related areas. This technique was developed into a powerful analytical method, (Variational
iteration method) [8], for solving differential equations. The method has been applied to
initial boundary value problems [913] and fuzzy equations [1416], etc. Generally, in
*Manuscript - For Review
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2

solving initial value problems of differential equations by VIM the crucial point is to
identifying the Lagrange multipliers.
To solve fractional differential equations (FDEs) by this method we mainly and directly used
the Lagrange multipliers in ordinary differential equations (ODEs) which resulted in poor
convergences. To improve this method few ideas are suggested; like the Riemann-Liouville
integral emerges in the constructed correctional functional, but the integration by parts is
difficult to apply. To avoid this problem, the Riemann-Liouville integral is replaced by an
integer one which allows the integration by parts. This is a very strong simplification but it
affects the whole process after that step. Therefore, the Lagrange multiplier is determined by
a simplification not reasonably explained in the literature, so far.
To resolve this problem, we have developed a method by this the Lagrange multiplier
has to be defined from Sumudu transform. The technique can be universally extended to
solve both ordinary differential equations and fractional differential equations with initial
value conditions.

2. Basics of the variation iteration method
To illustrate the basic idea of this method, we consider the following general non linear
system of the following form:
( )
[ ( )] [ ( )] ( ),
m
m
d u t
L u t N u t g t
dt
+ + = (2.1)
where L is a linear operator, N is a nonlinear operator, g(t) is a known continuous function
and is the order of the highest-order derivative of the function. The basic character of the
method is to construct the following correction functional for the eqn. (2.1):

( )
1
0
, [ ] [ ] ( ) ,
t m
n n m
d u
u u t L u N u g d
d
t t t
t
+
(
= + + +
(

}
(2.2)
where ( ) , t t is called the general Lagrange multiplier [1] and
n
u is the approximate solution
of n
th
order.
According to the VIM [8], we know that the integration by parts plays an important role in
the determination of Lagrange multipliers. But in fractional calculus, generally, the following
integration by parts cannot hold:

| |
0 0 0
| ,
C t C
t o t t o t
I v D u uv I u D v
o o o o
= (2.3)
where
C
o t
D
o
the Caputo derivative,
0 t
I
o
the Riemann-Liouville integration and ( ). v v t = This is
the particular cause of VIM, for which it is not so successful as other analytical methods like
Adomian decomposition method (ADM) [1719] and the homotopy perturbation method
(HPM) [2022] in fractional calculus. To remove this reason, we consider the following
reconstruction of the method using the Sumudu transform.

3. Sumudu Transform and the Mittag-Leffler Function
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In early 90s, Watugala [23] introduced a new integral transform named the Sumudu
transform and applied it to the solution of ordinary differential equation in control
engineering problems. The Sumudu transform is defined over the set of functions:
1 2
{ ( ) , , 0, ( ) , ( 1) [0, )},
j
t
j
A f t M f t Me if t
t
t t = - > < e (3.1)
The Sumudu transform is defined by
, ( ) [ ( )] ( ) ( , )
1 2
0
t
G u S f t f ut e dt u t t

= = e
}
(3.2)
see [24-27].
By using Sumudu transform of multiple differentiation. We obtain
1
0
0
,
( ) (0)
( )
k
m
C m
t m m k
k
S D
G u f
f t u
u u
o o

=
(
(
(

(

=

(3.3)
=
( )
1
0
( ) (0 )
, 1
k m
k
k
G u f
m m
u u
o o
o

=
( +
< s
(

(3.4)
where

( ) ( ) G u S f t (

=
.
The Mittag-Leffler function which is a generalization of exponential function is defined as
[28]:
( )
( ) ( ) , ( ) 0 .
1
n
n o
z
E z
n
o
o o
o

=
= e >
I +

(3.5)

4. New Method for Identification of the Lagrange Multipliers and Basic idea of VIM by
Sumudu transform:

If we have seen the whole process of the Lagrange multipliers in the case of an algebraic
equation. The solution of the algebraic equation ( ) 0 f x = can be obtain by an iteration
formula
( )
1
.
n n n
x x f x
+
= + (4.1)
The optimality condition for the extreme
1
0,
n
n
x
x
o
o
+
= leads to

( )
1
,
n
f x
=
'
(4.2)
where o is the classical variational operator. By using given initial value
0
, x we can find the
approximate solution x
n+1
by the iterative scheme, using (4.1) and (4.2)
( )
( )
( )
n
n 1 n 0
n
f x
x x , f x 0, 0,1, 2,...
f x
n
+
' = = =
'
(4.3)
The above defined formula (4.3) is well known as the Newton-Raphson formula and has
quadratic convergence.
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4

Now, in this paper we have extended this idea to finding the unknown Lagrange multiplier. In
this process, first we take the Sumudu transform to eqn. (2.1), we get

( ) | | | | ( ) ( )
1 1
(0) ... (0) ( ) ,
m m m
u v s u v u v S R v N v S g t

+ + = (4.4)
with the help of (4.1), the iteration formula of (4.4) can be written as
( ) | | | | ( ) ( )
1 1
1
( ) ( ) ( ) (0) ... (0) ( ) ,
m m m
n n
v u v u u u v u u v u v S R v N v S g t

+
(
= + + +


(4.5)

where ( ) .
m
u u =
On taking inverse-Sumudu transform,
1
S of eqn. (4.5) after putting the value of ( ), u
we get
( ) | | | | ( ) ( )
{ }
( ) | | | | ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
1
1 1 1
( ) ( ) (0) ... (0) ( )
(0) ... (0) ( ) .
m m m m
n n
m m m
v t v t S u u v u u v u v S R v N v S g t
S v u v u S R v N v S g t

+

(
= + +

(
= + + + +

(4.6)
where the initial iteration ( )
0
v t is
( )
( )
1 1 1
0
1 1
( ) (0) ... (0) ,
(0)
(0) (0) ... .
1 !
m m
m m
v t S v u v
t v
v v t
m


= + +
' = + + +

(4.7)
Eqn. (4.7) also explained why the initial iteration in the classical VIM is determined by the
Taylor series.

5. Application
In learning science examples are more useful than rules (Isaac Newton). In this section we
apply the above defined method for solving both ordinary differential equations and
fractional differential equations.

Example1.Consider the following Radioactive decay differential equation:
0
, (0)
dN
N N N
dt
o = = (5.1)
where ( ) N t radioactive nuclei at time t and
0
N at t 0, = and if their rate of decay( ) dN/ dt is
proportional to the number of un-decayed nuclei, with constant of proportionality , then we
can obtain the successive approximate solutions as

0 0
( ) (0) N t N N = = (5.2)
( ) ( )
1
1 0 0
( ) 1 1 N t S u N N t o o

= = (5.3)
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5

( )
2 2
1 2 2
2 0 0
( ) 1 1 ,
2!
t
N t S u u N N t
o
o o o

| |
= + = +
|
\ .
(5.4)
.
.
.
( )
1 1 1
0 0
( ) 1 ... ( 1) 1 ... ( 1) ,
!
n n
n n n n
n
t
N t S t u N N t
n
o
o o o
+ +
| |
= + + = + +
|
\ .
(5.5)
for , ( )
n
n N t tends to the exact solution

0
t
N e
o
.

Example 2.Consider the following differential equation:
2
2
0, (0) 2, (0) 3,
d v
v v v
dt
' + = = = (5.6)
We can obtain the successive approximate solutions as

0
( ) (0) 2 v t v = = (5.7)
( )
2
1 2
1
2
( ) 2 3 2 2 3
2!
t
v t S u u t

| |
= + = +
|
\ .
(5.8)
( )
2 3 4
1 2 3 4
2
2 3 2
( ) 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 ,
2! 3! 4!
t t t
v t S u u u u t

| |
= + + = + +
|
\ .
(5.9)
.
.
.
For , ( )
n
n v t tends to the exact solution2cos 3sin t t + .


There exist a lot of choices of ( )
0
v t and ( ) u which affect the speed of the convergence. We
note that the integration by parts is not used and the calculation of the Lagrange multiplier
here is much simpler. The VIM can be easily extended to FDEs and this is the important and
main purpose of our work.

6. Fractional Differential Equations
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
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6

To illustrate the basic idea of this method for fractional differential equation, we consider a
general non linear non homogeneous fractional differential equation with initial conditions of
the following form:

Consider the following fractional differential equation:
( )
0
( ) ( ) ,
C
t
D v L v N v g t
o
+ + = (6.1)
subject to the initial conditions
( )
( ) | | 0 , 0 , 0 , 1, 0,1,..., 1,
k
k
v d t m k m o o
+
= < < = + = (6.2)
where,

0
C
t
D v
o
is the Caputo derivative [3].
The first step of this method is taking Sumudu transform to both sides of (6.1), the Sumudu
transform of
0
,
C
t
D v
o
is defined by eqn. (3.4), we get
( ) | | | | ( ) ( )
1
1
0
(0 )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) .
k m
n n
k
k
v
v u v u u u v u S R v N v S g t
u
o
o

+

=
( +
= + + +
` (
)

(6.3)
Put , u
o
= the Lagrange multiplier in eqn. (6.3) and taking inverse Sumudu transform, we
get
( ) | | | | ( )
| | | | ( )
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
(0 )
( ) ( ) ( )
(0 )
( ) ,
k m
n n k
k
k m
k
k
v
v t v u S u u v u S R v N v g t
u
v
S u S R v N v g t
u
o o
o
o

+
=

=
( +
= + +
` (
)
( +
= +
` (
)

(6.4)
where
1
1
0
0
(0 )
( ) ,
k m
k
k
v
v t S
u

=
| | +
=
|
\ .

or
( )
1 1
0
(0)
( ) (0) (0) ... .
1 !
m m
t v
v t v v t
m
+
' = + + +

(6.5)
Example1. Consider the following Fractional-Order Logistic differential equation see [29,
30]:

0
( ) ( )(1 ( )), 0, 0, 0 1
C
t
D v t rv t v t t r
o
o = > > < s (6.6)
with initial condition

0
(0) , v v =
we get the successive approximate solutions as
0 0
( ) (0) v t v v = = (6.7)
( ) ( )
2
0 0
0 1 0
1 0
1
( ) 2
2 2 ( 1)
u v v
t v v
v t S v
o
o
o

| |

| |
| = + = +
|
|
I +
\ .
\ .
(6.8)
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7

.
.
.

Particular Case. If we tack 1 2, r = and initial condition (0) 1 2, v = we can obtain the
successive approximate solutions as

0
( ) (0) 1 2 v t v = = (6.9)
1
1
1 1 0.125
( )
2 8 2 ( 1)
u t
v t S
o o
o

| | | |
= + = +
| |
I +
\ . \ .
(6.10)
3 3
1
2
1 1 0.125 0.0078125
( )
2 8 128 2 ( 1) (3 1)
u u t t
v t S
o o o o
o o

| | | |
= + = +
| |
I + I +
\ . \ .
(6.11)
.
.
.
For , ( )
n
n v t tends to the exact solution of (6.6) for 1 o = is
( )
( )
2
2
( ) .
1
t
t
e
e
v t
e
=
+

Example 2.Consider the Relaxation Oscillator equation

0
0, (0) 1, (0) 0, 0 , 0 2, 0,
C
t
D v v v v t
o o
e o e ' + = = = < < < > (6.12)
taking Sumudu transform of eqn. (6.12), we get the following iteration formula:
( )
( ) 1
1
(0) (0 )
( ) ( ) ( ) , n n
n
v u
v v
v u v u u S v
u u u
o
o o o
e
+
+

(
'
= + +
(
(

(6.13)
As a result, after the identification of a Lagrange multiplier , u
o
= one can derive
the approximate solution of eqn. (6.12), which can be given as
( )
( )
1
1 1
(0) (0 )
( ) ( ) ,
n n n
v u
v v
v t v u S u S v
u u u
o o
o o o
e
+

+
(
'

= + (
`
(
)

or
( )
1
1 1
(0) (0 )
( ) ,
n n
v v
v t S u S v
u u
o o
o o
e
+

+
( '
= +
` (
)
(6.14)
we get
0
( ) (0) 1, v t v = = (6.15)
( )
( )
1
1
( ) 1 1 ,
1
t
v t S u
o o
o o
e
e
o

| |
= =
|
|
I +
\ .
(6.16)
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 2
2
( ) 1 1 ,
1 1 2
t t
v t S u u
o o o o
o o o o
e e
e e
o o

| |
= + = +
|
|
I + I +
\ .
(6.17)
.
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8

.
.
For , ( )
n
n v t tends to the exact solution (( ) ) E t
o
o
e [31], where (( ) ) E t
o
o
e denotes the
Mittag-Leffler function, see [28].

Example 3. Consider the Time-Fractional Diffusion equation


( )
2
0 2
( , )
( , )
, 0 1,
C
t
xv x t
v x t
D v
x x
o
o
c
c
= + < <
c c
(6.18)
with

2
( , 0) , v x x = (6.19)
Das [32] find the VIM solution of the fractional semi-derivative equation, for other methods
applied to this equation are available in [33] and the monographs [34, 35] in the fractional
calculus.
As a result, after the identification of a Lagrange multiplier , u
o
= one can derive the
approximate solution of eqn. (6.18) can be given as

( )
2
1 2
1 2
( , ) ( , )
( ) ,
n n
n
xv x t v x t
v t S x u S
x x
o
+
( c | | c
= + +
( |
c c
(
\ .
(6.20)
which leads
2
0
( ) (0) , v t v x = =
( )
( )
( )
2
1 2 2 2
1
2 3
( ) 2 3 ,
1
x t
v t S x x u x
o
o
o

| |
+
( | = + + =

|
I +
\ .
(6.21)
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2
1 2 2 2 2 2
2
2 3 8 9
( ) 2 3 8 9 ,
1 1 2
x t x t
v t S x x u x u x
o o
o o
o o

| |
+ +
| = + + + + = + +
|
I + I +
\ .

(6.22)
.
.
.
For , ( )
n
n v t tends to the exact solution ( ) E kt
o
o
[31], where ( ) E kt
o
o
denotes the
Mittag-Leffler function and
2 2
(1 )(3 1).
i i
k x x = + +
The methods efficiency for a nonlinear differential equation with variable coefficients
is illustrated in [36]. For other applications of a new modified VIM to ODEs and FDEs,
readers are also referred to [3738].

5 Conclusions
In this paper we have define a new approach to identify the Lagrange multipliers of the VIM.
This concept of Sumudu-Lagrange multipliers is proposed from Sumudu transform. There is
no effective method to identify the Lagrange multipliers especially for the Fractional
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Differential Equations. By using the approach define in this paper, we can easily derive
Lagrange multipliers without tedious calculation and new variational iteration formulae can
be derived. Some ordinary differential equations and fractional differential equations have
been solved by using this technique. The Sumudu technique can be used to solve many types
such as initial-value problems and boundary-value problems in applied sciences, engineering
fields, aerospace sciences, and mathematical physics. The results show the modified
methods efficiency compared with other versions of the VIM in fractional calculus.

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