Release modeling Page 1 of 10

Release Modeling
Liquid Through Hole

g c
o
P g
C U
2

g c o m
P g AC Q 2
Liquid Flow Through Hole in Tank
Initial velocity and mass flow rate

,
_

+ gH
P g
C U
g c
o

,
_

+ gH
P g
AC Q
g c
o m

2
External
environment
P=1 atm
U
A area of leak
External
environment
P=1 atm
U
A area of leak
H
Pressurized liquid
P=P
g
U=0
Z=0
= liquid densit
Release modeling Page 2 of 10
Dynamic Mass flow rate
t
t
A
A
o
gC
t
gH
g
P
c
g
A
o
C
m
Q
2 2
2

,
_

+
Time for the vessel to get empty to the level of release
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

g c
t
g c t
o
P g
gH
P g
A
A
g C
t
2
2
1

If the hole is at the bottom
gH
A
D
g C
t
o
2
!
1
2

,
_

Flashing Liquid
Fraction of liquid flashing
( )

,
_

avg
V
b o
avg
p
V
b o p
v
v
H
T T C
H
T T C
m
m
f
"
ex# 1
For liquids stored pressure higher than saturation pressure, chocked
flow is assumed
$ " 2
sat c o m
P P g AC Q
Liquid stored at saturation pressure
External
environment
P=1 atm
U
A area of leak
H
Pressurized liquid
P=P
g
U=0
Z=0
= liquid densit
Release modeling Page % of 10
p
c
fg
v
m
TC
g
v
A H
Q

;
Where v
fg
is difference in specific volume between liquid and vapor
Liquid Pool va!oration
T R
MKAP
Q
g
sat
m

v
g
m
H
A q
Q

Liquid flow through !i!eline

0
2
2
+

F
g
z g
g
U P
c c

!"

,
_

c
f
g
U
K F
2
2
2
#"
d
fL
K
f
!

$"
Re
1&
f
For Laminar flow" %"
For fully developed flow, this equation does not have &eynolds term
' ( ) % log !
1

,
_

d
f
'"
(hen)s model
'
Re
log 0!*2 ) *
(0&* ) %
log !
1

,
_

A
d
f

*a"
+vaporation due to volatility of the chemical
+vaporation due to heat conduction from
ground q
g
"
P1
U1
Z1
P2
U2
Z2
+
d
Release modeling Page ! of 10
( )
1
1
]
1

+
,-,1 ) 0
10-, ) 1
Re
,*0& ) *
,2*( ) 2
d
A

*b"
,
f
for pipefittings and valves, etc-

,
_

+ +

inchs
fittings
f
!D
K
K
K
1
1
Re
1
."
,
!
and ,

are constants
,
f
+ntrance and +/it

+ K
K
K
fittings
f
Re
1
."
,
!
and ,

are constants
,
!
and ,

for pipe entrance are !*0 and 0-'0 respectively

,
!
and ,

for pipe e/its 0 and !-0 respectively

Release modeling Page * of 10
Roughness factors "# for !i!es
Pi!e material "mm#
&iveted steel pipe !1!0
(oncrete 0-$1$
(ast iron 0-#*
2alvani3ed iron 0-!'
(ommercial steel 0-0%*
Wrought iron 0-0%*
4rawn tubing 0-00!'
2lass 0
5lastic 0
$% constants for Loss &oefficient in Fittings and 'alves
Fittings ,
! ,

+lbows
60
o
7tandard r849!" threaded :00 0-%0
60
o
7tandard r849!-'" all types :00 0-#0
%'
o
standard r849!" all types '00 0-#0
%'
o
standard r849!-'" all types '00 0-!'
!:0
o
standard r849!" threaded !000 0-*0
!:0
o
standard r849!-'" all types !000 0-$0
Tees
;sed as elbows; 7tandard, threaded '00 0-.0
;sed as elbows; long radius, threaded :00 0-%0
;sed as run through; standard, threaded #00 0-!0
<alves
2ate, ball or 5lug, Full line si3e, 9! $00 0-!0
2ate, ball or 5lug, reduced si3e, 90-6 '00 0-!'
2ate, ball or 5lug, reduced si3e, 90-: !000 0-#'
2lobe, standard !'00 %-0
2lobe, angled or = type !000 #-0
4iaphragm, 4am type !000 #-0
>utterfly :00 0-#'
(heck, Lift #000 !0-0
7wing !'00 !-'0
Tilting disk !000 0-'0
Release modeling Page & of 10
Procedure for &alculation
!- 7pecify the initial !" and final points #" on the pipeline- +stimate
all parameters at these points such as pressure head,
gravitational head, etc-
#- ?ssume the velocity at point #-
$- 4etermine the friction factor using equations %, ', or *
%- 4etermine the ,
f
for all conditions fitting, entrance, e/ist, etc-"
using equations $ and .- 7um all ,
f
s-
'- +stimate head loss term using summed ,
f
and equation #-
*- 7ubstitute all terms in equation !- If equation ! satisfies than
assumed value of u is @k- @ther refine assumed value and
repeat calculations-
() 4etermine mass flow rate using A
m
9;?
Release modeling Page ( of 10
'a!or Flow Through Holes
Isentro!ic !rocess "e(!ansion#
Bass Flow rate
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

. $ 1 " . 2
1
2
o o
c
o o m
P
P
P
P
RT
M g
AP C Q
1
1
2

,
_

o
choc"
P
P
The chocked pressure is the ma/imum downstream pressure resulting
in ma/imum pressure through the hole
(hocked condition When downstream pressure 5" is les than or equal
to chocked pressure- In that case release rate is calculated asC
1
1
$ "
1
2

+

,
_

o g
c
o o choc"d m
T R
M g
AP C Q
@therwise
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

1 2
1
2
o o o g
c
o o m
P
P
P
P
T R
M g
AP C Q
'a!or flow through !i!e
Pressurized /as
in vessel
P
o
0
o
U
o
=0
External
surroundings
P1P
23o2ked
At t3roat
P= P
23o2k
U=soni2 velo2it
+
0= 2onstant
P=P
2
4P
23o2ked
P
2
1P
1
P
2
4P
23o2ked
U
2
1soni2 velo2it
U
2
4U
1
5a
2
45a
1
5a
2
11
P
1
U
1
5a
1
Release modeling Page , of 10
)on*chocked Flow
5rocedure to calculate mass flow rate or mass flu/C
!- ?ssume fully developed flow which is valid most of the time-
(alculate Fanning friction factor

,
_

d
f
( ) % log !
1
#- 7olve following equation to calculate 2 mass flu/, mass8area8time"
( ) 0
!
ln 2
2
2
2
1 2
2
1
+
d
fL
P P
RT #
M g
P
P
c
&onditions a!!lied
1 2
T T
2
1
1
2
Ma
Ma
P
P

2
1
1
2
Ma
Ma

Release modeling Page - of 10

&hocked Flow
5rocedure to calculate mass flow rate or mass flu/C
!- ?ssume fully developed flow which is valid most of the time-
(alculate Fanning friction factor

,
_

d
f
( ) % log !
1
#- 4etermine Ba
!
using following equation
0
!
1
1 1
ln
2
1
2
1
+

,
_

,
_

d
fL
Ma Ma
$- (alculate 2 mass flu/" using following equation
RT
M g
P Ma
RT
M g
P #
c c
choc"d

1 1

&onditions +!!lied
1
T T
choc"d

( )
1 1
Ma P P
choc"d

( )
1 1
Ma
choc"d

1 1
1
Ma U
U
choc"d

Release modeling Page 10 of 10

Heat &a!acity ratios "# for selected gases
2as (hemical formula
or symbol
Bolecular
Weight
Deat capacity
ratio #
?cetylene (
#
D
#
#* !-$0
?ir #6 !-%0
?mmonia ED
$
!. !-$#
?rgon ?r $6-6 !-*.
>utane (
%
D
!0
':-! !-!!
(arbon
dio/ide
(@
#
%% !-$0
(arbon
mono/ide
(@ #: !-%0
(hlorine (l .0-6 !-$$
+thane (
#
D
*
$0 !-##
+thylene (
#
D
%
#: !-##
5ropane (
$
D
:
%%-0 !-!'
Dydrogen D
#
#-0 !-%!
Bethane (D
%
!* !-$#
Eatural gas !6-' !-#.
Eitrogen E
#
#: !-%!
@/ygen @
#
$# !-%0
5ropylene (
$
D
*
%# !-!%
7ulfur
dio/ide
7@
#
*% !-#*