Theory of Slope Stability

Prepared for

G 483/583 Anatomy of Landslides

(http://www.geol.pdx.edu/Courses/G483/)

by

S lu m g u llio n L a n d s lid e , C o lo r a d o

)ased on *ourse notes +!

Arvid M. Johnson
Geo,%esson -ngineering Geolog! .a+orator! Purdue Uni ersit! / #''( 0.1. Crui2shan2 and 3.1. 4ohnson %hese notes *annot +e reprodu*ed without written per&ission

0 m

500 m

1000 m

1500 m

2000 m

Kenneth M. Cruikshank
Portland State Uni ersit! "e ision #.$ (Spring %er& #''()

Table of Contents
%a+le of Contents................................................................................................................................i .ist of 5igures.....................................................................................................................................ii .ist of %a+les......................................................................................................................................ii .ist of S!&+ols..................................................................................................................................i So&e 6efinitions and Useful Con ersion 5a*tors.............................................................................. %!pi*al 1aterial 7alues..................................................................................................................... i Su&&ar! of useful e8uations........................................................................................................... iii 5a*tor of Safet!......................................................................................................................... iii 6r! 9nfinite Slope............................................................................................................ iii Su+&erged 9nfinite Slope................................................................................................ iii 9nfinite Slope with Seepage parallel to slope.................................................................. iii 9nfinite Slope with Seepage and %ree "oots................................................................... iii 5ellenius &ethod............................................................................................................. iii 1odified )ishop &ethod................................................................................................ iii Criti*al %hi*2ness....................................................................................................................... iii 6r! 9nfinite Slope............................................................................................................ iii Su+&erged 9nfinite Slope................................................................................................ iii 9nfinite Slope with Seepage parallel to slope.................................................................. iii 9nfinite Slope with Seepage and %ree "oots................................................................... iii Unit weight..................................................................................................................................ix 6r! soil.............................................................................................................................ix 1ixture of water and solids..............................................................................................ix #. %heor! of Slope Sta+ilit!................................................................................................................# $. 9nfinite Slope..................................................................................................................................$ $.# -8uili+riu& e8uations.............................................................................................................$ $.$ 6r! Soil..................................................................................................................................: $.3 9nfinite slope in standing +od! of water..................................................................................( $.4 9nfinite slope with seepage parallel to the slope...................................................................#; $.: 9n*orporation of strength *ontrolled +! tree roots...............................................................#$ 3. 1ethod of sli*es............................................................................................................................#4 3.# 9ntrodu*tion..........................................................................................................................#4 3.$ 5ellenius 1ethod..................................................................................................................#< 3.3 1odified )ishop 1ethod......................................................................................................#( 3.4 4an+u and 1orgenstern,Pri*e &ethods of sta+ilit! anal!sis..................................................#8 4. ......................................................................................................................................................$# "eferen*es........................................................................................................................................$$ 3lpha+eti*al listing of referen*es................................................................................................$$ "eferen*es +! topi*.....................................................................................................................$' Con*ept of residual and pea2 strengths...........................................................................$' Portuguese )end .andslide= .os 3ngeles Count!...........................................................$' .andslides in *ollu iu& and in la2es *la!s in the Cin*innati area....................................$' %urnagain >eights .andslide= 3las2a..............................................................................$' .andslides in sensiti e *la!s and *la!shales.....................................................................$' ?ui*2 *la! slides..............................................................................................................$' .andslides in Utah...........................................................................................................3; Strain in .andslides..........................................................................................................3;

1apping...........................................................................................................................3; Slides in @regon..............................................................................................................3; Slides in Portland.............................................................................................................3; 3ppendix 3. 1ohrAs Cir*le..............................................................................................................3# Stresses on an in*lined plane ......................................................................................................3# 1ohrBs Cir*le..............................................................................................................................33 3ppendix ). -xer*ises......................................................................................................................3: -xer*ise # C 6r! Soil..................................................................................................................3: -xer*ise $ C Standing water.......................................................................................................3< -xer*ise 3 C Seepage..................................................................................................................3( -xer*ise 4 C %ree "oots.............................................................................................................38 -xer*ise : C 5ellenius 1ethod....................................................................................................3' -xer*ise < C 4an+u 1ethod.........................................................................................................4# 3ppendix C. Co&puter Progra&s....................................................................................................43 #.# ..............................................................................................................................................43 4an+u3#.*pp (#8 pages)..............................................................................................................44 #.# ..............................................................................................................................................44 4an+u3;.+as (#4 Pages)..............................................................................................................:< #.# ..............................................................................................................................................:< 4an+u.xls (8 pages)......................................................................................................................(; 3ppendix 6. 4an+u (#'(3) Paper on Slope Sta+ilit! Co&putations.................................................8:

List of Figures
5igure #. 6efinition diagra& for infinite slope anal!sis.......................................................................$ 5igure $. Unit ele&ent in a slide &ass. Dote that all the stresses shown are in their positi e dire*tions= so that nor&al stresses are positi e if *o&pressi e.Dote that all the stresses shown in 5igure $3 are shown in their positi e dire*tions= so that nor&al stresses are positi e if *o&pressi e. ............................................................................................................................................................3 5igure 3. 6efinition diagra& for a su+&erged infinite slope...............................................................( 5igure 4. "ole of tree roots in reinfor*ing a soil &ass......................................................................#$ 5igure :. 6efinition diagra& for 5ellenius and )ishop &ethods. 3 si&ple slip surfa*e is assu&ed= and the total &o&ents are deter&ined +! su&&ing &o&ents for ea*h sli*e. %he fa*tor of safet! is defined as the ratio of the su& of the resisting &o&ents di ided +! the su& of the dri ing &o&ents. ..........................................................................................................................................................#: 5igure <. 6efinition diagra& for 4an+u and 1orgenstern,Pri*e &ethods of sta+ilit!.......................#8 5igure (. 6efinition diagra& for (a) for*es and (+) stresses. nn is nor&al to so&e in*lined plane= ns are parallel to the in*lined plane.................................................................................................3# 5igure 8. 6efinition diagra& for the deri ation of 1ohrAs *ir*le......................................................33 5igure '. 1ohrAs *ir*le showing the para&eters in the e8uations deri ed a+o e.............................34 5igure #;. 6efinition diagra& for exer*ise 3....................................................................................3( 5igure ##. 6efinition diagra& for exer*ise :....................................................................................3'

List of Tables
%a+le #. Su&&ar! of root strength data for li e sugar &aples. 5ro& "iesten+erg (#'8#= fig. #$).. #4 %a+le $. So&e of the i&portant para&eters for ea*h sli*e in exer*ise :...........................................3'

List of Symbols
Symbol
r

Name Phi

C l s t a w h D iG S f % t t* u U H x ! ! !t E

3lpha 6elta

Ga&&a

-ta Phi %heta .a&+da %heta %heta Sig&a

%au

Use 3ngle of 9nternal fri*tion of dr! soil 3ngle of internal fri*tion of saturated soil "esidual angle of internal fri*tion of saturated soil Cohesion of saturated soil "esidual Cohesion of saturated soil Ground slope in 4an+u anal!sis Cohesion of dr! soil S&all in*re&ent .ength of slip surfa*e in 4an+u anal!sis 1agnitude of thrusting in 4an+u anal!sis Unit weight of dr! soil Unit weight of solid parti*les %otal unit weight &aterial Unit weight of air Unit weight of water -ffe*ti e unit weight >eight of thrusting a+o e slip surfa*e in 4an+u 3nal!sis >eight of water ta+le in 4an+u anal!sis Slope of root with respe*t to shear Eone %angent to ar* in &ethods of sli*es anal!sis Coeffi*ient in 1orgenstern F Pri*e sta+ilit! anal!sis Dor&al for*e 6ifferen*e +etween water pressure and nor&al for*e (DCU) Slope angle 7olu&e fra*tion of solids ( olu&e of solids / total olu&e) Dor&al Stress on a slip surfa*e Co&ponents of the stress tensor Shear for*e on slip surfa*e Shear Stress on a slip surfa*e 5ra*tion of failure strength of soil in 4an+u anal!sis Shear for*e %hi*2ness of slide Criti*al thi*2ness of slide Pore water pressure Dor&al for*e exerted +! pore water pressure on +ase of sli*e Height of an ele&ent >oriEontal distan*e to edge of sli*e in 4an+u anal!sis (fro& toe) 4an+u: >eight of slip surfa*e (positi e down fro& datu&) 9nfinite slope: 6istan*e (IdepthJ) &easured nor&al to slope >eight of line of thrusting in 4an+u anal!sis >eight of ground surfa*e in 4an+u anal!sis

Some Definitions and Useful Conversion Factors

Stress (1.,#%,$): 5or*e / 3rea. Co&&on units are: 3t&osphere= +ar= Pas*al= pounds/ft$= pounds/in$= in>g= d!nes/*&$ Force (1.%,$): 1ass ti&es a**eleration. Co&&on units are: Dewton (S9) and d!ne (*gs). Pascal. 3 &easure of stress in S9 units= defined as one Dewton per &eter,s8uared. Newton. 3 &easure of for*e in S9 units. 6efined as &ass ti&es a**eleration. # Dewton is the for*e re8uired to a**elerate # 2g of &ass at # &/s$. Dyne. 3 &easure of for*e in *gs units. %he for*e re8uired to a**elerate # gra& at # *&/s$. Acceleration due to gravity: '.8;<<:; &/s$= or 3$.#(4;48 ft/s$. Density of water ($;KC): ;.''8$3 g&/&l (g&/*&3) or ''8.$3 2g/&3 Unit weight of water ($;KC): ''<$.33:4 2g &,$ s,$ or '.'<$ 2D Specific gravity: %he ratio of the &ass of a +od! to the &ass of an e8ual olu&e of water at 4KC. @ne wa! to do unit *on ersions is to use the C@D7-"%() fun*tion in 1i*rosoft -x*el= or the unit *on ersion in &ost >P *al*ulators. 3 ni*e +oo2 with all for&s of *on ersion fa*tors is: Coo2= 4...= #''#. Conversion factors. @xford S*ien*e Pu+li*ations= @xford Uni ersit! Press= @xford. #<; p. From 3t&osphere (at&) Pas*al (Pa) Pas*al (Pa) psf (l+ ft,$) psi (l+ in ) p*f (l+ ft,3) feet (ft) pound (l+) pound (l+)
,$

Multiply from by #.;# #;: # #;,# 4(.88 <.8': #;3 #:(.;8(: ;.3;48 4.448$$# ;.4:3:'$ D &,$

To Pas*al (Pa) dn *&,$ (dn L d!ne) Pas*al (Pa) Pas*al (Pa) D &,3 &eter (&) Dewton (D) 0ilogra& (2g)

Typical Material alues

Description Type C S o a h n e d s i o n l e s s Material Loose sand, uni%orm grain si&e Unit Weight Saturated ! Dry" Lb / ft3 KN / m3 11'!(0 1(!1) #riction $ngle 1'*+) Cohesion Lb / ft2 kPa

Dense sand, uni%orm grain si&e Loose sand, mi-ed grain si&e Dense sand, mi-ed grain si&e G r a e l Sand and gra0el, mi-ed grain si&e ! l a s t e d / b r o k e n r o " k 1asalt /ra0el, uni%orm grain si&e

1+0!10( 12)!(( 1+5!11. 1)0!1+0

21!1, 20!1. 21!1' 22!20

+2*)0 +)*)0 +'*). +)*+,

120!110 1)0!110

1(!1, 22!1,

+0*)5 )0*50

Chal2 /ranite Limestone Sandstone Shale C C o l h a e y s i e So%t bentonite

'0!.2 125!110 120!100 110!'0 125!100 '0!+0

1+!10 20!1, 1(!1. 1,!1+ 20!1. 1+!.

+0*)0 )5*50 +5*)0 +5*)5 +0*+5 ,*1+ 200 3 )00 10 3 20

4ery so%t organic clay So%t, slightly organic clay So%t /lacial clay Sti%% glacial clay /lacial till, mi-ed grain si&e # o " k 5ard igneous roc2s /ranite, basalt, porphyry 6etamorphic roc2s 7uart&ite, gneiss, slate 5ard sedimentary roc2s Limestone, dolomite, sandstone So%t sedimentary roc2s Sandstone, coal, chal2, shale

(0!)0 100!.0 110!,. 1+0!105 1)5!1+0 1.0 to 1(0 1.0 to 1'0 150 to 1'0 110 to 150

1)!. 1.!10 1,!12 20!1, 2+!20 25 to +0

12*1. 22*2, 2,*+2 +0*+2 +2*+5 +)*)5

200 3 .00 )00 3 1000 .00 3 1500 1500 3 +000 +000 3 5000 ,20000*1150000

10 3 +0 20 3 50 +0 3 ,5 ,5 3 150 150 3 250 +5000*55000

25 to 2' 2+ to 2' 1, to 2+

+0*)0 +5*)5 25*+5

)00000*'00000 200000*.00000 20000*)00000

20000*)0000 10000*+0000 1000*20000

>igher fri*tion angles in *ohesionless &aterials o**ur at low *onfining or nor&al stresses ( fro& >all #''4= %a+le 46.#= p. 43:)

Summary of useful e!uations

Factor of Safety
$ry %nfinite Slope
F= C + t *os( ) tan( ) t sin ( )

(.:a)

S&bmer'ed %nfinite Slope

F=

C + t ( t w ) *os( ) tan( ) ( t w ) sin ( )

(.##+)

%nfinite Slope (ith Seepa'e parallel to slope

F=

C + t ( t w ) *os( ) tan( ) t t sin ( )

(.<a)

%nfinite Slope (ith Seepa'e and Tree #oots

FL
)elleni&s method

(.4a)

FL
Modified !ishop method

(.<)

Use an initial guess for F in e8. (.4) and use the resulting alue for in e8. (.:). %his will gi e !ou a new alue of F to use in e8. (.4). Continue iterating +etween these e8uations until F does not *hange. (.4) 5L Critical Thickness
$ry %nfinite Slope

(.:)

t* L M F L #
S&bmer'ed %nfinite Slope

(.:f) (.#$) (.() (.4+)

t* L M F L #
%nfinite Slope (ith Seepa'e parallel to slope

t* L M F L #
%nfinite Slope (ith Seepa'e and Tree #oots

t* L M F L #

Unit weight L a is the unit weight of air (ta2en to +e ; in .#:+) s is unit weight of solid parti*les w is the unit weight of water
$ry soil

t L s N a (# C ) or t L s M Dry Soil
Mi*t&re of (ater and solids

(.#:a) (. #:+)

t L s N (# ) w M Saturated Soil

(.#:*)

"# Theory of Slope Stability

9n the le*ture part of this *ourse we will dis*uss a ariet! of &ethods of anal!sis of slope sta+ilit! and insta+ilit!. 9t is essential that the engineering geologist +e inti&atel! fa&iliar with all of these &ethods +e*ause the! pro ide wa!s of deter&ining= relati el! una&+iguousl!= whether a gi en slope is li2el! to slide or whether it will re&ain sta+le. Perhaps &ost i&portant= though= is that fa*t that the &e*hani*al anal!sis of slope sta+ilit! pro ides us with 2nowledge of what para&eters *ontrol landslidingM the guesswor2 is entirel! re&o ed. 3t one ti&e it was *onsidered a**epta+le pra*ti*e for the engineering geologist to &a2e general state&ents a+out the effe*t of the geolog!= egetation= the effe*t of intense rainfalls= or the effe*t of the fa*ing dire*tion of a slope (e g = north,fa*ing slopes are less sta+le than south,fa*ing slopes) on slope sta+ilit!. Do longer= though= is this a**epta+le. %he engineering geologist is expe*ted to 2now and understand theoreti*al and pra*ti*al soil &e*hani*s= +etter than the usual Ci il -ngineer= and nearl! as well as the spe*ialist= the Geote*hni*al -ngineer. %his *ourse is designed to supple&ent the theor! and pra*ti*e of soil &e*hani*s that !ou learn in *ourses taught in Ci il -ngineering. 9 assu&e that !ou ha e had at least one *ourse in ele&entar! soil &e*hani*s. Oou *ertainl! *an *o&plete this *ourse without ha ing had a *ourse in soil &e*hani*s= +ut 9 +elie e !ou will learn &u*h &ore if !ou 2now so&e soil &e*hani*s +efore !ou ta2e this *ourse. Hith the a aila+ilit! of *o&puters and slope anal!sis software there is now e en less ex*use for not doing the proper t!pe of slope sta+ilit! anal!sis. Oou *annot ha e *o&puter progra&s do the thin2ing for !ou. %he +etter !ou understand the &e*hani*s of slope sta+ilit! the &ore effe*ti e !our use of these progra&s will +e. 9n this *lass we will use so&e si&ple progra&s. %he onl! differen*e +etween the progra&s we use and *o&&er*ial progra&s is the! are perhaps a little less user friendl!= and do not produ*e a wide range of plots. @ther than that= the! are full! fun*tional. Oou will get to see how little there is to slope sta+ilit!P 9t is well 2nown in soil &e*hani*s that three general t!pes of para&eters deter&ine the sta+ilit! or insta+ilit! of a slope. @ne group *on*erns the strength of the soil. %he strength in*ludes *ohesion= fri*tion= interlo*2ing of grains= reinfor*e&ent= for exa&ple +! roots= and perhaps other fa*tors. 3nother group *on*erns the geo!etry of the soil. %his in*ludes the shape of the ground surfa*e= the shapes of possi+le slide surfa*es= the pattern of la!ering within the soil= and the for&s of signifi*ant dis*ontinuities su*h as Goints or shear Eones. %he other group of para&eters relates to the pore"water pressure. %hese in*lude the pore,water pressure itself as well as the seepage for*es set up +! &o e&ent of water through the soil. @ur approa*h is going to +e to 2eep *ertain para&eters *onstant and to in estigate effe*ts of the re&aining para&eters. 9n this wa! we *an understand effe*ts of the arious para&eters. %hus= we will perfor& a series of in estigations in whi*h we assu&e that the slope has si&ple geo&etr! and is er! long. %hese theoreti*al in estigations allow us to assess effe*ts of *ertain idealiEed pore,water pressure distri+utions and effe*ts of tree roots on slope sta+ilit!. %hen we will assu&e that the failure surfa*e is a seg&ent of a *ir*le= so that we *an readil! treat landslides where the thi*2ness of the sliding de+ris is a signifi*ant fra*tion of the distan*e fro& the head to the toe of the landslide &ass. 5inall! we will introdu*e rather *o&pli*ated and a**urate &ethods of sta+ilit! anal!sis that re8uire the use of a *o&puter. %hese &ore *o&pli*ate &ethods allow us to treat &ost pro+le&s of slope sta+ilit!.

$# %nfinite Slope
2.1 Equilibrium equations

%he si&plest pro+le& of slope sta+ilit! that we *an anal!Ee= and that we should understand in detail +e*ause it is so +asi*= is that of the sta+ilit! of the so,*alled infinite slope. %he infinite slope solution is also an exa*t solution= the &ethods of sli*es whi*h we exa&ine later are approxi&ations. %he solutions used in the &ethod of sli*es are onl! approxi&ate. 9n an infinite slope solution we deter&ine the *onditions under whi*h a la!er of soil of thi*2ness t will slip along a surfa*e= a,aB= that is parallel to the ground surfa*e= whi*h has a slope angle of . %he *ross se*tion of the infinite slope is shown in 5igure #. 3t this point !ou should stud! rele ant pages in .a&+e F Hhit&an (#'<'= Q#3.'= p. #'#,#'3 F Chapter #4= p. 3:$,3(3)= %urner F S*huster (#''<= Chapter #3= p. 33() or 3+ra&son et al (#''<= Q<.<= p. 3:$). He will use a so&ewhat different pro*edure fro& that presented +! .a&+e F Hhit&an= +ut 9 hope that the two approa*hes will in*rease !our understanding= rather than *onfuse !ou. .a&+e F Hhit&an (#'<') and >all et al (#''4) deal with a erti*al distan*e= d= rather than with the thi*2ness= t= of the sliding +od!= +ut one *an readil! *on ert fro& one to the other with the relation= t L d *os() (.#) Using the erti*al distan*e &a2es the final e8uations loo2 &ore *o&plex.
y t d y

#igure 18 De%inition diagram %or in%inite slope analysis

%he wa! we will approa*h this pro+le& is to sele*t a tin! ele&ent of soil= with di&ensions # and y (in the plane of the figure)= and unit weight#= = where the *oordinates are sele*ted to +e parallel or nor&al to the ground surfa*e. .et the ele&ent ha e a di&ension $ nor&al to the iew in 5igure #. %hen= for stati* e8uili+riu& of for*es= F= and &o&ents= %= &ust su& to Eero=

% L ; M Fx L ; M F! L ;

(.$)

%he stresses a*ting on the tin! ele&ent are shown in 5igure $a= whereas the for*es are shown in 5igure $+. %he for*es= of *ourse= are the stresses &ultiplied +! the areas on whi*h the stresses
Unit weight= = is densit! ti&es a**eleration due to gra it!= so that it has units of for*e per unit of olu&e. @ften !ou will see stresses reported in units of &g/c!$ in soil &e*hani*s literature. %his is nonsense. >owe er= &erel! repla*e &g/c!$ +! at&ospheres and !ou will +e dealing with a proper,8uantit!.
#

a*t. %he stresses ar! a*ross the width or depth of the ele&ent= and the different stresses on opposite sides are indi*ated +! pri&ed and un,pri&ed alues. 5or exa&ple= xx is the nor&al stress a*ting on the left,hand side of the ele&ent and is the nor&al stress a*ting on the right,hand side: L xx N x (.3a) Si&ilarl!= L x! N x L !x N ! L !! N ! (.3+) (.3*) (.3d)

5igure $. Unit ele&ent in a slide &ass. Dote that all the stresses shown are in their positi e dire*tions= so that nor&al stresses are positi e if *o&pressi e.Dote that all the stresses shown in 5igure $3 are shown in their positive dire*tions= so that nor&al stresses are positi e if *o&pressi e. 3s alread! stated= the for*es= N and '= are e8ual to the *orresponding stresses ti&es the appropriate areas. %hus= Nxx L xx ! E M N L ! E (.4a) 'x! L x! ! E M '!x L !x x E M N!! L !! x E M So &u*h for definitions. ' L ! E ' L x E N L x E (.4+) (.4*) (.4d)

&
-y - 9-y 9y9yy

'
: -y N -:9yN9yy

9-$

W N9--

yy

y-

N yy

: y-

:9-y

Stresses

#orces

Dow let us appl! the e8uations of &o&ent and for*e e8uili+riu&= e8s. (.$). Su&&ing &o&ents a+out the lower left,hand *orner (point A) in the ele&ent shown in 5igure $)= with *ounter,*lo*2wise +eing a positi e &o&ent= ' ! C ' x C (Nxx C N ) N (N!! C N ) C (x ! E) L ; (.:a) in whi*h the weight of the ele&ent= (= is ( L (# y $) (.:+) %he le er ar&s for '!x and 'x! are Eero. Su+stituting e8s. (.3) into (.4) and the resulting e8s. (.4) into the result a+o e= (!x N y) (y # $) C (x! N #) (y # $) N (y # $) C (y # $) C (y # $) ( *os() N sin() ) L ; (.:*)

Dow= di iding ea*h ter& in e8. (.:*) +! the olu&e of the ele&ent (# y $)= and ta2ing the li&it of the resulting e8. (.:*) as x ; and ! ;= we deri e the result that the &o&ents su& to Eero if !x C x! L ; !x L x! (.<a) (.<+)

Su&&ing for*es in the #, and y,dire*tions we deri e the e8uili+riu& e8uations in ter&s of stresses. %hus= su&&ing for*es in the #,dire*tion Fx L Nxx C N N '!x C ' N ( sin() L ; (.(a) Su+stituting e8s. (.3) into (.4) and the resulting e8s. (.4) into (.(a) N (y # $) sin() L ; (.(+) and then di iding +! the olu&e of the ele&ent= N sin() L ;= whi*h lea es L sin() Si&ilarl!= su&&ing for*es in the y,dire*tion= N!! C N C ( *os() N 'x! C ' L ; so that= pro*eeding as +efore= we deri e L C *os () -8uations (.(d F .8+) are the e)uilibriu! e)uations= in ter&s of stresses. Dow= for pro+le&s in ol ing infinite slopes= the stresses *annot *hange in the #,dire*tion. %herefore= e8s. (.(d F .8+) *an +e written as total differential e8uations= (.8+) (.(d) (.8a) (.(*)

L sin() L C *os() 5ro& e8uation .:+ we should also note that

(.'a) (.'+) (.#;).

9ntegrating e8s. (.()= we deri e= x! L y sin() N C; !! L C y *os() N C# (.##a) (.##+)

in whi*h C; and C# are ar+itrar! *onstants. >owe er= the shear stress and nor&al stress are ne*essaril! Eero at the ground surfa*e= so that the *onstants are Eero= x! L y sin() (.#$a) !! L C y *os() (.#$+)

He should note that we ha e &ade no assu&ption *on*erning the rheologi*al properties of the &aterial in the slope. %hus e8s. (.#$) are alid whether the &aterial is soil= water= la a or so&e other &aterial. >owe er= to sa! an!thing a+out slope sta+ilit!= we will need to introdu*e the rheologi*al properties of the soil. %he si&ple relationships in e8s. .#$ represent the e8uili+riu& *onditions in an! &aterial. %he &aterial is out of e8uili+riu& when these *onditions are not satisfied. %he 8uestion in slope sta+ilit! is how far out of e8uili+riu& is the slope= and in what dire*tion is out of e8uili+riu& C is it sta+le or unsta+leR 2.2 Dry Soil

.et us first *onsider the sta+ilit! of a slope underlain +! dr! soil= so that pore,water pressures are Eero. 5or dr! soil= one generall! assu&es that the soil shears when the shear stress is e8ual to the shear strength of the soil. 3 er! si&ple &odel of shear strength= whi*h wor2s re&ar2a+l! well for &ost soils= is Coulo&+Bs law of fri*tion$= strength in shear L C N tan() (.#) in whi*h C is *ohesion= is nor&al stress a*ting a*ross the surfa*e of shearing= and is the angle of internal fri*tion (generall! a+out 3;K for sand and #:K to $:K for *la!). He generall! state the strength in ter&s of a !ield *ondition= whi*h is S C N tan() (.$) in whi*h is the shear stress a*ting on the surfa*e of failure in shear. %he a+solute alue sign is re8uired +e*ause the shear strength e8uall! resists positi e or negati e shear stress. %he Tless,than, or,e8ualT= = s!&+ol indi*ates that the shear stress applied to the soil &ust +e less than or e8ual to the shear strength of the soilM this is +! definition of shear strength.

3lso *alled %ohr"Coulo!b .aw in so&e texts= su*h as .a&+ F Hhit&an (#'<'= Chapter ##= p. #3()

5urther&ore= we generall! *o&pute a factor of safety against sliding= F= where the fa*tor of safet! is a &easure of the *loseness to *onditions of sliding that exist in a slope. %he fa*tor of safet! is defined as the ratio of the shear strength to the a*tual shear stress=
F = C + tan()

(.3)

%he fa*tor of safet! is greater,than one if the shear strength is greater than the shear stress= so that the slope is sta+le= and it is e8ual to one if failure is i&pending. 9f !ou *o&pute a fa*tor of safet! less than one= get out of the wa!P .et us *o&pute the fa*tor of safet! for an infinite slope= %he shear stress is &axi&al at the +otto& of the soil (5igure #)= where y * t= so that fro& e8. (.#$)= x! L C t sin() (.4a) !! L t *os() 5urther= the shear stress is &axi&al on planes nor&al to the y,axes= so that L x! L C t sin() %he nor&al stress a*ting on this plane is !! = so that L !! L t *os() 3**ordingl!= the expression for the fa*tor of safet! against sliding= e8. (.3)= +e*o&es= F L M dry soil 9f the *ohesion= C= were Eero= FL M dry soil M C L ; (.:+)3 -8uation (.:+) represents a *o&&on notion for the angle of internal fri*tion. 9f we let the fa*tor of safet! +e one then e8. (.:+) +e*o&es tan() L tan() or L (.:*) %hus if a *ohesionless &aterial was piled into a *one= the angle of the *one will +e the angle of internal fri*tion for the &aterial. 5urther= if the thi*2ness of the potential slide is e8ual to the *riti*al thi*2ness for sliding= the fa*tor of safet! is one. 9n this *ase we *an sol e for the *riti*al thi*2ness +! setting F L l in e8. (.:a)= #L (.:d) t sin() L C N t *os() tan() t* L M F L # M dry soil (.:e) (.:f) (.:a) (.4d) (.4+) (.4*)

%his is the e8uation at the top right,hand side of p. #'3 of .a&+e and Hhit&an (#'<').

sin*e tan() L sin()/*os(). %he *riti*al thi*2ness= t*= is Eero if the *ohesion is Eero. %his &a! appear to +e a surprising result. 3t this point !ou should *o&plete exer*ise # (p. 3:). 2. !nfinite slo"e in stan#ing bo#y of water
&
y t t y

'

C
Ui

#igure +8 De%inition diagram %or a submerged in%inite slope8

%he next pro+le& that we will *onsider is the infinite slope that is su+&erged +! a standing +od! of water (.a&+e F Hhit&an #'<'= Q$4.#= p. 3:$). Dow 9 realiEe that this is a ph!si*al i&possi+ilit!= +ut it is possi+le for a er! long slope to +e su+&erged and our anal!sis will +e approxi&atel! alid for su*h a slope= and will +e er! a**urate as long as the length of the slope is= sa!= ten or &ore ti&es the thi*2ness of the sliding de+ris. %he water and soil is a two,phase s!ste&= whi*h &ust +e *onsidered expli*itl! in our anal!sis. 3lso= we should follow %erEaghi and use Teffe*ti e stressT *on*ept of soil strength. %his is one of the &ost i&portant *on*epts in soil &e*hani*s (see .a&+e #'<'= *hapter #;= p. $4#). 3**ording to the *on*ept of effe*ti e stress= the strength of the soil is strength in shear L N ( C u) tan() (.#) where and are &aterial properties of the saturated soil= and u is pore,water pressure. 3s +efore= is the nor&al stress on a potential surfa*e of failure. %he +od! of water is not &o ing= so we *an *o&pute the water pressure e er!where within the s!ste&: L w sin() (.$a) 4 L C w *os() Hhere w is the unit weight of water. 9ntegrating e8. (.$+)= u L C ! w *os() N f+#, where f+#, is a fun*tion of #. Su+stituting (.3a) into e8. (.$a) we deri e
Dote that we deri ed e8s. (.$)= another for& of e8uili+riu& e8uations= +! inspe*tion of e8s.( .(d= .8+). Hater will not support shear if it is stationar!.
4

(.$+)

(.3a)

U C y w *os() N f+#,V L L w sin() (+e*ause y= of *ourse= is independent of #)= so that f+#, L # w sin() N Co in whi*h Co is a *onstant. %hus e8. (.3a) +e*o&es= u L w (# sin() C y *os()) N Co Dow= let the water pressure at the surfa*e of the soil &ass= at y L ;= +e ui. ui L w # sin() N Co Co L ui C w # sin() %hen we *an write e8. (.3d) in the final for&= u L w (# sin() C y *os()) N ui C w # sin() u L C y w *os() N ui.

(.3+) (.3*) (.3d) (.4a) (.4+) (.:a) (.:+)

%hus we ha e deri ed an expression for the pore,water pressure within the soil &ass= as well as the water pressure within the standing +od! of water o erl!ing the soil &ass. 3t this point we return to the e8uations for the stresses within the soil &ass= e8s. (.(d= .8+). %hose e8uations are for the total stresses= and are a result of the *o&+ined densit! of the soil and the water *ontained in the soil. %hus= instead of using dr! unit weight= = we use total unit weight= t: of the soil= and e8s. (.(d= .8+) +e*o&e L t sin() L C t *os() (.<a) (.<+)

>owe er= the shear stress is independent of #= so that the se*ond ter& in e8. (.<+) is Eero. %he nor&al stress xx aries with # onl! +e*ause the pore,water pressure= u= aries with # in the &anner indi*ated in e8. (.3d). L t sin() (.(a) xx/# aries a**ording to e8uation (.3d). %he reason for this is as !ou &o e in the #, dire*tion !ou are &o ing deeper= thus the pressure (xx) is in*reasing. %his *an +e seen +! exa&ining 5igure 3. %he pore,water pressure *hange *an +e written (.(+) or (.(*) L w sin() %hus= using e8. (.(d)= e8s. (.<a)M +e*o&e= w sin() N L t sin()
:

(.(d) (.8a)

%he total spe*ifi* weight is not si&pl! the addition of the unit weight of solids plus the unit weight of water. He ha e to allow for the porosit! of the &aterial. See e8uations .#: at the end of this se*tion.

or L (t C w) sin() L C t *os() (.8+) (.8*)

%he *o&ponent of xx that *o&es fro& the soil will +e a *onstant (as with the dr! soil deri ation). !!/y is left as a partial deri ati e sin*e !! aries with +oth # and y (again= this *an +e seen fro& exa&ining 5igure 3). Oou should *o&pare these e8uations with e8. (.'). He should note two features of e8s. (.8+=*). %he nor&al stress depends upon the unit weight of the &ixture of solids and water= whereas the shear stress depends upon the +uo!ant unit weight= (t C w)= of the &ixture. 5urther= we ha e &ade no spe*ial assu&ptions in deri ing e8s. (.8+=*). 3 spe*ial assu&ption is introdu*ed onl! in a following step= when we assu&e that e8. (.#) des*ri+es ade8uatel! the strength of the soil. 9ntegrating e8s. (.8+=*)= !x L x! L y (t C w) sin() (.'a) in whi*h the ar+itrar! *onstant was set e8ual to Eero= +e*ause the shear stress is Eero for y L ;. 5urther= !! L C y t *os() N g+#, (.'+) Hhere g+#, is an ar+itrar! fun*tion of #. >owe er= at y L ;= !! L ui= e8. (.:)= so that !! L C y t *os() N ui in whi*h ui L w # sin() N Ci where Ci is a *onstant= whi*h we need not deter&ine= as we will show +elow. Dext we *onsider the possi+ilit! of sliding of a soil &ass of thi*2ness t (5ig. 33). %he shear stress parallel to the +ase is L x! L C t (t C w) sin() (.#;a) and the effe*ti e nor&al stress at the +ase= y L Ct= is (e8. (.'+) &inus (.:+))= C u L !! C u L t (t Cw) *os() %he fa*tor of safet! against sliding is 5 L so that= 5 L M Sub!erged slope %he *riti*al thi*2ness= t*= deri ed for a fa*tor of safet! of one= is t* L M F L # (.#$) (.##+) (.##a) (.#;+) (.'d) (.'*)

9f the *ohesion is negligi+le= the fa*tor of safet! redu*es to that of a dr! slope= FL M L;

(.#3)

as noted +! .a&+e and Hhit&an (#'<'). He would note= further= that the *riti*al thi*2ness for sliding (as well as the fa*tor of safet!) is in*reased for the su+&erged slope relati e to a dr! slope= if the strengths are unchanged<. %his so&ewhat surprising result *an +e explained as follows: .et +e the olu&e fra*tion of solids in a soil. L t L s N a (# C ) (.#4) 5or the dr! soil= therefore= the total unit weight= t= whi*h we *alled in pre ious paragraphs= is (.#:a) in whi*h a is the unit weight of air and s is unit weight of solid parti*les. .et the unit weight of air +e effe*ti el! Eero= so that e8. (.#:a) si&plifies to t L s M Dry Soil (.#:+) @n the other hand= the total unit weight of the &ixture of water and solids is= t L s N (# ) w M Saturated Soil %herefore= the effe*ti e unit weight of saturated soil is L t C w L (s C w) (.#:*) (.#:d)

Clearl! the effe*ti e unit weight= e8. (.#:d)= used in the *o&putation of fa*tor of safet! and *riti*al thi*2ness= e8s. (.##+) and (.#$)= is alwa!s less than the unit weight for dr! soil= e8. (.#:+). %hus the state&ent +! .a&+e F Hhit&an (#'<')= that the fa*tor of safet! is un*hanged +! su+&ergen*e= is *orre*t for the spe*ial *ase of C L ;. %he fa*tor of safet! is in*reased= howe er= if C ;= and C L = L . %i&e for another exer*iseP %his ti&e do exer*ise $ (p. 3<). 2.$ !nfinite slo"e with see"age "arallel to the slo"e

%hus far we ha e *onsidered a slope underlain +! dr! soil= so that the pore,water pressure was Eero= and a slope *o&pletel! su+&erged in a standing +od! of water. Hater is one of the &ost i&portant fa*tors in landsliding. 9t is usuall! an in*rease in water *ontent that will initiate and &aintain landslide &o e&ent. %he i&portan*e of water= espe*iall! infiltration has +een dis*ussed at so&e length in the literature (e.g.= )au& F "eid #'':). Dow we will *onsider the sta+ilit! of a slope where the water ta+le is at the ground surfa*e and where e8uipotential lines are nor&al to the ground surfa*e (see .a&+e#'<'= p. 3:4). 9t is +e!ond the s*ope of this *ourse to *o&pute the pore,water pressure distri+ution within the soil under these *onditions= so we will use results presented +! .a&+e F Hhit&an (#'<'= p. 3:4= fig. $4.3): u L C y w *os() (.#)

<

He will expe*t so&e *hanges in strength para&eters when the &aterial is saturated.

Perhaps !ou find it interesting that this is the sa&e as e8. (.:+) with ui= the pore,water pressure at the ground surfa*e= e8ual to Eero. 9f so= &a!+e !ou should tr! to figure it out. 9t reall! is relati el! si&ple. %he pore,water pressure is independent of #= so that e8s. (.<) redu*e to L t sin() (.$a) L C t *os() (.$+)

9ntegrating= and using the +oundar! *onditions that the nor&al and shear stresses are Eero at the ground surfa*e= y L ;= we deri e= !x L y t sin() (.3a) !! L C y t *os() (.3+)

3s +efore= we assu&e that failure is o**urring or potentiall! *ould o**ur at a depth y L C t= so that the shear and nor&al stresses there are= L C t t sin() (.4a) * t t *os() %he fa*tor of safet! against sliding is FL so that= using e8. (.#)= F L M Seepage parallel to slope and if the *ohesion is Eero= FL M L; %his is the sa&e as writing FL C %hus the fa*tor of safet! is redu*ed +! w/t *o&pared with the e8ui alent dr! slope. %he *riti*al thi*2ness= *orresponding to a fa*tor of safet! of one= is t* L M F L # (.() (.<+) (.<a) (.:) (.4+)

%herefore= the *ondition of seepage parallel to the surfa*e is the least sta+le *ondition of the slopeM the fa*tor of safet! against sliding and the *riti*al thi*2ness are least for this *ondition. %i&e for !et another exer*iseP Dow *o&plete exer*ise 3 (p. 3().

2.%

!ncor"oration of strength controlle# by tree roots

&

'

#s

Shea r &on e Slip sur%a ce

#n

#igure )8 ;ole o% tree roots in rein%orcing a soil mass8

1ar! "iesten+erg ("iesten+erg F So oni*2,6unford #'83) has done resear*h into the effe*t of roots of wood! egetation on the sta+ilit! of *ollu iu& on steep slopes. 9ndependentl!= the sa&e results had +een deri ed +! Haldron (#'(()= Hu et al. (#'(') and Hu F Swanston (#'8'). 5or a s&all slide that she studied in detail= 1ar! found that the a erage shear strength *ontri+uted +! the roots was a+out :.( 2D/&$ of the shear surfa*e= whereas the a erage strength *ontri+uted +! residual fri*tion= alone= was a+out ;.( 2D/&. %he tree roots= therefore= in*reased the fa*tor of safet! against sliding ',fold= in this *ase. )ased on o+ser ations of &an! landslides of arious thi*2nesses in the Cin*innati area= 1ar! has tentati el! *on*luded that tree roots *an signifi*antl! in*rease the resistan*e to sliding for soil &asses up to a+out two &eters thi*2. >ere we will +riefl! re iew her theoreti*al anal!sis= in order to deter&ine the effe*t of tree roots on resistan*e to sliding for er! long slopes. 5urther data on root strength is gi en +! %urner (in %urner F S*huster #''<= p. :38= ta+les $;,# F $;,$) and >all et al (#''4= p. :43). 5igure 4 shows nor&al= Fn= and tangential= Fs= for*es *ontri+uted at the failure surfa*e at the instant a tree root is read! to +rea2 in tension. %he for*e re8uired to +rea2 the tree root is F. %hus= Fs L F sin() (.#a) Fn L F *os() where is the angle of in*lination of the tree root (5igure 4). Dow the a erage nor&al stress applied to the surfa*e of failure +! the tree roots is L (.$a) (.#+)

in whi*h A is the area of the part of the slip surfa*e penetrated +! a total of n roots= Fi is the for*e re8uired to +rea2 ea*h root= and i is angle of in*lination of ea*h root. Si&ilarl!= the a erage tangential stress for the sa&e unit of area= A= is L (.$+)

where= again= the su& is ta2en o er all the roots that penetrate that *ertain area of the slip surfa*e. %he a erage strength *ontri+uted +! tree roots is to the shear resistan*e of the &aterial r L tan() N (.3a) r L (.3+)

9n order to perfor& a sta+ilit! anal!sis= we add this strength= e8. (.3+)= to that *ontri+uted +! the soil without roots= e8. (.#). 1ar! noted= howe er= the roots that penetrated the slip surfa*e in the s&all landslide *o&plex that she studied had +e*o&e distorted fro& a nearl! erti*al orientation to an orientation nearl! parallel to the slip surfa*e. 9n this *ase= i ';K and e8. (.3+) si&plifies to r L sin*e cos(';K) L ;= and sin(';K) L #. 3 further Gustifi*ation for using the for& (.3*) is that the 8uantit! in +ra*2ets in e8. (.3+) &axi&iEes where Cot( ) L tan (.3d) that is= (i)&ax resistan*e L ';K C . (.3e) %herefore= if the angle of internal fri*tion is #;K= is 8;K= and in this *ase (.3+) is a *lose approxi&ation to e8 .3*. 3dding the strength *ontri+uted +! the tree roots= e8. (.$*)= to that *ontri+uted +! the soil without roots= e8. (.#)= we deri e FL for the fa*tor of safet!= and t* L M F L # for the *riti*al thi*2ness. 1ar! deter&ined tensile strengths of roots sa&pled fro& the +ase of the landslide that she studied= and the results are presented in fig. #$ of her 1.S. thesis ("iesten+erg #'8#)= in ter&s of for*e (in Dewtons) re8uired to +rea2 a root of a *ertain dia&eter (in &&). 5or exa&ple= for wood! roots a+out $ && in dia&eter= the for*e re8uired to +rea2 the roots in tension ranges fro& a+out #;; to $;; Dewtons. %he ta+le +elow su&&ariEes so&e of her &easure&ents. (.4+) (.4a) (.3*)

:able 18 Summary o% root strength data %or li0e sugar maples8 #rom ;iestenberg 1('1, %ig8 12"8

"oot 6ia&eter (&&) $ : #; 3;

W 9ndi*ates +est esti&ates of strengths.

)rea2ing 5or*e (F= Dewtons) #;; C $;; $:; C 4:; ';; C #:;; (=;;; C $=;;;; #;;W 4:;W #=:;;W #;=;;;W

9n order to use e8s. (.4) for sta+ilit! anal!sis= of *ourse= !ou &ust +e a+le to &easure or esti&ate the nu&+er of roots of arious siEes that penetrate a gi en area of the slip surfa*e. %his= unfortunatel!= is diffi*ult to do in pra*ti*e. Dow *o&plete exer*ise 4 (p. 38).

(# Method of slices
.1 !ntro#uction

9n following paragraphs we will deri e the e8uations essential for understanding two &ethods of slope,sta+ilit! anal!sis= the 5ellenius and the &odified,)ishop &ethods. He will not dis*uss how one *o&putes pore,water pressures along slip surfa*es= nor will +e dis*uss how one deter&ines rele ant soil properties to use in the anal!ses. 5or dis*ussions of these su+Ge*ts= please see .a&+e F Hhit&an (#'<'). 9n parti*ular= !ou should learn so&ething a+out the *onstru*tion of flow nets in anal!sis of flow of ground water (e.g.=5etter #''4= 5reeEe F Cherr! #'(')= and !ou should +e fa&iliar with residual and pea2 strengths of *la!e! soils (e.g.=S2e&pton #'<4). )oth the 5ellenius and the &odified,)ishop &ethods are exa&ples of a group of &ethods *alled !ethod of slices. 9n these &ethods= a possi+le slip surfa*e= with the for& of a seg&ent of a *ir*ular *!linder= is assu&ed= and the dri ing and resisting &o&ents are *o&puted in order to deter&ine the fa*tor of safet! against sliding. %he fa*tor of safet! is defined as

F=

%
i =#

%
i =#

(.#)
d

that is= it is the ratio of the su& of the resisting &o&ents to the su& of the dri ing &o&ents. 9n *ross se*tion the *ir*ular *!linder proGe*ts as a seg&ent of a *ir*le (5igure :). %he &ass of soil *ontained +etween the *ir*ular ar* (A-C) and the ground surfa*e is di ided into a series of sli*es= the sides of whi*h are erti*al (5igure :3). %he nu&+er of sli*es is so&ewhat ar+itrar!= +ut different nu&+ers should +e sele*ted and fa*tors of safet! *o&puted in order to find the nu&+er a+o e whi*h the fa*tor of safet! is *hanged insignifi*antl! +! in*reasing the nu&+er of sli*es. 9n 5igure :3 we ha e ar+itraril! sele*ted nine sli*es of arious widths.

&

; sin i"

'
i i

i
Central angle

) )
D 5 . , ' (

Wi

C
Water :able

-i i :i

+ $ 2 1

: N<u ui

Ni

#igure 58 De%inition diagram %or #ellenius and 1ishop methods8 $ simple slip sur%ace is assumed, and the total moments are determined by summing moments %or each slice8 :he %actor o% sa%ety is de%ined as the ratio o% the sum o% the resisting moments di0ided by the sum o% the dri0ing moments8

3fter sele*ting the sli*es= we *o&pute resisting and dri ing &o&ents. @ne sli*e= the sixth shown in 5igure :3= is shown in 5igure :) as a free,+od! diagra& of a t!pi*al sli*e. %he free,+od! diagra& shows all rele ant for*es and &o&ents a*ting on the ele&ent. @ne for*e shown is (= the weight of the sli*e. 9t is deter&ined +! &ultipl!ing the area of the sli*e ti&es the unit of +readth in the dire*tion nor&al to the page= ti&es the unit weight of the soil. >owe er= in this exa&ple we &ust use the unit weight for unsaturated soil a+o e the water ta+le= and the saturated unit weight for the part of the sli*e +elow the water ta+le. 3nother for*e is the shear for*e= 'i= whi*h= in +oth the 5ellenius and the &odified,)ishop &ethods= is gi en +! the %erEaghi,Coulo&+ failure *riterion= i L N ( C u) tan() (.$a) or 'i L tan() (.$+) in whi*h b is unit +readth (one &eter or one foot= depending upon the s!ste& of units for the *onstants)= #i is the width of the sli*e &easured horiEontall! (5igure :))= is the slope angle of the tangent to the +otto& of the sli*e= N is the total for*e nor&al to the slip surfa*e= and u is the pore,water pressure at the +ase of the sli*e. %hus the 8uantit! Ub #i / *os(i)V is the area o er whi*h a stress is a*ting. %he nor&al for*e= N= a*ts through the *enter of the *ir*le= so that its le er ar& is Eero= and it exerts a Eero &o&ent with respe*t to the *enter. %he shear for*e= ' has a le er ar& e8ual to the radius of the *ir*le= so that the &o&ent resisting sliding for that sli*e si&pl! is=

. '9 %herefore= the total resisting &o&ent is L . 'i where 'i is gi en +! e8. (.$+).

(.3a) (.3+)

%he dri ing &o&ent arises entirel! fro& the weight of the sli*e. %he le er ar& for a sli*e is . sin(i). Oou *an erif! this +! exa&ining 5igure :3= where the le er ar& for sli*e < is illustrated. Oou should erif! that the angle +etween the erti*al and the radius for sli*e i is e8ual to i and that the slope to the tangent to the +ase of sli*e i is e8ual to i= the sa&e angle. %hus the dri ing &o&ent for sli*e i is . (i sin(i) (.4) and the su& of the dri ing &o&ents is L. (.:) Su+stituting e8. (.$+) into (.3+)= and the resulting e8. (.3+) as well as (.:) into (.#)= we deri e the expression for the fa*tor of safet!= 5L in whi*h the su&s are to +e ta2en o er all the sli*es. -8uation (.<) is used for +oth the 5ellenius and the &odified,)ishop &ethods of sta+ilit! anal!sis. %he differen*es in the two &ethods are entirel! a result of the wa! the nor&al for*e= Ni= is defined. 9t is i&portant to re*ogniEe that neither &ethod of anal!sis satisfies for*e e8uili+riu&. %his is an approxi&ation to the true solution. %here was no su*h approxi&ation &ade in the infinite slope anal!sis. .2 Fellenius &etho# (.<)

Perhaps the &ost widel! used &ethod of sta+ilit! anal!sis is the 5ellenius= &ethod= so&eti&es *alled the Swedish Cir*le 1ethod. 9n this &ethod= the nor&al for*e on ea*h sli*e is assu!ed to +e e8ual to the erti*al *o&ponent of the weight of that sli*e= Di L Hi *os(i) (.#) %hus we &erel! su+stitute e8. (.#) into (.<) and pro*eed to sol e pro+le&s. Hhit&an F )aile! (#'<(= p. 48<) point out that the funda&ental assu&ption in the 5ellenius &ethod is that the resultant of all for*es a*ting on the sides of an ele&ent (these for*es are not e en shown in 5igure :)) a*t parallel to the for*e 'i. %hus= these side for*es do not enter into the expression for N= gi en in e8. (.#). 9n general= these side for*es will *ontri+ute to N= in whi*h *ase e8. (.#) will +e in error. 3**ording to Hhit&an F )aile! (#'<()= fa*tors of safet! *o&puted +! the 5ellenius &ethod *an +e seriousl! in error. @ne sour*e of error= the! indi*ate= is the &anner in whi*h pore,water pressures generall! are introdu*ed into the anal!sis. 3nother sour*e of error is a result of error in the *o&puted alues of N. %he! state that the error in*reases with an in*rease in the *entral angle (5igure :3) of the failure ar*M the error results fro& underesti&ating the alue of N along steepl! sloping parts of the failure ar*. 9n order to &ini&iEe errors due to pore,water

pressures= Hhit&an suggests using the +uo!ant unit weight of the sli*es if the pore,water is stati* (for details= see #'<(= p. 4'#). . &o#ifie# 'isho" &etho#

9n the &odified )ishop &ethod of sta+ilit! anal!sis= the &ethod of *o&puting N is different. 9n this &ethod we su& for*es in the erti*al dire*tion= so that= for ea*h sli*e= (i L Ni *os(i) N 'i sin(i) (.#) in whi*h 'i is the shear for*e that is &o+iliEed= the shear strength of the soil= di ided +! the fa*tor of safet!= F: 'i L in whi*h Ui L is the nor&al for*e exerted +! the pore,water on the +ase of the sli*e= as in e8. (.$+). .et
i

(.$a) (.$+)

L Ni C Ui

(.$*) (.3)

then e8. (.#) +e*o&es (i L (i N Ui) *os(i) N 'i sin(i) Su+stituting e8. (.$a) into (.3) and sol ing for i (.4) "ewriting e8. (.() using e8. (.$*)= 5L (.:)

9n order to *o&pute the fa*tor of safet!= we su+stitute e8. (.4) into e8. (.:). %he fa*tor of safet! o**urs on +oth sides of the e8ual sign= and *annot +e expli*itl! sol ed for= so we sol e e8s. (.4) and (.:) +! iteration. %hat is= we guess F and then *o&pute Ni. %hen we use those alues to o+tain an i&pro ed esti&ate of 5 with e8. (.:). He then use this new esti&ate of F to *o&pute Ni and then again sol e for F using e8. (.:). He repeat this pro*edure until the fa*tor of safet! *hanges +! insignifi*ant a&ounts. Hhit&an F )aile! (#'<() indi*ate that a funda&ental assu&ption in the &odified )ishop &ethod is that the resultant of for*es a*ting on the sides of ele&ents (su*h for*es are not e en shown in 5igure :)) are horiEontalM that is= on ea*h sli*e the shear for*es on ea*h side of the sli*e are e8ual and opposite= so the! *an*el,when for*es are su&&ed in the erti*al dire*tion. 9n general this is not true= so in general the fa*tor of safet! will +e in error. Hhit&an has *o&pared fa*tors of safet! *o&puted with the &odified )ishop &ethod with those *o&puted with an a**urate &ethod. >e indi*ates that= in general= the error is less than (X and *o&&onl! is less than $X. >e indi*ates that &ore serious errors *an de elop if the fa*tor of safet! is less than one.

Oou should now *o&plete exer*ise : (p. 38). %his exer*ise onl! has a few sli*es= +ut it will gi e !ou a +etter understanding of how the pro*edure wor2s. .$ (anbu an# &orgenstern)*rice metho#s of stability analysis
&
y -

&

=b

=a

'

&

W y yt : t = S l > S ! l > N ! l N
Width normal to -*y a-es assumed to be unity

: < d:!d- -

= < d=!d- -

y < dy!d- d-" * yt < dyt!d- d-"

y * yt

#igure .8 De%inition diagram %or ?anbu and 6orgenstern*@rice methods o% stability8

4an+u (#'(3) and 1orgenstern F Pri*e (#'<:) ha e de eloped si&ilar &ethods of sta+ilit! anal!sis +ased on a &ethod of sli*es that are &ore a**urate than the 5ellenius or the &odified, )ishop &ethods. %he! are &ore a**urate +e*ause the for*es +etween sli*es are spe*ifi*all! in*orporated in the differential e8uations. %he onl! signifi*ant differen*e +etween the 4an+u and the 1orgenstern,Pri*e &ethods are the spe*ial assu&ptions introdu*ed in order to &a2e the e8uili+riu& e8uations deter&inate. %he 1orgenstern,Pri*e &ethod assu&es a relation +etween nor&al and shear for*es a*ting on the sides of the sli*es. %hus= using the notation shown in 5igure <= the! assu&e= % L f+#, / (.#) in whi*h is a *onstant and= in general=

f+#, L & # N !

(.$)

in whi*h & and ! are *onstants. He will not follow the deri ation presented +! 1orgenstern,Pri*e (#'<:) rather we will use 4an+uBs &ethod of solution. 9n the 4an+u anal!sis= one assu&es the height of thrust= /= a+o e the +ase of the side of a sli*e. @ne sele*ts a alue of (eta)= whi*h is the ratio +etween the height of thrust and the total height of the side of the sli*e. 5or passive *onditions= where the soil is +eing *o&pressed= should +e so&ewhat greater than ;.33= and for active *onditions= where the soil is +eing extended= should +e so&ewhat less than ;.33. 9n general we first wor2 a pro+le& with of ;.33 e er!where= and then adGust for the sides of ea*h sli*e a**ording to whether a*ti e or passi e *onditions o**ur there. Hhat is the logi* of *hoosing ;.33R( %he *oordinate s!ste& is shown in 5igure <. %his sa&e *oordinate s!ste& is used for the 1orgenstern,Pri*e and the 4an+u anal!ses (and in our *o&puter progra&)= +ut it is different fro& that presented +! 4an+u. 9t is i&portant that !ou use the *oordinate s!ste& shown in 5igure < when !ou use our *o&puter progra& or -x*el wor2+oo2M otherwise= !ou will get nonsense. Dote that positions of surfa*es are &easured with positi e distan*es downward fro& !our referen*e= #,axis. Oou use negati e distan*es if the point is a+o e !our referen*e= #,axis. 5or the pro+le& shown in 5igure <= all the erti*al distan*es are positi e. 3s in our exa*t anal!ses of sta+ilit! of an infinite slope= we satisf! *onditions of &o&ent and for*e e8uili+riu&. "eferring to 5igure <= su&&ation of &o&ents re8uires that Y% L ;Z (a+out the *enter of the sli*e at itAs +ase)M ' N N Y/ N xZ Yy N C yt N xZ C - Yy N C ytZ L ; (.3) where / is the lateral for*e a*ting on a sli*e >ere yt is the position of the thrust. "earranging and di iding +! #= and eli&inating the se*ond ter& in e8. (.3) +e*ause it *ontains the negligi+le 8uantit! #$ ' L / tan(t) C (y C yt)M L C tan(t) 9n the 4an+u anal!sis we define su*h that (y C yt) L (y C $) so that ' L / tan(t) C (y C $) %his is one of the +asi* e8uations. Su&&ing erti*al for*es= YF! L ;ZM d( C # C N *os() C S sin() L ; Using the identities=
(

(.4) (.:)

(.<) (.()

(.8)

See .a&+e F Hhit&an (#'<'= p. #<(,#<8).

NL SL= L C tan() He will use e8. (.#;) to eli&inate in other e8uations. Su&&ing for*es in the #,dire*tion= YFx L ;ZM / C Y/ N #Z N S *os() C N sin() L ; -li&inating S and N with e8s. (.')= L C tan() Using e8. (.#;)=

(.'a) (.'+) (.#;)

(.##a) (.##+)

(.#$) -8uation (.#$) will +e another +asi* e8uation. Dow let us *o&pute the fa*tor of safet!. He i&agine integrating e8. (.#$) o er the entire length of the slide +lo*2. %he thrust at the left,hand end is /a and that at the right,hand end is /+ )oth of these &a! +e Eero= or /a &a! +e the thrust against a retaining wall. %hus= integrating e8. (.#$)= /+ C /a L tan() d# (.#3) 3t this point we introdu*e the shear strength of the soil= that is= the shear stress at failure= f L N ( C u) tan() (.#4) %he shear stress along the sliding surfa*e is assu&ed to +e so the fra*tion of the failure strength of the soil= L (.#:) where F is the fa*tor of safet!. Su+stituting e8. (.#:) into (.#3)= and sol ing for F= 5L (.#<) %his is the sa&e as e8. '; in 4an+u (#'(3= p <<). 5inall!= su+stituting e8. (.#:) into e8. (.#;) and the resulting (.#;) into (.#4)= we deri e= f L (.#()

%his is the sa&e as e8uation '# in 4an+u (#'(3= p. <<). -8uations (.#<) and (.#() are to +e sol ed iterati el! in order to *o&pute the fa*tor of safet! against sliding. %he other e8uations we need in deri ing the solution are e8s. (.()= and (.#$) and (.#:). Co&+ining e8uations (.#$) and (.#:) we get tan() (.#8a)

and here we si&pl! repeat e8uation (.(= or e8. 88 in 4an+u (#'(3= p. <:)) ' L / tan(t) C (y C $) %he following 8uantities are 2nown: 5or ea*h sli*e we 2now: %he following 8uantities are to +e deter&ined: /+= /a= = d(= d#= u= = = y= $ F= '= /= f (.#8+)

He ha e the *o&plete set of e8uations that &ust +e sol ed in order to *o&pute the fa*tor of safet! against sliding. %he *o&puter 8ui*2l! sol es the e8uations. %he &ethod of solution *an +e illustrated +! *onsidering two iterations: 1st iteration: 5or the first iteration we assu&e that d'0d# L ;. 9n this *ase it is *lear that e8s. (.#<) and (.#() *an +e sol ed iterati el! to deter&ine the first esti&ate of the fa*tor of safet!. 9n order to prepare for the se*ond iteration= we sol e e8. (.#8a)= with d'0d# L ;. %hen we sol e e8. (.#8+) for '. Dow we are read! for the se*ond iteration. 2nd iteration: 5or the se*ond and higher iterations= we use the alues of ' and / *o&puted during the pre ious iteration to on*e &ore sol e e8s. (.#<) and (.#() iterati el! for the fa*tor of safet!. %hen we sol e e8. (.#8a)= iterations +ut this ti&e we use alues of dt0d# *o&puted during the pre ious iteration. %hen we again sol e e8. (.#8+) for '. %his iterati e pro*ess is repeated until the fa*tor of safet! no longer *hanges appre*ia+l!. %hus far we ha e used the alue of of ;.33 for the *o&putation s*he&e. %he next step is to exa&ine alues of thrust= /= and deter&ine where a*ti e and passi e Eones exist= and adGust alues of a**ordingl!. He *an spe*if! a different alue of for ea*h +oundar! +etween sli*es. 3t the sa&e ti&e we exa&ine the alues of thrust to deter&ine where / is tensile. 9f we Gudge that the soil *annot withstand tension= we insert a tension *ra*2 in the slide +lo*2 at the appropriate pla*e and redo the *o&putations. 9f the *ra*2 is filled with water= the for*e the water exerts on the soil should +e added as a thrust= /+. @ur *o&puter progra& (or -x*el wor2+oo2) prints out alues of stresses on the sides and +otto& of ea*h ele&ent that !ou ha e sele*ted for the anal!sis of a landslide. )! stud!ing these stresses= as well as 4an+uBs paper= !ou *an learn 8uite a +it &ore a+out the sta+ilit! pro+le& that 9 ha e &entioned a+o e. 9f !ou are going to do sta+ilit! anal!ses of real landslides= !ou should +e*o&e 8uite fa&iliar with 4an+uBs paper and use the results the *o&puter gi es !ou in order to &a2e fine adGust&ents in esti&ates of as well as of the shape of potential slide surfa*es. %he &ethod is er! powerful and therefore warrants so&e *onsidera+le effort on !our part. Oou *an= of *ourse= progra& the anal!sis for an! *o&puter= perhaps e en a progra&&a+le *al*ulator. Dow redo exer*ise : using a 4an+u anal!sis. Oou should use either of the atta*hed progra&s ()3S9C or C/CNN) or the supplied -x*el spreadsheet. 9t is i&portant that !ou use the *orre*t *oordinate s!ste&P

*#

)eferences
+l"habetical listing of references 3+ra&son= .. H.= .ee= %. S.= Shar&a= S. F )o!*e= G. 1. #''<. Slope stability and stabili$ation !ethods. 4ohn Hile! F Sons= Dew Oor2. 3llen= 4. ". .. #'<'. %he &axi&u& slope,angle attaina+le +! surfa*es underla!n +! +ul2ed e8ual spheroids with aria+le di&ensional ordering. 1eological Society of A!erica -ulletin 80(#;)= #'$3,#'3;. 3llen= 4. ". .. #'(;a. %he angle of initial !ield of haphaEard asse&+lages of e8ual spheres in +ul2. 1eologie en %i2nbouw 49(#)= #3,$$. 3llen= 4. ". .. #'(;+. %he a alan*hing of granular solids on dune and si&ilar slopes. 3ournal of 1eology 78= 3$<,3:#. 3nderson= S. 3. F Sitar= D. #'':. Shear strength and slope sta+ilit! in a shallow *la!e! soil regolith. 9n: Clay and shale slope instability (edited +! >ane+erg= H. C. F 3nderson= S. 3.). .eviews in /ngineering 1eology X. Geologi*al So*iet! of 3&eri*a= )oulder= Colorado= #,#$. )auer= 3. F Calder= P. D. #'(#. %he influen*e and e aluation of +lasting on sta+ilit!. 9n: Stability in open pit !ining (edited +! )rawner F 1illigan). So*iet! of 1ining -ngineers= 3&eri*an 9nstitute of 1e*hani*al -ngineers= Dew Oor2= DO= 83,'4. )au&= ".= 5le&ing= ". H. F -llen= S. #'8'. %aps showing landslide features and related ground defor!ation in the (oodlawn area of the %anoa 4alley5 City and County of 6onolulu5 6awaii United States Geologi*al Sur e! @pen,5ile "eport 89-290= #< p. )au&= ". .. F 5le&ing= ". H. #'8'. 7andslides and debris flows in /phrai! Canyon5 central Utah United States Geologi*al Sur e! )ulletin 1842-C= #$ p. )au&= ". .. F 5le&ing= ". H. #''#. Use of longitudinal strain in identif!ing dri ing and resisting ele&ents of landslides. 1eological Society of A!erica -ulletin 103(8)= ##$#,##3$. )au&= ". ..= 5le&ing= ". H. F 4ohnson= 3. 1. #''3. 8ine!atics of the Apsen 1rove landslide5 /phrai! Canyon5 central Utah United States Geologi*al Sur e! )ulletin 1842F= 34 p. )au&= ". .. F 4ohnson= 3. 1. #''3. Steady !ove!ent of landslides in fine"grained soils " a !odel for sliding over an irregular slip surface United States Geologi*al Sur e! )ulletin 1842= 6#,6$8 p. )au&= ". ..= 4ohnson= 3. 1. F 5le&ing= ". H. #'88. %easure!ent of slope defor!ation using )uadrilaterals United States Geologi*al Sur e! )ulletin 1842- = $3 p. )au&= ". .. F "eid= 1. -. #'':. Geolog!= h!drolog!= and &e*hani*s of a slow,&o ing= *la!,ri*h landslide= >onolulu= >awaii. 9n: Clay and shale slope instability (edited +! >ane+erg= H. C. F 3nderson= S. 3.). .eviews in /ngineering 1eology X. Geologi*al So*iet! of 3&eri*a= )oulder= Colorado= (',#;<. )ishop= 3. H. #'::. %he use of the slip *ir*le in the sta+ilit! anal!sis of slopes. 19otechni)ue != (, #(.

)ro&head= -. D. #'(8. .arge landslides in .ondon Cla! at >erne )a!= 0ent. :uarterly 3ournal of /ngineering 1eology 11= $'#,3;4. Ca+rera= 4. G. #'(<. 5a*tors relating to landslide pro*ess in Canadian 8ui*2*la!s. /arth Surface Processes 1= #<3,#($. Ca+rera= 4. G. F S&alle!= 9. 4. #'(3. ?ui*2*la!s as produ*ts of gla*ial a*tion: 3 new approa*h to their nature= geolog!= distri+ution and geote*hni*al properties. /ngineering 1eology 7= ##:,#33. . Caldenius= C. F .undstr[&= ". #'<<. 'he landslide at Surte on the river 1;ta <lv . S eriges Geologis2a Unders[2ning. Casagrande= 3. #'(:. .i8uifa*tion and *!*li* defor&ation of sands= 3 *riti*al re iew. Proceedings of the =th Pan A!erical Conference on Soil %echanics and Foundation /ngineering != (',#33. Chen= ". >. F Cha&eau= 4.,.. #'8$. %hree,di&ensional li&it e8uili+riu& anal!sis of slopes. 19otechni)ue 32= 3#,4;. Coo2= 4. .. #''#. Conversion factors. @xford Uni ersit! Press= @xford. Cornforth= 6. >. F 1i22elsen= P. -. #''<. Continuous &onitoring of the slope a+o e an ex*a ation within a &arginall! sta+le landslide. 9n: Seventh >nternational Sy!posiu! on 7andslides (edited +! Senneset= 0.) 3. 3.3. )al2e&a= %rondhei&= Dorwa!= #:3',#:44. Crandell= 6. ". F 7arnes= 6. 4. #'<#. %ove!ent of the Slu!gullion earthflow near 7a&e City5 Colorado United States Geologi*al Sur e! Professional Paper " 0424- = )#3<,)#3' p. Crawford= C. ). F -den= H. 4. #'<(. Sta+ilit! of natural slopes in sensiti e *la!. 3ournal of the Soil %echanics and Foundations Division5 Proceedings of the A!erican Society of Civil /ngineers 93(S1 4)= 4#',43<. 5etter= C. H. #''4. Applied hydrogeology. Prenti*e,>all= Dew Oor2. 5le&ing= ". H.= -llen= S. 6. F 3lgus= 1. 3. #'8'. %ransfor&ation of dilati e and *ontra*ti e landslide de+ris into de+ris,flow , an exa&ple fro& 1arin Count!= California. /ngineering 1eology 27= $;#,$$3. 5le&ing= ". H. F 4ohnson= 3. 1. #'(:. "ates of seasonal *reep of silt! *la! soil. :uarterly 3ournal of /ngineering 1eology 8= #,$'. 5le&ing= ". H. F 4ohnson= 3. 1. #'8'. Stru*tures asso*iated with stri2e,slip faults that +ound landslide ele&ents. /ngineering 1eology 27= 3',##4. 5le&ing= ". H. F 4ohnson= 3. 1. #''4. 7andslides in colluviu! United States Geologi*al Sur e! )ulletin 20!9- = $4 p. 5le&ing= ". H.= 4ohnson= 3. 1.= >ough= 4. -.= Go*2e= 3. @. F .ion= %. #'8#. -ngineering geolog! of the Cin*innati area. 9n: 1eological Society of A!erica Annual %eeting Field 'rip 1uideboo& Fie#d $ri% &o. 18. Geologi*al So*iet! of 3&eri*a= )oulder= C@= :43,:(;. 5le&ing= ". H.= 4ohnson= ". ). F S*huster= ". .. #'88a. %he rea*ti ation of the 1anti landslide= Utah. 9n: 'he %anti5 Utah5 landslide 1311. United States Geologi*al Sur e! Professional Paper= Hashington= 6.C.= #,$$.

5le&ing= ". H.= 4ohnson= ". ).= S*huster= ". .. F Hillia&s= G. P. #'88+. 'he %anti5 Utah5 landslide United States Geologi*al Sur e! Professional Paper 1311= <' p. 5reeEe= ". 3. F Cherr!= 4. 3. #'('. 1roundwater. Prenti*e,>all= 9n*.= -nglewood Cliffs= Dew 4erse!. >all= 6. -.= .ong= 1. %. F "e&+oldt= 1. 6. #''4. Slope sta+ilit! referen*e guide for Dational 5orests in the United States 'M-7170-13. United States 6epart&ent of 3gri*ulture= 5orest Ser i*e= Hashington= 6.C.= #;'#. >ane+erg= H. C. #''#a. @+ser ation and anal!sis of pore pressure flu*tuations in a thin *ollu iu& landslide *o&plex near Cin*innati= @hio. /ngineering 1eology 31= #:',#84. >ane+erg= H. C. #''#+. Pore pressure diffusion and the h!drologi* response of nearl! saturated= thin landslide deposits to rainfall. 3ournal of 1eology 99= 88<,8'$. >ane+erg= H. C. #'':. Groundwater flow and the sta+ilit! of heterogeneous infinite slopes underla!n +! i&per ious su+strata. 9n: Clay and shale slope instability (edited +! >ane+erg= H. C. F 3nderson= S. 3.). .eviews in /ngineering 1eology X. Geologi*al So*iet! of 3&eri*a= )oulder= Colorado= <3,(8. >ane+erg= H. C. F 3nderson= S. 3. #'':. Cla! and shale slope insta+ilit!. 9n: .eviews in /ngineering 1eology X. Geologi*al So*iet! of 3&eri*a= )oulder= Colorado. >ane+erg= H. C. F G[2*e= 3. \. #''4. .apid water"level fluctuations in a thin colluviu! landslide west of Cincinnati5 ?hio United States Geologi*al Sur e! )ulletin 20!9-C= C#< p. >ane+erg= H. C. F %ripp= G. #''#. 3n irrigation,indu*ed de+ris flow in northern Dew 1exi*o. -ulletin of the Association of /ngineering 1eologists 28(4)= 3:',3(4. >ansen= H. ". #'<:. -ffe*ts of the earth8ua2e of 1ar*h $( #'<4= at 3n*horage= 3las2a. United States 1eological Survey Professional Paper !42= 3;,<<. >arp= -. ..= Hells= H. G.= 99 F Sar&iento= 4. G. #'';. Pore pressure response during failure in soils. 1eological Society of A!erica -ulletin 102(4)= 4$8,438. >oexter= 6. 5.= >olEhausen= G. F Soto= 3. -. #'8(. 3 &ethod of e aluating the relati e sta+ilit! of ground for hillside de elop&ent. /ngineering 1eology 12= 3#',33<. >ut*hinson= 4. D. #'8<. 3 sliding,*onsolidation &odel for flow slides. Canadian 1eotechnical 3ournal 23= ##:,#$<. 9 erson= ". 1. #'83. 3 &odel for *reeping flow in landslides. -ulletin of the Association of /ngineering 1eologists 20= 4::,4:'. 9 erson= ". 1. #'8:. 3 *onstituti e e8uation for &ass &o e&ent +eha ior. 3ournal of 1eology 93($)= #43,#<;. 9 erson= ". 1. #'8<a. 6!na&i*s of slow landslides: a theor! for ti&e,dependant +eha ior. 9n: 6illslope Process (edited +! 3+raha&s= 3. 6.). 3llen and Unwin= )oston= $8(,3#(. 9 erson= ". 1. #'8<+. Unstead!= nonunifor& landslide &otion: #. %heoreti*al d!na&i*s and the stead! datu& state. 3ournal of 1eology 94= #,#:. 9 erson= ". 1. #'8<*. Unstead!= nonunifor& landslide &otion: $. .ineariEed theor! and the 2ine&ati*s of transient response. 3ournal of 1eology 94= 34',3<4.

9 erson= ". 1. #'';. Groundwater flow fields in infinite slopes. 19otechni)ue 40(#)= #3',#43. 9 erson= ". 1. #''3. 6ifferential e8uations go erning slip,indu*ed pore,pressure flu*tuations in a water,saturated granular &ediu&. %ath!atical 1eology 2!(8)= #;$(,#;48. 9 erson= ". 1. F .a>usen= ". G. #'8'. 6!na&i* pore,pressure flu*tuations in rapidl! shearing granular &aterials. Science 24(= ('<,(''. 9 erson= ". 1. F 1aGor= 4. 4. #'8<. Groundwater seepage e*tors and the potential for hillslope failure and de+ris flow &o+iliEation. (ater .esources .esearch 22(##)= #:43,#:48. 9 erson= ". 1. F 1aGor= 4. 4. #'8(. "ainfall= ground,water flow= and seasonal &o e&ent at 1inor Cree2 landslide= northwestern California: Ph!si*al interpretation of e&piri*al relations. 1eological Socisty of A!erica -ulletin 99(#;)= :(',:'4. 9 erson= ". 1. F "eid= 1. -. #''$. Gra it!,dri en groundwater flow and slope failure potential #. -lasti* effe*ti e,stress &odel. (ater .esources .esearch 28(3)= '$:,'38. 4a*o+son= ). #':$. 'he landslide at Surte on the 1ota river. "o!al Swedish Geote*hni*al 9nstitute Pro*eedings. 4]ger= S. F Hie*Eore2= G. 5. #''4. 7andslide susceptibility in the 'ully 4alley area5 Finger 7a&es region5 New @or& United States Geologi*al Sur e! @pen 5ile "eport )F-94-(1!= p. 4an+u= D. #'(3. Slope sta+ilit! *o&putations. 9n: /!ban&!ent"Da! engineering (edited +! >irs*hfeld= ". C. F Poulos= S. 4.) Casa*rande. 4ohn Hile! F Sons= Dew Oor2= 4(,8<. 4ohnson= 3. 1. #'<:. 3 &odel for de+ris flow. Unpu+lished Ph.6. thesis= Penns!l ania State Uni ersit!= Uni ersit! Par2= P3. 4ohnson= 3. 1. #'(;. Physical processes in geology. 5ree&an= Cooper F Co&pan!= San 5ran*is*o. 4ohnson= 3. 1. #'84. 6e+ris flow. 9n: Slope >nstability (edited +! )runsden= 6. F Prior= 6. ).). 4ohn Hile! and Sons= .ondon= $:(,3<#. 4ohnson= 3. 1. #''<. A !odel for grain flow and debris flow United States Geologi*al Sur e! @pen,5ile "eport 9(-72(= 4# p. 4ohnson= 3. 1. F )au&= ". .. #'8(. -AS>C progra!s for co!puting displace!ent5 strains5 and tilts fro! )uadilateral !easure!ents United States Geologi*al Sur e! @pen,file report 87343= #' p. 4ohnson= 3. 1. F >a&pton= 1. 3. #'<'. Subaerial and suba)ueous flow of slurries United States Geologi*al Sur e! 5inal "eport 14-08-001-10884= p. 4ohnson= 3. 1. F 1artosudar&o= S. O. #''(. 6is*ri&ination +etween inertial and &a*ro, is*ous flows of fine,grained de+ris with a rolling,sle e is*o&eter. 9n: Ast >nternational conference on debris"flow ha$ards !itigation: %echanics5 prediction and assess!ent= San 5ran*is*o= California. 4ohnson= S. -. #''(. #''< %u&alt de+ris flow and de+ris a alan*hes in Colu&+ia "i er Gorge east of Portland= @regon. 9n: Ast >nternational conference on debris"flow ha$ards !itigation: %echanics5 prediction and assess!ent= San 5ran*is*o= California. 0a&+= ). #'(;. Sliding &otion of gla*iers: %heor! and o+ser ation. .eviews in 1eophysics and Space Physics 8= <(3,($8.

0eefer= 6. 0. #'84. .andslides *aused +! earth8ua2es. 1eological Society of A!erica -ulletin 9!(4)= 4;<,4$#. 0eefer= 6. 0. F 4ohnson= 3. 1. #'83. /arth flows: !orphology5 !obili$ation and !ove!ent United States Geologi*al Sur e! Professional Paper 12(4= :< p. .a&+e= %. H. F Hhit&an= ". 7. #'<'. Soil !echanics. 4ohn Hile! F Sons= Dew Oor2= DO. .awren*e= 6. -.= 3!lsworth= 4. 1. F 1ore!= C. ". #''<. Sensiti e *la! flows along the South Dation "i e= @ntario= Canada and their i&pa*t on land use. 9n: Seventh >nternational Sy!posiu! on 7andslides (edited +! Senneset= 0.) 1. 3.3. )al2e&a= %rondhei&= Dorwa!= 4(',484. 1al ern= .. -. #'<'. >ntroduction to the !echanics of continuous !ediu!. Prenti*e,>all= 9n*.= -nglewood Cliffs= Dew 4erse!. 1i*halows2i= ". .. #'':. Sta+ilit! of slopes: .i&it anal!sis approa*h. 9n: Clay and shale slope instability (edited +! >ane+erg= H. C. F 3nderson= S. 3.). .eviews in /ngineering 1eology X. Geologi*al So*iet! of 3&eri*a= )oulder= Colorado= :#,<$. 1orgenstern= D. ". F Pri*e= 7. -. #'<:. %he anal!sis of the sta+ilit! of general slip surfa*es. 19otechni)ue 1!= (','$. Do+le= >. .. #'(3. "esidual strength and landslides in *la! and shale. 3ournal of Soil %echanics and Foundations5 Proceedings of the A!erican Society of Civil /ngineers(S1 ')= (;:, (#'. Pal&er= 3. C. F "i*e= 4. ". #'(3. %he growth of slip surfa*es in the progressi e failure of o er, *onsolidated *la!. Proceedings of the .oyal Society of 7ondon 332= :$(,:48. "eid= 1. -. #''4. 3 pore,pressure diffusion &odel for esti&ating landslide,indu*ing rainfall. 3ournal of 1eology 102= (;',((#. "eid= 1. -. F 9 erson= ". 1. #''$. Gra it!,dri en groundwater flow and slope failure potential $. -ffe*ts of slope &orpholog!= &aterial properties= and h!drauli* heterogeneit!. (ater .esources .esearch 28(3)= '3',':;. "iesten+erg= 1. 1. #'8#. %he effe*t of wood! egetation on sta+iliEing slopes in the Cin*innati area= @hio. 9n: -iology Depart!ent5 University of Cincinnati= ('. "iesten+erg= 1. 1. F So oni*2,6unford= S. #'83. %he role of wood! egetation in sta+iliEing slopes in the Cin*innati area= @hio. 1eological Scoiety of A!erica -ulletin = :;<,:#8. Seed= >. ). #'<(. Slope sta+ilit! during earth8ua2es. 3ournal of the Soil %echanics and Foundations Division5 Proceedings of the A!erican Society of Civil /ngineers 93(S1 4)= $'',3$3. Seed= >. ). F Hilson= S. 6. #'<(. %he %urnagain >eights .andslide= 3n*horage= 3las2a. 3ournal of the Soil %echanics and Foundations Division5 Proceedings of the A!erican Society of Civil /ngineers 93(S1 4)= 3$:,3:3. S2e&pton= 3. H. #'<4. .ong ter& sta+ilit! of *la! slopes. %he #'<4 "an2ine le*ture. 19otechni)ue 14($)= ((,#;$. S2e&pton= 3. H. #'<<. So&e o+ser ations on te*toni* shear Eones. 9n: First >nternational Congress on .oc& %echanics. Proceedings 1= 3$',33:.

S2e&pton= 3. H. #'8:. "esidual strength of *la!s in landslides= folded strata and the la+orator!. 19otechni)ue 3!(#)= 3,#8. S2e&pton= 3. H. F Pelt!= 6. 4. #'<<. %he strength along stru*tural dis*ontinuities in stiff *la!s. Proceedings5 1eotechnical Conference5 ?slo 2= $',4<. %orran*e= 4. 0. #'83. %owards a general &odel of 8ui*2 *la! de elop&ent. Sedi!entology 30= :4(, :::. %urner= 3. 0. F S*huster= ". .. #''<. .andslides: 9n estigation and &itigation. 9n: Special .eport 247. Dational 3*ade&! Press= Hashington= 6.C.= <(:. 7arnes= 6. 4. #;(4. 'he logic of geological !aps5 with reference to their interpretation and use for engineering purposes United States Geologi*al Sur e! Professional Paper 837= 48 p. 7arnes= 6. 4. #'<$. 3nal!sis of plasti* defor&ation a**ording to 7on 1isesB %heor! with appli*ations to the South Sil erton 3rea= San 4uan Count! Colorado. 1eological Survey Professional Paper 378- = )#,)4'. 7arnes= 6. 4. #'8$. %i&e,defor&ation relations in *reep to failure of earth &aterials. 9n: Proceedings Bth S/ Asia 1eotechnical Conf 5 6ong 8ong= #;(,#3;. 7oight= ). #'(3. %he &e*hani*s of retrogressi e +lo*2,gliding= with e&phasis on the e olution of the %urnagain >eights landslide= 3n*horage= 3las2a. 9n: 1ravity and 'ectonics (edited +! 6e4ong= 0. F S*holten= ".). 4ohn Hile! F Sons= 9n*.= Dew Oor2= DO= '(,#$#. 7oight= ).= 4anda= ". 4.= Gli*2en= >. F 6ouglass= P. 1. #'83. Dature and &e*hani*s of the 1ount St. >elens ro*2slide,a alan*he of #8 1a! #'8;. 19otechni)ue 33= $43,$(3. 7onder .inden= 0. #'($. 3n anal!sis of the Portuguese +end landslide= Palos 7erdes >ills= California. 9n: Depart!ent of 1eology5 Stanford University. 7onder .inden= 2. #'8'. %he Portugese +end landslide. /ngineering 1eology 27= 3;#,3(3. Haldron= .. 4. #'((. %he shear resistan*e of root,per&eated ho&ogeneous and stratified soil. Soil Science Society of A!erica 3ournal 41= 843,84'. Hatr!= S. 1. F -hlig= P. .. #'':. -ffe*t of test &ethod and pro*edure on &easure&ents of residual shear strength fro& )entonite fro& the Portuguese )end landslide. 9n: Clay and shale slope instability (edited +! >ane+erg= H. C. F 3nderson= S. 3.). .eviews in /ngineering 1eology X. Geologi*al So*iet! of 3&eri*a= )oulder= Colorado= #3,38. Hhit&an= ". 7. F )aile!= H. 3. #'<(. Use of *o&puters for slope sta+ilit! anal!sis. 3ournal of the Soil %echanics and Foundations Division5 Proceedings of the A!erican Society of Civil /ngineers 93(S1,4)= 4(:,4'(. Hie*Eore2= G. 5.= Gori= P. ..= 4]er= S.= 0appel= H. 1. F Degusse!= 6. #''<. 3ssess&ent and &andage&ent of landslide haEards near the %ull! 7alleu landslide= S!ra*use= Dew Oor2= US3. 9n: Seventh >nternational Sy!posiu! on 7andslides (edited +! Senneset= 0.) 1. 3.3. )al2e&a= %rondhei&= Dorwa!= 4##,4#<. Hu= %. >.= 1*0innell= H. P.= 999 F Swanston= 6. D. #'('. Strength of tree roots in a landslide on Prin*e of Hales 9sland= 3las2a. Canadian 1eotechnical 3ournal 1(= '#,33. Hu= %. >. F Swanston= 6. D. #'8'. "is2 of landslides in shallow soils and its relation to *lear*utting in southeastern 3las2a. Forest Science 2(= 4':,:#;.

,eferences by to"ic 9n this se*tion so&e papers are grouped +! su+Ge*t. -a*h su+Ge*t *an &a2e a s&all reading proGe*t in itself. @nl! the author and date for referen*es are listed in this se*tion. %he full referen*es are gi en in the a+o e se*tion.
Con"ept of resid&al and peak stren'ths

(S2e&pton #'<4) (S2e&pton #'8:).

Port&'&ese !end Landslide+ Los ,n'eles Co&nty

(Hatr! F -hlig #'':) (7onder .inden #'8')

Landslides in "oll& i&m and in lakes "lays in the Cin"innati area

("iesten+erg F So oni*2,6unford #'83) (>ane+erg #''#a) (>ane+erg #''#+) (5le&ing F 4ohnson #''4) (5le&ing et al. #'8#) (>ane+erg F G[2*e #''4)
T&rna'ain -ei'hts Landslide+ ,laska

(>ansen #'<:) (7oight #'(3) (Seed F Hilson #'<()

Landslides in sensiti e "lays and "layshales

(Do+le #'(3) (Crawford F -den #'<() Clough et al (#'(() )ro&head (#'(8). (.awren*e et al. #''<)
.&i"k "lay slides

(Ca+rera #'(<) (Ca+rera F S&alle! #'(3) (4]ger F Hie*Eore2 #''4)

(%orran*e #'83) (Hie*Eore2 et al. #''<)

Landslides in /tah

()au& F 5le&ing #'8') ()au& et al. #''3)

Strain in Landslides

()au& et al. #'88)

Mappin'

(>oexter et al. #'8()

Slides in 0re'on

Slides in Portland

(Cornforth F 1i22elsen #''<)

&ppendi+ &# Mohr,s Circle

>ere we will *onsider stress +oundar! *onditions and how these *an +e represented +! the 1ohr *ir*le. 1ohrAs *ir*le has found extensi e used in &e*hani*s= and is *o&&onl! en*ountered in stru*tural geolog!= ro*2 &e*hani*s and engineering geolog!. 1ohrAs *ir*le pro ides a graphi*al wa! of relating stresses on ar+itraril!,oriented surfa*es to the prin*iple stresses. 9t is also used in defining para&eters su*h as *ohesion and angle of internal fri*tion. 9n order to see where 1ohrAs *ir*le *o&es fro&= +elow we pose two 8uestions and pro*eed to answer the&. %he first 8uestion (5igure () we will pose is given a surface inclined at an angle to two &nown perpendicular stresses what is the !agnitude of the stresses parallel to5 and nor!al to this surfaceR %he se*ond 8uestion (5igure 8) is given a surface inclined at an angle to the principle stress directions5 what is the !agnitude of the stresses parallel to5 and nor!al to this surface R 3s !ou *an see the 8uestions are er! si&ilar. %he 2e! in the se*ond 8uestion is that we are using prin*iple stress dire*tions= so that the planes to whi*h our surfa*e is in*lined ha e no shear stresses a*ting on the&. 9n the first 8uestion there are shear stresses a*ting on all of the planes. %he answer to the se*ond 8uestion will lead us to the e8uations that when graphed gi e 1ohrAs *ir*le. He will then see how to use the 1ohrAs *ir*le to graphi*all! sol e the e8uations we deri e. Pro+le& # is a &ore general pro+le&. %he e8uations we will deri e will also allow us to *al*ulate the orientation and &agnitude of prin*iple stresses gi en the stress state on two ar+itraril! oriented surfa*es. %hus we *an get a lot of &ileage fro& the following deri ation. 3fter *o&pleting the deri ation we will go on to explore the properties of the 1ohr *ir*le. Stresses on an incline# "lane Gi en a surfa*e in*lined at an angle to two 2nown perpendi*ular stresses what is the &agnitude of the stresses parallel to= and nor&al to this surfa*eR
1

nn ns

-& --

&&&

#igure ,8 De%inition diagram %or a" %orces and b" stresses8 nn is normal to some inclined plane, ns are parallel to the inclined plane8

9t is assu&ed that the ele&ent shown in 5igure ( is in e8uili+riu& ^ that is= it is not a**elerating ^ so all for*es will su& to Eero. Using for*e e8uili+riu& we will +e a+le to deri e relationships +etween all the for*es in the pro+le&. %his is a er! routine and standard pro*edure in

&e*hani*s. 3l&ost all e8uations in &e*hani*s start with su&&ing for*es (see for exa&ple= 4ohnson #'(;= 1al ern #'<'). %o su& for*es &e &ust *on ert stresses (5or*e/3rea) to for*es +! &ultipl!ing ea*h stress +! the area o er whi*h it is a*ting. He will use IdepthJ of the surfa*e nor&al to the page of # unit. 5ro& 5igure ( we see that nn is a*ting in the positi e x,dire*tion= and it is a*ting o er an area of A - # (where # is the unit depth). %hus the for*e in the n,dire*tion is si&pl! nn A(3.#.#) Dow we *onsider the xx stress. 9t is a*ting o er an area of - C #. %hus the for*e a*ting on this surfa*e is xx -C (3.#.$) %he for*e is a*ting at an angle to the n,dire*tion= so onl! part of this for*e is a*ting in the n, dire*tion. Using e*tor alge+ra we see that the *o&ponent of the for*e a*ting in the n,dire*tion is C xx -C sin() (3.#.3) sin*e the for*e is a*ting in the ne*ative n,dire*tion. Pro*eeding as a+o e for ea*h of the stresses in 5igure (. Su&&ing for*es in the dire*tion nor&al to the in*lined surfa*e (the n,dire*tion) gi es nn A- N xE -C *os() N xE AC sin() C xx -C sin() C EE AC *os() L ; (3.#.4) 6i iding through +! A- and re*ogniEing that8 sin() L (3.#.:a) *os() L we get nn N $ xE sin() *os() C xx sin$() C EE *os$() L ; sol ing for nn nn L xx sin$() N EE *os$() C $ xE sin() *os() (3.#.() %his *o&pletes the first step. He ha e a relationship +etween the nor&al stress and the stresses on the other surfa*es. Dow we *ontinue to find an expression for the shear stress on the in*lined surfa*e= ns= +! su&&ing for*es in the s,dire*tion sn A- N Ex -C sin() N Ex AC *os() N xx -C *os() N EE AC sin() 3gain= di iding through +! A- and su+stituting in trigono&etri* identities gi en a+o e ns N xE sin$() N Ex *os$() N xx sin() *os() N EE sin() *os() L ; sol ing for ns ns L (EE C xx) sin() *os() N xE(*os$() C sin$()) %hus our results are:
5ro& the e8uations for a right,triangle: sin( ) L opposite / h!potenuse M *os() L adGa*ent / h!potenuse M tan( ) L opposite / adGa*ent
8

(3.#.:+) (3.#.<)

(3.#.8) (3.#.') (3.#.#;)

nn L xx sin$() N EE *os$() C $ xE sin() *os() ns L (EE C xx) sin() *os() N xE(*os$() C sin$()) &ohr-s Circle

(3.#.##a) (3.#.##+)

He now *onsider a slightl! &ore spe*ialiEed for& of the e8uations that will !ield 1ohrAs *ir*le. %he 8uestion posed here is: gi en a surfa*e in*lined at an angle to the prin*iple stress dire*tions= what is the &agnitude of the stresses parallel to= and nor&al to this surfa*eR
$
#igure '8 De%inition diagram %or the deri0ation o% 6ohrAs circle8

--y 2

C 1

%his is a er! si&ilar *ase to that *onsidered a+o e onl! in this *ase we 2now the prin*ipal stresses= # and $= so there are no shear stresses a*ting on those planes. He ha e defined a positi e #, and y,*oordinate s!ste& as shown in 5igure 8. He assu&e that the +od! is in e8uili+riu&= so we start +! su&&ing for*es in the #,dire*tion Y5x L ;Z xx 3) C # )C *os() C $ 3C sin() L ; xx C # )C/3) *os() C $ 3C/3) sin() L ; re*ogniEing that )C/3) L *os() and 3C/3) L sin() He get xx L # *os$() N $ sin$() (3.$.3a) Dow we su& for*es in the !,dire*tion. 5ollowing the sa&e pro*edure as a+o e= !ou *an show that !ou will get (the reader should perfor& the operations) x! L # C $ (*os() sin()) (3.$.3+) Using the following trigono&etri* identities *os$() L _(#N*os($)) (3.$.4a) (3.$.$) (3.$.#a) (3.$.#+)

sin$() L _ (#, *os($)) sin()*os() L _ (sin($)) He end up with the following relationships xx L (# N $)/$ N (# , $)/$ *os($) x! L (# C $) sin($)

(3.$.4+) (3.$.4*) (3.$.:a) (3.$.:+)

%hese e8uations ha e the for& of a *ir*le. %hese are the e8uations for 1ohrs *ir*le= the! relate the stress on an! plane to the orientation of the plane with respe*t to the prin*iple stresses.

-y

2 1<1 ! 2"

--

#igure (8 6ohrAs circle shoBing the parameters in the eCuations deri0ed abo0e8

&ppendi+ '# -+ercises

E.ercise 1 / Dry Soil 3ssu&e the following properties for the dr! soil: Cohesion= C L 48;; Pa 9nternal fri*tion angle, L $;K Unit weight= L $;=;;; D &,3

9 suggest !ou do all these *al*ulations in a spreadsheet. %he spreadsheet will +e &ore useful if !ou ha e single *ells where !ou enter alues for C= = = and later the oid ratio= . 3ll *al*ulations should lin2 +a*2 to these *ells. Changing the alues of these *ells will *ause the spreadsheet to re*al*ulate and re,plot !our results allowing !ou to easil! generate plots for different *ases. He will +e adding to this wor2sheet as ti&e goes on so tr! to &a2e the wor2sheet as general as possi+le= it will +e*o&e a useful tool for future *al*ulations= e en outside this *lass. #. Plot the *riti*al thi*2ness= t*= as a fun*tion of the slope angle= where the slope angle ranges fro& ;K to ';K. Oou will also want to *onstru*t a se*ond plot showing the range of slope angles where the *riti*al thi*2ness *hanges rapidl!. $. Hhat general *on*lusions *an !ou rea*h fro& the plots !ou generated in part #. 5or exa&ple= !ou will want to use the *riti*al thi*2ness e8uation to explain wh! the *ur e has this shape. 9s this shape li&ited to this set of nu&+ers= or do all possi+le *ur es ha e this shapeR Hhat *ontrols the *riti*al parts of this *ur e C that is what is the &aGor *ontrol on the *riti*al thi*2ness. Part of the *ur e &a2es no sense ph!si*all!= dash that part and explain wh! it is in alid. 3. Suppose that we expe*t failure at the soil,ro*2 interfa*e= and that the soil is 3 & thi*2 and the slope angle is $:K. Hhat is the fa*tor of safet! against slidingR >ow does the fa*tor of safet! *hange if !ou onl! ar! the soil thi*2ness= for exa&ple= what is the fa*tor of safet! against sliding at half the thi*2ness of the soilR 4. 1an! landslides in *ollu iu& in Cin*innati are a+out one &eter thi*2 and o**ur on slopes with slope angles of a+out $:K. Plot the relation +etween *ohesion (C) and angle of internal fri*tion () that would pro ide a fa*tor of safet! of one under su*h *onditions. Using a range of internal fri*tion angles (sa! :K to 4:K)= what is the differen*e in the plotsR %he &axi&u& alue of angle of internal fri*tion that !ou should use is $:K C wh!R

E.ercise 2 / Stan#ing water 5or this exer*ise we ha e a su+&erged slope. 3ssu&e that the porosit! of the soil is $;X and that the soil is saturated with water (no air in pore spa*es). %he dr! unit weight= the *ohesion and the angle of internal fri*tion are assu&ed to +e the sa&e as those gi en a+o e. 9n this pro+le&= in exer*ise # is t in e8uation (#.3.#:a). #. Plot the *riti*al thi*2ness= t*= as a fun*tion of the slope angle= where the slope angle ranges fro& ;K to ';K. Oou will also want to *onstru*t a se*ond plot where the slope angle ranges fro& ;K to a+out 3:K. Plot the relation +etween *riti*al thi*2ness and slope angle on the sa&e graph as in exer*ise #. $. Suppose that we expe*t failure at the soil,ro*2 interfa*e= and that the soil is 3 & thi*2 and the slope angle is $:K. Hhat is the fa*tor of safet! against slidingR >ow does the fa*tor of safet! *hange if !ou onl! ar! the soil thi*2ness= for exa&ple= what is the fa*tor of safet! against sliding at half the thi*2ness of the soilR 3. Co&pare the results fro& part # and $ in this exer*ise with the results fro& parts # and 3 in -xer*ise #. 4. >ow do !ou expe*t the angle of internal fri*tion and *ohesion of a dr! soil to *hange when it is saturatedR >ow large is the *hange in ea*hR >ow do !ou thin2 this will affe*t the results of !our *al*ulationsR

E.ercise #.

/ See"age

Plot a third *ur e for *riti*al thi*2ness as a fun*tion of slope angle on the graph *onstru*ted for exer*ises # F $. Use the sa&e para&eters as the pre ious exer*ises.
y t
Wa ter

:ab le

#igure 108 De%inition diagram %or e-ercise +8

$.

Sol e the pro+le& analogous to that treated a+o e= +ut this ti&e for a water ta+le that is a distan*e w (&easured nor&al to the slope) +elow the ground surfa*e= where ; S w S t. Plot *ur es on the diagra& *onstru*ted for assign&ent #= for alues of w0t of ;= ;.$:= ;.:= ;.(: and #.;. Hrite out the for&ula that !ou de elop. Show that for w0t L # the e8uation +e*o&es the e8uation for a dr! slope= and that for w0t L ; the e8uation +e*o&es that for seepage parallel to the slope (the e8uation !ou used in part #).

3. 3ppl! the for&ula !ou de eloped for part $ to a landslide at 1*0el e! "oad in Cin*innati. \nder G[2*e has &ade a detailed stud! of the landslide and following are so&e of the rele ant data. %he landslide was a*ti e at the ti&e the &easure&ents were ta2en. %he landslide is a+out (: &eters long (fro& head to toe)= and a+out #; &eters deep (&easured erti*all!). %he a erage slope of the ground surfa*e is a+out 8K. 6uring drilling of three +oreholes through the slide &ass it was noted that the soil= whi*h *onsists of a+out ( & of till o erl!ing a+out 3 & of gla*ial la2e,*la!= was rather dr! until we had drilled through the la2e *la! and through one or two li&estone +eds in the +edro*2 underl!ing the la2e *la!. %hen the *uttings +e*a&e er! wet (&udd!) and after a few hours water rose in the +orehole to a le el of ;.: to #.: & fro& the ground surfa*e (depending on the ti&e of !ear).

Using these data= !ou are to *o&pute the residual angle of internal fri*tion of the la2e *la! in ol ed in the sliding.

E.ercise $ / Tree ,oots 1ar! "iesten+erg deter&ined and esti&ated the following para&eters for a landslide that she studied in Cin*innati: L; L #$K t L ;.: & (#/3) L :.( 2D/&$ Oou are to deter&ine the fa*tor of safet! against sliding. Hhat is the effe*t of roots on the slide &ass. Hhat is the fa*tor of safet! without rootsR >ow do roots enter the fa*tor of safet! *al*ulation C what is what soil propert! do the! *hange C and how would we &odel their effe*t. %hat is= if we were to do a +a*2 *al*ulation for &aterial para&eters= what propert! would root strength +e indistinguisha+le fro&. L 3:K w L '.8 2D/&3 t L #'.< 2D/&3

E.ercise % / Fellenius &etho# 9n order to Tget the feelT for *o&putation of sta+ilit! fa*tors= deter&ine the fa*tor of safet! against sliding for the slope shown +elow:

- >1185 m

1185 m
1

1185 m
28,),

+825 m

+)D
h > 5825 m 285 m

1.D

35D

#igure 118 De%inition diagram %or e-ercise 58

%he water ta+le is assu&ed to +e at the upper surfa*e of the slide= and= using the solution for pore,water pressures in an infinite slope= we *o&pute ru L (u/h) ;.3( ;.4 in whi*h h is the height of the sli*e (see figure +elow) and is the saturated unit weight of the soil. %he para&eters are= L #< 2D/&$ L $4 2D/&3 L #4K
:able 28 Some o% the important parameters %or each slice in e-ercise 58

hi (i ui #i i $ (&) (2D) (2D/& ) (&) # ##.: $.: <'; C:K $4 $ ##.: :.$: #4:; N#< :;.4 3 ##.: 3.$: ';; N34 3#.$ 5or pro+le&s other than this one= of *ourse= !ou would use &an! &ore than three sli*es. %he purpose is for !ou to +e a+le to 8ui*2l! sol e a pro+le& approxi&atel!M the &ethod is what is i&portant right now= not the result. Sli*e

5irst= *o&pute the fa*tor of safet! using the 5ellenius &ethod (3nswer is approxi&atel! F L #.#< at R). %hen= start with an esti&ated fa*tor of safet! of #.; and iterate the &odified,)ishop solution three ti&es in order to esti&ate the fa*tor of safet! +! that &ethod. 3s a se*ond exer*ise= use the 5ellenius &ethod to T+a*2 *al*ulateT the residual strength of the soil in ol ed in the slide shown in the figure on pg. RRRRRR. %his is a &ethod that we *o&&onl! use in anal!Eing existing landslides. %he residual *ohesion= r is generall! nearl! Eero= so we set it e8ual to Eero. %hen we set the fa*tor of safet! e8ual to #.; and *o&pute the angle of residual fri*tion= r. 9t is presu&a+l! *lear= upon exa&ination of e8. ($.3.:)= that we *an sol e dire*tl! for the residual fri*tion= (RRRRR) in whi*h
i

L Di C Ui and Di L Hi *os(i)

for the 5ellenius &ethod= and Ui is gi en +! e8. (RRRRRR).

E.ercise 0 / (anbu &etho#

"A+$ ,
Gi en the following landslide geo&etr!:

10 m Water table

Slip Sur%ace

Emper0ious layer 3nd the following a erage &aterial properties: 3 erage total unit weight L $; 2D/&3 "esidual Cohesion L : 2Pa "esidual 5ri*tion 3ngle L #:K

#. Cal*ulate the a erage fa*tor of safet!= and the distri+ution of for*es within the landslide. >ow sensiti e is !ou solution to ar!ing these para&etersR $. 3ssu&e that !ou ha e h!drostati* pore water *onditions at the slip surfa*e. >ow would !ou i&pro e on this esti&ate of pore water pressure *onditions 3. >ow would one ha e to either load or unload the upper ` of the slide in order to get a fa*tor of safet! of approxi&atel! #.

"A+$ ,,
#. "ead the following paper: )au&= "...= and 5le&ing= ".H.= #''#. Use of longitudinal strain in identif!ing dri ing and resisting ele&ents of landslides. 1eological Society of A!erica -ulletin 103(8):##$#, ##3$. 3. Hhat is the topi* of the paper= and wh! is it i&portantR ). >ow would !ou identif! the arious parts of the slide in surfa*e &appingR Use infor&ation fro& so&e of the other papers we are reading in *lass. Cite referen*es for !our infor&ation. C. Using either the spreadsheet (Gan+u.xls) or progra&s (Gan+u3#.*pp/Gan+u3#.exe= Gan+u3;.+as) pro ided perfor& a 4an+u anal!sis of the 3lani,Pat! slide. Hat*h !our *oordinate s!ste& and sli*e nu&+eringP 6. Hhat assu&ptions were &ade in the anal!sis of this slideR 3re the! reasona+leR -. Hould !ou perfor& a different anal!sisR 9f so= what would !ou do differentl!R 5. Use infinite slope theor! to anal!Ee the 3lani,Pat! slide. >ow different is the fa*tor of safet! fro& that *al*ulated using the 4an+u &ethodR Hh! do !ou thin2 the results are si&ilar/dissi&ilarR G. Hhat would !ou do to sta+iliEe the slide. )a*2 this up with results fro& !our anal!sis.

&ppendi+ C# Computer .rograms

1.1

(anbu 1.c"" 112 "ages3 1.1

(anbu 4.bas 11$ *ages3 1.1

(anbu..ls 12 "ages3

&ppendi+ D# /anbu 0"12(3 .aper on Slo"e Stability Com"utations