ISBN 978-0-620-44584-9

Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering Copyright c 2009 SAIEE, Innes House, Johannesburg

A RECURSIVE FILTER TO CORRECT DISTURBANCE IN THE SECONDARY VOLTAGE OF COUPLING CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
E. P. Machado1*, D. Fernandes Jr.1 and W. L. A. Neves1 1 Federal University of Campina Grande, Av. Aprigio Veloso 882, Bodocongo, Campina Grande-PB, Brazil *Email: eubis.machado@ee.ufcg.edu.br Abstract: The signals measured in the coupling capacitor voltage transformer (CCVT) secondary terminals present magnitude and phase errors when the frequency of the primary voltage is different of the power frequency or when a collapse takes place in the CCVT primary voltage due to a fault in the system. This work presents a strategy to correct the secondary voltage of a 230 kV CCVT in a large frequency range (10 Hz to 10 kHz). Based on the frequency response data of the CCVT, measured in a high voltage laboratory, a software is used to compute the CCVT model parameters. A recursive digital filter (compensator) is developed in order to restore dynamically a primary voltage replica from the CCVT secondary measurements. The compensation technique is implemented in the Alternative Transients Program (ATP), using the MODELS language. The validation of the methodology is carried out by digital simulations in ATP of short-circuit and monitoring of signals with high frequency components. The results show that the developed technique may be used in order to correct disturbances in the 230 kV CCVT secondary voltage. 1. INTRODUCTION the frequency response data of the CCVT, measured in a high voltage laboratory, a software is used to estimate the CCVT model parameters [6]. After estimating the CCVT parameters, the coefficients of the compensator are obtained from the CCVT transfer function and from a compensated CCVT model, whose parameters are estimated from a fitting process. The validation of the technique is carried out by means of digital simulations using the ATP (Alternative Transients Program) and the MODELS language, which provides a dynamic interaction with the ATP [7]. 2. CCVT MODEL

For insulation and economic purposes, the high voltage and extra high voltage systems use the coupling capacitor voltage transformer (CCVT) to supply to the measurement and protection instruments an authentic replica of the system operation voltage. However, the signals measured in the CCVT secondary terminals present magnitude and phase errors when the frequency of the primary voltage is different of the power frequency or when a fault suddenly reduces the line voltage [1-2]. In the latter case, the CCVT secondary output does not represent instantaneously the primary voltage because the energy storage elements, such as coupling capacitors and the compensating reactor, cannot instantaneously change their charge or flux. These energy storage elements cause the CCVT transient [2]. The compensation of the CCVT secondary voltage is necessary to reduce the measurements errors. In the literature, a dynamic compensation method for reduce the errors when the primary voltage changes suddenly was proposed [1]. The algorithm improves the CCVT transients, however, a simplified CCVT model is used and a methodology to estimate the CCVT parameters is not presented. The development of a method for dynamic corrections of the CCVT secondary voltage requires an accurate model in a wide frequency range. This is because many disturbance of the electrical system, such switching of transmission lines and short-circuits distorts the signal voltage that will produce different frequency components. However, studies show that there is a moderate complexity in obtaining the parameters of the CCVT, especially in high frequencies [3-4]. In this work is presented a recursive digital filter (compensator) to correct dynamically the disturbances produced by the CCVT secondary voltage. Based on
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A CCVT model to be applicable for frequencies up to a few kilohertz needs to take at least the potential transformer primary winding and compensating inductor stray capacitances effects into account [3]. In this paper, the circuit shown in Figure 1 was used to model the CCVT. It comprises the following linear parameters: a capacitor stack (C1, C2); a compensating inductor (Rc, Lc, Cc); a potential transformer (Rp, Lp, Cp, Rm, Lm) and a ferroresonance suppression circuit (Rf, Lf1, Lf2, M, Cf).

Figure 1: CCVT model evaluated for the proposed compensation technique. 3. MEASUREMENT IN LABORATORY AND PARAMETER ESTIMATION

The authors of this paper carried out the frequency response measurements of magnitude and phase of the
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ISBN 978-0-620-44584-9

Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering Copyright c 2009 SAIEE, Innes House, Johannesburg

230 kV CCVT in the High Voltage Laboratory at the Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil [4-5]. 3.1. Frequency Response Measurements

Figure 2 shows the scheme used to measure the frequency response in laboratory [5]. In order to attenuate high frequency noises, a low-pass filter was connected across one of the CCVT secondary windings. A signal generator feeding an amplifier was connected across the high voltage terminal and the ground.

Figure 4: Phase curves for the measured (red) and fitted (blue) 230 kV CCVT voltage ratio. Table 1: Estimated parameters for 230 kV CCVT. Figure 2: Frequency response measurements for the 230 kV CCVT. 3.2. Parameter Estimation C1 = 10,0 nF C2 = 65,4 nF Rc = 343,6 Lc = 3,6 H Cc = 873,0 nF Cp = 856,9 pF Rp = 2,3 k Lp = 113,0 H Rm = 3,45 M Lm = 3,5 kH Lf1 = 6,2 mH Cf = 182,8 F Lf2 = 26,4 mH Rf = 5,2 M = 5,4 mH

The CCVT parameters were obtained from frequency response data points of magnitude and phase measured at the High Voltage Laboratory and from a software (TPCalc) developed by the authors [6]. The estimated parameters are shown in Table 1. The magnitude and phase curves for the measured (red color) and fitted (blue color) voltage ratios are shown in Figures 3 and 4, respectively. The average errors of magnitude and phase for initial guesses parameters are, respectively, 133.7 % and 32.0. After the fitting process, the average errors of magnitude and phase are, respectively, 6.4 % and 8.4.

4.

RECURSIVE DIGITAL FILTER TO CORRECT CCVT DISTURBANCES

The technique to compensate the CCVT secondary voltage can be observed through the relationship between the input-output of the diagram in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Diagram for the CCVT compensation. The signals Vi(s), Vo(s) e Vsc(s) corresponds to the CCVT primary voltage, secondary voltage and compensated secondary voltage, respectively; GCCVT(s) and GCOM(s) are the CCVT and compensator transfer functions, respectively. The following relationships are observed: Vo(s)/Vi(s) = GCCVT(s), Vsc(s)/Vo(s) = GCOM(s), Vsc(s)/Vi(s) = GCCVT(s)GCOM(s). Where, (1) (2) (3)

GCCVT ( s ) =

A7 s 7 + A6 s 6 + L + A3 s 3 + A2 s 2 . B8 s 8 + B7 s 7 + L + B1s + B0

(4)

Figure 3: Magnitude curves for the measured (red) and fitted (blue) 230 kV CCVT voltage ratio.
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In Equation (4), the coefficients An, (for n = 2,...,7) and Bm, (for m = 0,...,8) are nonlinear functions in the CCVT elements R, L and C of the Figure 1.
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ISBN 978-0-620-44584-9

Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering Copyright c 2009 SAIEE, Innes House, Johannesburg

4.1.

Compensated CCVT An Analytical Model

In order to achieve an unit gain and a minimum of phase shift in the relationship Vsc(s)/Vi(s), the compensator transfer function should be the inverse CCVT transfer function. However, GCCVT(s) is a strictly proper transfer function with a double zero at the origin. So, its inverse would create an unstable compensator in the time domain with the presence of impulse functions. Otherwise, the compensation of only dominant poles of the CCVT improves the dynamic of this equipment, however, not provide a plain frequency response and would be necessary a laglead compensator to adjust the gain and phase conditions in steady-state operation [8]. As a solution of the mentioned inconveniences, it is proposed as the transfer function of the compensator, the following equation: GCOM(s) = GCCVT(s)-1(s). (5)

The recursive digital filter that connects the CCVT secondary voltage with the compensated voltage is given by the Equation (7).

GCOM ( z ) =

4 k + k z 1 + k z 2 Vsc ( z ) i1 i2 i3 = k0 . (7) 1 + k z 2 1 Vo ( z ) + k z i 4 i 5 i =1

Where k0 e kij, (for i = 1,...,4) and (for j = 1,...,5) are scaling constant and the coefficients of second order sections, respectively. 4.3. Implementation of the Recursive Digital Filter in ATP

In Figure 6 is shown the block diagram to dynamically correct the disturbance produced by the CCVT secondary voltage.

In Equation (5), (s) represents an analytical model of the compensated CCVT. In order to cancel the two poles at the origin by the GCCVT(s) inversion, (s) must have at least a double zero at the origin. Moreover, (s) should be a strictly proper transfer function. Taking into account these two conditions, it is observed that in the Equation (6) are found the presented needs.

( s) =

s2 . D3 s 3 + D2 s 2 + D1 s + D0

(6)

Figure 6: Strategy of dynamic compensation to correct disturbance in the CCVT secondary voltage. In dynamic compensation technique some operations are performed offline, such frequency response measurements, CCVT parameters estimation and computation of the recursive digital filter coefficients. Once modelled the power system and the CCVT in ATP, the CCVT secondary voltage Vo is read by the MODELS, computed by the recursive digital filter and made available to the power system as compensated secondary voltage Vsc. 5. EVALUATION OF THE PROPOSED METHOD

Since (s) is a nonlinear function in the elements Di, (for i = 0,...3), they were estimated from a nonlinear least square procedure. The obtained values were D3 = 4,8510-10, D2 = 1,00, D1 = 2,44 e D0 = 2,98. These coefficients generate the characteristics of an ideal CCVT [1]. 4.2. A Recursive Digital Filter

From the Equations (4) to (6), the analog compensator version is a filter of order eight. However, high order filters when directly performed become highly sensitive to the quantization of their coefficients, since any change in one coefficient of numerator or denominator may modify the dynamic behaviour of the filter [9]. To overcome this problem, the compensator transfer function was developed through the connection of four filters with second-order in cascade, so the compensator time response is given by the simultaneous solutions of the four differential equations of order two. For practical applications of compensation, the compensator differential equations should be solved in real time. With this objective, differential equations were written in the form of difference equations by means of the bilinear transformation. The bilinear transform allows that the characteristics of frequency and transient responses in the digital system are similar to the corresponding analog system [9].
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The evaluation of the compensation strategy in the frequency domain is verified through the superposition of curves between the laboratory measurements and the compensated CCVT response. The performance of the proposed method in the time domain is performed by comparisons between the CCVT without compensation, the compensated CCVT and the ideal voltage divider responses. 5.1. Frequency Domain Analysis

The frequency domain analysis is an important step in the process of dynamic compensation, since the CCVT secondary voltage is generally used by the phasor estimation process typically used by the protection
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ISBN 978-0-620-44584-9

Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering Copyright c 2009 SAIEE, Innes House, Johannesburg

system. The Figures 7 and 8 show the magnitude and phase of the 230 kV CCVT frequency response and the compensated 230 kV CCVT.

Based on the curves shown in Figure 10, one can be observed that the secondary voltage (without compensation) does not reproduce with fidelity the various frequency components and that the compensator can be used as a tool to assist the CCVT in power quality monitoring.

Figure 7: Gain of the CCVT frequency response.

Figure 10: Signal voltage in the CCVT secondary terminals. The CCVT transient behavior for faults occurring at voltage peaks and voltage zeros are quite distinctive and different [2]. The Figures 11 to 14 show the 230 kV CCVT transients for peak-crossing and zero pointon-wave fault initiations. For comparison, each figure also shows the ideal CCVT voltage output.

Figure 8: Phase of the CCVT frequency response. The results show that the compensated CCVT is an approach of the ideal voltage divider, i.e., invariable in the frequency range. 5.2. Time Domain Analysis

The time domain analysis shows the steady-state and transient behaviour of the CCVT with and without the proposed compensation technique. Figure 9 shows the high voltage signal in steady-state operation with frequency components from 1th to 25th harmonic.

Figure 11: CCVT transients with the fault at the primary voltage peak-crossing.

Figure 9: High voltage signal with harmonic components.

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Figure 12: Detail of the voltages shown in Figure 11.

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ISBN 978-0-620-44584-9

Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering Copyright c 2009 SAIEE, Innes House, Johannesburg

Figure 12 presents in details the CCVT transient with a fault occurring at a voltage peak. Observe that the CCVT output (without compensation) does not follow the ideal output until 2.5 cycles after the fault inception. The CCVT transient response when a fault occurs at a primary voltage zero-crossing is shown in Figure 13. Again, according to Figure 14, the CCVT output (without compensation) does not follow the ideal output until 3.5 cycles after the fault inception.

the elimination of disturbances created by the CCVT during operations at the high voltage CCVT terminals. Monitoring the power quality in high voltage signals with harmonic distortion, the frequency components presented in the CCVT primary voltage were reproduced in the compensated secondary voltage. In short-circuits analysis, the compensator has effectively reduced the transients created by the energy storage elements of the CCVT, such as the coupling capacitors and the compensating reactor. 7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to thank the Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq) for the financial support. 8. REFERENCES

[1] J. Izykowski, B. Kasztenny, E. Rosolowski, M. M. Saha, and B. Hillstrom, Dynamic Compensation of Capacitive Voltage Transformers, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 116122, Jan. 1998. Figure 13: CCVT transients with the fault at the primary voltage zero-crossing. [2] B. Kasztenny, D. Sharples, V. Asaro and M. Pozzuoli, Distance Relays and Capacitive Voltage Transformers - Balancing Speed and Transient Overreach, Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, vol. 53, Ontario Canada, Apr. 2000. [3] M. Kezunovic, L. Kojovic, V. Skendzic, C. W. Fromen, D. R. Sevcik, and S. L. Nilsson, "Digital Models of Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformers for Protective Relay Transient Studies," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 19271935, Oct. 1992. [4] D. Fernandes Jr., "Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformers Model for Electromagnetic Transient Studies," (In Portuguese), Ph.D thesis, Dept. Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil, 2003. Figure 14: Detail of the voltages shown in Figure 13. 6. CONCLUSION [5] D. Fernandes Jr., W. L. A. Neves, C. A. Silva, E. P. Machado and M. V. Godoy, "A Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformer Model from Laboratory Measurements," in Proc. 2007 Cigr International Technical Colloquium, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2007. [6] E. P. Machado, C. A. Silva, D. Fernandes Jr., W. L. A. Neves, G. R. S. Lira and M. V. Godoy, A Methodology for Computation of Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformer Parameters (in Portuguese), in Proc. 2008 Brazilian Symposium of Electrical Systems, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, 2008. [7] L. Dube, Models in ATP: Language Manual, Feb. 1996. [8] K. Ogata, Modern Control Engineering. 3 ed.: PrenticeHall, 1997. [9] A. V. Oppenheim and R. W. Schafer, DiscreteTime Signal Processing. PrenticeHall, 1989.
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A recursive filter to correct disturbances in the 230 kV CCVT secondary voltage was presented. The digital filter was implemented in MODELS language and evaluated for the dynamic correction of 230 kV CCVT simulated in ATP. The technique validation was performed at frequency and time domains. Analyzing the compensation in the frequency domain, it was observed that the compensated CCVT ratio voltage is quite a little variable with the frequency. Thus, the compensated CCVT secondary voltage includes frequency components (10 Hz to 10 kHz) presented in the high voltage signal. The accomplished simulations at the time domain confirm the efficiency of the recursive digital filter in