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Published Project Report
TRL Limited 87 PPR 184
14 Recommendations
The key recommendation to come out of this work is that each highway authority should assess the
vulnerability of its highway network to climate change as a matter of urgency. In doing so
authorities should make full use of their local knowledge of their network and how it has been
affected by extreme weather events in the past. Whilst each authoritys risk assessment and solution
will be unique, authorities would benefit from recording and sharing their experiences of climate
effects on their networks.
Specific recommendations for local authorities, the UK National Government and the UK Roads
Liaison Group are given below.
14.1 That local authorities:
Carry out a risk assessment of the local highway network in the light of predicted changes in
climate.
Undertake a sustainability audit of maintenance and management plans, including ensuring that
adaptation measures do not significantly contribute to increased greenhouse gas emissions.
Record and monitor weather effects on the local highway network and share the lessons learnt
with other local authorities. Compiling a Local Climate Impacts Profile (LCLIP) can assist in
this. (See Presentation to UKCIP User Forum 2007 Slides 21 to 33 www.ukcip.org.uk
and Oxfordshire County Council).
Keep to maintenance schedules and hence avoid small defects becoming major repairs. Well
maintained roads are less vulnerable to climate effects. This includes ensuring adequate
drainage provision and maintenance of gullies.
Support the Department for Transport in developing a mechanism to report the effect of climate
on maintenance backlog possibly through Local Transport Plans.
Support the Department in reviewing pavement designs, specifications and practices used those
countries which have climatic conditions likely to be experienced in the UK. If necessary,
incorporate changes into the current UK specifications.
Aid the UK Roads Liaison Group in identifying priorities for further climate change research.
14.2 That the UK National Governments and the UK Roads Liaison Group:
Encourages local authorities to monitor the effects of climate change on their networks and
share and learn from their own and others experiences by establishing a mechanism to report
the effect of climate on maintenance backlog
Develops guidance for local authorities on assessing the risks to their footway and
carriageway networks posed by climate change.
Supports fundamental research into the effects of elevated temperatures combined with high
rainfall on evolved pavements including foundations
Reviews the pavement designs, specifications and practices used in those countries which have
climatic conditions likely to be experienced in the UK. and incorporates the changes into the
current UK specifications as appropriate.
Undertakes a risk assessment of the effects of climate change on:
Published Project Report
TRL Limited 88 PPR 184
o Structures
o Drainage
o Street lighting
o Highway management (including climate related incidents)
o Traffic management (including climate related incidents)
Based on the above, prioritises development of guidance for highway authorities into managing
the risks of climate change.
Encourages the asphalt industry to develop solutions to the problems caused by climate change.
Acknowledgements
The work described in this report was carried out in the Infrastructure and Environment Division of
TRL Limited. The authors are grateful to:
Edward Bunting, Rachel Ward, Victoria Waite (Department for Transport) and Chris Capps
(Cambridgeshire County Council) for steering the project on behalf of the UK Roads Board;
HR Wallingford who extracted and analysed the climate parameter data;
Cambridgeshire County Council, Lancashire County Council, Hampshire County Council, East
Sussex County Council, Devon County Council and Leicestershire County Council that
provided case study evidence;
V Atkinson, B Chaddock, S Done, K Hassan, C J ones, C Nicholls and all experts at TRL who
provided advice; and,
Phil Sivell (TRL Limited) who provided climate change advice and carried out the quality
review and auditing of this report.
Published Project Report
TRL Limited 89 PPR 184
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based surfacing specification for high performance asphalt pavements. TR 456. TRL Limited,
Crowthorne.
Willows R I and Connell R K (eds) (2003). Climate adaptation: Risk, uncertainty and decision
making. UKCIP Technical Report. UKCIP, Oxford.
Published Project Report
TRL Limited 93 PPR 184
GLOSSARY
Albedo The ratio of reflected to incident electromagnetic radiation
Asphalt Generic name of bitumen aggregate mixture
Asphalt pavements Fully flexible and flexible composite pavements
CBM Cement Bound Material
CBR California Bearing Ratio
CERTU Centre dEtudes sur les Reseaux les Transport, lUrbanisme
DBM Dense Bitumen Macadam (100 penetration grade binder)
DMRB Design Manual for Roads and Bridges
DTLR Department of Transport, Local Government Regions
EME Enrob Module lev
FWD Falling Weight Deflectometer
HAPAS Highway Authorities Products Approval Scheme
HDM Heavy Duty Macadam (50 penetration grade binder)
HGV Heavy Goods Vehicle
HMB High Modulus Base
HRA Hot Rolled Asphalt
Impermeable Having zero hydraulic conductivity
Impervious Not allowing water to infiltrate; effectively interchangeable with
impermeable
Infiltration Process whereby water soaks into a material
Permeability Same meaning as hydraulic conductivity
Permeable Allowing water to infiltrate
msa million standard axles
MCHW Manual of Contract documents for Highway Works
NAPA National Asphalt Pavement Association
PA Porous Asphalt
Pervious Having a high hydraulic conductivity
PI Plasticity Index
Porous Having a high voids content
PRD Percentage of Refusal Density
PSV Polished Stone Value
sa Standard axle
SBR Styrene-Butadiene Rubber
SMA Stone Mastic Asphalt
SMD Soil Moisture Deficit
Stripping Failure of the aggregate bitumen bond caused by water
SUDS Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems
UHI Urban Heat Island
UKCIP UK Climate Impacts Programme
UKCIP02 UK Climate Impacts Programme climate scenarios, published in 2002
Voids content Volume of voids as percentage of total volume
Published Project Report
TRL Limited 94 PPR 184
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7
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8
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8
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m
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9
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9
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9
9
Published Project Report
TRL Limited 111 PPR184
Abstract
Most highway authorities have already experienced the impacts of climate change on their
operations in recent years which have caused damage, accelerated deterioration, disruption
and increased costs. The accepted climate models for the UK predict that by the 2050s the
UK in general will experience: drier, hotter summers; milder, wetter winters; more extreme
rainfall events; and a rise in sea levels. The detailed changes vary across the country.
The Department for Transport commissioned TRL to improve the understanding among local
highway engineers of the implications of the predicted change in climate parameters, such as
rainfall and temperature, for highway pavements and how the impacts might be minimised.
This report provides the detailed technical information which is the basis for a DfT guidance
document, Maintaining Pavements in a Changing Climate.
This technical report describes the impact climate has on the different types of pavement;
asphalt, concrete, modular and unbound. The vulnerability of a pavement to climate depends
on factors such as pavement type and condition, local geology, traffic flow and proximity to
hydrological features. The key climate variables for pavements are temperature, precipitation
and soil moisture. The report describes the implications of changes in these variables for the
maintenance of the different pavement types. Case studies are used to illustrate the types of
impacts climate has had on highways.
Recommendations are given on how to adapt to the changing climate and advice is provided
for highway engineers on assessing the risk of different climate hazards for their network. The
use of adaptive maintenance practices such as permeable pavements and polymer modified
binders is encouraged. Other more general actions, such as improving the overall condition of
the pavement and providing adequate drainage systems are also encouraged.
TRL
Crowthorne House, Nine Mile Ride
Wokingham, Berkshire RG40 3GA
United Kingdom
T: +44 (0) 1344 773131
F: +44 (0) 1344 770356
E: enquiries@trl.co.uk
W: www.trl.co.uk
ISSN 0968-4093
Price code: 4X
Published by IHS
Willoughby Road, Bracknell
Berkshire RG12 8FB
United Kingdom
T: +44 (0) 1344 328038
F: +44 (0) 1344 328005
E: trl@ihs.com
W: www.uk.ihs.com P
P
R
1
8
4
The effects of climate change on highway
pavements and how to minimise them:
Technical report
Most highway authorities have already experienced the impacts of climate change on their operations
in recent years which have caused damage, accelerated deterioration, disruption and increased costs.
The accepted climate models for the UK predict that by the 2050s the UK in general will experience:
drier, hotter summers; milder, wetter winters; more extreme rainfall events; and a rise in sea levels. The
detailed changes vary across the country.
The Department for Transport commissioned TRL to improve the understanding among local highway
engineers of the implications of the predicted change in climate parameters, such as rainfall and
temperature, for highway pavements and how the impacts might be minimised. This report provides
the detailed technical information which is the basis for a DfT guidance document, Maintaining
Pavements in a Changing Climate.
This technical report describes the impact climate has on the different types of pavement; asphalt,
concrete, modular and unbound. The vulnerability of a pavement to climate depends on factors such as
pavement type and condition, local geology, traffic flow and proximity to hydrological features. The key
climate variables for pavements are temperature, precipitation and soil moisture. The report describes
the implications of changes in these variables for the maintenance of the different pavement types.
Case studies are used to illustrate the types of impacts climate has had on highways.
Recommendations are given on how to adapt to the changing climate and advice is provided for
highway engineers on assessing the risk of different climate hazards for their network. The use of
adaptive maintenance practices such as permeable pavements and polymer modified binders is
encouraged. Other more general actions, such as improving the overall condition of the pavement and
providing adequate drainage systems are also encouraged.
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TRL651 Maximising the use of recycled and secondary aggregates: examples from Hampshire.
J M Reid, J Pittman, C R Sowerby and J Hibbert. 2006
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