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Good morning ladies and gentelmen. In this time i would like to present a study about lift up force on concrete block due to tsunami The outline. This is the outline may presentation today. Start with introduction, next theoritical considiration, exprimental set-up, result and discusion, and last is conclusion.

3. introduction
Start with Introduction Debris may be drag and flow with tsunami surge. Such debris may be resulted from structures that were destroyed by tsunami. When structures are destroyed and fell of the ground, tsunami may lift it up and drag it along with the surge. Concrete block is commonly used as road and area pavement, for example in Parangtritis beach. Parangtritis beach is a tourism area located approximately 25 km to the south of Yogyakarta. The beach is open to tsunami attack that may be generated along the boundary between Indoaustralian and Eurasian plates about 250 km to the south. The beach is visited daily tourists. The area is therefore highly vulnerable to tsunami hazard. In this beach, such concrete blocks were construct loose pavement block (no interlocking) with fine sand as the filler between the blocks. (Picture) this is the residental and business area in parangteritis, that is mostly paved with concrete block

3. introduction
Indeed, a small block such a concrete pavement block have little effect on large buildings. However,the impact of such debris on people during the eventof tsunami can be devastating. Accordingly, this paper discusses about the liftforce due to tsunami surge that act on the concreteblock, which may endanger the people duringevacuation. The filler between the blocks may actually act asfriction to retain the blocks from lift up due totsunami surge. However, fine sand can be liftedeasily by the surge and leave the blocks loose. In this study, the blocks were considered as looseand no sand filler were considered.

5. Theoritical consideration
Tsunami surge velocity There is a certain consensus with regard to the general form of equation for the velocity of tsunami surge. However several researchers proposed different empirical coefficients. The general form of the tsunami surge celerity is given in Eq. (1). From several previous studies, the value of k in Eq.(1) range from 1 to more than 3. This depends on the frictional coefficient of the ground and surrounding environment, the debris that is dragged and flow with the surge and the slope of the beach.

5. Theoritical consideration
Chanson (2006) analytically solved the surge velocity resulting from a dam break, which may represent the inland tsunami surge. The velocity of tsunami surge that propagates inland with an initial depth can be written as in Eq.(2) below.

5. Theoritical consideration
Tsunami lift up force Fluid flows over the surface of an object exert surface force on it. Lift force is a component of this force that is perpendicular to the flow direction. Lift force occurs due to the difference of pressure at the top and the bottom of the object. According to Bernoulli's law, the pressure difference is caused by the difference of flow velocity through the surface of the object. In general, the application of the Bernoulli equation at two points in the fluid flow field can be written as... where P are the pressures, U are the flow velocitis, z are the surface elevations, and gama is the specific weight. The subscripts denote the location of interest as described in Fig. [2]. Eq. (3) may be written as ....

5-6. Theoritical consideration

Tsunami lift up force The value of (gama bla) is the buoyancy force. Theflow velocity at point 1 is assumed to be zero, while at the point 2 equals U (tsunami surge velocity) The force required to lift the block is, FL is the the lift up force, and Fg is the gravity force in water CL is a lift force coefficient, A is the surface area of the model under attack. where ps is the density of model, pw is the density of water, and D is the thickness of model.

7. Theoritical consideration
Tsunami lift up force The concrete block model is set in motion when the tsunami surge velocity exceeds a critical value. In the critical condition or the initiation of motion of the block, the lift up force must be equal to the gravity force in the water So From Eq. 4, 5 and 6 , The concrete block model starts moving when : And when the block moving, the value of tsunami velocity must be greater than the critical velocity, that can written as eq.8

8. Experimental set-up
The research was conducted using physical simulation at the Hydraulic and Hydrology Laboratory, Research Centre for Engineering Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. The physical model simulations were carried out in the wave flume of 16.80 m long x 0.60 m width x 0.45 m high. The Flume was facilitated with tsunami wave generator based on dam break system. A gate divided the flume into two parts and was designed to open quickly. A simple quick-release mechanism that may release a 100-kg weight almost instantly was used to open the gate . The upstream part of the channel served as a reservoir. The water flows as a surge downstream when the gate was opened.

9. Experimental set-up
The models were made of concrete with the ratio of cement-sand mixture, 1: 2. The average density of the model was 2200 kg/m3 The dimensions of the concrete blocks were 3 cm long and 3 cm wide, whilst the thickness was varied from 1 cm to 2 cm at 0.25 cm interval.

10. Experimental set-up

The surge height and celerity were measured using a series of wave probes that were located along the flume downstream of the gate. And A camera was used, to record the proces of block movement

11. Result and discusion

Wave Surge Profiles and velocity Thi figure shows the typical surge profiles at stations 1 to stations 4, at reservoir depth = 40 cm. The surge height was the average height of water, taken at approximately 0.30.7s after the front reached the model.

12. Result and discusion

The surge height and velocities are given in Table 1 together with the analytical solutions (Eq.(2)) based on Chanson (2006) Based on the measured surge velocities and heights, the Froude number (Fr) of the surge can be calculated using Eq.(1) and are given in Table 2. A number of previous studies indicated that the value of Froude number (Fr) ranges from 1 to more 3.

12. Result and discusion

than 3. FEMA (2005) proposed a value of k = 2. Lukkunaprasit (2009) indicated that k ranged from 2.4 to 3.0. Triatmadja and Nurhasanah (2012) showed that the value of k at a horizontal beach model approximately 2.3. This figure shows the results of surge velocity as a function of surge height compared with previous results.

12. Result and discusion

Initial motion of concrete block The concrete block model was set with its surface flat with the channel bed. As the surge flowed above the block it exerts lift force on the block. The higher is the surge speed, the larger is the lift force on the block. At certain surge speed, the block was lift up as the value of the lift force equals the weight of the block in the water. The initial motion of the block can be observed by conducting a number of simulations with slightly increasing surge heights. The determination of block initial movement were based on video recording. The results are given in this table.

13. Result and discusion

Initial motion of concrete block Based on Eq. [7c] and Eq. [1] it is possible to present the relation between h/D and . This is given in this figure. where the delta is the dimensionless that indicated the dencity of the model. Fig. [9]. shows the approximated initial motion condition of the debris indicated by the linear line. The linear line had been drawn starting from 0,0 and via the boundary between the conditions of move and rest of the block. The 0,0 is theoretically a coordinate where the line should pass through. The lack of experimental data on , has caused the critical condition for initial movement may not be accurately indicated by the linear line. Yet it somehow describes the trend of the phenomenon. Fig. [9], shows that the surge height play important role to lift the block up, and that the thicker is the block, the higher is the surge height required for thelift.

13. Result and discusion

Example of Application This represents a marginal or a relatively small surge attack. From Fig. [9], it can be seen that the concrete block will move as debris. Although the tsunami surge is relatively small, it may lift up the concrete block pavement.

13. Result and discusion

Example of Application Since U the tsunami veolociy is greater than critical velocity, the block is moved and become debris. The application suggests that even with relatively low tsunami surge, loose concrete blocks may be lifted up and become debris. The debris may hit the people that struggle to escape from the water with considerable speed to create injuries.