GENERAL LET REVIEW PROGRAM 2008 VALUES EDUCATION, ETHICS, HUMAN RIGHTS, PEACE & GLOBAL EDUCATION, ECONOMICS

PROF. ROEL V. AVILA Faculty Reviewer May 09, 2008 EXPECTED OUTCOMES A. B. C. D. E. Connected some concepts / terminologies with their corresponding meanings; Identified principles related to this content area (social sciences); Gave the significant contributions of some notable persons in the field of the social sciences; Discussed ideas using background knowledge of the discipline; Utilized TEST as a technique in answering sample LET items.

AFFIRMATION I CAN DO ALL THINGS THROUGH CHRIST WHO STRENGTHENS ME. Philippians 4:13 SUMMARY SENTENCE Educators need to respond and predict demands of the changing and complex global community.

QUESTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What are the major concepts / key ideas under this discipline? What significant principles / philosophies can be derived from this discussion? Who were the notable persons in their respective field? What lessons were included in this review? How can each reviewee enhance his test-taking skills? What references were consulted in drafting this material?

ANSWERS 1. MAJOR CONCEPTS/KEY IDEAS

1.1. Values Education / Ethics * Values Education internalized standards or norms of behavior; expression of ultimate ends, goals, or purposes of social action * * Ethics is the science of the morality of human acts. Human Acts are those performed by man, knowingly and freely;

* Morality is the quality of human acts by which they are constituted as good, bad, or indifferent; * Virtuous Man a person who has the habit or inclination to do good;

MAJOR CONCEPTS / TERMINOLOGIES Moral Philosophy relies solely on human reason to investigate truths; Moral Theology employs reason insofar as it is enlightened by faith of divine revelation; Elicited Acts are those performed by the Will and are not bodily externalized;

Commanded Acts are those done either by mans mental or bodily powers under the command of the will.

TERMINOLOGIES

*Moral Actions are those actions which are in conformity with the norm or morality; *Immoral Actions are those actions which are not in conformity with the norm of morality; *Amoral Actions are those actions which stand neutral in relation to the norm of morality; *Therapeutic Abortion is extrinsically evil when it is resorted to as a necessary means to safeguard the life of the mother; TERMINOLOGIES *Ignorance means the state or fact of lacking knowledge or comprehension of the thing specified. *Passions (also called concupiscence) are either tendencies towards desirable objects, or, tendencies away from undesirable or harmful things; *Fear is the disturbance of the mind of a person who is confronted by an impending danger or harm to himself or loved ones; *Violence refers to any physical force exerted on a person by another free agent for the purpose of compelling said person to act against his will; *Habit is a lasting readiness and facility, born of frequently repeated acts, for acting in a certain manner. TERMINOLOGIES

*End is the purpose or goal of an act; *The End of the Act is the natural termination of an activity; *The End of the Doer is the personal purpose intended by the person performing the act. *Good is something conforming to the moral order of the universe; *Happiness is a state of well-being and contentment; *Motive of an Act is the purpose which the doer wishes to achieve by such action. TERMINOLOGIES *Good Motive is one which is consistent with the dignity of the human person; *Law is an ordinance of reason promulgated for the common good by one who has charge of society; *Divine Positive Laws are promulgated, or made known to us, by special command of God; they are the explicit demands of our essential tendencies as rational beings; *Human Positive Laws- are those

promulgated by a legitimate human authority; TERMINOLOGIES

*Eternal Law is the plan of God in creating the universe and in assigning to each creature therein a specific nature; *Natural Law is the rational creatures participation of the eternal law; *Formal Norms are those that relate to our character to what kind of persons we ought to be; are absolute principles and are unchangeable; *Material Norms relate to the sorts of actions we ought to do; are the application of the formal norms to individual concrete action;

LAWS OF NATURE The Law of Attraction; The Law of Affirmation; The Law of Compensation; The Law of Causality.

ON LAWS LAW means a rule or norm which governs the nature and / or actions of things;

ETERNAL LAW is Gods plan in creating the universe, which applies to all creatures, rational, irrational, animate, inanimate, and directs all things to their proper ends; NATURAL LAW is the law applied to created things; NATURAL MORAL LAW is the law make known by mans reason or conscience;

HUMAN POSITIVE LAWS are the laws of the state established for the general welfare of the governed; THE LAWS OF ASSOCIATION LAW OF SIMILARITY Like produces like; LAW OF CONTRAST Like produces unlike; LAW OF PROPINQUITY Like produces near like; LAW OF VIVIDNESS The clearer the mind received, the easier the recall; LAW OF FREQUENCY Repeatedly received, hard to forget; LAW OF RECENTNESS It is easier to recall experiences which occurred only yesterday.

CONCEPTS / TERMINOLOGIES

*Conscience is an act of the practical judgment of reason deciding upon an individual action as good and to be performed or as evil and to be avoided; *Human Values are ideas, actions, habits, or experiences that contribute to the promotion of human life. *Moral Values are those that directly pertain to the function of intellect and will: those choices, decisions, and actions, by which mans rational faculties are involved and perfected; *Double-standard Mentality- the Filipino values that are a potential for good or evil;

TERMINOLOGIES

*Character is the process of becoming man, by unfolding the innate goodness of human nature; *Intellectual Virtues are particular moral excellence that pertain to the intellect;

*Right is a moral power, bound to be respected by others, of doing, possessing, or requiring something; *Duty is a moral obligation incumbent upon a person of doing, omitting, or avoiding something;

CONCEPTS / TERMINOLOGIES *Ecumenical Movement is a positive step towards unity and harmony among the churches having common roots in the teaching of Christ; *Narcissism is loving ourselves by excluding others; *Bioethics is that branch of Ethics which deals directly with the problems of life and dying, of health and of healing; *Therapeutic Sterilization is a surgical operation intended to preserve the wellbeing of the whole body; TERMINOLOGIES *Eugenic Sterilization is intended to prevent procreation in an otherwise healthy and normal person; *Punitive Sterilization is intended as a punishment for certain criminals, as practiced in some countries; *Euthanasia or mercy killing, is an act of inducing death painlessly in order to abort the suffering of one afflicted with an incurable or unbearable sickness; *Work is the legitimate use of our mental and bodily powers for economic gain or profit;

TERMINOLOGIES *Environmental Ethics is the study of mans moral obligation to preserve the environment and the natural order of things; *Moral Extensionism states that humans have duties to natural entities, and that the rights on which these duties are founded are based on some intrinsically valuable characteristic of the entity; *Ecology is the study of the interrelation of organism in an environment and of the process linking organism and place; *Biosphere refers to global environment supportive of life; TERMINOLOGIES *Environmental Degradation is the large scale despoliation of earth and its resources as a result of human activities; *Transcendentalism is the system that teaches that God is nearer to man in the forests and in the mountains;

*Ecological Conscience is the awareness of mans true place as a dependent member of the biotic community. 1.2. Human Rights (Concepts) Human Right is a struggle to break unjust and oppressive power relations due to perceived and experienced inequality; Right to Life and Security guaranteed by international and national laws, treaties, and agreements, i.e. UDHR Issues Family Planning, Abortion, Death Penalty, Euthanasia; Human Dignity Biblical and Koranic basis

human as special creation in the image of God; foundation of human dignity freedom, equality, well-being;

Human Rights Equality All human are entitled to all rights and freedom; Salus populi suprema est lex (The welfare of the people is the supreme law.);

Physical Integrity and Well Being duties to the community for free and full development of personality; Right to: adequate health and well being; Security in time of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age; Compulsory and free basic education; Participate in community activities; Protection of moral and material interests; Social and international order;

Human Rights Concepts Boycott is a refusal of a group to trade or associate with another group, an individual, an organization, or a nation; Contract is an agreement that creates a binding obligation on the parties involved; Prison is the institution for the confinement of persons convicted of criminal offenses;

HUMAN RIGHTS CONCEPTS

Debt is legal obligation to make payment of money; Copyright is a body of legal rights that protect creative works from being reproduced;

1.3. PEACE & GLOBAL EDUCATION (CONCEPTS / TERMINOLOGIES) One world, one destiny. The Earth is our only home; Relevant education aims to make learners cope with new context and human realities; Educators need to respond and predict demands of the changing and

complex global community Concerns of Global Education Educating with global perspective; Educating for ecological stewardship; Educating for peace, human rights, and democracy; Educating for the future.

DISTANCE EDUCATION - Is method of instruction which uses different communications technologies to carry teaching to learners in different places. Four Factors of Globalization Microeconomic revolution; Reduction of barriers to trade and investment; Industrialization of developing countries; Foreign investments / global trading.

DANGERS OF GLOBALIZATION TO DEVELOPING NATIONS Inability to compete with the developed ones; The developed nations may flood the developing nations with their products; Loss of national identity due to direct and increased exposure to foreign products and culture; It may lead to more inequality.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - Development that ensures that the utilization of resources and the environment today does not damage the prospect for their use by future generations. HOLISTIC CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT Human life is more important than money; Control of resources by locals through self-reliance; The basic necessities of life are for all; Respect for earth and the diversity and complexity of all things and creations.

1.4. Economics Economics is the science which deals with the activities of man in obtaining wealth for the satisfaction of his wants; Production deals with the factors necessary in the creation of wealth; Exchange is chiefly devoted to the consideration of value and price;

Distribution deals with the apportionment of the social income or national dividend among the different factors that cooperate in production; CONCEPTS / TERMINOLOGIES Consumption deals with the utilization of goods and services in the satisfaction of human wants; Good is anything that satisfies human wants; Utility is the quality of a thing that satisfies desire;

Income consists of the goods and services resulting from the productive activities of the people; ECONOMIC CONCEPTS Taxation is a system of compulsory contributions levied by a government on persons, corporations, and property, primarily as a source of revenue for government expenses; Marketing activities involved in getting goods from the producer to the consumer;

Income is money or other gains or return resulting from goods or services produced in a given period of time, usually measured annually; ECONOMIC CONCEPTS Budget is forecast of expenditures and revenues for a specific period of time;

 Inflation and Deflation are terms used to describe a decline or an increase in the value of money; Commerce is the transport of commodities from place to place for exchange purposes;

ECONOMIC TERMS Discount is deduction from the price of a commodity; Merger is the combining of two or more companies into a single corporation;

Fair is periodic or occasional meeting of buyers and sellers, with their merchandize, for purposes of trade; Monopoly is an economic situation in which only one seller or producer supplies a commodity or a service; ECONOMIC TERMS Value is the worth of a commodity or service measured against other commodities or services; PRINCIPLES OF ECOLOGY Balance of Nature Nature knows best; Interdependence Everything is connected to everything else; Diversity and stability Diversity maintains stability; Change The quality of resources can be degraded or enhanced; Finiteness of resources Most resources are limited; Stewardship We have a duty to take care of this beautiful yet fragile Earth.

2. Principles / Laws 1. The greater the knowledge and the freedom, the greater the voluntariness and the moral responsibility; i.e. Spiderman 3 2. Invincible ignorance renders an act involuntary; i.e. waiter

3. Vincible ignorance does not destroy, but lessens the voluntariness and the corresponding accountability over the act. i.e. waiters suspicion 4. Affected ignorance, though it decreases voluntariness, increases the accountability over the resultant act. i.e. childs refusal to be guided by the parents Ethical Principles:

5. Antecedent passions do not always destroy voluntariness, but they diminish accountability for the resultant act. i.e. destierro; 6. Consequent passions do not lessen voluntariness, but may even increase accountability. i.e. sexuallyaroused young man committed rape. 7. Acts done out of fear is voluntary. i.e. Man can control his fears; 8. Acts done because of intense fear or panic are involuntary. i.e. Panic causes a person to lose complete control of himself. Ethical Principles: 9. External actions, or commanded actions, performed by a person subjected to violence, to which reasonable resistance has been offered, are involuntary and are not accountable; i.e. self-defense; 10. Elicited acts, or those done by the will alone, are not subject to violence and are therefore voluntary. i.e. heroic acts; tortured?; 11. Actions done by force of habit are voluntary in cause, unless a reasonable effort is made to counteract the habitual inclination. i.e. Act caused by bad habit is evil; Ethical Principles: 12. Bonum ex integra causa, malum ex quoculque defectu.

(A thing is good if it has the fullness of its parts and it is bad when it is deficient in any of its integral parts.); *A human act is good when it is good in itself, in its motiveor purpose, and in its circumstances. 13. The end (motive) does not justify the means (action). A-la Robin Hood;

Ethical Principles: 14. 15. 16. 17. An evil act which is done on account of an evil motive is grievously wrong; A good action done on account of an evil motive becomes evil itself; A good action done on account of a good purpose acquires an additional merit; An indifferent act may either become good or bad depending on the motive.

Paul Glen considers a person accountable for indirectly voluntary results of his acts when: 1. 2. 3. The doer is able to foresee the evil result or effect, at least, in a general way; The doer is free to refrain from doing that which would produce the foreseen evil; The doer has moral obligation not to do that which produces an evil effect.

Panizos Cited Principles

1. A person is held morally responsible for any evil effect which flows from the action itself directly and necessarily as a natural consequence, though the evil effect is not directly willed or intended; 2. A human act from which two effects may result, one good and one evil, is morally permissible under four conditions. If any of these conditions is violated, then the action is not justifiable and should not be done. Here are the four conditions: 1. The action which produces double effects must be good in itself, or at least morally indifferent. i.e. Action > good & bad = good; 2. The good effect must not come from the evil effect. To do evil in order to achieve something good is not justified. i.e. Evil action > good effect = bad; 3. The motive of the doer must be towards the attainment of the good. The evil effect is permitted only as an incidental result. i.e. Good motive > either good effect = good or evil effect = bad; 4. The good effect must outweigh the evil result in its importance. i.e. Action > good effect is greater than evil result = good Kants The Categorical Imperative: Act as if the maxim from which you act were to become, through your will, a universal law of nature. * To test whether your act is good, universalize it. If the result is universally good, then the act is good. If not, then, its the other way around. HOW CONSCIENCE OPERATES

Ethical Principles: Choosing Out Values: 1. Permanent or lasting values must be preferred over temporary or perishable values; i.e. education over courtship; 2. Values favored by a greater number of people must be preferred over those that appeal only to a few, i.e. discipline over personal freedom; 3. Values that are essential must be preferred over those that are accidental. i.e. character over beauty; 4. Values that give greater satisfaction must be preferred over those that provide short-lived pleasures. i.e. Journalism over fanatical devotion to a movie star. Ethical Principles: Work for the sake of salary kills creativity; No God in your life, no good life;

 life;

It is only when man conquers his greed and pride that he discovers the fundamental truths of Man is the microcosm of the whole universe; Virtus stat en medio;

Ethical Principles: We are all physically connected, that the molecules in your body are intertwined with the molecules in mine. There is a single force moving in all of us. Dan Brown Libel differs from slander, but they are both evil; He who is himself destitute is not bound to help the needy;

Ethical Principles: 18. Negative duties arising from negative natural law admit no exemption; i.e. murder, stealing;

19. Affirmative duties arising from affirmative precepts of natural law admit exemptions when the act is rendered impossible under certain circumstances or would involve excessive hardships on the person. i.e. Sick father, destitute relatives are excused; 20. Ordinary hardships which come along with the performance of a duty do not exempt one from complying with such duty. i.e. Student who finds difficult to get a ride; Ethical Principles: 21. Duties towards God must be given priority over those towards men;

22. Duties that secure public order or common good have priority over those that safeguard the individual; 23. Duties towards family and relatives take precedence over those towards strangers;

24. Duties of greater importance take precedence over those of lesser importance. i.e. honor over material profit; 25. Duties based on higher laws take precedence over those coming from lower laws. i.e. Constitutional Law over a municipal ordinance; Ethical Principles: The duty to preserve ones life implies the duty to work;

The State has no right to uphold the death penalty unless it has done all in the power to give better education and to care for a more just and humane environment. Bernard Haring; The head of the snake may be smitten off in order to save the life of a man; Salus populi est suprema lex. The welfare of the people is the supreme law.

Ethical Principles: Love is not give and take because love does not expect something in return; Legally separated couples marriage bond remains in force; Nationalism is the seed of internationalism.

Renato Constantino Man did not arrive on planet earth as if he had alighted from some spaceship. He is the product of the soil as reported in the Genesis. He is part of the world, and the world is part of his body; Mans umbilical cord connects with the earths ecosystem;

A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, the stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise. Adam means red soil, earthly. Dust thou art, to dust returnest.

CONCEPTS Synderesis-enables man to recognize self-evident principles;

Recta ratio right reason; the dynamic tendency in the human person to know the truth to grasp the whole reality as it is; The Theory of Physicalism the physical and biological nature of man determines morality. Anything opposed to mans physical, physiological, or biological tendencies is wrong and immoral; ex. No to noselift. The Personalism Theory reason, not the physical structure of human faculties or actions, is the standard of morality; ex. Yes to noselift if it heightens level of personality PRINCIPLES / CONCEPTS Nemo dat quod non habet. (No one gives what one has not.);

When a thing is known, the object comes to have two modes of existence, one inside the mind and another outside the mind; INSIDE THE MIND = intentional existence; OUTSIDE THE MIND = natural existence; * The photograph is an exact replica of ourselves. When we give that photograph to a friend, the latter comes to possess a likeness of us, but we continue to exist as a complete individual; PRINCIPLES:

Theres nothing in the mind which does not pass through the senses.

Both love of concupiscence and love of friendship are caused by the knowledge that lover and object loved bear a likeness to each other; Plato regarded ethics as the highest branch of knowledge; Theocracy as the best form of government; MUTUAL RELATIONSHIP Between God of great power (and level) and man of limited power (and low level), there can exist no mutual or perfect relationship. Since man cant become god, God must become man to effect that mutual and perfect relationship. PRINCIPLES: Right without power to defend itself is dead; Just as the compass needle seeks the North Pole, the human mind seeks the Truth; We possess a fraction of life, a fraction of truth; a fraction of love;

While the beast is made with a bent future so as to look ever at the mud, man is given an erect posture that he may lift his vision to the Empyrean and ponder his destiny beyond the stars; Life is a romantic adventure from the dust to the stars; Without peace of mind, there can be no happiness; Agere siquitur esse. Existence follows essence; Relative morality is destructive of morality itself;

PRINCIPLES Strength from within emanates honor without; Mans survival is interrelated with that of his environment. Freedom of choice is a universal principle.

Gorbachev (glasnost and perestroika); The essence of reality is contradiction;

Quantum physics claims to have experimental evidence that thoughts can influence physical objects. Licauco LA LIBERTAD ES SOLO PARA EL BIEN Y NUNCA PARA EL MAL. (Liberty is only for the good and never for evil.); PRINCIPLES: A law in order to be true law must be promulgated or made known to the subject in order to be truly binding;

 A man who does not accept the law should not emphasize the law for other persons to follow for he does not apply it to himself; A law can be superseded by another law; The Decalogue is superseded by the Law of Love;

PRINCIPLES Our relationship is simultaneously vertical and horizontal; Establish relationships with individuals who are of similar bent of mind; Suffering is not equal to spirituality;

CASES OR SITUATIONS WHERE THE CALL FOR INTEGRITY IS REQUIRED Cheating on an examination; Telling lies; Taking advantage of someone; Opportunities to do a favor or kindness; Dealing with trust given by a superior or authority; Handling finances.

Key Result Areas (on strengthening the competencies of the teacher at the basic education level) KRA 1: adept at the use and adaptation of instructional technology; KRA 2: not mastery of subject matter alone, but of the ability to analyze and understand situations, i.e. reading and comprehension skills; KRA 3: a way of thinking that is creative, constructively critical and innovative; and KRA 4: learning and practice of values and attitudes to be able to live in harmony amidst diversity, resolve conflict non-violently and be guided by ethical norms and principles. (Values Education) There can be no development without peace, just as there is no peace without development. We must work together towards a re-education of humankind, an attitudinal and behavioral revolution of the mind, heart and well if we want to save humankind from total disaster. Three Fundamental Principles Which Guide UNESCO: 1. 2. universality diversity

3.

dignity

THREE BASIC QUESTIONS IN ECONOMICS What to produce; How to produce (and how much); For whom to produce.

SCOPE OF ECONOMICS Microeconomics examines the

functioning of individual industries and the behavior of decision-making units, i.e. business firms and households, (It looks and examines a tree.); Macroeconomics looks at the economy as a whole. i.e. balance of trade, GNP. (It sees and analyzes the forest.) Economic Laws Law of Diminishing Returns as successive units of labor or capital or both are applied to a given piece of land, a point is reached when each additional unit of these productive factors will fail to yield a proportionately increased return; The Law of Population the size of population is chiefly determined by the degree of prosperity enjoyed, the ability of a nation to support its inhabitants; Malthusian Doctrine of Population Population has a constant tendency to increase beyond the means of subsistence. Population increases in geometric ratio as the numbers

1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256 while subsistence increases in an arithmetic ration as the numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 every 25 years; Economic Laws Law of Demand the quantity of any good which buyers are ready to purchase varies inversely with the price of the good; Law of Diminishing Utility the utility of a good diminishes as additional units of the good are consumed; Law of Diminishing Productivity whenever one, or more, of the factors of production are unchanged while the other factor, or factors, are varied, there will be an increasing output per unit of the factor or factors varied, but after a certain point has been reached, the output per unit of the varying factors will decrease; Economic Laws

 Law of Monopoly Price the intelligent monopolist who can take advantage of his monopoly power, therefore, will fix the price at the level which will yield the largest possible net profit; Law of One Price in a given market where there is free competition and bargaining among buyers and sellers, a given commodity will sell for one price only at a given time; Law of Variable Proportions is the employment of the factors of production in definite proportions; THE FOUR PILLARS OF EDUCATION Learning to Know; Learning to Be; Learning to Do; Learning to Live Together.

LEARNING TO DO (UNESCO APNIEVE, 2005) To bring about real change we must first change ourselves at the very core of our being;

Ethical values are at the very core of any strategy for a culture of peace. It is (however) not enough merely to list or learn them (i.e. values): it is everyday practical application that makes those values a reality, soundly anchored in society; TENSIONS TO BE OVERCOME IN THE 21ST CENTURY 1. 2. 3. 4. The tension between the local and the global; The individual and the universal; Between tradition and modernity; Between the spiritual and the material;

-The Delors Commission APNIEVES SHARED VISION FOR ASIA PACIFIC 1. 2. 3. 4. The elimination of all forms of discrimination; The protection of human rights and democracy; Equitable, balanced, human-centered and sustainable development; Protection of the environment; and

5. The integration of contemporary and traditional humanistic values, morals and ethical principles. Learning To Do Jacques Delors Commission describes learning throughout life as the key to the 21st centuryessential for adapting to the evolving requirements of the labour market and for better mastery of the changing time-frames and rhythms of individual existence. The need for lifelong learning is accentuated by increasing globalization and free trade. New economic pressures require both individuals and businesses to continually upgrade knowledge and skills to maintain their competitive edge; Learning To Do It is even more tempting for business to cut costs by casualizing the work force, or by replacing staff with technology, or through environmentally and occupationally unsound work practices; The demands of global competitiveness have also created time pressures, altering the work-life balance, potentially sacrificing safety and environmental concerns, altering family and social relationships and stretching the bounds of traditional and ethical values; Learning To Do ESSENTIALS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL SOCIETY AND FOR COUNTERING CORRUPTION The need for values in education and training associated with life skills; Developing the ability to balance and manage ones life and time effectively; Developing the capacity for team work; Aiming for responsible corporate and global citizenship and democracy;

Learning To Do It is essential to cultivate human qualities that are not necessarily inculcated by traditional trainingthe ability to establish stable, effective relationships between individuals requiring new types of skill, more behavioural than intellectualintuition, flair, judgment and the ability to hold a team together. The influence of the media and of communication technologies requires young people to have critical ethical dispositions as they live, work and interact in the world. Learning To Do COUNTERACTING THE PRESSURES AND INFLUENCES FACED BY YOUNG PEOPLE

To teach critical thinking skills; To train them to have judgment and discerning insight; To focus on the process of values formation; To develop them to have confidence and skills to Solve problems and ethical dilemmas; Select the most meaningful and relevant quality information from a mass of data;

Learning To Do The role of values and ethics must be central to any programme of technical and vocational education and training; Vaues are the ideals that give significance to our lives; that are reflected through the priorities we choose; and that we act on consistently and repeatedly. (Brian Hall, Values Shift, Twin Light Publishers, Rockport, 1994, p.21) We live in an age of dramatic breakthroughs on one hand and breakdowns on the other;

Learning To Do We need to educate towards a globalization that humanizes, instead of one that marginalizes; Eight Core Values 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Holistic health and harmony with nature; Truth and wisdom; Love and compassion; Creativity; Peace and justice; Sustainable human development; National unity and global solidarity; and Global spirituality

Health & Harmony with Nature Respect for life and nature; Holistic health and well-being; Balanced lifestyle;

Concern for safety and security;

Truth and Wisdom Enlightened conscience; Insight and understanding

Love and Compassion Ethical and moral sense; Empathy, caring and sharing service; Self-worth and self-reliance;

Creativity Imagination, innovation, and flexibility; Initiative and entrepreneurship; Productivity and effectiveness; Quality consciousness and time management;

Peace and Justice Respect for human rights; Harmony, cooperation and teamwork; Tolerance for diversity; Equity;

Sustainable Development Futures orientation; Just stewardship of resources; Work ethic and industry; Responsibility;

National Unity / Global Solidarity Responsible citizenship; Committed leadership; Participatory democracy;

Unity and interdependence;

Global Spirituality Reverence for the sacred; Inner peace; Religious tolerance; Interconnectedness;

Global Education (Concepts) Human Dignity is the basic right of all human beings to have respect and to have their basic needs met, so that each person has the opportunity to develop to full potential; Dignity of Labor- is respect and appreciation for all forms of work recognizing their contributions to both the individuals self-fulfillment and to societal progress and development; Health and Harmony with Nature refers to holistic health, a state of physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual well-being and the symbiotic relationship between humans and the natural environment entailing the duty to take care of their health and protect other forms of life on earth as stewards of the environment. Truth and Wisdom are the ultimate goals of intellectual development. Love of truth implies the constant search for knowledge. Wisdom is the ability to discern and understand the deepest meanings and values in life and to act accordingly. Love and Compassion Love is committed to the good of the whole human person. It includes love for ones self as well as for others. Love seeks the good of another without expecting anything in return. Compassion is being sensitive to the needs and suffering of others and actively finding ways to improve their condition. Creativity Is the capacity for original thought and expression that brings new ideas and images into practical and concrete reality in ways that did not previously exist. Peace and Justice Peace is not merely the absence of violence but the presence of respect, tolerance, trust, mutual understanding, cooperation, justice and freedom. Justice is a cornerstone of peace based on the recognition of the universality of human rights. Sustainable Development Development consists of social and economic benefits, equitably shared, security and self-sufficiency within the family and community, and a general sense of well being about oneself and others. It is

sustainable when it is continuing and independent, and provides for the welfare of present and future generations. National Unity and Global Solidarity National Unity is the consciousness of common national identity and cultural heritage amidst differences in language, religion, culture, and political beliefs, and the commitment of working together towards a nations development. Global Solidarity refers to the cooperation and just relationships between and among nations in the economic, social, and political spheres. Global Spirituality Provides a spiritual vision and a sense of transcendence. It enables one to see the wholeness and interconnectedness of all that exists. Global Spirituality refers to a spiritual journey that has three directions: the inward, the outward, and the forward. Spiritual Journey life; The Inward Journey enables us to develop our inner relationship with the Sacred Source of all

The Outward Journey allows us to grow in our relationships with the human community and the whole earth community, making us more aware of the deep unity among all humans as well as between humans and all of Nature; The Forward Journey challenges us to consider our relationships with future generations and to seek a better future for all humans and the earth. Hence, it is a spirituality that stresses the unity and interconnectedness of all life.

WORK Work becomes personally meaningful when it is viewed not only as something to do in order to survive or achieve; rather, it is a process of extending the self and all our inner resources and potentials; Meaningful work involves consistent and conscious use of the self, especially in terms of the four human energies we possess physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual. WORK A person must have freedom and control over the work; The rewards of meaningful work are usually more intrinsic than extrinsic; The more energies tapped, the more meaningful the work becomes.

Meaningful work extends its contribution beyond an individuals sense of well being and selffulfillment to societys progress and development;

QUESTIONS TO ASSIST IN THE CONSIDERATION OF WORK 1. 2. 3. 4. Do I care about the work itself? Can I express my full self through the work? Am I committed to the meaning of the work? Am I tenacious (firm) enough and skilled enough to do the work well?

(Richards, Dick. Artful Work. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 1995.) THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 23 1. Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favorable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment; 2. Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work;

3. Everyone who works has the right to just and favorable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented if necessary, by other means of social protection. 4. Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.

THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 24 * Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay. What ILO says Latest ILO estimates indicate that there are 250 million working children in the world aged between 5 and 14 years, of which at least 120 million are working full time. At least one-third of the total are performing dangerous work. Ever since its creation in 1919, the ILO has devoted most of its efforts to the elimination of child labor as one of the essential elements in the pursuit of social justice and universal peace. What ILO says

 The ILO Global Report, Time for Equality at Work, (Geneva 2003) states that, :literally millions of people are denied jobs, confined to certain occupations or offered lower pay, simply because of their sex, religion, or skin color, irrespective of their capabilities or the requirements of the job. I AM A LINK IN A CHAIN Most religions teach an ethic of reverence for all life and stewardship of the environment, that humans are given the commission to enhance the harmony and beauty of the natural world; Human beings are embedded in both the natural and social systems;

Just as the world contributes to who we are, our behaviors impact on other people and the natural world. HOLISTIC HEALTH Can be attained if there is balance in the seven dimensions of our life, namely: Body Mind Spirit Relationships Work Play World

ARE YOU A HUMAN BEING OR A HUMAN DOING? 3 factors that lead to accidents 1. 2. 3. Ignorance the aspect of knowledge and skill; Negligence the value dimension Indifference the area of attitudes SAFETY SAVES.

ILOS SAFE WORK Aims to create global awareness of the scale and consequences of work-related accidents, and to promote the goal of basic protection for all workers in conformity with international labor standards. Principles / Ideas The values they profess in the cognitive level will be filtered down to the affective as well as the behavioral level, thereby making them persons who are true to themselves; There must be a consistency between what one personally upholds as values with what ones external realities promote.

GLOBALIZATION UN Conference on Trade and Development

is a permanent arm of the UN General Assembly which discusses problems relating to international commodity markets and trade; Economic and Social Council is a UN body which principally deals with the problems of developing nations; Foreign Aid is extension of economic assistance from one nation to another.

3. NOTABLE PERSONS Malthus, Thomas Robert known for

Malthusian doctrine of population, (limitation of land supply); Marshall, Alfred - the noted British economist who elaborated on the influence of utility and costs of production on value of price; Mitchell, Wesley C. maintains that under our present economic system dominated as it is by the profit motive, business cycles are self-generating. NOTABLE PERSONS Leclercq, Jacques said that We are tempted to center everything on human happiness, forgetting that mans greatness, perfection and happiness, his whole meaning in fact, consist in transcending the commonly accepted human good. feel. Montemer, Adler J. said, For law is definitely concerned with what we do, not with what we

Gorbachev, Mikhail the former head of the USSR, who based his principles on perestroikaand glasnost; NOTABLE PERSONS Glenn, Paul considers a person accountable for indirectly voluntary results of his acts when the doer is able to foresee the evil result; the doer is free to refrain from doing that which would produce the foreseen evil; and the doer has moral obligation not to do that which produces an evil effect. Panizo, Alfredo cited the ethical principles on the moral responsibility of man for any evil effect which flows from the action itself directly and necessarily as a natural consequence, though the evil effect is not directly willed or intended. NOTABLE PERSONS Gulla, Richard M. defined the norms of morality as the criteria of judgment about the sorts of person we ought to be and the sorts of actions we ought to perform.

 Aquinas, Thomas said that the natural law is nothing else than the rational creatures participation of the eternal law. NOTABLE PERSONS Aristotle ranked values wherein the goods pertaining to the soul occupies the highest level of importance and the biological values occupy the lowest rank; Plato believed that man is free and deserves to be punished for the sins he freely commits; happiness is making the soul like to God by the contemplation of the idea of the good and by the exercise of virtues. NOTABLE PERSONS Gorospe, Vitaliano expressed that what we call Filipino values are those we derive from our culture or way of life, from our distinctive way of becoming human in this particular place and time; God; Haring, Bernard compared love of God to filial love; love of God is submission to the will of

NOTABLE PERSONS Marx, Karl and Friedrich Engels laid the foundation of communism in their Communist Manifesto, with the communist tenet: From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs. Socrates Know thyself, was his basic principle, referring to the human mind as a storehouse of truths which man has only to recognize and realize in order to acquire a true and certain knowledge of what we ought to become as persons. NOTABLE PERSONS Mabini, Apolinario wrote the famous Verdadero Decalogo which contained the exhortation to people on the cultivation of special talents among the Filipinos; Bonifacio, Andres reminded us, Diligence in your work which sustains you is the basis of love, love for oneself, love for the wife and children, love for brothers and countrymen. NOTABLE PERSONS Romulo, Carlos P. served as Foreign Affairs Minister of President Ferdinand E.

Marcos; Minister Romulo became the Secretary of the United Nations; Gibran, Kahlil authored the book The Prophet wherein he emphasized the beauty and significance of work. Quisumbing, Lourdes R. President of UNESCO APNIEVE and former Philippine Secretary of Education.

 Delors, Jacques submitted the report to UNESCO of the International Commission on Education for the 21st Century, REFERENCES Delors, Jacques. Learning: The Treasure Within. Report to UNESCO of the International Commission on Education for the 21st Century. Paris: UNESCO Publishing, 1996. UNESCO-APNIEVE. Learning To Live Together in Peace and Harmony. Sourcebook No.1. Bangkok: UNESCO-APNIEVE, 1998. UNESCO-APNIEVE. Learning To Do. Sourcebook No. 3. London: UNESCOAPNIEVE, 1998. Villamin, Araceli M. et al. Windows on Success in LET. Manila: Corasia, 2001. Walstad, William B. and Robert C. Bingham. Economics. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993. Castillo, Andres V. Principles of Economics. Manila: University Book Supply, 1986. Agapay, Ramon B. Ethics and the Filipino. Manila: National Book Store, 1991. Licauco, Jaime T. Inner Awareness. PDI (Sept. 05, 2006), C3. Hernandez, Regina F. Principles of Psychology. Quezon City: UST, 1968. The Holy Bible. King James Version. 2006 ed.

ICEBREAKER A firstgrader came home from his first day at school and told his mother he was never going back. Whats the use of school? he said. I cant read and I cant write, and the teacher wont let me talk! ICEBREAKER An old blacksmith realized he was soon going to quit working so hard. He picked out a strong young man to become his apprentice. The old fellow was crabby and exciting. Dont ask me a lot of questions, he told the boy. Just do whatever I tell you to do. One day the old blacksmith took an iron out of the forge and laid it on the anvil. Get the hammer over there, he said. When I nod my head, hit it real good and hard. Now the town is looking for a new blacksmith. INTERACTION (Paradigm of Traditional

Interaction (Current Instructional

Educators need to respond and predict demands of the changing and complex global community. TRAINING THE MEMORY CONCENTRATION concentrate the attention on it. Distraction and unnecessary interruptions should be avoided; UNDERSTANDING to be able to understand and retain what is being studied, rational or meaningful connections should be established among facts. i.e. mnemonics; REPETITION the impression acquired should be turned over and over in the mind to strengthen the connections: a. AURAL HOOK repeating the thing by saying it aloud many times to get used to the particular auditory impression produced; b. c. KINESTHETIC HOOK memorizing by means of the motion of the lips and the tongue; VISUAL HOOK writing down and seeing the word or

words written repeatedly, go hand in hand; d. TIME enough time should be reserved for memorizing

and understanding. Cramming is deadly to effective memorizing.; e. SYSTEM students should devise a particular and

individual way of memorizing and putting things into his mind. Evaluation (35 minutes) 1. In law, an agreement that creates a binding obligation on the parties involved A. Estate C. Copyright B. trademark D. Contract

2. Institution for the confinement of persons convicted of criminal offenses A. Quarantine B. Kibbutz C. Prison D. Asylum

3. The combining of two or more companies into a single corporation A. Chain stores B. Cartel C. Merger D. Market 4. In commerce, periodic or occasional meeting of buyers and sellers, with their merchandize, for purposes of trade.

A. Franchise C. Foreign Exchange money

B. Fair D. Sweatshop 5. Legal obligation to make payment of

A. Garnishment B. Debt C. Injunction D. Interest

6. An act acquired by experience and performed regularly and automatically A. Automation B. Hypnosis C. Reflex D. Habit

7. Refusal of a group to trade or associate with another group, an individual, an organization, or a nation A. Cartel C. Boycott B. Merger D. Lockout

8. Economic situation in which only one seller or producer supplies a commodity or a service A. Monopoly B. Clearninghouse C. Boycott D. Cartel

9. The worth of a commodity or service measured against other commodities or services A. B. C. D. Marginal Utility Profit Value Labor

10. Body of legal rights that protect creative works from being reproduced A. Defamation B. Copyright C. Domicile D. Reformatories

11. System of compulsory contributions levied by a government on persons, corporations, and property, primarily as a source of revenue for government expenses A. Subsidy B. Philanthropy

C. Conscription D. Taxation 12. Activities involved in getting goods from the producer to the consumer. A. Marketing B. Capitalism

C. Stock Exchange

D. Productivity

13. Money or other gain or return resulting from goods or services produced in a given period of time, usually measured annually A. Collateral C. Income D. Rent 14. British economist (1766-1834) who argued that progress was limited since population growth would outstrip food supply A. B. C. D. Darwin, Charles Malthus, Thomas Robert Paine, Thomas Eliot, T.S. B. Interest

15. Forecast of expenditures and revenues for a specific period of time A. Income B. Fiscal Autonomy C. Budget D. Spreadsheet Program 16. Practice of ending life so as to release an individual from an incurable disease or intolerable suffering A. ManslaughterB. Murder C. Euthanasia D. Suicide

17. A permanent arm of the UN General Assembly, this group discusses problems relating to international commodity markets and trade as a primary instrument for economic development A. Trusteeship Council B. IMF C. D. UN Development Program UN Conference on Trade and Development

18. A UN body which principally deals with the problems of developing nations A. Arab League B. C. D. Pan-American Union League of Nations Economic and Social Council

19. Extension of economic assistance from one nation to another. A. philanthropy B. Foreign Aid C. Goodwill D. Free Trade

20. They are those performed by man, knowingly and freely

A. Human Acts B. Acts of Man C. Moral Acts D. Immoral Acts

21. It is extrinsically evil when it is resorted to as a necessary means to safeguard the life of the mother A.Therapeutic Abortion B.Eugenic Sterilization C.Capital Punishment D.Punitive Sterilization 22. The Categorical Imperative suggested to universalize an act. Who espoused this?

A. Karl Marx B. Immanuel Kant C. Bernard Haring D. Paul Glen 23. It is the study of mans moral obligation to preserve the environment and the natural order of things A. Moral Extensionism B. C. D. Environmental Ethics Ecology Biosphere

24. Which is not included in the core values as suggested by UNESCO? A. B. C. D. holistic health love and compassion sustainable physical development global spirituality

25. It is being sensitive to the needs and suffering of others and actively finding ways to improve their condition A. Love B. Empathy C. Compassion D. Moral Sense 26. Literally, millions of people are denied jobs, confined to certain occupations or offered lower pay, simply because of their sex, religion, or skin color, irrespective of their capabilities or the requirements of the job. Which organization expressed this? A. ILO B. IMF-WB C. UDHR D. UN 27. Which does not belong to the group as factors that lead to accidents? A. Ignorance B. Negligence

C. Indifference D. Laziness 28. Nothing I do for you is going to be of any help because you have the heart of a mouse, means A. B. C. One must be a mouse One must believe in himself One must not think of changing his heartD. One must adopt to his changing environment

29. Which is not included in Jordans (1997) creative core? A. Curiosity B. Obedience C. Risk C. Energy 30. Which is not a pillar of global education? A. B. C. D. Learning to Understand Learning to Do Learning to Be Learning to Live Together

31. Market economy is to capitalism as command economy is to A. Mercantilism B. Commercialism C. Capitalism D. Communism

32. Which is a holistic concept of development? A. B. Money is more important than human life Control of resources by locals through narcissism

C. The basic necessities of life are for the privilegedD. Respect for earth and the diversity and complexity of all things and creations 33. Which is not a factor of globalization? A. B. Microelectronic revolution Reduction of barriers to trade and investment

C. Making the developing countries as satellites of the developed ones D. Foreign investments / global trading 34. Which is not the concern of Global Education? A. B. educating with national perspective educating for ecological stewardshipC. educating for peace, human rights, and democracy

D. educating for the future

35. Which is not concerned with human rights? A. UDHR B. CHR C. Magna Carta D. WB

1.D; 2.C; 3.C; 4.B; 5.B; 6.D; 7.C; 8.A; 9C; 10.B; 11.D; 12.A; 13.C; 14.B; 15.C; 16.C; 17.D; 18.D; 19.B; 20.A; 21.A; 22.B; 23.B; 24.C; 25.C; 26.A; 27.D; 28.B; 29.B; 30.A; 31.D; 32.D; 33.C; 34.A; 35.D APPLICATION What are the dangers of globalization to the Philippines? Are there violations of human rights in your place? How can you be a global educator? How can you minimize the effect of materialism on your pupils/students?