საქართველოს სამოციქულო ეკლესიის ისტორია - III

744
mitropoliti a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e
Tavi X
qarTuli eklesia XII saukuneSi
ù k e T e s n i d a u d i d e s n i m o m q m e d n i e r i s a ... d a u v iwy a r n i u n d a i y v n e n , T u e r s k i d e v e r o b a h s u r s ...~

ilia marTali
saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria
745
daviT aRmaSenebeli
`daviT aRmaSenebeli sadidebelia Cvengan ara marto saxelovan mefobiTa, aramed Tavis didbunebovan kacobiTac~
ilia marTali
746
mefeT mefe daviTis cxovreba

Turqebis gaZlierebis Semdeg berZnebma datoves TavianTi qveynebi, cixeebi da qalaqebi, romlebic aRmosavleTSi (mcire aziaSi) hqondaT. iq damkvidrebuli Turqebi iqcnen Cvens mezoblebad. daiwyes rbeva, mooxreba, wva, srva da datyveveba qarTveli qristianebisa. erTxel isini yuelis cixeSi mdgom giorgi mefes Tavs daesxnen amira ahmadis meTaurobiT, gaaqcies mefe da xelT igdes bagrationebis saWurWle, oqroisa da vercxlis samefo tablebis samsaxurebelni, sasmurebi, samwdeebi, samefo da didebulTa karvebi. am alafiT avsebul Turqebs win Semoxvdnen saberZneTs mimavali sxva amirebi uricxvi laSqriT, ixiles simravle oqroisa da gaiges gaqceva giorgi mefisa. amitomac urCies: `rad midixarT saberZneTSi? aha, qveyana saqarTvelo, ukacuri da savse simdidriT~. Turqebma swrafad Secvales gza da kaliasaviT moefinnen mTel Cvens qveyanas. ivanoba dRes asisfori, klarjeTi zRvis piramdis, SavSeTi, aWara, samcxe, qarTli, argveTi, samoqalaqo da Wyondidi aivso TurqebiT. maT mosres da daatyveves yoveli mkvidri. amave dRes dawves quTaisi, artanuji, klarjeTis monastrebi da aq darCnen Tovlis mosvlamde. Turqebma moWames qveyana, amowyvites Tuki vinme iyo darCenili tyeebSi, kldeebSi, gamoqvabulebSi. es iyo pirveli didi Turqoba, qoronikoni iyo samasi. mTianeTsa da simagreebSi Tuki vinme iyo darCenili, zamTris yinvam, usaxlobam da SimSilma daxoca da es Wiri didxans gagrZelda, rameTu gazafxulisas modiodnen Turqebi, aRwerilis msgavsad iqceodnen da dazamTrebisas midiodnen. aRar iyo Tesva da mka. mooxrda qveyana, tyed gadaiqca, adamianTa nacvlad mxeci da nadiri damkvidrda masSi. mouTmeneli iyo es Wiri, rameTu wminda eklesiebi cxenis Tavlebad aqcies, RvTis sakurTxevlebi ki arawmindebis adgilebad. mwirveli mRvdlebi, RvTisadmi saRvTo msxverplis Sewirvisas iqve maxviliT TviT iqmnen Sewirulni da maTi sisxli aRries meufis sisxlTan. zogierTi daatyveves, moxucebulni ar Seiwyales, qalwulebi Seagines, Wabukebi dasces, Svilebi moitaces, cecxliT daiwva yoveli aSenebuli. wylis nacvlad sisxlis mdinareebi dioda. ieremiam keTilad uwyoda am drois Sesaferisi godeba. am saqmeebs xedavda mefe giorgi. arsaidan iyo Rone xsnisa da Sewevnisa, berZnebis Zliereba Semcirebuli iyo. zRvis gareT mdebare maTi qveynebi Turqebs hqondaT dapyrobili, amis gamo mefem didebulebTan iTaTbira da daadgines maRali sulTnis, maliqSas winaSeE wasvla.
747
mefem dado Tavisi suli da sisxli qristianTa xsnisaTvis. RvTis mindobiT, Zeli cxovlis warZRvanebiT wavida aspans, naxa sulTani da Sewynarebul iqna misgan, rogorc sayvareli Svili. qveyanaze maliqSas Tanaswori mpyrobeli aravin iyo; sitkboebiT, saxierebiT, marTlmsajulebiT, mowyalebiT, qristianTa siyvaruliTa da uboroto gonebiT yovel kacs aRemateboda; amitomac man yoveli saTxovneli ausrula mefe giorgis. misi samefo gaaTavisufla zedamarbevelTagan. misca kaxeTi da hereTi, magram xaraja iTxova, romelsac mraval wels iRebda. didebiT gamogzavna mefe Tavis samefoSi, Tan wamoayola didi spa kaxeTis asaRebad. rTvelis Jams movida kaxeTSi, miadga veJinis cixes da brZolisas movida Tovli. giorgis gaaxsenda ajameTSi nadiroba da aRar daeloda veJinisa da kaxeTis aRebas. xolo TurqTa laSqars, romelic Tan axlda, misca jildod sujeTi da kuxeTi - ivris piri qveyana, romelic mooxrda im droidan dRevandlamde, TviT gadavida lixis mTaze da Cavida afxazeTSi. kaxTa mefe aRsarTani ki wavida maliqSas winaSe, uaryo qristianoba da sarkinozTa rjulTan erTad miiRo sulTnisagan kaxeTi. aRar damSvidda qveyana. adamianTa ukeTurobis gamo ar iyo Sveba. yoveli asakisa Tu pativis mqone codavda RvTis winaSe. qarTvelebma saxieri RmerTi ganarisxes da TviTve miiRes risxvis ganCineba, urjuloTaTvis naTqvami esaias mier: `vai naTesavsa codvilsa, eri urjuloebiT aris savse fexis terfidan Tavis Txemamde. ar aris masSi sicocxle...~ da Semdeg àmis gamoa Tqveni qveyana oxeri, qalaqebi - cecxliT damwvari, soflebi gadaWmulia ucxoelebis mier, mooxrebuli da daqceuli ucxo tomebis mier~. uflis guliswyroma ar dacxra, rameTu ar movinanieT, arc gulisxmavyaviT, arc uflis gzaze davdeqiT, ris gamoc RvTis mier Cvens qveyanaze moiwia gvemani: TviT Cveni uflis ieso qristes aRdgoma dRes, romlis drosac sixaruli da gancxroma gvmarTebda, risxviT moxeda ufalma da SeZra qveyana safuZvliTurT ise sastikad, rom maRali mTebi da myari kldeebi mtvrad iqcnen, qalaqebi da soflebi dairRvnen, eklesiebi daecnen, saxlebi dainTqnen da maTSi myofTa saflavebad iqcnen. Tmogvic daiqca, qveS moyva kaxaber nianias Ze coliTurT. aseTi saSineli miwisZvra gagrZelda TiTqmis weliwadi; mravali gawyda. am risxvisas ineba wyaloba man, romelic `wvrTnis yovel Svils, romelic uyvars, moklavs da acocxlebs~, romelic mzad aris wyalobisaTvis, mowyale mamaze ufro metad; rameTu amieridan dahbera sicocxlis niavma da macxovarebis Rrublebi aRmoiwia. am WirTa Semdeg, Tormeti wlis ukun bnelSi, daiwyo aRmociskreba yoveli mefobis mzem, didma saxeliT da udidesma saqmiT, daviT winaswarmetyvelis saxelmodgmam - daviTma. im dros igi iyo Teqvsmeti wlis, xolo qoronikoni 309 (1089w.), giorgim Tavis mxolodSobil Zes daadga mefobis gvirgvini, da ufro marTebulad rom vTqvaT, `TviT
748
zecaTa mamam hpova daviTi, Tavisi mona, Tavisi wminda sacxebeli scxo mas, rameTu uflis xeli Seewia mas da misma mklavma gaaZliera~, `wyaloba da WeSmariteba Seemoseboda mas~ (fs. 88, 2122) ùzenaes hyo is qveynierebis yvela mefeze metad~. daviTis gamefebisas mooxrebuli iyo qarTli da cixeTa garda soflebSi arsad iyo adamiani, arc raime naSenebi. am dros TrialeTi, kldekarni da mimdgomi qveyana liparits hqonda. igi daviTis winaSe TiTqos erTgulobda, aseve iqceoda niania kaxaberis Ze. sxva danarCeni aznaurebi mcired-mcired ikribebodnen mefesTan. soflebSic iwyes Casvla da dasaxleba. daviTis samefos sazRvari iyo mcire mTa lixisa da samefo sadgomi waRvlisTavi. qarTlis Walebi, naWarmagevi irmiTa da gareuli RoriT iyo savse. iq da vakeSi nadirobdnen. gavida oTxi weli. mokvda sulTani maliqSa da li parit amiram daiwyo mamapapur kvalze svla. mefis winaSeE mzakvrobda; saxiT qristiani iyo, magram patronis mimarT orguloba da siZulvili Tvisi gvaridan hqonda gamoyolili, ar ineba keTilis gulisxmisyofa da daadga ukeTur gzas. xedavda yovelives daviTi, ineba gawvrTna li paritisa, Sei pyro ramdenime xniT. es sakmarisi iyo gonieris gansaswavlelad, endo mis fics, daubruna pativi, dideba da gaaTavisufla. igi ki, rogorc ZaRli Tavis naTxevs da Rori mwvires, borotebas miubrunda da ganacxada mtroba. ixila mSvidma da RvTivganbrZnobilma daviT mefem, rameTu ZaRlis kudi ar gaswordeboda da arc kiborCxala ivlida gamarTulad, meore wels kvlav Sei pyro, ori weli datyvevebuli hyavda da saberZneTs gagzavna. lipariti iq ganSorda sicocxles. am dros gamovidnen frangebi, aiRes ierusalimi da antioqia, RvTis SewevniT moSenda qarTlis qveyana, gaZlierda daviTi da gaimravla spa. aRar misca sulTans xaraja da Turqni veRar izamTrebdnen qarTlSi. aqamde isini zamTris mowevnisas TavianTi falangebiT avWalaSi, diRomSi, mtkvris dayolebiT, ivris pirebze Camodgebodnen xolme. kaxeTs mefobda kvirike, WeSmariti qristiani. misca dro RmerTma mefe daviTs da kvirikes waarTva zedaznis cixe. qoronikoni iyo 323 (1103 w.) didebiT da gamarjvebiT waremateboda. mokvda rati li paritis Ze, orgu-
749
li kaci da namdvilad iqednes naSobi. ase dasrulda baRvaSebis sagvareulo ojaxi, gamamwareblebis saxli da maT sayofelze mkvidri aRar darCa, rameTu maTi urjuloeba uflis winaSe miiwia da maTi mamuli mefem aiRo. erTi wlis Semdeg mefe kvirike gardaicvala. kaxTa mefed kvirikes Zmiswuli aRsarTani dasves, romelsac mefobis niWi ar hqonda, rameTu cundruki, urjulo da usamarTlo iyo. mefem gonebis TvaliT gansWvrita keTili saqme, romliTac RmerTs moimadlebda da didad sasargeblo iqneboda. rameTu wmida eklesiebi, saRmrTo saxlebi, avazakTa TavSesafrad iyo gardaqmnili. uRirsebsa da uwesoebs ufro memkvidreobiT, vidre RirsebiT hqondaT dapyrobili umTavresi saepiskoposoebi, rogorc avazakebs da maTnive msgavsni xucesni da qorepiskoposebi hyavdaT dadgenili, romelnic saRmrTo sjulis nacvlad urjuloebas aswavlidnen maT qveSevrdomebs. TviT uflis saxlebidan gamodioda yoveli urjuloeba da codva, romelTac uflis Tvali xedavda da ganrisxebuli iyo. rameTu ar aris Tanaswori mRvdlisa da meomris codva, arc eriskacisa da mRvdelmTavrisa, arc mwyemsisa da samwysos; rogorc weria: `mona, romelmac icis Tavisi uflis neba da misi nebisaebr ar iqceva, friad igvemeba~. ai, aseT wylulTa gansakurneblad Seikriba mravali: kaTalikosi, mRvdelmTavarni, meudabnoeni, moZRvrebi da mecnierebi. mis winaSe Seikribnen jerovan adgilas da mravali dRis manZilze keTilad gamoarkvies da yoveli Secdoma gaaswores, keTili da saTno yoveli RvTis wesi daamtkices, uRirsad gamoCenilebi gankveTes da SeaCvenes, taxtebidan gadmoyares, Tumca ki Zneli iyo es, radganac mTavarTa da warCinebulTa Svilebi iyvnen, romelTac wesis avliT hqondaT taxtebi dakavebuli. maT nacvlad WeSmariti mwyemsebi daadgines da WeSmariti sarwmunoebis mSvenieri Zegli daweres, wmida Tormeti krebis memkvidre da damamtkicebeli. da ase, yvelani samefo saCuqrebiT gaamgzavres saxlebSi. da esec didi konstantines msgavsad aRasrula mefe daviTma, yvela Tavisi keTili saqmeebis win, romlis sanacvlod, ixileT, Tu ra ineba gulTmecnierma RmerTma, israelis dauZinebelma mcvelma. kaxTa mefe, xsenebuli aRsarTani, Seipyres herma didebulebma ariSianma da baramma, maTma dedis Zmam qavTar baramis Zem da gadasces mefes. da aiRo mefem hereTi da kaxeTi. erwuxSi hqondaT didi SebrZoleba, xmagansmenili da didi gamarjveba _ mcire laSqriT, Tavganwiruli eriT daxoca sulTnis uricxvi spa, ganZis aTabagi da mtris mxares gadasulnic. mefe zurgSi ki ar udga Tavis spas, rogorc romelime meTauri, aramed TviT midioda yvelaze win; rogorc lomi, amxnevebda maRali xmiT da grigaliviT daqroda; mtkice mklaviT scemda win damxvdurT, misi xmlidan ukumomdinare sisxli sartyelma welTan daiWira. brZolis Semdeg, sartylis gaxsnisas miwaze daiTxia mtknari da Seyinebuli sisxli. pirveli Sexedvisas Cven misi sisxli gvegona. im dRes sami cxeni moukles da meoTxeze mjdomma daasrula im dRis omi.
750
ase TviTmpyrobelobiT daiWira hereTi da kaxeTi, aiRo maTi cixeebi da simagreebi. mzeebr mofina mkvidrTa zeda wyaloba. RmerTi ase amarjvebinebda yvela saqmeSi. daviTma moifiqra da gadawyvita monastris aSeneba. amoirCia yovlad mSvenieri adgili, yovliTurT unaklo, romelsac rogorc ca, gadaafara yovlad wmida da ufrosad kurTxeuli deda RvTisas taZari, romelic aRemateba yovel mis wina qmnilebas. aRavso wmida da patiosani nawilebiT, siwmideebiT, wmida xatebiT, siwmidis samsaxureblebiT da Znelad sapovneli sxva nivTebiT, xosroian mefeTa taxtebiT, sasanTleebiT, ferad-feradi kidelebiT, gvirgvinebiT da maniakebiT, sasmisebiT da fialebiT. iqve Semokriba patiosani, saTno kacebi, ara marto Tavis samefodan, aramed sxva qveynebidanac, gamoZebna siwmidiT, sikeTiT, sisruliT, sulieri da xorcieli saTnoebiT aRsavseni; moiyvana da iq daamkvidra. li pariteTi - mamuli umkvidrod iyo darCenili. misca is deda RvTisas monasters samsaxureblad da uzrunveli trapezi ganuCina, romelic amJamad mTeli aRmosavleTis meore ierusalimia, yoveli keTilis saswavlebeli, ganswavlulebis samoZRvro, sxva aTina, friad umetesi masze saRmrTo wesebiT. am yoveli saeklesio mSvenierebis msaxuris saxelia - gelaTi. da kvlav moifiqra mowyale saqme tkbili RvTis kacTmoyvareobasTan Semsgavsebuli: aaSena mSvenier adgilas qsenoni, romelSic Sekriba berebi da samRvdeloni - sneulebi. moumzada maT yovelive saxmari, unaklod da siuxviT, gauCina Semosavali. TviTon mividoda xolme, moixilavda, moikiTxavda, TiToeuls eamboreboda, mamasaviT afufunebda, swyalobda, amxnevebda, rom moeTminaT. Tavisi xeliT amowmebda sawolebs, samoslebsa da sagebels, maT WurWelsa da saxmars. TiToeuls aZlevda samyof oqros da zedamdgomelebs afrTxilebda. TiToeulis saqmes mSvenivrad da RvTismsaxurebiT ganagebda. am dromde qalaqi Tbilisi, rusTavi, somxiTi, samSvilde da agarani Turqebs epyraT, xolo TrialeTi da kldekarni eWira Tevdores, Wyondidelis diswuls, gonier kacs. afxazeTSi (dasavleT saqarTveloSi) mefis gadasvlis dros naklebad eSinodaT xolme Turqebsa da maT cixovanT. amitom, erTxel, mefe imereTSi rom gadavida, am dros Seikribnen giorgi Wyondidelis, mwignobarTuxucesis, winaSe Tevdore, abuleTi, ivane orbeli da simarjviT daiWires samSvilde. xalxma didad gaixara, rameTu dRiTi dRe izrdeboda samefo sazRvrebi. Turqebma, roca Seityves samSvildis dakargva, somxiTis cixeTa umravlesoba miatoves da RamiT gaiqcnen. aqamde Semodgomis Jams Camodiodnen Turqebi somxiTSi, TavianTi falangebiT Camodgebodnen gaCianSi, mtkvris pirs, Tbilisidan bardavamde, ivris pirze, am mSvenier adgilebSi gamosazamTreblad. iq zamTrobiTac, iseve, rogorc gazafxulze, iTibeba Tiva, aris SeSa da uxvi wyali,
751
nadirTa simravle da yoveli saSvebeli. am adgilebSi Camodgebodnen xolme. maTi cxeni, jori, cxvari da aqlemi uricxvi iyo; hqondaT sanatreli cxovreba, nadirobdnen, ganisvenebdnen, xarobdnen, TavianT qalaqebSi vaWrobdnen, Cvens sanapiroebs ki arbevdnen, tyviTa da alafiT savses. gazafxulze gadadiodnen somxiTsa da araratSi. aseve zafxulSic hqondaT Sveba da gansveneba, TiviT da mSvenieri velebiT, wyaroebiTa da yvavilovani adgilebiT. ise didi iyo maTi Zala da simravle, rom ityodiT: mTeli qveynierebis yoveli Turqoba iq ariso da veravin gaifiqrebda maT gaZevebas an vnebas, TviT sulTanic ki. roca samSvilde da Zerna aiRes, qoronikoni iyo 330 (1110 w.) im wels SeumCnevlad movida sulTnis didi laSqari 100 000 kacamde. mefe taZreuliT naWarmagevs idga. saRamos TrialeTSi maTi misvla Seityo. RamiT 1 500 kaciT gaemgzavra, ciskarze brZola ficxeli gadaixada da RvTis SewevniT sZlia. dRis miwurvisas Tavzardacemuli gaiqca TurqTa banaki; karvebsa da WurWelsac ar mixedes, ise ganibnen TavianT qveynebSi. aseT sakvirvel gaqcevas mefe da misi spac ar erwmunnen, amitomac ar misdies ukan, egonaT, meore dRes omi kvlav ganaxldeboda. aiRo giorgi Wyondidelma rusTavic mefis muxrans yofnisas: qoronikoni iyo 335, es ambavi Turqebs didad ewyinaT da moeridnen sazamTro adgilebSi dgomas. maT adgilsamyofels mstovrebi winaswar atyobinebdnen mefes, amitomac mefe mters moulodnelad esxmoda Tavs. taos Camodgnen Turqebi, zamTris sificxes miendvnen. mefem qarTlis spas mzadyofna ubrZana da TviTon quTaiss gadavida, romliTac Turqebs eWvi gaufanta. TebervalSi acnoba qarTlelebs da mesxebs, raTa klarjeTSi Sexvedrodnen, TviTon ki xufTis gziT Woroxis piri Caiara da erTad Seikribnen. SeumCnevlad daesxa uSiSrad basianSi msxdom Turqebs. qoronikoni iyo 336. uricxvi alafi aiRes. imave wels Tavisi asuli kata berZenTa mefis rZlad gagzavna. ufro adre pirmSo Tamari Sarvanis dedoflad hyavda gagzavnili. rogorc ori mnaTobi - erTi aRmosavleTs da meore dasavleTs aciskrovnebda. meore wels daimorCila grigolis Zeni asaT da SoTa, aiRo giSis cixe. gaagzavna Tavisi Ze demetre Sarvans salaSqrod Zlieri spiT. man sakvirvelad ioma, aiRo qalaZoris cixe da gamarjvebuli dabrunda mamasTan alafiTa da tyviT savse. meore wels, bzobisas, gaemzada raxsis pirs wasasvlelad. aRdgoma idResaswaula naxidurs, iq acnobes Turqebis mier beSqen jayelis mokvla. amitomac uSlidnen didebulebi wasvlas, magram ar daiSala. daesxa raxsis pirs mdgom Turqebs da maTi simravle mosra, wamoiyvana tyve da wamoiRo uricxvi alafi.
752
amave wels aiRo somxiTis cixe - lore da agarani. mokvda sulTani maliqi, maliqSas Ze da aleqsi berZenTa mefe. ver gaigo erTma meoris sikvdili, qoronikoni iyo 338. xedavda mefe amden zegardamo RvTis wyalobas, Sewevnas, Zlevasa da gamarjvebas. RmerTi aZlevda samefo qveynebs, qalaqebsa da cixeebs, magram ar iyo mis samefoSi laSqarTa iseTi simravle, rom qalaqebsa da cixeebSi dgomiT daeWiraT isini da amasTan erTad elaSqraT kidec, zamTar-zafxul daucxromel mimosvlasa da laSqrobaSi sakmarisi yofiliyvnen. mefem moikriba goneba, mimoavlo Tvali da darwmunda, rom misi samefos mcxovrebni ar iyvnen sakmaoni misi wadierebis Sesasruleblad. sxva Rone ar iyo. icoda yivCaRTa tomis simravle, brZolaSi simxneve, simsubuqe, mimosvla, mimarTebis sificxe. cota hyofnidaT da brZanebis Sesasruleblad mudam mzad iyvnen, amasTanave CvenTan siaxlovis gamo maTi Semosvla advili iyo; Raribebic iyvnen. mefes mravali wliT adre moyvanili hyavda sanatreli da yovlad ganTqmuli guranduxti, yivCaRTa umTavresis, aTraqa SaraRanis Zis Svili sjulier meuRled da sruliad saqarTvelos dedoflad. amitomac waravlina sarwmuno kacebi, mouxmo yivCaRebs. yivCaRebma sixaruliT miiRes mowveva, magram iTxoves osebisagan mSvidobis gza. amisaTvis wabrZanda mefe oseTSi, Tan waiyvana giorgi Wyondideli - mwignobarTuxucesi, kaci sruli sulisa da xorcis yoveli sikeTiT, TanaaRzrdili, yoveli saqmis da Rvawlis Tanagamkafveli. Sevida oseTSi, Semoegebnen oseTis mefeebi da maTi mTavrebi, rogorc monebi dadgnen mis winaSe. aiyvanes orive mxridan mZevlebi - osebidan da yivCaRebidan da ase advilad Seariga orive tomi. Camoagdo maT Soris siyvaruli da mSvidoba. aiRo darialis, oseTis karis da kavkasiis mTis cixeebi. Seqmna gza mSvidobisa. gamoiyvana yivCaRTa didi simravle. misi simamri da colisZmebi saqmianobdnen. maT Semoyvanas uqmad ar Cauvlia, aramed maTi xeliT mospo sruliad sparseTis Zalebi, dasca SiSi da zari yoveli qveynis mefes. maTi TanadgomiT daujerebeli saqmeebi gakeTda. oseTSi yofnisas gardaicvala giorgi Wyondideli. mefem axal monasterSi pativiT warmogzavna da iq daimarxa. iglova mTelma samefom da mefem, rogorc mama da umetesi mamisa. Seimosa SaviT 40 dRe, vaxtangis Sobamde, romlis xarebiT daixsna glova. yivCaRebi marjve adgilebSi daayena deda-wulebiT, romelTagan 40 000 rCeuli mebrZoli gamodioda. aRWurva isini cxenebiT da saWurvliT. aseve hyavda rCeuli monebi, RvawlSi ganswavluli 5 000 kaci, qristianebi, misandobni da simxniT gamocdilni. TviT yivCaRebic qristiandebodnen dRiTi dRe da uricxvi simravle SeeZineboda qristes. ase rom Semoikriba, daawyo gvarebad, daudgina spasalarebi da mmarTvelebi, aseve Tavisi samefo spa rCeuli da mokazmuli, cxen-keTilni, pirSeuqcevelni da maT SuaSi TviTon igi, sworupovari spaspeti da winambrZoli, win uZRoda.
753
daiwyo rbeva sparseTis, Sarvanis da didi somxeTis. ar moisvena, arc moewyina, aramed Tavis droze wesrigianad alaSqrebda maT, marTavda da ganagebda Tavisi gonierebis msgavsad. vin iyo misi win aRmdgomi. nawerebSi aleqsandre makedoneli frTovan vefxvsaa mimsgavsebuli qveynebis swrafad mimovlis gamo, magram Cveni gvirgvinosani da axali aleqsandre, Tumca Semdgom dros cxovrobda, magram arc saqmiT, arc gadawyvetilebiT, arc simxniT masze mcire ar iyo, Tavisi drois yvela Tanasworze umaRlesi da uzesTaesi iyo. saRmrTo da qristes mcnebebis aRsrulebaSi yvelas gadaaWarba, ar misca Zili Tvalebs, ruli wamwamebs, gansveneba xorcs, arc gemovnebisaken miidrika, arc xorcis nebisaken, arc saWmel-sasmlisaken, arc simRera-garTobisaken, araviTari xorcieli ar miakara gonebas, mxolod saRmrTo da sasuliero. ixileT am oTx welSi qmnili saqmeebi. mefes Cveulebad hqonda, rom gangeb gadavidoda xolme afxazeTSi (dasavleT saqarTveloSi), Camoityuebda Turqmanebs mtkvrispira sazamTro adgilebSi, rameTu maTi mstovrebi meTvalyureobdnen mefes da mis gzebs iZiebdnen. gadavida mefe geguTSi da iqidan xufaTs. qoronikoni iyo 340 (1120 w.) roca maT Seityves misi siSore, Camodgnen botoras, daizamTres, magram arc mefes eZina. gadmofrinda 14 Tebervals da Cumad daesxa Tavs, Zlivs moaswro zogierTma cxenze Sejdoma da gadaxvewa, aiyvanes tyveebi da aiRes uricxvi alafi. did marxvaSi aiRo Sarvanis qalaqi yabala; aavso Tavisi samefo oqrovercxliT, simdidriT; dabrunda qarTlSi da maisis TveSi Cavida SarvanSi, arbia liJaTamde - vidre qurdevanamde da xiStalanamde. savse alafiT movida qarTlSi, imave dRes Seikribnen Sarvanelebi da darubandelebi da mokles afridon. noemberSi mefe wavida aSorniaSi, daesxa Turqmanebs, mosra da iavaryo, wamoiRo nadavli uricxvi. imave zamTars Cavida afxazeTSi biWvinTamde da ganago iqauri saqmeebi; wyalobis Rirsni Seiwyala, Semcodeni Sei pyro. idga zamTari didTovliani. Seityves Turqebma, rom Sors iyo mefe, Camodgnen mtkvris piras. wamovida mefe afxazeTidan, gadaaTxrevina lixis mTa, sadac Tovls hqonda sami mxari simaRle, daxvda mzadmyofi spa, daesxa xunans da aRavso laSqriT mTidan mtkvramde da gagidan berdujamde. ise mosres maxviliT, rom ambis mTxrobelic ar darCa, qoronikoni iyo 341, Tve marti. gazafxulze adidda mtkvari, kalapotSi ver daetia. amis mindobiT Camodgnen Turqmanebi bardavSi gulmSvidad. maSin monaxa isinic. alonSi mtkvari gadacura, mosrna Turqebi, daarbia bardavi, ivnisis TveSi Sin dabrunda savse alafiT. aseTi WiriT Seviwroebuli Turqmanebi da maTTan erTad ganZel-Tbilisel-dmaneli vaWrebi wavidnen sulTnis winaSe sparseTSi, Savad SeiReba zogma piri, zogma xelebi, zogi mTlianad SeiReba da ase mouTxres yoveli Wiri maTze moweuli. da Seiqmna friadi glova maT Soris.
754
maSin sulTanma mouwoda arabeTis mefe durbezs, sadayas Zes da misca Tavisi Ze - maliqi jariT, gauCina maT spasalarad elRazi, Ze arduxisa, kaci mravalRone da ubrZana Turqmanebs, vinc ki iyo damaskosa da halabis aqeT, mxedrobiT yvela SemZles, maTTan erTad ganZis aTabags Tavisi ZaliT da sruliad somxeTis amirebs SeerTebodnen. qoronikoni iyo 341. Seikribnen eseni yvelani, Seificnen, simravliT iyvnen zRvis qviSasaviT. aRavses qveyana da 18 agvistos movidnen TrialeTSi, manglissa da didgorSi. fexis dasadgmeli adgilic aRar hyofnidaT, xolo daviT mefem, uSiSarma da guliT sruliad uZravma, win ganawyo Tavisi spa, yoveli saqme mSvenivrad da Ronivrad gaakeTa; wynarad, uSfoTvelad, gamocdilebiT da sruli sibrZniT ganago, da Tu rogor daicva Tavisi jari uvneblad, amis moTxrobas araTu Cemi, aramed mTeli msoflios brZenTa enac ki ver SeZlebs. pirvelive SebrZolebisas ukan daixia maTma banakma da Semdeg gaiqcnen, rameTu maRali RvTis xeli Seeweoda da zegardamo Zala faravda mas da wmida mowame giorgi cxadad da yvelas saxilvelad win miuZRoda, TviT urjuloebi aRiarebdnen da mogviTxrobdnen mTavarmowame giorgis am saswauls, Tu rogor mosra saxelovani mebrZolebi arabeTisa da rogori simarjviT sdevna da mosrna ukuqceulni. aRivso velebi, mTebi da Releebi mZorebiT. xolo Cveni spa da mTeli samefo aRivso oqro-vercxliT, arabuli cxenebiT, asuruli jorebiT, karvebiT, sra-fardagebiT da sxva ucxo sabrZolveli mowyobilobiT, WurWliT, turfa da sanadimo sasmurebiT, sabanel-samzareuloebiT; ra qaRaldi daitevs mis aRweras. glexebs arabi mefeebi mihyavdaT tyveebad, xolo goliaTebis aRwera raRa saTqmelia. daviT mefis es brZola sul sami saaTi gagrZelda da pirveli kveTebis Semdegve ver SeZles winaaRmdegoba. Zveli drois brZenT maTi ritorobis Sesabamisad rom aReweraT, mxolod is iqneboda Sesaferisi mefis saqmeebisa. meore wels aiRo mefem qalaqi Tbilisi, oTxas wels sparsTa xelqveS myofi, pirvelive omiT da daumkvidra is Svilebs saWurWled da saukuno saxlad. qoronikoni iyo 342. meore wels movida sulTani Sarvans, Sei pyro SarvanSa, aiRo Samaxia, gamougzavna mociquli mefes da moswera wigni: `Sen tyeTa mefe xar da velze verasodes gamoxval, xolo me SarvanSa Sevi pyari da xarajas viTxov. Tu Sen genebos, jerovani ZRveni gamomigzavne, Tu ginda samalavidan gamodi da mnaxe~. amis mosmenisTanave mefem mTeli Tavisi samefo spa Sekriba da wavida, hyavda 50 000 kaci. spis simravle da Zala rom Seityo, sulTani SekrTa da velidan aiyara, saswrafod Sevida qalaq SamaxiaSi. roca es daviT mefem Seityo, gaqceuls aRar gamoekida; mxolod madloba Seswira RmerTs, saxiersa da kacTmoyvares. sulTanma aRarc ZRveni da aRarc omi moiTxova, aramed gza - ukan wasasvleli. SimSiliTa da wyurviliT Seviwroebuli ara sulTnurad, aramed simdabliT iTxovda amas.
755
imave dRes Tavisi jariT sulTanTan mimavali ranis aTabagi daamarcxes, moukles 4 000 kaci da marto is mivida sulTanTan. es rom ixila sulTanma, imave Rames gai para, sasdunis xvrelSi gaZvra da sxva gziT wavida Tavis qveyanaSi. meore Tves, ivnisSi, mefe kvlav wavida Sarvans, aiRo gulistani, Sarvanis mTavari saxli, SemoierTa Sarvani da sikeTiT aavso misi brZanebis morCilni. martSi aiRo qalaqi dmanisi, aprilSi daesxa darubandelebs, aiRes Sarvanis zogierTi cixe da mimdgomi qveyana. myisve gadafrinda, rogorc arwivi da aiRo somxeTis cixeebi: gagi, teronakali, qavazini, norbedi, manasgomni da talinjaqari. ivnisis TveSi gaemgzavra laSqriT, ganvlo javaxeTi, kola, karnifora, basiani speramde, sadac ipova Turqmani, mosra da daatyveva; dawva olTisi, movida TrialeTs didi gamarjvebiT. 20 agvistos movidnen aniseli Tavadebis mwignobrebi da moaxsenes qalaqisa da boJanas wyarosTan mdgomi cixeebis mocema. swrafad gagzavna wvevis wignebi da mesame dRes 60 000 mxedriT win daudga warmarTebs. mesame dRes iolad aiRo qalaqi anisi da misi cixeebi, mimdgomi soflebi da qveynebi. anisis didi saydari mizgiTad iyo qceuli da qristianTa sisxliT iyo morwyuli taZari da qalaqi. es saydari berZenTa asulis - dedofal katronites agebuli iyo da iqve iyo dasaflavebuli. xelaxla auges wesi da TviT mefem CasZaxa samjer saflavs: `gixaroden Sen, wmidao dedofalo, rameTu ixsna RmerTma Seni saydari urjuloebis xelidan~. amis gamo mkvdris Zvlebma saflavidan xma gamosces. am sakvirvelebisaTvis mefem RmerTs madloba Seswira. anisis mcvelad mesxi aznaurebi datova. Semdeg gaemgzavra SarvanSi, aiRo qalaqi Samaxia da sruliad yoveli Sarvani da datova cixeebsa da qalaqebSi herTa da kaxTa laSqari. iqauri yoveli saqmis gamgeblad da zedamxedvelad daniSna mwignobarTuxucesi svimon, Wyondideli mTavarepiskoposi. maSin igi iyo agreTve bediel-alaverdeli, msgavsi giorgisa, Tavisi dedis Zmisa, kaci yovliTurT sruli da brZeni. ganago mefem Sarvanis yoveli saqme, aavso sikeTiT da saboZvriT qurTebi, lekebi da Tarasni. movida qarTlSi, yivCaRebs gauCina sazamTro sadguri da sazrdeli, zedamdgomi kacebi da ganago yoveli saqme somxeTisa da anisisa. gazafxulisaTvis apirebda ufro didi saqmeebisa da laSqrobebis wamowyebas, radganac win veravin aRudgeboda, rameTu TviT sulTani Tavis samyofelSive Zrwoda SiSisagan da arc Tavisi ZvelTaganve sakuTari qalaqebi miaCnda Tavis sakuTrebad, mZinares SiSi da mRviZares sikvdili elandeboda. amis gamo zedized gamougzavna mociqulebi ZRveniT savseni, raTa daemSvidebina da moemadlierebina igi; gamogzavna Zvirfasi saWurWleni, turfani da mravalferni, iSviaTi frinvelebi da mxecebi Znelad sapovneli, eZiebda
756
mSvidobas da siyvaruls, yivCaRebisagan daurbevlobas da vfiqrob, rom mefem mama-papebis dros mitacebuli qveynebi, tyveebi da simdidre mravalwilad ukanve daibruna. daamSvida qveyana, aavso, aRaSena yovelive upatronobiT dangreuli da yvela dros gadaameta mSvidobiT da simdidriT Cveni samefo warsuli oxrebis sanacvlod. yoveli saqmis moTxroba, rac man qmna da aRasrula, romelic Cven mciredi sityviT warmovaCineT, SeuZlebelia. sibrZnis dedad gonivrulad hpova SiSi RvTisa, saRvTo werili ramdenic ki hpova qarTul enaze gadmoRebuli sxva enebidan, Zveli da axali, Seiyvara da SeiTvisa. isini iyvnen misi sazrdeli. yvelaze ufro gemovani, sawadeli da tkbili sazrdeli. isini iyvnen - Sveba, gancxroma, sawvrTneli da sargebeli, dRe da Rame, mgzavrobisas, mouwyenel laSqrobisas, ganusvenebeli Sromisas - Tan axlda wignebiT datvirTuli jorebi da aqlemebi. sadac ki cxenidan Camoxdeboda, pirvel yovlisa miutandnen wignebs da ar daamTavrebda kiTxvas daRamebamde. navaxSmevs Zilis an sxva raime saqmis nacvlad kvlav wigns kiTxulobda, da roca Tvali daeRleboda, yurs Seunacvlebda, ara zereled, aramed friadi sifrTxiliT usmenda mkiTxvels, gamoiZiebda, gamoikiTxavda, xSirad TviTve ganmartavda maT siRrmesa da Zalas, ufro sakvirvelia es saqme: yvelam iciT, Tu rogori gataceba icis nadirobam. nadirobis drosac ki xelSi wigni eWira da Jamis mosvlis dros, miscemda xolme wigns vinme msaxurs da TviT gamoedevneboda. nurvis egoneba, rom xelcarieli brundeboda. da vityvi sxva saqmesac, wignTa siyvarulis sacnaurmyofels. erTxel win daido wasakiTxavad wigni samociqulo, dasrulebisas niSans svamda wignis bolos, wlis dasasruls am niSnebis ricxvi daviTvaleT: ocdaoTxjer waekiTxa. kidev arian magaliTebi, magram me erTs vityvi: qalaqi Tbilisi jer mTlianad kidev ar iyo damorCilebuli, radganac jer kidev qristianebis sisxliT iyo savse: rameTu xandaxan astexdnen RavRavs da umizezod xocavdnen qristianebs, romelTac naxavdnen, xolo zogjer qaravans Semoyolil Turqebs aZlevdnen sasikvdilod da dasatyveveblad. es friad awuxebda daviTis suls. Semovida erTxel qaravani didi ganZiT, Tan Semohyva mravalricxovani Turqi. gaigo mefem, gagzavna 15 kaci loWinis xevSi, raTa qalaqis naxiri moetacebinaT, iqneb Turqebi gamosuliyvnen sadevnelad da amoewyvitaT am RoniT. TviTon mxolod 300 mxedriT daimala avWalis WalebSi, sxva mxedars aravis miendo, aramed marto wavida usaWurvlod, mxolod xmliT. Tan waiRo wigni _ RvTismetyveli, da spas ubrZana, mis mosvlamde adgilidan ar daZruliyvnen. gagzavnilebma gamorekes naxiri, miewivnen Turqebi 100 kacamde da didi SebrZolebis Semdeg dauxoces cxenebi da qveiTad ibrZodnen ficxlad.
757
xolo mefe cxenidan Camovida, jer ar eloda maT mosvlas: gaitaca kiTxvam, ise daatyveva misi goneba, rom sruliad daaviwyda winamdebare saqme, vidre xma kivilisa ar Semoesma. myis datova wigni iqve da amxedrebuli mihyva im xmas, vidre zed ar waadga Tavis monebs, am yofaSi myofT. da radganac Sors iyo Tavisi spisagan, amitom martodmarto saswrafod brZolaSi Sebrialda viTarca arwivi da Turqebi ganabnia rogorc kakbebi, swrafad gawyvita da maTi cxenebi monebisaTvis sakmarisni gaxdnen. amxedrebulebma imdeni daxoces, rom mciredma Seaswro qalaqSi, gzebi savse iyo mZorebiT da sastiki cemisagan daRvlarWnilma xmalma Tavisi qarqaSi uaryo. mere movida Tavis spasTan, romelic didad sayvedurobda. ai, aseTi saqmeebisagan mouclels wigni hqonda usaswrafoes saqmed. ...veravin, Zvel da axal mefeTagan, mas ver emsgavsa, rogorc saqmeebic emowmebian, mzis Saravandedze ubrwyinvalesni da cxadni, romlebic qmna Tavisi sibrZniT. rameTu sulTani Tavis moxarked dasva, xolo berZenTa mefe hyo, rogorc Tavisi saxleuli, dasca warmarTebi, mosra barbarosebi, umcrosebad moiyvana mefeebi, xolo monebad xelmwifeebi, gaaqcia arabebi, iavarhyo ismaitelni, mtvrad aqcia sparsni, glexebad maTi mTavrebi ... saTnoebiT siwmide moigo, rogorc antoni didma. nuRar ityviT mis raindobas, vici WeSmaritad, rom aTi wlidan mudam wmida piriTa da ganwmedili gonebiT iRebda qristes uxrwnel saidumlos svindisis TanamowmobiT, romlis mowme aris zecaSi myofi sarwmuno igi. locvisa da marxvisaTvis raRa saWiroa Tqma, rameTu mudam am saqmianobaSi iyo. monastrebi, saepiskoposoebi da yoveli eklesia locvis wessa da rigs da yovel saeklesio gangebas darbazis karidan iRebdnen, viTarca ucTomel kanons, yovlad mSvenivrad dawyobils, locvisa da marxvis keTilwesierebas. xolo saeSmako simRerebi, saxiobani, gancxroma, RvTis saZulveli gineba da yoveli uwesoeba moispo laSqarSi. glaxakTa mowyaleba imdeni hqonda, rom aRavso zRva da xmeleTi misma saqmeebma, rameTu lavrebi, monastrebi da sakrebuloebi ara marto Tavisi samefosi, aramed saberZneTis, mTawmidisa da bulgareTisa, asureTisa, kvi prosisa, Savi mTis, palestinisa aavso keTiliT. yvelaze metad Cveni uflis, ieso qristes saflavi da ierusalimSi myofni SesawiraviT gaamdidra. da ufro Sors, sinas mTaze, sadac mosem da eliam ixiles RmerTi, aaSena monasteri, wargzavna oqro mravalaTaseuli, oqsinoni mosakidelni, saeklesio wignebi srulad, da siwmideTa oqros samsaxurebelni - rCeulni. yoveldRe Tavisi xeliT farulad gascemda mowyalebas, vin aRricxavs, garda zecaTa mamisa, romelic miagebs cxadad, rameTu hqonda mcire qisa, aavsebda xolme dRisiT Tavisi xeliT, xolo saRamos carieli mohqonda mxiaruls suliT da piriT.
758
Tu naxevars gascemda, anda veravis ipovida, ambobda: `dRes ver miveci qristes Cemi codvebis gamo~. amas gascemda ara moxeleebisagan miRebuls, anda ara saWurWlidan aRebuls, aramed Tavisi xeliT monadirebuls, aqedanve Tavis moZRvar ioanes misca erTxel drahkani 24 000, raTa gaeyo glaxakTaTvis. es mciredia mravalTagan, romlis aRricxvac SeuZlebelia. ara marto monastrebi da lavrebi gaaTavisufla movaleTagan, aramed misi samefos xucesebic begarisagan, raTa Tavisuflebma miupyran RmerTs saRmrTo msaxureba. amaTTan erTad ramdeni eklesia aaSena, ramdeni xidi sastik mdinareebze, ramdeni gza, Znelad savleli, qvafeniliT dafara, ramdeni warmarTebisagan Seginebuli eklesia RvTis saxlad aqcia, ramdeni warmarTTa Svili wmida embazTan miiyvana da gaaqristiana, romliTac miiRo mociqulobis madli, rogorc pavlem da konstantinem. iyo isic, rom Tavis samefoSi, didi spiT xSiri svlis gamo, momCivanni da gaWirvebulni advilad ver midiodnen masTan, zogjer gzis maxlobel borcvebze, kldeebsa da xeebzec adiodnen, rogorc zaqe, raTa iqidan gaegonebinaT Tavisi gasaWiri. amis gamo daadgina samarTlis mcnobelni kacni da momCivanTa ganmkiTxvelebi, romlebiTac kmayofildebodnen. mravaljer gvixilavs cremli mis Rawvebze maTi gasaWiris xilvisas. vin aRricxavs misgan gaTavisuflebul tyveebs, vin warmoTqvams jerovnad, Tu rogori pativiT epyroboda ber-monazvnebs, simdabliT moikiTxavda da eamboreboda, siyvaruliT Seiwynarebda, aZlevda Sesaferis qonebas da saxmars, raTa saWiroeba uzrunvelad daekmayofilebinaT. esec iyo, rom RvTis mier hqonda niWi, yvelasaTvis saSiSi: arc Tavisi samefos Soreul adgilebSi, arc laSqarSi myofi didi Tu patara kacis saqme Tu sityva, keTili Tu boroti ganzraxva ar daemaleboda, arc is, Tuki raime farulad eqmnaT anda eTqvaT, yovelive cxadi iyo misTvis. zogierTis gulSi dafarul saidumlos da fiqrebsac amoicnobda xolme, riTac maT Zlier akrTobda. senakebSi ganSorebuli monazvnebis Rvawli da saTnoeba cxadad uwyoda. gzis siSore, vidre eklesiamde, zomiT icoda, amiT mravali didi da Zalze saswrafo saqme gaakeTa, da es mravali sikeTis mizezi Seiqna, radganac verc didi da verc mcire orgulobas, zakvas da Ralats verc ki gaifiqrebda, araTu vinmes etyoda, meuRles an mesawoles, naTesavs an Tavis yrmas, vinaidan es mtkiced icoda yovelma kacma, rom piridan amosvlisTanave ueWvelad cnobili gaxdeboda mefisaTvis. mravali dasjilic da mxilebulic iyo amis gamo. veravin ganizraxa mis dros Ralati, aramed yvelasgan sakrZalavi iyo da saridi. da aseve mRvdelmTavrebi, mRvdlebi, diakvnebi, monazvnebi da yoveli kaci saqmes wesierad akeTebdnen, saTnoebis gziT dadiodnen, rameTu misi SiSiT uweso svlas ver bedavdnen, icodnen, rom dafaruli misTvis araferi iyo.
759
verc moqalaqe, verc sofleli, verc mxedari, verc veravin, pativisa da asakis mqone, gabedavda gandrekilad svlas, amitomac iyo wesiereba, kanoniereba, patiosneba, TviT meZavebic ki krZalviT iqceodnen, saRmrTo da mSvidobis gziT miimarTebodnen yvelani SiSiT. es didi saqmeebi, mxolod RvTis mier SesaZlebeli, advilad warmarTa ise, rom aravis SeeZlo ase advilad warmarTva. amisaTvisac didi SiSi da zari ganiTqva mTel qveyanaSi, SekrTa yvela mkvidri. erTxel mefis winaSe Semoikribnen gularZnilni da yovlad borotni somxebis episkoposebi, maTi monastrebis winamZRolebi, friad mravalni, romelTac TavianTi Tavi miaCndaT yovelgvari swavlulebisa da mecnierebis Tavebad. iTxoves, raTa mefes Caetarebina kreba, sadac iqneboda sityvisgeba da rjulis gamoZieba. Tu somxebi damarcxdebodnen, rjulis erTobas daTanxmdebodnen da TavianTs SeaCvenebdnen, xolo Tu somxebi gaimarjvebdnen, maSin brZaneba unda gacemuliyo, raTa aRar ewodebinaT maTTvis mwvaleblebi da arc SeeCvenebinaT. maSin moiwvia mefem qarTlis kaTalikosi ioane, misi xelqveiTi episkoposebi, meudabnoeni da arseni iyalToeli mTargmneli, qarTuli da berZnuli enebis mcodne, eklesiis ganmanaTlebeli, sxva mecnierebi da brZeni kacebi. daiwyes kamaTi erTmaneTTan ciskridan saRamos cxra saaTamde da ver daaboloes, orive mxridan iyo gamarjvebis wadili da sityvaTa paeqroba: rameTu Sevidodnen Seuval saqmeebSi da Znelad gamovidodnen. es moewyina mefes da uTxra maT: `Tqven, mamano, gaurkvevel siRrmeebSi SexvalT, Seucnobels xedavT, rogorc filosofosebi, da Cven ar SegviZlia gageba, rogorc uswavlelebsa da eriskacebs. Tqven iciT, rom me Sorsa var swavlulebisa da mecnierebisagan, rogorc samxedro saqmeSi aRzrdili, amitomac uswavleli da martivi sityvebiT getyviT Tqven~. es rom Tqva, daiwyo maT mimarT iseTi sityvebis Tqma, romelsac ueWvelad RmerTi aZlevda mis pirs, igavebiTa da saxeebiT, ucilobeli, windaudgomeli, sakvirveli axsniT danTqa, rogorc egvi ptelebi, piri dauyo maT, upasuxod da usityvod datova, rogorc odesRac basili didma aTenelebi. zargaxdilma da uRonoqmnilma mwvaleblebma sajarod aRiares TavianTi damarcxeba, mxolod es Tqves: `Cven, mefeo, mowafe gvegone am Tqveni moZRvrebisa, magram rogorc vxedavT, mgoni Sen TviTon xar moZRvari moZRvarTa, romlis frCxilsac ver miswvdebian eg Tqveni viTomda moZRvarni~ da ase, TavianTi Tavis mayvedrebelni ukan gabrundnen Sercxvenilni. Semdeg aseTi ram aRarasodes gaubedavT. zogierTebi mefes sayvedurobdnen xSir laSqrobasa da mxedrobis ganusveneblad mimosvlas: verc mSvildi SeZlebs da verc orRanos Zali (simi) marad daWimvas, rameTu roca maTi moxmarebis dro dadgeba, mosaxmareblad uvargisni Seiqnebiano. magram amis mTqmelebma ismineT es: mefes
760
hqonda afxazeTis mcire samefo, zemoxsenebuli Wiris gamo hyavda dajabnili mcire gundi mxedrebisa, xSiri ukandaxevis gamo ucxenoni da usaWurvloni, TurqTa brZolis wesebis ucodinarni, Zlier SeSinebulni. mas rom uwyinari laSqrobebiT, mcire, umniSvnelo SebrZolebebiT, swavliT, winagaZRoliT, mravali gamarjvebiT ar gaewvrTna Tavisi spa, ar gaeTamamebina mxne brZolis codniT, qebiT, saboZvaris micemiT, jabanTaTvis qalis samosis CacmiT da gakicxviT, rogor unda moepovebina amdeni gamarjveba, an rogor unda aevso samefo? iqneb ZiliT an mwvaneze smiTa da gancxromiT da ukadrisi saqmeebis SedgomiT! ara, ase ara, aramed arc aleqsandres uqnia ase... vityvi meore mizezs am bralisa: imis gamo, rom uZvelesi droidanve qarTvelebi TavianT ufrosTa orgulni arian bunebiT, rameTu rodesac gandiddebian, gasuqdebian, didebas da gansvenebas i povian, iwyeben fiqrs borotisaTvis, aseve mogviTxrobs Zveli matiane qarTlisa da amJamad xiluli saqmec. mefem, yvela adamianze ufro brZenma, es icoda. amitomac ar misca mocla amis ganzraxvisaTvis, arc moasvena, ar misca saSualeba Sekrebisa da am saqmis gakeTebisa, aramed yoveli saqme, romelic wamoiwyo, gaasrula mSvenivrad. lomsac SeiZleba vusayveduroT, ratom maimuniviT ar ixedeba, anda kvernasaviT ar krTeba. sxvasac abralebdnen: zogs Seiyvarebs, ganadidebs, an moiZulebs da daamcirebs, erTs aamaRlebs da sxvas daamdablebso, RmerTic xom ase moiqca: 5 qanqaris 10-ad mqcevels - 10-ve misca, erTis damkargvels ki isic waarTva, 10-ze xom ar daumata meTerTmeted? - an risTvisaa naqadagebi samoTxis mSvenebani da sasufevlis netarebani? RvTis nebis myofelTaTvis, WeSmaritad, xolo uRirsTa da urCTaTvis - saSinelebani. Tuki mefe erTguls, frTxils, axovans ganadidebs uRirsTa, jabanTa da orgulTa nacvlad, ra usamarTlos gaakeTebs? gana vin iyo misebr saqmeTa marTlad aRmweri da kacis viTarebis mcnobeli, romlis CrdilSi Sekrebilni iyvnen erni, tomni da sxva enebi; mefeebi da xelmwifeebi oseTisa da yivCaReTisa, somxeTisa da frangeTisa, Sarvanisa da sparseTisa. vin iyo misebr tkbili Sexvedrisas, saubris dros satrfialo, dumilisas sasurveli, mSvenieri saxiT, umSvenieresi tanis morTulobiT, aRnagobiT Sewyobili, taniT axovani, ZaliT Zlieri, simaxviliT uZlieresi, RimiliT sawadeli, mWmunvarebisas ki usawadelesi, madlieri xedviT, lomiseburad sazareli mkrTomelobisas, cnobiT brZeni, gamorCeviT ubrZnesi, martivi azriT, mravalazriani mimarTebisas, Semrisxveli myudroebiT, ganswavlulobis maqebeli da uzomoebiT arc erTs ar aSfoTebda. maRali umaRlesTaTvis da mdabali umdablesTaTvis, TviT mtrebisTvisac ki sawadeli da saTnoebiT sayvareli. hqonda yovelmxriv mSvidoba da dawynareba Tavis samefoSi. maSin man, Cveni cxovrebis didma winagamgebelma, yovelis umjobesad Semcvlelma Rm-
761
erTma, im gangebiT, romelic man uwyis da ganawesebs Cvens wlebsa da Jams, ise ganago, rogorc keTilma muSakma: ra Jams ixilavs TavTavs nayofiT savses da Tavdadrekils, iswrafvis mis daunjebas, da rogorc brZeni menave, roca ixilavs mis avsebas mravalferi tvirTiT, iswrafvis navsadgurisaken, raTa ar evnos zRvisagan. aseve zamTarSi, mTeli samefos simSvidisa da dawynarebis dros, ara qveynis kideSi, aramed samefos SuagulSi, TviT mis mier winaswar ganCinebul adgilas gansasveneblad da misaZineblad mSvenieri ZiliT daiZina Tavis mama-papasTan. esec sagulisxmoa, rom mravaljer Cavardnila sasikvdilo gansacdelSi, romelTagan mcires mogiTxrobT: erTxel nadirobisas muxnars cxeni waeqca da ise daimtvra, rom sami dRe usulod mdebare iyo uZravad, mxolod samSvinveliT iyo cocxali, sami dRis Semdeg namtknari sisxli amoanTxia, moeqca suli da sityva da Zlivs adga cocxali. aseTi mravalgzis SeemTxva da RmerTma ixsna sikvdilisagan. aseve, qarTlSi erT cixes ebrZoda, mefe Tavisi karvis karTan idga mxolod perangiT mosili; viRacam cixidan Semostyorcna isari, hkra mTavarangelozis oqros mcire xats, romelic yelze ekida da saRmrTo Zalam mSvidobiT gadaarCina, mravalgzis misma yivCaRebma ganizraxes Ralati, gaiCines mxne kacebi, zogi xmliT, zogi SubiT, sxvebi isriT; da es ara erT, or, sam, aramed mravalgzis, araodes miuSva RmerTma kverTxi codvilisa marTalze, yovelTvis xeli zegardmo faravda mdevarTagan... maSin iyo 24 ianvari, SabaTi dRe, qoronikoni 345 (1125 w), Sobidan 53 wlis, mefobda 36 weli, da rogorc daviTma solomoni, aman Tavisive xeliT taxtze dasva Ze Tvisi dimitri, mxolod saxeliT Secvlili, magram yovliTurT msgavsi mamisa, da daadga Tavze gvirgvini patiosani qvisa, Seartya welze maxvili, svianad xmarebuli, da Semosa porfiri, dauloca cxovreba. ase gacvala qveyniuri moqalaqoba zeciur sufevaSi, sadacaa Sveba da sixaruli, sadac ar aris mwuxareba da simdidre, aris sicocxle, romelsac ver SeamRvrevs sikvdili.
ZiriTadi TariRebi
1057 w. _ mefe bagrat IV bizantiidan dabrunda da li pariti dasaja. 1060 w. _ bagrat IV-m hereTisa da kaxeTis udidesi nawili SemoierTa. 1060-iani wlebi - mefis xelisufleba gaZlierda. 1064-65 w. _ Turqebis sulTani arf-aslani (1063-1072) Semoesia saqarTvelos. 1067/68 w. _ bagrat IV-m ilaSqra aranSi. 1068 w. _ sulTan arf-aslanma amis sapasuxod ilaSqra, qarTvelebi daamarcxa, Tbilisi da rusTavi ganZis amira fadlons gadasca.
762
1069 w. _ bagrat IV-m daamarcxa da daatyveva qarTlSi fadloni. Semdeg gaaTavisufla sulTnis SuamdgomlobiT. bagratma Tbilisi aiRo da amiraTa STamomavals gadasca. ufliswulma giorgim ganZa aiRo. 1071 w. _ fanaskertis brZolaSi bizantiis imperiis jarebi Turqebma daamarcxes. daido zavi. anatoliis ZiriTadi nawili, somxeTi, Sarvani seljukebma daiWires. bizantia seljukebs xarks uxdida. 1072 w. _ bagrat IV gardaicvala. 1072 w. _ arf-aslani SeTqmulebma mokles. 1072 w. _ 1089 w. mefobda giorgi II. 1073 w. _ mefes didgvarovnebi aujanydnen. maliq-Sahma (1072-1092) qarTli moarbia. 1074 w. _ mefe giorgim da kaxTa mefe aRsarTanma farcxisis brZolaSi Turqebi daamarcxes. giorgi II-m anakofia waarTva bizantielebs. Turqebma kvlav daikaves karis cixe. giorgi II-s yuels (javaxeTSi) daesxnen, daamarcxes, gaitaces samefo saWurWle, didi ganZi. 1080 w. _ daiwyo `didi Turqoba - Turquli tomebis Semoseva. 1083 w. _ giorgi II eaxla sulTan maliq-Sahs da Tavs ido xarkis gadaxda. sulTanma misca kaxeT-hereTis aRebis neba, amisaTvis laSqaric misca, magram mefem es qveyana ver aiRo. kaxTa mefe aRsarTani gamahmadianda. 1089 w. _ moxda saSineli miwisZvra. 1089 w. _ gamefda 16 wlis daviT aRmaSenebeli. 1092 w. _ gardaicvala maliq-Sahi. 1093 w. _ daviT mefem Seipyro lipariti da pirobiT gaaTavisufla. 1095 w. _ daviTma igi kvlav Sei pyro da 1097 wels bizantiaSi gaaZeva. 1095 w. _ daiwyo jvarosnuli omebi. 1097 w. _ daviT mefem sulTans xaraja Seuwyvita. 1097 w. _ jvarosnebi mcire aziaSi gamoCndnen. 1098 w. _ jvarosnebma aiRes antioqia. 1099 w. _ jvarosnebma aiRes ierusalimi. 1103 w. _ Catarda ruis-urbnisis kreba, kldekaris saerisTavo gauqmda. 1110 w. _ giorgi Wyondidelma samSvilde aiRo. 1115 w. _ giorgi Wyondidelma rusTavi aiRo. 1116 w. _ daviT mefem Turqebs Seutia taoSi. 1116 w. _ daviT mefem Tavisi qaliSvili kata bizantiis dedoflad gagzavna. 1117 w. _ daviTma Sarvan Sahs Seutia. 1118 w. _ daviT IV-m raxsis pirze mdgom Turqebs Seutia, gadmoiyvana yivCaRebi. 1120 w. _ Sirvanis qalaqi yabala aiRo.

1121 1122 1123 1123 1124 1124 1125 w. w. w. w. w. w. w. _ 12 agvistos moxda didgoris omi. _ daviTma Tbilisi aiRo. _ mefem dmanisi aiRo. _ sulTani SarvanSi SeiWra, daviTis gamoCenisas gai para. _ mefem somxeTis cixeebi aiRo. _ agvistoSi daviT IV-m qalaqi anisi daikava. 24 ianvari - gardaicvala 52 wlis daviT mefe.
763
mefe daviTi - morCili berisa

arsen iyalToeli moZRvari da sulieri mama iyo daviT aRmaSeneblisa; friad ganaTlebuli, mecnieri, Semoqmedi moRvawe, enaTa mcodne, RvTismetyveli, filosofosi, mTargmneli saeklesio wignebisa, burji marTlmadideblobisa. mas Tavisi drois qarTveloba didad afasebda. efrem mcires uTqvams: adamianisagan SeuZlebeli arsenisagan SesaZlebelia RvTisa da misi wmidanebis meoxebiTo. i. lolaSvilis Tanaxmad, arsens saxelmwifo mrCevlad dadgomamde uswavlia konstantinopolis manganis akademiaSi, Semdeg Sav mTaze (antioqiaSi) umoRvawnia efrem mcires xelmZRvanelobiT1, Semdeg kvlav konstantinopolSi - manganis monasterSi gadasula da moRvaweobda2. 1103 wlisaTvis samSobloSi dabrunebula - SiomRvimis monasterSi. `CvenSi mosvlis dRidan arseni gamxdara daviTis gonieri moZRvari, daviTi ki arsenis morCili Segirdi. aman ganapiroba is, rom arseni TiTqmis 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi mefes edga gverdiT da am mefis xelSewyobiTa da TanadgomiT eweoda saeklesio-sazogadoebriv da samwerlo-samonastro saqmianobas... arsenis SemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba gaiSala da gaifurCqna daviT mefis iniciativiTa da mfarvelobiT, xolo daviTis mier politikuri da kulturuli reformebi gatarda arsenis rCeviTa da STagonebiT. daviTi arsens uwodebda `sasosa da ganmanaTlebels~3. ufro metic, i. lolaSvilis azriT, daviT mefe iyo morCili arsen iyalToelisa. `morCili~ saeklesio terminia da ewodeba eriskacs, romelsac evaleba aRasrulos Tavisi sulieri moZRvris yoveli neba. cxadia, saboloo mizania adamianis sulieri amaRleba, magram xSirad morCilebisas xdeba eriskacis gamocda, aris Tu ara is Sesaferisi samonazvno moRvaweobisa. daviT mefesac Tavisi sulieri moZRvris didi morCileba hqonia da TviTon arsenic mefisaTvis didad sando piri yofila. arseni mefisagan imdenad ndobiT aRWurvili piri iyo, rom misi sityva mbrZaneblisa da morCilis mier uyoymanod sruldeboda. am mxriv, friad sagulisxmoa daviT mefis gamonaTqvamebi: `berman arseni mibrZana amis anderZisa dawera~ (da man es anderZi dawera kidec), `mibrZana sasoman Cemman berman arseni~ mRvimis wesTa dasxma (da man amisi nebac darTo); `kandlebi, romeli me momix-
764
senebia da romeli arsenis daudgams, numca vis ukadrebia gamoRebaA~; `viTa aw arsenis gauwesebia... nu vin Secvlis amas wessa~ da a.S. Tavis `sasosa da ganmanaTlebels~ mefe yvelaferSi endoboda, mis yvela survils asrulebda da bevr ramesac swavlobda misgan. da es xdeba im dros, rodesac arsenis mimarT ase mokrZalebuli mefe RvTis risxvas awevda urC feodalebs, qveynis orgulT, gareSe mtrebs. simkacrisa da morCilebis aseTi kontrasti axasiaTebda daviT aRmaSenebels. erTi mxriv igi, rogorc mefe da saxelmwifo moRvawe, mtkice nebisyofiT, gonieri moqmedebiTa da samxedro da administraciuli marTvis niWiT qmnida Zlier saxelmwifos da mis samsaxurSi ayenebda yvelas, ersac da bersac, xolo meore mxriv is, rogorc ganaTlebuli adamiani, Tayvansa scemda mecnierebas, patiosnebasa da erTgulebas, romlis unikaluri gansaxiereba iyo misi moZRvari - arsen iyalToeli~4. ara marto mecnierebis, erTgulebisa da patiosnebis gamo emorCileboda daviT aRmaSenebeli berebs giorgi Wyondidels, arsen iyalToels Tu ioane kaTalikos-patriarqs, aramed is qarTul eklesias ganixilavda, rogorc saqarTvelos WeSmarit gamaerTianebel da mesaWe Zalas, romelsac Seswevda unari ufali RmerTis SemweobiT ganeaxlebina da gaecxovelebina (gaecocxlebina) qarTveli sazogadoeba, sulierebis axal safexurze aeyvana is. es Semdgom marTlac ase moxda, qarTveli eris oqros xana _ epoqa daviTisa da Tamarisa _ swored saxelmwifosa da qarTuli eklesiis Zalze Rrma urTierTTanamSromlobiT Seiqmna. daviT aRmaSenebeli Tavis saxelmwifos marTavda saeklesio moRvaweebis saSualebiT. kerZod, man Seqmna mTavroba, romlis umTavresi Tanamdebobebi samRvdeloTa xelSi iyo. ufro metic, giorgi Wyondideli episkoposi mefis mamad da saxelmwifos pirvel vazirad iTvleboda. ìgi mefis Semdeg meore kaci iyo saxelmwifoSi da erTnairad miuwvdeboda xeli rogorc saero, ise sasuliero sakiTxebze~5. is iyo mwignobarTuxucesic, masve eqvemdebareboda umaRlesi sasamarTlo organo - `saajo kari~6. giorgi Wyondideli iyo `mama mefisa~ da warmoadgenda qalkedonizmis, anu rogorc imJamad miiCneoda saqarTveloSi, qarTuli qristianobis simbolos. amitom ar aris SemTxveviTi, swored giorgi Wyondidelis uSualo xelmZRvanelobiT cixe-qalaq samSvildis aReba 1110 wels. samSvildis aRebas mohyva qvemo qarTlis mTavar cixeTa ganTavisufleba. marTalia, es cixeebi maSin Turqebis mier iyo daWerili, magram, saerTod, iqamde sul ramdenime aTeuli wliT adre, samSvilde warmoadgenda centrs monofizituri saxelmwifosi. is lore-taSiris kvirikianTa samefos dedaqalaqi iyo. Turqebis mier am samefos, anu qvemo qarTlis cixeTa daWeris Semdegac, monofizituri eklesiis gavlena am qarTul miwaze kvlavac Zlieri iyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom aq WeSmaritad qarTul qveyanaSi (qvemo qarTlSi), monofizituri eklesia xelovnurad gaabatones arabma dampyroblebma (ix. amis Sesaxeb Semdeg
765
TavebSi), arabebisa da somxuri eklesiis kavSiris Sekvrisa da qalkedonizmis winaaRmdeg erTobliv qmedebaTa Sedegad. am politikurma Zalebma warmoqmnes aq somxuri saxelmwifoebrioba (kvirikianebis samefo), romlis moqalaqeTa did umravlesobas qarTveloba Seadgenda, maTi erTi nawili grigorianul sarwmunoebaze iyo gadayvanili. TurqeTis batonobisagan aq ganmaTavisuflebeli mRvdelTmTavris gamoCenas udidesi moraluri da sulieri mniSvneloba unda hqonoda adgilobrivi qristianebis kvlav dedaqarTul eklesiaSi dasabruneblad. marTlac, amis Semdeg sul male qvemo qarTli uwyvetad, TiTqmis XVIII saukunemde iqca qarTuli eklesiis nayofier samoRvaweo asparezad. qvemo qarTls, monofizitTa, anu `somexTa~ mefobis gamo somxiTi ewoda. gaerTianebis Semdeg saqarTvelos mefes `somexTa mefis~ titulic hqonda (anisis, anu armeniis, mefeebs SahanSa ewodebodaT), rac, swored am kuTxis mflobelobas aRniSnavda. `samSvildis aRebas didi mniSvneloba hqonda imitom, rom igi Zlieri cixe iyo da samxreTiT tfiliss amagrebda; samxreTis savaWro gzac am qalaqze gadioda... Turqebsac am ambavma Tavzari dasca: `cnes ra TurqTa aReba samSvildisa, umravlesni cixeni somxiTisani dautevnes da Rame meot iqmnnes~. qarTvelebi am moulodnelma garemoebam Zalze gaaxara da mtrisagan mitovebuli cixeebi siamovnebiT `Cven Tana moiTvalnes~7. Turqebis sulTanma am ambebTan dakavSirebiT gamogzavna asiaTaskaciani laSqari. magram maT daviT aRmaSenebeli sabrZolvelad mzad myofi mxedrobiT daxvda, Turqebi gaiqcnen. `raki Turqebi ase Tavzardacemulebi iyvnen, giorgi Wyondidelma da mwignobarTuxucesma, albaT, daviT aRmaSenebelTan SeTanxmebiT, kvlav ganagrZo Tavisi samxedro moqmedeba da `mefisa muxrans yofasa~ man mters rusTavic waarTva~8. es moxda 1115 wels. am udidesi gamarjvebisTvis, albaT, 1110-1115 wlebSi mTel saqarTveloSi locavdnen `mefesa da mRvdelmTavars~. 1118 wels yivCaRebis gamoyvanis urTulesi saqmec garkveulwilad giorgi WyondidelTan iyo dakavSirebuli. saerTod, mefe mRvdelmTavars uwinamZRvrebda xolme TiTqmis yvela did da gasaocar samxedrosa da sasuliero saqmes, ara erTi da ori wlis, aramed mTeli sicocxlis manZilze. daviT mefe qveyanas Tavis karze myofi berebis xeliT marTavda (igulisxmeba mwignobarTuxucesi - Wyondideli giorgi, kaTalikos-patriarqi ioane, Tavisi moZRvari ioane, arsen iyalToeli da sxvebi). yvela isini udidesi Tanamdebobis mqoneni iyvnen. maT samoxeleo saxeloze ufro maRali saxelo qveyanaSi ar arsebobda. unda vifiqroT, rom darbazis karze moRvawe es mRvdelmTavrebi warmoadgendnen kidec sinods qarTuli eklesiisas, romelic eklesias aZlevda kanonsa da rigs. daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi mogviTxrobs, rom am mefis dros `monasterni da saepiskoposoni da yovelni
766
eklesiani wessa da rigsa locvisasa da yovlisa saeklesiosa gangebisasa darbazis kariT miiRebdian, viTarca kanonsa ucTomelsa, yovlad Sveniersa da dawyobilsa, keTilwesierebasa locvisa da marxvisasa~9. `xelmwifis karis garigeba~ moixseniebs 4 bers, romelTac saqarTvelos mTavrobaSi upirvelesi adgilebi eWiraT. 4 bers moixseniebs ruis-urbnisis krebis `Zegliswerac~: 1) ioane kaTalikos-patriarqs, 2) evstaTi monazons, 3) giorgi monazon - mwignobarTuxucess, 4) arseni monazons. Cven zemoT gamoTqmuli gvqonda mosazreba, rom 4 beri mRvdelmTavari warmoadgenda qarTuli eklesiis sinods, arsebuls xelmwifis karze, anu `darbazis karze~. maT eklesiis garda saxelmwifo saqmeebis warmarTvis movaleobac ekisrebodaT. am oTxi beridan ioane iyo sruliad saqarTvelos patriarqi da amave dros qarTlis kaTalikosi, evstaTi unda yofiliyo afxazeTis kaTalikosi, giorgi - Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesia, xolo arseni iyalToeli, Cans, moZRvarTmoZRvari iyo. mefe daviTi mudam berebis wreSi trialebda, saRmrTo sibrZneze edga samefo taxti. amiT unda yofiliyo gamowveuli is, rom daviTi sasuliero wignebis ubadlo mcodne iyo. mis `galobani sinanulisaniSi~ gamoyenebuli yofila Semdegi dasaxelebis sasuliero wignebi: Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyvelebani (esaia, ezekieli), dabadeba, sibrZne solomonisa, gamosvlaTa, fsalmuni, mefeTa, igavni, II Sjulisa, eklesiaste, msajulTa, 2 neStTa, samociqulo, kerZod, epistoleebi petresi, pavlesi - filipelTa, romaelTa, I korinTelTa, I timoTes mimarT, iakobisa; saxarebani maTesi da lukasi, gamocxadeba10, amitomac marTebulia iv. javaxiSvilis gancxadeba: `daviT aRmaSenebels Tavisi Tavi ùswavlel~, `msoflio~ da `mxedrobaTa Sina aRzrdil~ kacad miaCnia, magram rasakvirvelia, es TavmdablobiT mosdioda, igi naswavli da ganaTlebuli adamiani yofila~11. daviTs Rrma saeklesio-saRvTismetyvelo ganaTleba hqonda miRebuli. uTuod mefis Rrma qristianobas mowmobs is, rom `kacTmoyvare da gulSematkivari adamiani iyo, avadmyofTa da davrdomilTaTvis zrunavda...~12 rogorc axali, ise Zveli aRTqma daviTs Sesisxlxorcebuli aqvs, es Cans ara marto misi cxovrebis magaliTebiT, aramed, rogorc iTqva, misi Txzulebidan `galobani sinanulisani~. es galoba, didmarxvis I kviris sakiTxavi andria kritelis sinanulis sagaloblis gavleniT aris dawerili saeklesio saWiroebisaTvis. daviTis am galobas, Cans, didmarxvis dros galobdnen eklesiaSi Sesabamis dros. amitomac cdebian is mkvlevarebi, romlebic am `galobaSi~ avtobiografiul cnobebs eZieben da azogadeben daviTis cxovrebis Seswavlis mizniT. SeiZleba iTqvas, `galobani sinanulisani~ iseTive tradiciuli trafaretebiTaa dawerili, rogorc msgavsi Txzulebani imdroindeli saeklesio poetebisa, magaliTad - `kaenis mklvelebri cnobai, seiTis ZeTa lirwebai, gmirTa siRodiT mavlobai~ da sxva msgavsni ara avtobiografiu-
767
li, aramed mwignobruli (e.i. Zveli da axali aRTqmidan gamomdinare) Sedarebebia. igive iTqmis daviTis naTqvamze: `codvaTa siWabukisa da umecrebisa CemisasTa nu moixseneb~. es gamonaTqvami mxolod gameorebaa ebraelTa mefe daviTis 24-e fsalmunis me-7 muxlisa `codvaTa siWabukisa da umecrebisa CemisaTa nu moixseneb, wyalobaTa SenTa momixsene me sitkboebiTa SenisaTvis, ufalo~. amas werda ebraelTa mefe qristianobamde didi xniT adre, xolo qarTvelTa mefem mxolod gaimeora saeklesio himnis daweris dros. daviTi saeklesio poeti da albaT kompozitoricaa, radgan galoba - musikisa da teqstis erTobas moiTxovda. saerTod, qristiani valdebuli iyo moenaniebina `nebsiTi Tu uneblie, mecnierebiT Tu umecrebiT~, siWabukisas Tu asakSi Sesvlisas Cadenili codva. yoveli adamiani valdebuli iyo, sinanuliT emarxula aRdgomis sixarulis miRebisaTvis. daviTi swored aseTi monanuli qristiani iyo. is da misi ojaxi Tayvanismcemeli iyo qristianuli siwmideebisa. XII saukunis dasawyisSi ierusalimidan, wmida saflavis kantonidan, swerdnen parizis RvTismSoblis taZris krebuls, cxovelmyofeli xisagan gamoTlili wmida jvaris Sesaxeb: àm jvars daviT, mefe qarTvelTa, sanam cocxali iyo, uaRres Tayvaniscemas da siyvaruls uZRvnida~13, aRsaniSnavia, rom msgavsi jvari hqonia agreTve `qarTvelTa patriarqs~14. z. avaliSvili wers: `jvarosnebs Zalian uWirdaT saqme siria-palestinaSi~15. jvarosanTa omis dawyebisas daviT mefe yovelmxriv exmareboda maT. qarTvel mefes siriaSi ulaSqria, xolo qarTuli wyaros mixedviT, ierusalimic daulaSqravs. àRsaniSnavia, rom erT-erTi aRmosavluri wyaros mixedviT, didgoris omis wina xanebSi qarTvelebs gaulaSqriaT siriaSic, romelic maT adrec mourbeviaT. rogorc irkveva, XII s-is 20-ian wlebSi daviTis brZola Turqebis winaaRmdeg ramdenime frontze, miznad isaxavda Turqebis gandevnas ara marto saqarTvelosa da misi mezobeli qveynebidan, aramed TurqTa Zalebis Sesustebas saerTod maxlobel aRmosavleTSi, es ki Tavisi SedegebiT cxadia, savsebiT exmaureboda im molaparakebas, romelic saqarTveloSi swored am ambebis win gaimarTa daviT IV-sa da balduin II-s Soris~16. `Tamaris pirveli istorikosis cnobiT, daviT aRmaSenebeli Tavisi laSqriT ierusalimisaTvis brZolaSic ki iRebda monawileobas~17. uTuod xma - `mefe da mRvdelmTavari~, romelic qristianTa gamarjvebebs Tan axlda saqarTveloSi, axla gascda mis farglebs da ierusalimis kedlebis siaxlovesac gaisma. `...im urTierTobam, romelic saukuneebis manZilze saqarTvelosa da jvarosnebs Soris arsebobda, rogorc Cans, dasabami misca farTod gavrcelebul legendas `mefe-mRvdelmTavar ioaneze~. es legenda warmoiSva jvarosanTa laSqrobis xanaSi da gavrcelda CinelebSi, TurqebSi, monRolebSi, sparselebSi,
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indoelebSi, arabebSi, somxebsa da yvela evropel xalxSic, romelnic monawileobas iRebdnen jvarosnul omebSi... mTel msoflioSi farTod moarul legendad aris miCneuli... misi Sinaarsi qronikis mixedviT aseTia: `...ramdenime wlis winaT viRac mefe da beri ioane, romelic sparseTisa da somxeTis gaRma, ukidures aRmosavleTSi cxovrobs da Tavis xalxTan erTad qristianul, magram nestorianul eklesias ekuTvnis, sparselTa da midielTa mefe Zmebs Tavs daesxa, maTi rezidencia daipyro mRvdelmTavarma ioanem, romelsac ase uwodeben Cveulebriv, sparselebi gaaqcia da gaimarjva. mRvdelmTavar ioanes surda swrafad daxmareboda ierusalimis taZars~18. S. mesxia wers: àrmeniisa da sparseTis miRma mcxovrebi~ `mefe-mRvdelmTavari~ sxva vin unda iyos, Tu ara daviT aRmaSenebeli. rogorc es ukanasknel xanebSi gairkva, am legendis Tavdapirvel variantSi mTavar gmirad ioane mefe-mRvdelmTavari ki ar yofila dasaxelebuli, aramed mefe daviTi. laTinur enaze Sedgenil XIII saukunis inglisur qronikaSi naTqvamia: `mTel saqristianoSi gavrcelda xma, rom mefe daviTi, ioane presviterad saxeldebuli, auracxeli jariT daiZra indoeTidan da ukve dai pyro midia da sparseTi~. imdroindel msoflioSi ase farTod gavrcelebuli es legenda daviT aRmaSeneblisa da mis dros gadaxdil omebze iyo~19. ismis kiTxva, ratom uwodes daviT mefes legendebSi mRvdelmTavari? rogorc aRvniSneT, saqarTveloSi xSirad gaismoda gamarjvebis yiJina `mefe da mRvdelmTavari~, rameTu mefe yovel did saqmes romelime qarTveli mRvdelmTavris monawileobiT akeTebda. es xma ucxoeTSic gasula, oRond `mefe da mRvdelmTavari~ erT pirad miuCneviaT, gauerTianebiaT. magram ratom uwodes `mRvdelmTavari ioane~? es kiTxva Turme winaTac arsebula. `sxvaTa Soris, is azric gamoiTqva, rom ìoane xucesis~ Tqmuleba ioane orbelianis (demetresa da giorgi III-is amirspasalari) saxeliT unda aixsnebodes.20 SeiZleba, aq ivane orbeliani arafer SuaSia, mefe daviTs gverdiT edga mRvdelmTavari ioane - saqarTvelos patriarqi. albaT, misi saxeliT unda aixsnas TqmulebaSi `mRvdelmTavari ioanes~ moxsenieba. marTlac, saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqi ioane, daviT aRmaSeneblis TanamebrZoli, udidesi gamarjvebebis sulisCamdgmeli iyo. magaliTad, ai rogor axasiaTebs mas ruis-urbnisis krebis Zegliswera: - àm krebis Tavi, winamZRvari da saxe iyo RvTis kurTxeuli, sulieri simSvidiT moses msgavsi, didi samoelisebr erisaTvis mlocveli da srulyofadTa madliT mcxebeli Rirsi mTavarepiskopos-kaTalikosi iovane, mTeli saqarTvelos didi mamamTavari~21. ìoane, yovlad Rirsi mTavarepiskoposi-kaTalikosi da yovlisa saqarTvelosa didi mamamTavari~21. ruis-urbnisis kreba pirveli didi da seriozuli gamarjveba iyo daviT mefisa da mas ioane mRvdelmTavari amzadebda. TviT mefis sikvdilis Jamsac ioane kvlav avtoritetuli piria. mas anderZSi ixseniebs.
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`...daviTi aseT gankargulebas iZleva: Cemi eklesiis damTavreba-kurTxevas Tu ver moveswro, maSin arsenisaTvis micemul perperiTa da kostantiT Senobas `kalapoti gamouyaron, moleson, moxaton da Zeman Cemman demetre, TanadgomiTa kurTxeulis mwignobarT-uxucesisa da berTa CemTaiTa (igulisxmebian arseni da ioane moZRvari) akurTxon xeliTa ioane qarTlisa kaTalikozisaTa, Tana-daxudomiTa imerTa da amerTa yovelTa episkopozTaiTa22. e.i. ioanes gelaTis kurTxeva daevala. daviT mefes ioane somxeTSic axlda. p. ioseliani wers: `saqarTvelos Zlevamosilma mefem, daviTma, qalaq anisSi moiwvia saeklesio kreba ioane qarTlis kaTalikosisa da swavluli episkoposebis - arsen iyalToelis, efrem mciris, Teofilesa da ioane tariWisZis monawileobiT~23. marTlac, daviTma `mouwoda ioanes, kaTalikossa qarTlisasa da mis qveSeTa episkoposTa da meudabnoeTa~24. mefes moZRvaric hyolia - ioane (xom ar iyo es moZRvari igive kaTalikosi?). mematiane wers: `Tvissa moZRvarsa iovanes misca odesme drahkani, viTar 24 000, raTa ganuyos glaxakTa~25. rogorc zemoT moyvanili miuTiTebs, saqarTvelos upirveles mRvdelmTavars daviT aRmaSeneblis dros ioane erqva. is mefes Tan axlda somxeTSi, anisSi. unda vifiqroT, rom wmida adgilebisaken laSqrobisas mefes Tan axlda wmida qalaq ierusalimSi locvas monatruli ioane mRvdelmTavari. mefisa da mRvdelmTavris saxelebi - daviTi da ioane - gaaerTiana xalxma. Tumca, SegveZlo gvefiqra imis Sesaxebac, rom mefe berad aRikveca ìoanes~ saxeliT. rogorc paragrafis dasawyisSi aRiniSna, daviT mefe `morCili~ yofila berisa, arsen iyalToelisa da aseve mis karze moRvawe sxva ramdenime warCinebuli berisa. TiTqosda, mefes Tavis karze monastris magvari dawesebuleba Seuqmnia. ai, ras wers ivane javaxiSvili: `sakorporacio dawesebulebebSi normaluri da myudro muSaoba mxolod Tanamdebobis pirTa da moZRvarTa gankargulebebisa da xelmZRvanelebis morCilebaze iyo damokidebuli. vinc am gankargulebas ar asrulebda da xelmZRvanelobas ar misdevda, is ùrCad~ iTvleboda... morCilebis aseTi simkacriT damyarebas imitom cdilobdnen, rom urCoba adamianis meSfoTe da mrude bunebis, amasTanave qedmaRlobis, kadnierebisa da medidurobis gamomJRavneba miaCndaT, xolo sakorporacio weswyobilebis kanonmdebelTa azriT, àra rai aRZravs da aRaSfoTebs myudroebasa erTsulTa ZmaTasa, viTar meSfoTe kaci da RularWnili~26.
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aseTi morCileba ùdrtvinvelad~ unda aResrulebinaT da ùdrtvinvelad morCilni~ unda yofiliyvnen `wamisyofisa mwyemsisasa~27. safiqrebelia, qarTveli mRvdelmTavrebi morCilni iyvnen mefisa maT mier yovelgvari saxelmwifo saqmis aRsrulebisas. samagierod, mefe emorCileboda maT sasuliero da sxva sakiTxebSi. aseTi harmonia, damyarebuli `darbazis karze~, safuZveli gaxda saqarTvelos òqros xanisa~.
ruis-urbnisis kreba
qarTuli eklesia didi avtoritetiT sargeblobda saqarTvelos yovel kuTxeSi, im drosac ki, rodesac saqarTvelo gaerTianebuli ar iyo da misi saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebi erTmaneTs ebrZodnen. cnobilia, rom vaxtang gorgasalma Caatara saeklesio reforma, romlis ZaliTac saxelmwifos Sinagani stabiluroba ganmtkicda, magram Semdeg qarTvelTa erTiani saxelmwifo daiSala da X saukunis bolosa da XI saukunis dasawyisSi faqtobrivad axali saxelmwifo Seiqmna qarTuli qveynebis gaerTianebis Sedegad. amitomac, kvlav daisva kiTxva saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobisa. kerZod, unda garkveuliyo, ra mimarTeba unda daeWira eklesias saxelmwifos, anda saxelmwifos eklesiis mimarT. Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT qarTuli eklesiis mdgomareobas grigol xanZTelisa da daviT aRmaSeneblis dros, arsebiT sxvaobas davinaxavT. grigol xanZTelis dros eklesia ar aZlevda saxelmwifos nebas, Careuliyo eklesiis saqmeebSi, radganac eklesia TviTmwyemsad-TviTmmarTvelad miiCneoda. daviTis dros ruis-urbnisis krebam, Cans, mravali saeklesio funqcia gadasca saxelmwifos, `darbazis kars~. epoqis mematiane wers: `monasterni da saepiskoposoni da yovelni eklesiani wessa da rigsa locvisasa da yovlisa saeklesiosa gangebisasa darbazis kariT miiRebdian, viTarca kanonsa ucTomelsa da yovlad Sveniersa da dawyobilsa, keTilwesierebasa locvisa da marxvisasa~. aq mxolod eklesia-monastrebze ki ar aris saubari, aramed saepiskoposoebzec. sayovelTaod cnobilia, Tu rogori damoukideblobiT sargeblobda Zvel dros eklesia da samRvdeloeba. amitomac unda davaskvnaT, rom 1103 wels moxda ara saxelmwifos mier eklesiis uprecedento damorCileba (es saeklesio kanonebiT akrZalulia da arc SeeZlo imdroindel saqarTvelos mefes), aramed Seikra mmarTvelobiTi kavSiri saxelmwifosa da umaRles saeklesio mTavrobas Soris. Camoyalibda Teokratiulis msgavsi qarTuli saxelmwifo. misi Teokratiuloba imaSi gamoixateboda, rom eklesiam ikisra saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis zogierTi funqciis Sesruleba, Tavis mxriv eklesiamac daTmo garkveuli uflebebi. saerTod Teokratia ganisazRvreba
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ase - `mmarTvelobis forma, romlis drosac monarqiuli saxelmwifos meTauri warmoadgens imavdroulad mis religiur meTaurs~28. qvemoT ganvixilavT mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom qarTuli Teokratiulis msgavsi saxelmwifo Semdegi saxiT iyo mowyobili: umaRlesi saeklesio mTavrobis oTxi wevri imavdroulad iqca saero mTavrobis umaRles wevrebadac. kerZod, oTxi beri saqarTvelos patriarqi (anu kaTalikosi qarTlisa), afxazeTis kaTalikosi, Wyondideli da moZRvarTmoZRvari imavdroulad xdebian qveynis mmarTvelebic. qarTlis kaTalikosi amave dros iyo sruliad saqarTvelos patriarqi anu mamamTavari, xolo afxazeTis sakaTalikoso uwyvetad arsebobda VIII sdan, am krebasac ori kaTalikozi, anu `kaTalikozni~ eswrebodnen, kerZod, afxazeTisa da qarTlis kaTalikosebi - àm krebaSi monawileobas iRebda Turme èri mravali~ da zemoCamoTvlil pirTa garda monawiled yofilan `kaTalikozni~, `moZRvarni da mecnierni~29. daviTis anderZSic sityva `kaTalikozni~ ixmareba da ara `kaTalikozi~30. qvemoT aRvniSnavT, rom daviT aRmaSeneblis dros `saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis sistemas~ saTaveSi Caudga 4 monazoni, anu òTxi beri~, SemdegSic darbazis umaRlesi wevrebi arian: moZRvarTmoZRvari, qarTlis kaTalikosi, afxazeTis kaTalikosi da Wyondideli. amaTTan TiTqmis gaTanabrebulia, magram maTze odnav dabla dgas sami saero piri - xelisufalni (vezirebi): mogvianebiT - aTabagi, amirspasalari da mandaturTuxucesi. kidev ufro dabla dganan sxva vezirebi da uxucesebi. es ase iyo mogvianebiT, magram sistemas safuZveli Cans am dros Cahyria. Wyondidelis uflebamosilebas miuTiTebs is, rom `vezirobasac~ ki igi marTavda da darbazis karis umaRlesi piri iyo: `Tu veziroba iyos, maT moaxsenon Wyondidelsa da aTabagsa, amirspasalarsa, meWurWleTuxucessa, msaxurTuxucessa da amilaxorsa~31. darbazobis dros ki erTad ikribebian: `...darbazT aTqs oTxTave: moZRvarT-moZRvarsa, kaTalikozTa, Wyondidelsa da samTa vazirTa - aTabagsa, amir-spasalarsa da mandaturTuxucessa~32. marTalia, `xelmwifis karis garigeba~ Semdgomdroindeli Zeglia, magram sammarTvelo sistemis saxe, romelic aq aris aRwerili, SemuSavebuli unda yofiliyo daviT aRmaSeneblis dros (aTabagi da sxva moxeleebi Semdeg daemata). `saqarTvelos gaerTianebisa da erTiani qarTuli feodaluri monarqiis SeqmnasTan erTad iwyebs Camoyalibebas saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis erTiani sistema... gaerTianebuli saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis aparatis Camoyalibebas uSualod ukavSirdeba CvenSi vazirobis institutis Seqmna... mmarTvelobis centralizaciis mizniT daviT aRmaSenebelma ZiriTadi uwyebani (saSinao, finansTa, samxedro) gamoyo sxva dargebisagan da isini uSualod mefis vazirs, mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondidels dauqvemdebara. maTi meTaurebi ki
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(mandaturTuxucesi, meWurWleTuxucesi, amirspasalari) win wamoswia sxva ùxucesebTan~ SedarebiT... pirveli vaziri uxucesTagan mwignobarTuxucesiWyondideli iyo... umaRlesi saapelacio sasamarTlo CvenSi e.w. `saajo kari~ iyo... daviTma ki `saajo karSi~ sami mosamarTle dasva: mwignobarTuxucesi (ufrosi), sawolisa da zardaxnis mwignobari... am dawesebulebis daniSnuleba iyo feodaluri anarqiis winaaRmdeg brZola da saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis dacva~33. ar aris SemTxveviTi is, rom ruis-urbnisis Zegliswera asaxelebs oTx bers, iseve rogorc `xelmwifis karis garigeba~. `ZeglisweraSi~ moxseniebulia: 1) giorgi mwignobarTuxucesi, 2) ioane kaTalikozi, - saqarTvelos patriarqi, 3) evstaTi, 4) arseni; `xelmwifis karis garigebis~ 4 beris Tanamdebobebia: Wyondideli, 2 kaTalikozi, moZRvarT moZRvari. amitomac unda vifiqroT, rom arseni moZRvarT-moZRvaria (an Semdeg miiRo es saxelo), xolo evstaTi - afxazeTis kaTalikosi. isicaa aRsaniSnavi, rom daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosis cnobili gamonaTqvami imis Sesaxeb, rom `darbazis kari~ saeklesio kanonmdebels warmoadgenda daviTis dros, meordeba `xelmwifis karis garigebaSic~. kerZod, aq naTqvamia, rom `gelaTisagan kide saydarni da sxvani monasterni da eklesiani, xucesni da monazonni, da rac saeklesioni dasni arian - yvela Wyondidelis da sawolis mwignobris saxeloisia~34. gelaTi moZRvarTmoZRvars ekuTvnoda. amis garda sxva sruliad saqarTvelos saeklesio dasi xelmwifis karidan imarTeba Wyondidelis da sawolis mwignobris mier. amiT, vfiqrobT, dasturdeba daviTis istorikosis naTqvami: `... yovelni eklesiani - saeklesiosa gangebisasa darbazis kariT miiRebdian~. ruis-urbnisis krebis Semdeg `marTalia, daviT aRmaSenebelma miaRwia imas, rom mefem moipova uflebebi eklesiaze, eklesiac Seurigda daviTis Carevas mis saqmeebSi...~35 magram Tavis mxriv eklesiam moi pova saxelmwifo saqmeebis marTva-gamgeobis ufleba. `...ruis-urbnisis krebis Semdeg daviT aRmaSenebelma es ori `xeli~ gaaerTiana. amieridan kidev ufro gaizarda Wyondidelis roli eklesiaSi da Tu mwignobarTuxucesi, rogorc mefis samdivanmwignobros meTauri, mefis Semdeg pirveli piri iyo saxelmwifoSi, eklesiaSi kaTalikosis Semdeg yvelaze didi gavleniT Wyondideli sargeblobda. mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondidelis meSveobiT mefe uSualod ereoda eklesiis saSinao saqmeebSi da karnaxobda eklesias Tavis nebas~36. Tavis mxriv, imave gziT, da saerTod `darbazis karis~ meSveobiT qarTuli eklesia Tavis nebisamebr warmarTavda qarTuli saxelmwifos saqmes. marTalia, mefe umaRlesi mxedarTmTavari iyo da amitom Wyondidelis (e.i. darbazis karis) uzomod gazrdili Zalaufleba misTvis sruliad mosaTmeni (sasurvelic) iyo, magram Tamar mefem sagangebo RonisZiebebi
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Caatara kaTalikosis gazrdili xelisuflebis SesazRudad maSin, roca kaTalikosma Tavis xelSi aiRo Wyondidelobac. `darbazis kari~ warmoadgenda ara marto saxelmwifos macentralizebel organos, aramed eklesiisasac. cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos mefeT mefe imavdroulad `Svidi samefos~ mefesac warmoadgenda. am erTian saxelmwifoSi Svidi samefo Tumca nominalurad, magram mainc arsebobda. mefes uTuod esaWiroeboda `Tanadgoma da erTneboba~ Svidive samefos didebulebisa (`romelic ganaCina TanadgomiTa da erTnebiTa Svidsave samefosa didebulTa~)37. aseve saqarTvelos eklesia, anu sapatriarqo, ori sakaTalikososgan Sedgeboda (esec, faqtobrivad, nominalurad). bediel-alaverdeloba Wyondidel svimonisa eklesiis erTianobasac didad uwyobda xels. Wyondidels Semdeg `vazirT-vaziri~ uwodes da mis xelSi uzarmazari xelisufleba iyrida Tavs. amitomac, rogorc aRiniSna, zogjer mefesac ki aRar ekiTxeboda Tavis `sauravs~. magram mefis gareSe mas amis neba ar hqonda: `mwignobarTuxucesis gareSe ar wydeboda arc erTi saxelmwifoebrivi saqme, `yvela sauravi umisod ar iqnebis~38. marTalia, mwignobarTuxucesi monawileobda yovelgvari saxelmwifoebrivi saqmis gadawyvetaSi, magram mefis gareSe raime gadawyvetilebis miReba damoukideblad ar SeeZlo. swored amitom, daviT ulus droindel Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxuces basils JamTaaRmwereli danaSaulad uTvlis Tavisi uflebebis gadametebas, rac imaSi gamoixata, rom man ìwyo sauravTaca qmnad Tvinier mefisa kiTxvisa~39. mwignobarTuxucess eqvemdebareboda samefo spac. igi mefesTan erTad wyvetda omis dawyeba-ardawyebis sakiTxs da zogjer omSic midioda~40. aRsaniSnavia, rom eklesias (kaTalikoss da episkoposebs) Tavisi jari hyavda, magram Wyondidels samefo spa eqvemdebareboda. `mwignobarTuxucesis uflebas Seadgens sxva vezirTa sammarTvelo uwyebis Semowmeba...~41 rogorc zemoT moyvanilidan Cans, ruis-urbnisis krebis Semdeg eklesiam didad gaifarTova Tavisi uflebebi da is saxelmwifo sakiTxebsac wyvetda (Wyondidelisa Tu sxva sami beris (monazonis) saSualebiT), amiT saqarTveloSi Seiqmna Teokratiulis magvari saxelmwifo. `saqarTvelos eklesias, iseve rogorc romis eklesias, saxelmwifo cxovrebasa da weswyobilebaSi gansakuTrebuli upiratesobani hqonda mopovebuli da miniWebuli, romelTa wyalobiTac mas marto wminda saeklesio dawesebulebis xasiaTi ki ar hqonda, aramed saxelmwifoebrivi sxeulisa da erTeulis Tvisebebic. qarTuli eklesiis am ufleba-upiratesobaTa Sesaxeb mkvlevari verc sjulis kanonSi, verc adgilobrivi krebebis ZeglisweraSi veraviTar cnobebsa da kvals ver aRmoaCens. am friad sayuradRebo sakiTxis SeswavlisaTvis mkvlevarma unda sigel-gujrebs mihmarTos~42. didi ivane javaxiSvili qarTul eklesias, saxelmwifo cxovrebasa da weswyobilebaSi gansakuTrebuli upiratesobis gamo, adarebs romis ekle-
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sias, romelsac VIII saukunidan saero xelisuflebac xelT epyra `papis olqSi~. es ori eklesia, romelTac saero da sasuliero xelisufleba xelT epyraT, erTmaneTs emsgavsebodnen, Tumca qarTul eklesias saero xelisufleba mTlianad ar miuTvisebia. saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo da eklesia erTmaneTs uTavsebdnen xelisuflebas (cxadia, garkveul dromde, ZiriTadad, daviTis dros). `...uZveles Zeglad, romelSic saqarTvelos eklesiis uzenaesi saWeTmpyroblis gansakuTrebuli upiratesoba sakuTari jaris yolisa da sakuTari sardlis meTaurobiT laSqar-nadirobaSi gancalkevebuli samxedro erTeulis saxiT monawileobis uflebaa aRbeWdili, 1362 wliT daTariRebuli wignia~43. eklesias Tavisi jari SeiZleba ufro adrec hyoloda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, kaxeTSi saqorepiskoposos institutis arseboba unda miuTiTebdes, rom aq eklesia amavdroulad warmoadgenda aqaur saero mmarTvelobasac. aseve ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi ruis-urbnisis krebis Semdeg Wyondidelis `samefo spis~ meTaurad daniSvnac da misi monawileoba qvemo qarTlis sabrZolo operaciebSi. SeiZleba gamoiTqvas varaudi imis Sesaxeb, rom ruis-urbnisis krebazeve eklesiam kaxeT-hereTi gadasca daviT aRmaSenebels. amitomac uwodebs am krebis Zegliswera mas `ranTa da kaxTa mefes~, Tumca mas im dros iaraRis ZaliT es qveynebi SemoerTebuli ar hqonia. iaraRis gamoyeneba ar dasWirda, radganac `daviTis momxre herma didebulebma aRsarTan kaxTa mefe Sei pyres da mefes gadasces, ris Semdeg mefem daikava hereTi da kaxeTi~44. cxadia, es daviTis piradi damsaxureba iyo, magram SeiZleba eklesiasac edo Tavisi wili, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mefem kaxeT-hereTi swored ruis-urbnisis krebis damTavrebis Semdeg SemoierTa. aman mahmadiani mflobelebis: sulTnis, ganZis aTabagis da sxvaTa ukmayofileba gamoiwvia, mefem maTi jari daamarcxa erwuxSi 1104-1105 wlebSi, ris Semdeg man `TviTmpyrobelobiT dai pyro hereTi da kaxeTi da nebierad aRixvna cixeni da simagreni maTni~45. magram harmoniis miRweva saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris advili ar yofila46. eklesiaSi daviT aRmaSeneblis droisaTvis yofilan qveynis centralizaciis mowinaaRmdege Zalebi, romelnic mefis mowinaaRmdegeebs, an potenciur moRalate didgvarovnebs uWerdnen mxars. eseni ZiriTadad iyvnen eklesiis maRali fenis warmomadgeneli episkoposebi. isini eklesiaSi moxvedrilan swored TavianTi aristokratuli warmoSobisa da simdidris wyalobiT. maT Zegliswera ùRirsebs~ uwodebs. isini `...samefo dasis SexedulebiTa da saxelmwifos centralisturi politikis azriT, arian ùRirsni~, mowinaaRmdege dajgufebis TvalsazrisiT ki isini albaT sruliad Rirseulni arian. aseT ùRirsTa~ opozicia, Cans, Zalian Zlieri iyo. mefis winaaRmdeg mTeli monastrebi gamodian, romelnic daviTma amis gamo `gaamwara~ (anderZi daviT aRmaSeneblisa)47. am ùRirsTa~ gadasayeneblad saWiro
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gaxda sagangebo saeklesio krebis mowveva. niSandoblivia, rom am saeklesio krebis oqmis pirveli muxli swored am ùRirsTagan~ eklesiis ganwmendis fiqsirebas axdens. `1103 wels daviT aRmaSenebelma sagangebod Catarebuli didi samzadisis Semdeg ganaxorciela ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis mowveva, romlis mizani iyo eklesiaSi mokalaTebuli mefis mowinaaRmdege dasis gandevna da umaRles saeklesio Tanamdebobebze mefis centralisturi politikis momxreTa aRzeveba~48. `...samRvdelmTavroTa mometebuli nawili uRirs mamaTmTavrebs CauvardaT xelSi, `mamulobiTa ufros vidre RirsebiT daepyrnes~. wodebrioba gabatonebuli iyo da umTavresi mniSvneloba pirads Rirsebas ki ar hqonda, aramed Camomavlobas. ra gasakvirvelia, rom am episkoposebs `maTnive msgavsni xucesni da qorebiskoposni daedginnes~... samRvdelmTavro saydarze, ìyvnes kacni mTavarTa da warCinebulTa Svilni, romelTa uwesod daepyrna saydrebi~. ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebam gadaayena uRirsni mRvdelmTavarni mTavar-warCinebulTa STamomavlobisani da amiT gvariSvilobis mniSvneloba eklesiis msaxurTaTvis uaryo, xolo pirad Rirsebas Sesaferisi pativi da ufleba mianiWa. amgvarad, ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebam ganaxorciela da daakanona is, rasac ormocis wlis winaT hqadagebda Cveni SesaniSnavi moRvawe giorgiMmTawmindeli~49. rogorc ivane javaxiSvili, ise zogierTi sxva mecnieri, miiCnevs, rom daviT aRmaSeneblis iniciativiT mowveulma ruis-urbnisis krebam miznad daisaxa qarTuli eklesiis ganaxleba (reforma) im princi pebis safuZvelze, romlebic giorgi mTawmindelma wamoayena50. SimSilobis dros saqarTveloSi Camosuli giorgi mTawmindeli `Tavis TvaliT xedavda, ramdenad gulcivi iyo maSindeli umaRlesi wodebisagan gamosuli samRvdeloeba da rogor gulxeldakrefili Sescqeroda qveynis tanjvas. zogni episkoposTaganni, romelnic iyvnen `mdidarni friad da warCinebulni~, marto imaze fiqrobdnen, rom `simdidriTa savseTa TvisTaTa eklesiani Seimkvnes da `ganaSuennes~, `raTa monasterTa Sina aRapi daidvas~ maTs saxelobaze, rom amave dros xalxi mSieri da Rataki iyo da saSinels gaWirvebaSi Cavardnils, arsaiT mSveleli ar hyavda. amgvars mRvdel-moZRvrebs es ar awuxebdaT. am juris episkoposi `glaxakTa yovladve ara mixedvida~... am wreSi wodebrioba da simdidre gabatonebuli iyo. saepiskoposo xarisxi maSin didebul aznaurTa gvaris Svilebs epyraT. am Tanamdebobas mefe bagrat IV Turme hyidda. raki eklesias aseTi ukanonoba Semoepara, rasakvirvelia, episkoposobas Rirseuli ki ar miiRebda, aramed vinc ufro mdidari iqneboda. es saSineli gamanadgurebeli uwesoba Zir-fesvianad unda aRmofxvriliyo~51. giorgi mTawmindelma mosTxova mefes, raTa `...ar hyiddes saepiskopozoTa kacTa mimarT uwesoTa da uswavlelTa da yovliTurT soflisa SemsWvalu-
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lTa da uwesobiT da mimosvlaTa Sina aRzrdilTa, aramed gamoirCevdes kacTa RirsTa da wmidaTa da monazonobaTa Sina aRzrdilTa da RvTivsulierTa moZRvarTa mier wamebulTa~; episkoposebs ki mosTxova, raTa `...TvalRebiT xelTdasxmasa ar hyofdnen da uRirsTa mRvdelTa ar akurTxebdnen~, xolo TviTon àra Sehkrebden oqrosa da vecxlsa, aramed umetes yovlisa swyalobden glaxakTa da uRonoTa~. ai, magaliTad, ra uTxra Cvenma didebulma moRvawem erT episkoposs, romelic `mdidari friad da warCinebuli~ iyo da imaze zrunavda marto, rom `simdidriTa safaseTa TvisTaTa eklesiani Seamkvnes da ganaSvennes da raTa monasterTa Sina aRapi daidves da amiT mizeziTa scvida simdidresa Tvissa, xolo glaxakTa yovladve ara mixedvida~. meufeo, es Seni saqcieli eSmakis manqanebidan STagonebiT aris nakarnaxevi. ège brZola borotisa mterisa ars~, eSmaki gacdunebs da mas unda, `raTamca eklesiaTa da aRapTa mizeziTa glaxakTa uwyalobasa Sina mogkla~, rom es RvTisnieri saqme ki ar aris, aramed eSmakis mieri, cxadia, `rameTu ara Tu mas getyvis RmerTi, viTarmed eklesiani SeamkveniTo, aramed rameTu `mSioda da ara meciT Wamadi~, viTarca ityvis ioane oqropiri~52. magram Rirsma mamam `...sityvebi ar ikmara, man saqmiTac ganaxorciela Tavisi demokratiuli da zneobrivi moZRvreba da imdroindeli qarTuli eklesiis wodebrioba daarRvia. winaT Tu Cveulebriv mRvdloba da sxva ufro maRali saeklesio pativi aznaurTa gvariSvilebis xelSi iyo, giorgi mTawmindelma SimSilobis dros sxvadasxva adgilas `Sekriba, romelnime qalaqTagan, romelnime dabaTagan, sxvani udaburTa adgilTa povna, sxvani monebisagan gamoiyvanna, xolo sxvani umwiresisa cxovrebisagan ixsna~, gaanaTla, aRzarda da èse viTarTa SeuracxTa saqmeTgan mRvdlad ubiwod, mned sarwmunod qristesa Sewirna~. monebisa da ymebis mRvdlad kurTxeva im droisaTvis didi gambedaoba iyo. amitomac iyo, rom `yovelsa aRmosavleTs (anu saqarTvelos) ganefina saqme ese sakvirveli... giorgi mTawmindelma, maSasadame, qarTuli eklesiis wodebrioba daarRvia, wodebrivi upiratesoba saeklesio saqmeebSi uarhyo da adamianis piradi Rirseba win wamoayena, Tanac ecada qarTuli eklesiisaTvis demokratiuli mimarTuleba mieca. saSualo saukuneebSi yvelgan, metadre ki saqarTveloSi, aseTi moRvaweobisaTvis didi gabeduleba iyo saWiro. TviT dasavleT evropaSic ki eklesiasa da monastrebSi demokratiuli mimarTuleba XIII saukunidan daiwyo mxolod~53. ruis-urbnisis krebis I muxlis gadawyvetilebiT gankveTili episkoposebis magier daadgines axlebi. ganukveTiaT mefis mowinaaRmdegeni, `nacvlad maTda sxvani davadgineT, romelTa hasakisaganca da saqmeTagan aqvnda wamebai da keTilad ganewvarTnes xorcni damorCilebad sulisa~54. e. i. maT nacvlad asakiT da saqmiT sarwmunoni davadgineT, romelTac xorci suls daumorCileso. iuridiuli safuZveli episkoposebis gadayenebisa, Cans, is yofila, rom ùRirsTa da uwesoTa mamulobiT ufro, vidre RirsebiT daepyrnes
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ufrosni saepiskoposoni, viTarca avazakTa da maTnive msgavsni xucesni da qorebiskoposni daedginnes~. swored aqedan gamomdinareobda is, rom `saxliT uflisaT da mRvdelTagan gamovidoda yoveli urjuloeba da codva~55. aseTi ti pis samRvdeloeba iyo ZiriTadi mowinaaRmdege mefis gaZlierebisa. aq ase idga sakiTxi: an Zlieri eklesia da susti saero xelisufali, an Zlieri xelisufali da misi morCili eklesia. ìmunitetmopovebul da gaZlierebul eklesias ukve aRar awyobda Zlieri saero xelisufali. saxelmwifo cdilobda eklesia Tavis mokavSired SeenarCunebina. iseve, rogorc saero feodalebSi, eklesiaSic saxelmwifo xelisuflebas hyavda Tavisi momxrenic da mowinaaRmdegenic. daviTma Tavisi momxreebis mxardaWeriT SeZlo im didi RonisZiebebis gatareba, romelic ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebam ganaxorciela~56. SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva: mxolod qarTul eklesiaSi iyo gavrcelebuli im droisaTvis gvariSvilobis, wodebrivi STamomavlobisa da simdidris mqone piris samRvdelo xarisxSi kurTxeva Tu sxvaganac ase iyo? an rogor moxda simdidris SeWra eklesiaSi? sxvaganac, dasavleTis eklesiaSic, aseve yofila da im droisaTvis iqac saWiro iyo eklesiisa da monazvnobis demokratizacia. ivane javaxiSvili kargad aRwers amis socialur mizezebs. `qarTveli xalxis ZiriTadi zneobrivi Sexeduleba saxarebis moZRvrebaze iyo damyarebuli. xolo saxarebis zneobrivi ideali imaSi mdgomareobda, rom adamiani iseTive spetaki da unaklo yofiliyo, viTarca mamazecieri, da dauSreteli siyvaruliT da saTnoebiT mohpyroboda Tavis moyvass, metadre uZlursa da glaxaks: mSiers, mwyurvals, SiSvels, sneulsa da sxvas (maTe 25, 35-40). saxarebidan Cans, rom qristes umTavres zneobriv mcnebas qvelmoqmedeba Seadgenda~57. magram mociqul pavles sityvebis Tanaxmad (`visac Sroma ar surs, nurc Wams~), daxmarebis Rirsi usaqmurobis gamo gamaTxovrebuli adamiani ki ar iyo, aramed uZluri, sneuli da bunebiTi naklis patroni, aseve, mSromeli, magram mainc xelmokle adamiani. amaT garda, qristianul krebulSi moqadageni da moZRvarni, romelTac am Tavisi saqmianobis (qadageba da moZRvreba) gamo dro aRar rCeboda SromisaTvis. TviT iesom amcno Tavis mowafeebs, rom mqadagebelsa da maxarebels daxmarebis miRebis zneobrivi ufleba aqvT. `Rirs ars muSaki sasyidlisa Tvisisao~. àra uwyiTa, _ hkiTxavs igi (pavle mociquli) korinTelT, _ rameTu romelni igi baginsa msaxureben, baginisagan sWamian? da romelni sakurTxevelsa winaSe hdganed, sakurTxevlisagan nawili ganiRian? egreca ufalman brZana, romeli igi saxarebasa miuTxroben, saxarebisagan cxovrebaA, xolo me araA ra vixmie amaTgani~-o (1 korinTelTa, 9, 14-16). marTlac, roca ki pavle qadagebisagan moiclida, maSinve Tavis xelobas Seudgeboda da karvebs akeTebda xolme ...kvi priane episkopozis (me-III sauk.) werilebidan Cans, rom uZveles xanaSi, qristiano-
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bis pirveli saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi swored am mcnebas misdevdnen da eklesiis mwyemsni cdilobdnen TavianTi SromiT gamoekvebaT Tavi. magram TandaTan saqmis mdgomareoba icvleboda: mRvdlebsa da diakvnebs imdeni saqme daawvaT Tavze, roca qristianoba sayovelTaod gavrcelda da nebadarTul sarwmunoebad iqna aRiarebuli, rom lukma puris saSovnelad aRar scalodaT da xelobisaTvis Tavi unda daenebebinaT; samRvdeloeba iZulebuli gaxda samwysosaTvis miemarTa da iqidan mieRo sasyideli da gamosakvebi58... monazvnebi TviTon muSaobdnen xolme samonastro mamulebSi, venaxsa da baRCebSi, xe-tyes TviTon Wridnen da mohqondaT. mindvrad, celvisa da mkis dros, saxelosnoebsa da boslebSi, yvelgan, TviTon berebi muSaobdnen. `monazvnebi cdilobdnen, rogorme SeenarCunebinaT umTavresi da ZiriTadi aRTqma: sruli siglaxake da Tavisi ofliT lukma puris Wama. magram samonastro weswyobilebis dros srul siglaxakeze laparaki aRar SeiZleboda: monasters Tavisi sakuTreba hqonda - moZravic da uZravic. marTalia, es qoneba TiToeuli beris kerZo kuTvnileba ar iyo, kerZo sakuTrebas ki ar Seadgenda, aramed sazogados, magram mainc xom sakuTreba iyo da TiToeul monazons wili edo am qonebaSi. erTi sityviT, Cven vxedavT, rom mamulis sakuTreba, swored is, rasac ase gaSmagebiT gaurbodnen da Tavidan iSorebdnen xolme monazvnebi, roca siglaxakisa da qalwulobis aRTqmas sdebdnen, maTTvis mainc saWiro gaxda, uimisod arseboba aRar SeeZloT~59. `monasterSi socialuri uTanasworobis kvali warxocili iyo. savanis karebi yoveli wris warmomadgenlisaTvis samoRvaweod Ria iyo da iq dawinaurebisaTvis mxolod pirad Rirsebasa da Rvawls hqonda gadamwyveti mniSvneloba~60. ase yofila saqarTveloSi, iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, X-XI saukuneebamde. `Tu winaTac monastrebSi mimavalni mowinave wodebis warmomadgenelni blomad iyvnen, am xanaSi maTi ricxvi TandaTan matulobda... efTvime mTawmidelis drosac `mravalni movidian safasiTa didiTa moqalaqeni da sxvaTa adgilTagan, raiTamca moiparsnes monazonad~. aseve iqneboda sxva ganTqmul qarTul savaneebSi saqarTveloSic da gareTac. aseT pirebs Tan monastrisaTvis didi qoneba mohqondaT, `movidian safasiTa didiTa~. maT Soris bevri iyvnen iseTni, romelTac saTiTaod àra mciredi safase mieca monastrisada~. am gziT TviT monastrebis moRvaweTa Semadgenlobis socialuri sadauroba Seicvala, monastrebi mowinave wodebis SvilebiT aivso da dabal wreebs samonastro moRvaweobisadmi mimyvanebeli kari daexSoT. erTi sityviT, monastrebic aristokratul dawesebulebebad iqcnen, xolo radgan episkoposad mxolod beri SeiZleba arCeuli da kurTxeuli yofiliyo, amitom umaRlesi saeklesio xelisuflebac mTlad maRali wodebis warmomadgenelT CauvardaT xelSi da sxvebs yvelas gza SeekraT. maRali samRvdeloeba xucesad kurTxevis drosac STamomavlobiT Tavissave msgavss ukafavda gzas. es procesi, ueWvelia, ukve meaTe saukuneSi unda iyos dawyebuli~61.
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monazvnebs daevalaT mxolod da mxolod elocaT da ar ezrunaT sameurneo saqmianobaze. monasterSi daqiravebuli eriskacebi iSromebdnen. `monastrebis damaarsebelni da mamasaxlisni cdilobdnen, rom berebi sameurneo sazrunavsa da mamulis movla-damuSavebas daeSorebinaT. samonastro mamulebis gamgeoba da mouravoba eriskacebs Caabares. baRebSi, venaxebsa da mindvrad ki muSebs amuSavebdnen xolme. yvelaferi wminda mamebs mzamzareuli unda mohrTmeodaT, `raTa RvTisaTvis oden gankveTilni, mas mxolosa, Tvinier sawuTroisa zrunvasa, hzraxviden (da winaSe RvTisa) meoxebad kadnier iyvneno~62. didebul aznaurebs TavianTi sakuTari monastrebi hqondaT. isini da mefeebic swiravdnen mamulebs monastrebs, raTa berebs mza `trapezisa Semosavalni~ hqonodaT. `sarCos uCendnen berebs da muSaobas ukrZalavdnen. maT egonaT, rom Tu monazvnebi amqveyniur Wirvarams moSordebian, maSin maT Soris Suri daUuTanxmoebac aRar iqneboda da zneobrivad wminda da srulni gaxdebodnen~63. àmgvarad, monazvnebi, romelnic kerZo sakuTrebasa da qonebas gaurbodnen, isev sakuTrebasve daubrundnen... monazonTa Zmoba Tavisi ofliT ki aRar cxovrobda, aramed ymebis ofliTa da namuSevriT irCenda Tavs... rasakvirvelia, amnair gzas yvela monasteri ar dasdgomia~64. rogorc aRiniSna, giorgi mTawmindeli ibrZoda eklesiis demokratizaciisaTvis `giorgi mTawmindels, viTarca mxolod erTi monastris winamZRvars, mTeli qarTuli eklesiis demokratizaciis ganxorcieleba ar SeeZlo: amis ufleba marto saeklesio krebas hqonda. saqarTvelos samefo taxtze rom maSin bagrat IV-is magier daviT aRmaSeneblis msgavsi Zlieri pirovneba da brZeni mmarTveli mjdariyo, egebis giorgi mTawmindeli srulebiT gamarjvebuli yofiliyo~65. daviT aRmaSenebelma es saqme ruis-urbnisis krebas ganaxorcielebina 1103 wels66. II muxli ruis-urbnisis krebisa Seexo asaks.aq naTqvamia, rom aCqareba xeldasxmis dros ukanono saqcielia. daadgines kanoni: episkoposi 35 wlisa, mRvdeli 30 wlisa, diakvani 25 wlisa, wignismkiTxveli 8 wlisa da aranaklebi asakisa unda yofiliyvnen67. III muxliT aikrZala erTsa da imave dRes xeldasxma erTi adamianisa wignismkiTxvelad, ipodiakvnad, diakvnad, mRvdlad da episkoposad. Cans, aseTi gasaocari wesic ki yofila: uxarisxo adamiani erT dReSi episkoposadac ki ukurTxebiaT. Tuki raime mizezi ar arsebobs asaCqareblad, maT wlebi unda dahyon TiToeul xarisxSi da ufro metad diakvnobaSi, radganac diakvanTa simravle amSvenebs saeklesio wesso. amitomac kreba amcnobda episkoposebs, raTa isini cdiliyvnen TavianT eklesiebSi diakvanTa gamravlebas. iv. javaxiSvili wers: `maSindeli SexedulebiT xalxi or mTavar nawilad iyofoda, romelTagan erTs, umcires nawils, `moweseni~, samRvdeloeba da bermonazvnebi, meore umTavres nawils èriskacni~ Seadgendnen. mowe-
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seebad samRvdeloeba imitom iwodeboda, rom misi yofacxovreba saeklesio wesebs emorCileboda. ...eklesia or umTavres nawilad iyofoda: saerod da samonastrod. saero eklesias mravalricxovani msaxuri hyavda: 1) wignismkiTxvelni, 2) kerZo diakonni, 3) diakonni, 4) dedaTdiakonni, 5) xucesni anu mRvdelni, 6) qorepiskoposni, 7) episkoposni, 8) mTavarepiskoposni da kaTalikozi. iyo agreTve `qadagi~. saeklesio msaxuris Tanamdebobas `pativi~ ewodeboda. eklesiis msaxurebis TiToeul safexurs ki `xarisxi~ erqva. saeklesio msaxurTa ufros-umcrosoba ise iyo mowyobili, rom ikurTxebodnen xolme èris-kacebisagan wignismkiTxvelad, wignismkiTxvelisagan mTavar diakonad, mTavardiakonobisagan mRvdlad, mRvdlobisagan qorepiskoposad, qorepiskoposobisagan episkoposad. saeklesio Tanamdebobis miRebas `dadgineba~ ewodeboda. dadginebisaTvis saWiro iyo gansakuTrebuli saeklesio dalocva da mRvdelmsaxureba, romelsac ewodeboda `xelTdasxma~. `pirvelad wignis-mkiTxvelad da kerZo diakonad oden jer ars xelTa dasxmao~, naTqvamia ruis-urbnisis ZeglisweraSi, radganac `pirveli wesi wmidisa eklesiisa wignis mkiTxveloba ars~. misi movaleoba iyo `saRmrToni igi xelTa qonebad wigni SekrZalulebiT~ da saRmrTo sjulis wignebis Segnebuli wakiTxva, rom msmenelTa gulsa da gonebas mohxvedroda. `wignis mkiTxveli rvisa wlisa~ SeiZleboda rom yofiliyo. amaze patara am TanamdebobisaTvis ar gamodgeboda da arc SeiZleboda rom ekurTxaT. es cnoba cxadhyofs, rom maSindel saqarTveloSi 8 wlis bavSvs ukve imdeni ganaTleba hqonia, rom mRvdelmsaxurebaSi aseTi Tanamdebobisa da Segnebuli monawileobis miReba SesZlebia. amisda mixedviT safiqrebelia, rom swavlas im dros bavSvs 5-6 wliTgan awyebinebdnen xolme. Tavis pirdapir saeklesio msaxurebis garda mTavardiakons ebara saqme sjulierebisa, qvriv-oblebze mzrunveloba. eklesiis msaxurTa Soris gansakuTrebuli da sapatio adgili xucess, anu mRvdels ekuTvnoda imitom, rom, grigol xanZTelis sityviT, `mRvdloba ufrois ars yovelTa didebaTa sulierTa da xorcielTa, rameTu qristes nacvlobaA ars~. viTarca sakurTxevlisa da `siwmidis~ msaxurs da qristes nacvals, mas maSindeli SexedulebiT imodeni siwmide unda hqonoda, rom `dasdvas xeli sneulTa zeda da ganikurneno~68. IV muxliT savaldebulo gaxda, rom xelTdasxmisas, agreTve eklesiis, sakurTxevlisa da mironis kurTxevisas gamoyenebuli yofiliyo giorgi mTawmindelis àxali kurTxevani~. V muxliT aikrZala yovelgvari qrTamis gacema da miReba xelTdasxmis safasurad. VI muxlis Tanaxmad, yovelgvari saeklesio nivTi da Senawiri xeluxleblad unda debuliyo. aravis hqonda misi moxmarebis ufleba sxva raime saqmisaTvis, saeklesios garda.
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VII muxlis Tanaxmad, aikrZala eklesiis gareT naTliscema, jvriswera, monazvnad kurTxeva, aseve aekrZala mRvdel-monazons gvirgvinis kurTxeva, anu jvriswera da mRvdels - monazvnis aRkveca. VIII muxliT jvardawerilT imave dRes unda mieRoT ziareba, Tu uziareblobiT ar iyvnen dasjilni an sxva raime mizezis gamo es akrZaluli ar hqondaT. IX muxliT meorejer jvriswera isjeboda moralurad, Tumca ki nebadarTuli iyo. X muxliT aikrZala Cvili qal-vaJis jvriswera, neba ki miecaT mSoblebs maTi daniSvnisa, srulwlovanebisas ki daqorwinebisa. qals 12 wlisaze naklebs aekrZala qorwineba. XI muxli Seexeba qorepiskoposebis gansakuTrebiT gamorCevas. iv. javaxiSvili wers: `pativi umetesi mRvdelobisaA~ qorepiskoposoba iyo. igi `wmidaTa eklesiaTa ganmgebelad~ iTvleboda, gansakuTrebiT soflis eklesiaTa. mas, maSasadame, soflis mRvdel-diakonni eqvemdebarebodnen. amasTanave mas valad edva, rasakvirvelia, `dacva yovelTave saqristianoTa wesTa~ (ruisurbnisis Zegliswera) da meTvalyureoba. qorepiskoposi unda èqmnes mamad obolTa da moRvawe qvrivTa~69. qorepiskoposad SeiZleboda yofiliyo rogorc mRvdeli, aseve diakoni. maTi gamorCevis neba hqonda ara marto kaTalikoss, aramed episkopossac. iv. javaxiSvili wers: `raki `kaTalikozi~ igive episkopozi iyo, anu ufro sworad rom iTqvas, rogorc igi Cveulebriv iwodeboda `yovlad Rirsi mTavar-episkoposi, kaTalikosi da yovlisa saqarTveloisa didi mamamTavari~ iyo. amitom yvela is Tviseba, romelic episkopozisaTvis aucilebeli iyo, kaTalikozisTvisac uaRresad aucilebeli iyo. kaTalikozi episkoposTa mTavari iyo da saqarTvelos eklesiis uzenaesi gamge~70. èpiskopozni iyvnen `pativsa mRvdelmTavrobisasa~ da amis gamo mas mRvdlebi da eklesiis yvela msaxurni eqvemdebarebodnen. igi iyo sulieri `mTavari erisa~, hqonda `suli xelmwifisa~, da SeeZlo rogorc `gaxsna yovlisa krulebisa~, iseve dakrulva. episkoposi TviT `swavlulebiTa da mecnierebiTa~ ganmtkicebuli mwyemsi iyo erisa da mudam iTvleboda mzrunvelad da `mlocvelad erisa~ da `mcvelad sarwmunoebisa~. diakvnisa da mRvdlis msgavsad episkoposic kacTmoyvareobiT unda yofiliyo ganTqmuli. episkoposs hqonda saepiskoposo taxti _ `saydari~, romelsac igi ìpyrobda~ xolme, ra wams episkoposad ekurTxeboda. mas hyavda Tavisi `samrevlo~. amis gamo garkveul xanamdis `saydari~ saepiskoposo eklesiasac hniSnavda...~71. XII muxli Seexeboda `moZRvrebs~. maTi ricxvi monazonTa Soris auracxeli yofila, zogierT monasterSi 5-dan 30-mdec ki. es yofila SfoTisa da ganxeTqilebis mizezi. kanonma Seamcira maTi ricxvi. `moZRvrad~ yofnis neba mxolod samRvdelo pirs mieca. amis gamo TiToeul monasterSi SeiZleboda yofiliyo erTi, xolo didSi _ ori mRvdeli.
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`gansakuTrebuli adgili ekava samonastro cxovrebaSi moZRvars. `moZRvari~ mecnieri beri iyo, romelsac mowafeebi hyavda da romelTanac sxvadasxva mxridan modiodnen xolme saswavleblad. moZRvari Tavis mowafes sulier-sarwmunoebriv xelmZRvanelobasac uwevda da mwerlobas, mecnierebasa da romelsame xelovnebas aswavlida. mowafe Tavis moZRvarTan cxovrobda da swavlobda. zogjer mowafe ukve ymawvili da uswavleli aRar iyo, magram ganTqmul moZRvarTan swavlas maSin momwifebulni da Suaxnisanic ar ukadrisobdnen... viTarca mecniersa da yvelasagan pativcemul pirovnebas, romelTanac mSoblebs TavianTi Svilebi mohyavdaT, `raTamca iswavles swavlai da xelovnebaA~. maT monasterSi didi gavlena hqondaT da maT azrs, nebiT Tu maTi avtoritetis wyalobiT _ uneblieTac, yvelani angariSs uwevdnen. amiT aixsneba is garemoeba, rom monastris saerTo dadgenilebis aRmnusxvel sabuTebSi savanis mamasaxlisis Semdeg moZRvari ixsenieboda~72. rogorc aRiniSna, ruis-urbnisis krebam moaxdina moZRvrebis raodenobis normireba. amiT is monasterTa Sinaur cxovrebaSi Caeria. marTlac, monastrebi uwevdnen organizebas qarTul eklesias da maT SeeZloT eklesia didad organizebul, anu uZlevel Zalad eqciaT qaosur feodalur sazogadoebaSi, xolo monasterTa sulieri warmmarTvelebi moZRvrebi iyvnen. amitomac qarTulma saxelmwifom, romelic Tavis gverdiT veRar itanda eklesiis uZlevel siZlieres, Sekveca avtoriteti da raodenoba moZRvrebisa aRniSnuli muxliT. isicaa aRsaniSnavi, rom monastrebSi moZRvrebi SeizRudnen, magram moZRvarTmoZRvarma moi pova ufleba, yofiliyo `darbazis karis~ uwarCinebulesi wevri. misi Rirseba sagangebo xazgasmiT aRiarebuli unda yofiliyo xelmwifis mier darbazobisas. moZRvarTmoZRvari swored moZRvrebis ufross ewodeboda. moZRvrebs sakuTari weswyobileba hqondaT. moZRvrebis instituti warmoadgenda angariSgasawev Zalas saxelmwifosaTvis - `marto moZRvrebi ar yofilan. maT erTgvari weswyobileba hqoniaT da ufrosic hyoliaT, romelsac `moZRvarT moZRvari~ ewodeboda. am moZRvarT moZRvars Tavisi `mowafeni~ hyavda, mas da mis mowafeebs saqarTveloSi uaRresi pativiscema hqondaT moxveWili. didi darbazobis dros mas TviT kaTalikoszedac ki meti upiratesoba hqonda miniWebuli. ... darbazSic pirvelad moZRvarT-moZRvari unda SeeyvanaT, xolo Semdgom kaTalikozi. TviT mefec mas meti pativiscemiT unda misalmeboda, vidre kaTalikozsa da vezirebs~73. `moZRvrebad, rogorc ruis-urbnisis Zeglisweridan Cans, monazvnebi yofilan, romelnic Tumca ùmRvdeloni~ yofilan... magram mainc kisrulobdnen `ganmkiTxvelobasa sulTasa~. maTi simravle, gansakuTrebiT ki maTi ùmRvdeloeba~ da gabeduli qceva, episkoposebs awuxebda: `mravlisa SfoTisa da ganxeTqilebisa mizezsa SemoiRebs simravle maTio~. ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebam maTi moqmedeba SezRuda da gansazRvra~74.
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monastris ZmobasTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas Semdegi: Tanaxmad ivane javaxiSvilisa, Zmoba sam jgufad iyofoda, pirveli jgufi `TavadTa ZmaTa~ saxeliT iyo cnobili, meore jgufs erqva `dasi mRvdelTa~, berebis mesame jgufs ki `mwirni~ ewodeboda. pirvel jgufSi Sediodnen Tanamdebobis mqone mRvdel-monazvnebi: meWurWle, metrapeze, kandelaki, i pitiritisi da sxva Tanamdebobis pirni (mkiTxvel-kananarxi, memxre). maT ùxucesni Zmanic~ ewodebodaT. `meore dass mRvdlobis pativis mqonebeli berebi Seadgendnen. wesdebaSi pirdapir aris naTqvami: `meorisa dasisaTa, romelTaca wirvisa meti sxvaA saxmaroba araA SeeZlos~ an `meorisa dasisa, romelTa wirvisa meti araA SeeZlos~75. `berTa mesame jgufs `mwirni~ Seadgendnen. `mwirad wodebulni igi, romel arian monazonni~. qarTlis kaTalikozad da mwignobarT-uxucesad namyofi arseni Tavis Tavze ambobs, rom is Sio-mRvimis monasterSi `mwirobad Semosuli~ iyo. maSasadame, TviT iseTi piric ki, rogorc kaTalikozi iyo, roca monasterSi ise damkvidrdeboda, rom mas araviTari Tanamdeboba iq ar hqonda da marto monazonur moRvaweobas misdevda, Tavis Tavs `mwirad sTvlida da ueWvelia sxvebsac mwirad miaCndaT~76. monastrebs meurneobis gasaZRolad SeeZloT daqiravebuli mosamsaxureebic hyolodaT. samonastro yofa-cxovrebis xelmZRvanels `winamZRvari~ an mamasaxlisi erqva. asurulad mas àmba~ erqva àmba~, `cnobilia, rom aTcamet asurel mamaTa saqarTveloSi mosvla-moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebul alaverdis monastris winamZRvarsac àmba~ erqva~77. sameurneo nawilSi TanaSemwed mamasaxliss ìkonomosi~ hyavda, mRvdelmsaxurebis saqmeSi TanaSemwed ki `dekanozi~. `wminda administraciuli saqmeebis, wesierebisa da movaleobis asrulebis meTvalyureobisaTvis mamasaxliss xelqveSeT moxeleebad - `damxedvarni~ da `mekareni~ hyavda~78. monasterSi akrZaluli iyo `xma-maRloba~ da yovelnairi xmauroba. saRamos locvis Semdeg berebs Tavmoyra da laparaki ekrZalebodaT. Wabuk berebs sicilis, ubnobisa da `xelismiyofis~ neba ar hqondaT. amas akontrolebda `damxedvari~. monastris `mekare~ akontrolebda berebis monasterSi Sesvlasa da gasvlas. did danaSaulad iTvleboda ùweso guliswyroma~, `SfoTi~, `gineba~, `Seuracxyofa~, `RvediTa mimTxveva~ anu cema da mkacradac isjeboda79. `ciliswameba da cru Sesmena imdenad mZime danaSaulad iyo miCneuli, rom aTonis qarTvelTa monastris wesdebiT, cilismwamebelsa da cru damsmenels savaniTgan gaZevebiT sjidnen~80. berebs neba ar hqondaT ùrCobisa~, ùkiTxavad da gamouTxovelad wasvlisa~ da ar SeeZloT sadme wasvlisas gansazRvruli vadis gasvlis Semdeg `dayovneba~, ar SeeZloT ùwesoba~ (amaSi Sedioda RviniT Troba da sxva).
784
XIII muxlic monasters Seexeba. aikrZala monasterSi eriskacTa Sekreba, vaWroba, samoqalaqo da qveyniuri saqmeebis gadawyveta da wesebis Sesruleba `...raiTa ara salocvelTa maT adgilTa qvab avazakTa SeqmniTa...~81. Tqveni sulis TavSesafari `safardulebi~ mekermeTa fulis tablebiviT ar daiqceso, afrTxilebdnen samonastro Zmobas. aRsaniSnavia, rom samRvdeloTa mimarT termin àvazaks~ daviTis mematianec xmarobs msgavsad ruis-urbnisis krebis am muxlisa, es araa SemTxveviTi. Cans, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca monastrebis administraciul CarCoebSi Cayenebas. ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom daviTi Tavis anderZSi `monasterTa gamwarebis~ Sesaxeb saxeldobr amas gulisxmobda, magram yvelafridan Cans, rom imdroindeli saxelmwifo cdilobs Taviseburi wesrigi daamyaros monastrebSi. XIV muxliT aikrZala erT sakurTxevelze erTsa da imave dros ramdenime wirvis Sesruleba. did saepiskoposo an samonastro eklesiis sakurTxevelze aikrZala erTi pirisaTvis sagangebo wirvis Sesruleba (cocxlisa an micvalebulisTvis). wirva unda yofiliyo saerTo eklesiis maSeneblebisa, Semomwirvelebis, rogorc cocxlebis, ise micvalebulebisaTvis, xolo erTi sulisaTvis sagangebo wirva patara samlocveloSi (egvterSi), an eklesiis StoSi myof `trapezze~ (sakurTxevelze) unda Sesrulebuliyo. XV muxli Seexeba im `somxebs~, yofil monofizitebs, romelTac dagmes monofizituri swavleba ieso qristes Sesaxeb da SeuerTdnen `wminda kaTolike eklesias~, e. i. marTlmadideblobas. isini, am muxlis Tanaxmad, Tavidan unda moinaTlon sruli wesiT, viTarca warmarTebi, radganac aseve iqceva antioqiis saydari da sxva aRmosavleTis eklesiebio. XVI muxliT aikrZala marTlmadideblis daqorwineba mwvalebelTan, an warmarTTan. XVII muxliT aikrZala imJamad gavrcelebuli jvrisweris aseTi saxe: SesauRlebel qal-vaJs jvars werda ori mRvdeli sxvadasxva adgilas, e. i. vaJs _ sxvagan, xolo qals sxvagan, magram gvirgvinis qveS vaJTan romelime sxva vaJi dgeboda da qalTan romelime sxva vaJi. aseTi jvriswera krebam miiCnia sasacilod da sastikad akrZala. jvrisweris dros dasaqorwinebeli qal-vaJi erTad unda yofiliyo da mRvdels mxolod am SemTxvevaSi unda daewera jvari. XVIII muxli Seexeboda sodomur codvas. am usaSinelesma codvam, naTqvamia aq, daamxo asurTa, sparsTa samefoebi, radganac iq gavrcelebuli iyoo es codva. am codvam somexTa didi da saxelganTqmuli modgma da samefo daamxo, mospo somxuri saxelmwifoebrioba; msoflioSi versad veRar i povi somex mefesa da mTavars, romelsac damoukidebeli xelmwifoba hqondeso. am sibilwem sparselTa da romaelTa saxelmwifoebi daamxo. kreba wuxs, rom am codvas CvenSic SemouRwevia: àr viciT, Tu saidan SemoaRwia am
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ukeTurebam qristes moRvawed saxeldebul erSi~82, amitomac krebam gaafrTxila yoveli fenis da yoveli mdgomareobis mqone qarTveloba, maTSi SeRweuli codva moeSorebinaT: àmisaTvis vamcnebT yvelas _ didsa da mcires, mdidarsa da Raribs, mefesa da mTavars, aznaursa da mdabios, mRvdelsa da aramRvdels, mowesesa da eriskacs, moxucs, axalgazrdasa da Suaxnis kacs, yvela Tanamdebobis dass, jgufs, yvela asaks _ ganudges am yvela vnebaze ufro saZagel sibilwes~83. `xorcis siyvaruli RvTis mtrobaa da vinc gaxrwnis RvTis taZars, mas RmerTi gaxrwnis~, _ wers kreba84. krebam sagangebo saqebeli epistoleTi mimarTa TviTmpyrobel mefe daviT aRmaSenebls: `...moswons Tu ara krebis es dadgenileba Sens myudroebas? moisvenebs da dacxreba amiT borotebis sulTa mdevneli daviTiani suli Seni?~85. `romelni igi aw ZRvnad mogarTvna Sen mwyobrman SenTa amaT nazirevelTa simravlisaman~86. krebam adRegrZela da moixsenia mefeTa-mefe giorgi, dedofali marTa, àfxazTa da qarTvelTa, ranTa da kaxTa~ TviTmpyrobeli daviT RvTismsaxuri da RvTivdaculi mefe, ioane mTavarepiskopos-kaTalikosi, yovlisa saqarTvelosa mamamTavari, wminda beri evstaTi monazoni, krebis Tvali meufe giorgi monazoni da mwignobarTuxucesi, krebaze damswre yvela mRvdelmTavari, mRvdlebi da monazvnebi, arseni monazoni, moixsenia gardacvlilTa sulebi.
eklesia - qarTuli qveynebis gamaerTianebeli

termin `saqarTvelos~ gansazRvreba, misi teritoriuli moculobis TvalsazrisiT, Tanamedrove istoriografiaSi zogjer arasworadaa mocemuli. magaliTad, X-XI ss-is mijnis saqarTvelos teritoriis dayofis Sesaxeb weren: `sazRvari saqarTvelosa da kaxeTis samefos Soris md. qsanze gadioda~87. aRniSnuli epoqis aRmweri qarTuli matianeebi werdnen ara `saqarTvelos samefosa~ da `kaxeTis~, aramed afxazeT-tao-klarjeTis gaerTianebuli samefosa da kaxeTis samefos Soris sazRvarze. `saqarTvelo~ ara mxolod afxazeT-tao-klarjeTis gaerTianebul samefos ewodeboda, aramed qarTvelTa yovel saxelmwifos, im dros arsebuls, radganac, rogorc TviT sityva uCvenebs _ `sa-qarTvel-o~ niSnavs qarTvelebis, qarTvelTa qveyanas. qarTvelTa qveynebi iyvnen ara marto kaxeTis da hereTis samefoebi, aramed Tbilisis saamiro da qvemo qarTlSi mdebare kvirikianTa samefoc, Tumca Tbiliss mahmadiani, xolo qvemo qarTls monofiziti mmarTvelebi marTavdnen. saqarTvelos politikuri gaerTianeba, erT samefod gadaqceva, gamoiwvia zemoaRniSnuli qveynebis eTnikurma erTianobam _ qarTvelobam. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tbilisi TiTqmis 400 wlis manZilze mahmadianuri saamiros centri iyo, mis mcxovrebTa umravlesobas qarTveli qristianebi Seadgendnen. aseve iTqmis qvemo qarTlSi mdebare e. w. `somexTa~, anu taSir-
786
Zorakertis samefos Sesaxebac. is im miwebze mdebareobda, sadac ara marto qarTuli, aramed somxuri matianeebis mixedviT, mosaxleobis udides nawils yovelTvis qarTvelebi Seadgendnen. samwuxarod, maTi erTi nawili `gasomxda~, rameTu maT monofiziti mefeebi marTavdnen. aq qarTul eklesias Tavisi mrevlis sakmao nawili hyavda. es bunebrivia, radgan TviT didi somxeTis teritoriazec ki aniss, valaSkertsa, dadaSensa Tu sxvagan qarTveli mrevli arsebobda da iqaur qarTul eklesiebSi qarTvel episkoposebs taxtebi edgaT. aseve iTqmis hereTis Sesaxebac. unda iTqvas, rom hereTs yvelaze ufro metad ar gaumarTla qarTul qveyanaTa Soris. misi bedi mxolod lazeTis beds SeiZleba SevadaroT, Tumca, XVI saukunis Semdeg misi bedi mesxeTis didma nawilmac gaiziara. hereTi vrclad gaWimuli qarTuli qveyana iyo. didi xnis manZilze, TiTqmis VI-IX saukuneebSi, is somxuri eklesiis gavlenis sferoSi moeqca jer sparselebis, Semdeg ki arabebis nebiT. arabTa odnavi SesustebisTanave am qveyanaSi aRdga qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba. qveyanas qarTulenovani mmarTvelebi marTavdnen, radganac qarTuli ena mosaxleobis dedaena iyo. maSinac ki, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis dros, hereTi oficialurad kvlav grigorianuli eklesiis samrevlos warmoadgenda. X saukuneSi dinara dedoflis wyalobiT hereTi daubrunda dedaeklesias. aq qarTveloba srulyofilad aRdga, magram hereTis eTnikuri saxe male Seicvala. XI saukunis I naxevridan daiwyo Turquli tomebis mier hereTis saukeTeso miwebis saZovrebad gadaqceva. male isini aq damkvidrdnen da daefuZnen. hereTs meore saxelic erqva _ rani. is didi qveyana iyo, TiTqmis bardavamde gadaWimuli. misi didi nawili Turqebis (Turqmanebis) samkvidreblad iqca. aRsaniSnavia, rom aq, Turqul-mahmadianur garemoSi mcxovrebi mravali qarTveli gaTurqda. marTalia, daviT aRmaSenebelma mravaljer ilaSqra aq damkvidrebuli Turqebis gasaZeveblad, magram sabolood es SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda. hereTis didi nawili saqarTvelom didi Turqobis Semdeg sabolood dakarga. Turq-seljukebis mier bizantiisa da saqarTvelo-somxeTis miwebis daWeris Semdeg daviT aRmaSenebelma SeZlo maTi gaZeveba saqarTvelos ZiriTadi teritoriidan. isini gansakuTrebiT fexmokidebulni iyvnen kaxeThereTsa da qvemo qarTlSi. kaxeTidan da Tbilis-qvemo qarTlidan am dampyroblebis gandevnam saqarTvelos SeunarCuna es teritoriebi. marTalia, XI saukuneSi ZiriTadad kaxeTis saqorepiskoposo, hereTis samefo, Tbilisis saamiro da qvemo qarTli danarCeni saqarTvelos samefosagan damoukideblad arsebobdnen, magram qarTuli eklesia, faqtobrivad, aerTianebda yvela am qveyanas. ara marto kaxeTsa da hereTSi, aramed qvemo qarTlsa da TbilisSic ki qarTul eklesias udidesi gavlena hqonda. `kargad organizebuli da gavleniani qarTuli eklesia mTel Sua saukuneebSi didi politikuri da ideologiuri Zala iyo da uaRresad aqtiur rols
787
TamaSobda rogorc saerTod saqarTveloSi, ise gansakuTrebiT XI saukunis TbilisSi, romlis qristianuli (qarTuli) mosaxleobaMmTeli oTxi saukunis manZilze iyo moklebuli umaRlesi saero xelisuflebis mfarvelobas~88. mahmadianTa mmarTvelobis dros vin mfarvelobda Tbilisis qarTul mosaxleobas? `...istorikoss ufleba ara aqvs daiviwyos is faqti, rom musulmanTa garda Tbilisis qarTul qristianul mosaxleobas hyavda sakuTari, kargad organizebuli da Zlieri patroni: es iyo qarTuli eklesia! kacobriobis istoriam araerTi damajerebeli magaliTi icis imisa, rom ama Tu im eris nawils, roca igi droTa brunvis wyalobiT saero xelisuflebas moklebulia, xelmZRvanelobas da mfarvelobas uwevs misi eklesia. ebraelTa eri religiam gadaarCina. SeiZleba mivuTiToT agreTve Cveni moZme somexi eris magaliTze. aseTi magaliTebis Semdeg ra safiqrebelia, rom mdidari da gavleniani qarTuli eklesia, romelmac ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed sazRvargareTac ki Seqmna qarTuli kulturis brwyinvale Zeglebi, Tbilisis qarTul qristianul mosaxleobas daiviwyebda da misi interesebis dasacavad arafers iRonebda. Tbilisi xom yovelTvis garSemortymuli iyo qristianuli mosaxleobiT, TviT qalaqSic bevri iyo qristianuli eklesiamonastrebi, agreTve eklesiis kuTvnili qarvaslebi, saxelosnoebi da savaWro duqnebi~89. p. ratianis azriT, Tbilisis moqalaqeTa ZiriTadi masa qarTvelebisagan Sedgeboda da musulmanTa batonobisagan gaTavisuflebaze ocnebobda90. àjanyebul Tbiliselebs sastikad daumarcxebiaT musulmani dampyroblebi da maTTvis mTeli qalaqi, maT Soris amiras sasaxlec waurTmeviaT, magram mtris samxedro Zalis mTlianad ganadgureba da misi cixesimagreebis aReba veRar mouxerxebiaT~91. es moxda 1045 wels. Tbilisis mmarTveloba Tavis xelSi auRiaT Tbilisel berebs. maT xelisufleba sakmaod didi xnis manZilze sWeriaT. magram didi Turqobis dros Tbilisel qristianebsac gauWirdaT. aqamde, 1080 wlamde, p. ratianis TvalsazrisiT, qarTuli eklesia Tbilisis saamiroSi devnas ar ganicdida. marTlac, XIII saukuneSi qarTvelma samRvdeloebam mefes ganucxada, Tbilisis saamiroSi aravin ikadrebda qarTuli eklesiis qonebis miTvisebaso92. cnobilia, rom Tbiliselma berebma mefe bagrat IV-s orjer, 1045 da 1048 wlebSi, gadasces qalaqi Tbilisi. `Tbileli berebi~, anu `qalaqis berni~, romelTa SesaniSnav moqmedebaze `qarTlis matiane~ gvauwyebs, albaT iyvnen TbilisSi moRvawe ganaTlebuli sasuliero pirebi, saeklesio-samonastro Zmobis gamoCenili warmomadgenlebi, samSoblos patriotebi, romlebic gverdSi edgnen mefis centralur xelisuflebas da TavdadebiT ibrZodnen progresisaTvis. isini RviZli Zmebi iyvnen ioane, eqvTime da giorgi aTonelebisa, romelTac ganuzomeli Rvawli dasdes erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobasa da dacvas...~93.
788
p. ratians mohyavs n. berZeniSvilis azri qarTuli eklesiis msaxurTa Sesaxeb: `...isini aqtiuri politikuri moRvaweni arian, qveynis politikuri mSeneblebi~94. cxadia, es Seexeba mxolod erT nawils qarTveli ber-monazvnebisa. ìv. javaxiSvils dadgenili aqvs, rom saqarTvelos eklesias, rogorc romis eklesias, saxelmwifo cxovrebasa da weswyobilebaSi gansakuTrebuli upiratesobani hqonda mopovebuli da miniWebuli, romelTa wyalobiTac mas marto wminda saeklesio dawesebulebis xasiaTi ki ar hqonda, aramed saxelmwifoebrivi sxeulisa da erTeulis Tvisebebic moepoveboda~95. am debulebas savsebiT adasturebs specialistebisaTvis kargad cnobili iseTi faqtebi, rogoricaa: omebSi sasuliero pirTa, maT Soris, TviT episkoposTa uSualo monawileoba, gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefis karze mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondidelis Tanamdebobis Seqmna, Tanamdebobisa, romelic saxelmwifos pirvel vezirad iTvleboda da ara marto sasuliero, aramed saero saqmeebsac ganagebda saqarTvelos zogierT kuTxeSi. kerZod ki, kaxeTis samefoSi qorepiskoposTa institutis arseboba, ris Sedegad sasuliero pirebi saqarTvelos am mxaris mTeli samxedro laSqris sardlebi iyvnen; saqarTvelos mTian raionebSi xevisberTa institutis arseboba da mravali sxva. `qarTuli eklesiis did gavlenas da saxelmwifo saqmeebSi mis aqtiur monawileobas mowmobs is faqtic, rom TiTqmis yvela did eklesiasa da monasters hyavda sakuTari kargad gawvrTnili laSqari, romelic saWiroebis dros mefis sadroSos uerTdeboda da masTan erTad ebrZoda saqarTvelos mtrebs. qristianuli eklesia Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi yovelTvis did rols TamaSobda~96. rogorc zemoT moyvanilidan Cans, qarTuli eklesia TviT musulmanTa batonobis drosac ki Zalze mniSvnelovan Zalas warmoadgenda, imdenad mniSvnelovans, rom man XI saukunis erT periodSi SeZlo qalaqis mmarTveladac yofiliyo. aseve iTqmis kaxeTis samefos Sesaxebac. marTalia, es samefo damoukidebeli saxelmwifo iyo, magram eklesiurad damoukidebeli ar yofila. iq qarTuli eklesiis Zala ganuzomeli iyo. ufro metic, qarTul eklesias kaxeTSi saxelmwifoebrivi marTvis sadaveebic ki garkveulwilad xelT epyra qorepiskoposTa institutis meSveobiT, romelTa eklesiuri warmomavloba p. ratians ar eeWveba da isini samxedro laSqris sardlobadac miaCnia. saerTod, qorepiskoposi ewodeba episkoposis (mTavarepiskoposis an mitropolitis) saqmeTa mmarTvels, romelsac evaleba eparqiis saqmeebis warmarTva. qorepiskoposi asrulebda imave movaleobas, rasac mouravi feodalis karze. qorepiskoposi mouravia, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT. cnobilia, rom samouravoTa sistema damaxasiaTebeli iyo kaxeTis samefosaTvis XVII saukunis Semdeg. SeiZleba es iyo aRdgena, restavracia Zveli kaxeTis samefos msgavsi sistemisa, romelic maSin `saqorepiskoposoTa~ saxeliT iyo cnobili (igulisxmeba X-XI saukuneebi).
789
asea Tu ise, kaxeTis samefoSi qarTul eklesias didi Zala hqonda. aseve yofila saqarTvelos mTianeTSic. mTis Temebis mmarTveli xevisberebica da dekanozebic sasuliero pirebi iyvnen da qarTul eklesiasTan maTi kavSiri ueWvelia. aseve iTqmis saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeTa Sesaxebac. magaliTad, cnobilia, rom baRvaSebis sagvareulo saukuneebis manZilze ebrZoda saqarTvelos gamaerTianebel mefeebs. miuxedavad amisa, isini iyvnen qarTuli eklesiis erTguli Tayvanismcemlebi, erTguli Svilebi da uangaro damxmareni (liparit baRvaSi aTonis iverTa monastris erT-erT maSenebladac ki iTvleboda). isini yovelmxriv mfarvelobdnen, exmarebodnen da TviTonac aqtiurad iRvwodnen qarTuli eklesiisaTvis, zogjer beradac iRkvecebodnen. cxadia, maT samflobeloSi (TrialeTsa Tu argveTSi) qarTul eklesias udidesi Zala gaaCnda. zemoT moyvanilidan gamomdinare, albaT, SeiZleba davaskvnaT: TviT saqarTvelos gaerTianebamde sxvadasxva qarTul politikur erTeulebs faqtobrivad aerTianebda qarTuli eklesia eklesia. is saqarTvelos upirvelesi da uzenaesi gamaerTianebeli iyo. Tumca, cxadia, sxvaa politikuri erTianoba erTi erisa. amitomac, qarTuli eklesia yovelTvis mxarSi edga saqarTvelos erTianobisaTvis mebrZol yvela mefes, gansakuTrebiT ki daviT aRmaSenebels. cnobilia, rom qvemo qarTlSi ZiriTadi cixe-qalaqebi Wyondidelma episkoposma aiRo daviT aRmaSeneblis dros (igulisxmeba rusTavi da samSvilde). es episkoposi daviTma gangeb uwinamZRvra Tavis jars, raTa amiT qvemo qarTlSi mosaxle qarTveli qristianebi waeqezebina mis dasaxmareblad. amiT qvemo qarTlis daWeras saRvTo omis saxe mieca iqauri qarTveli qristianebis TvalSi, ramac gaaadvila Wyondidelis moqmedeba. qvemo qarTlSi grigoriani kvirikianebis mefobis dros uamravi qarTuli eklesia moqmedebda. amave regionSi mdebare TbilisSi, romelsac arabi mmarTvelebi marTavdnen, aseve uamravi qarTuli eklesia moqmedebda. `...Tbilel sasuliero mamebs yovelTvis gverdSi edga da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi exmareboda kidevac Tbilisis saamiros danarCeni qalaqebisa da daba-soflebis (rusTavis, bolnisis, dmanisis, samSvildis, beTaniis da sxva) samRvdeloeba. agreTve is didi qarTuli samonastro centrebi, romlebsac TbilisSi sakuTari savaWro qulbaqebi da saxelosnoebi hqondaT. CvenTvis naTeli gaxdeba, Tu ra did Zalas warmoadgenda Tbilisis qristianuli eklesia. TbilisSi Tavisi metoqi (filiali) hqonda TiTqmis yvela sazRvargareTul qarTul savanes, xolo erTmorwmune bizantiis eklesiamonastrebs aq 7 TavianTi metoqi hqoniaT. Tbilisis mTawmindis monasteri aTonis mTawmindis monastris metoqi (filiali) iyo... giorgi mTawmindeli, romelic aTonis iveriis monastris winamZRvari iyo, amave dros Tbilisis
790
mTawmindis monastris winamZRvrad da sulier mamadac iTvleboda. gana SesaZlebelia warmovidginoT, rom giorgi mTawmindeli, romelmac saqarTveloSi 5 weli dahyo, Tbilisis im monastrebSi ar misuliyo, romlis sulieri xelmZRvanelic TviTon iyo?!~97. rogorc aRiniSna, afxazTa samefos, tao-klarjeTis (anu qarTvelTa) samefos, herTa (anu ranTa) samefos, kaxeTis samefosa da somexTa (anu taSiris) samefos ZiriTad mkvidr mosaxleobas warmoadgenda qarTveli xalxi. am samefoebis gaerTianebamde maT aerTianebda qarTuli eklesia. yvela es qveyana saqarTvelos nawilebs Seadgenda. kidev erTxel unda iTqvas imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom ewodeboda tao-klarjeTis samefos `qarTvelTa samefo~. am samefos marTavda dinastia, romlis oficialuri tituli iyo `qarTvelTa mefe~. es tituli maT mopovebuli hqondaT Zveli qarTlis samefos xosroian-gorgasliani mefeebisagan, romelTac msgavsi tituli `qarTvelTa mefe~ hqondaT. am titulis gadaRebiT tao-klarjeli mefeebi amtkicebdnen, rom isini politikuri memkvidreebi iyvnen xosroiani mefeebisa. amitomac sruli politikuri suverenuli ufleba hqondaT mTel qarTvel xalxsa da sruliad saqarTveloze, rameTu Zveli tradiciiT miCneuli iyo, rom xosroianebis Zveli `qarTlis samefo~ moicavda dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, anu Semdegdroindel afxazTa, her-kaxTa da somexTa samefoebs. amiT iyo gamowveuli tao-klarjeli mefeebisaTvis `qarTvelTa mefis~ titulis miniWeba. es tituli Tavis TavSi Seicavda politikur da ara eTnikur Sinaarss, anu maT `qarTvelTa mefeebi~ ewodaT ara imis gamo, rom mxolod tao-klarjelebs ewodebodaT im dros qarTvelebi, aramed imis gamo, rom am kuTxes marTavda dinastia, romelic pirdapiri politikuri memkvidre iyo Zveli qarTveli mefeebisa, farnavazian-xosroianTa. `rogorc cnobilia, erTiani saqarTvelo sxvadasxva `saqarTvelosagan~ Sedga, romelsac erT qveynad gaerTianebis droisaTvis saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobis sakuTari xangrZlivi tradicia gaaCnda. Tavis mxriv, kaxTa Tu afxazTa samefoebi, hereTi da qarTvelTa samefo sxvadasxva qarTuli qveynebis gaerTianebis Sedegad Seiqmnen~98.
yivCaRTa Casaxleba
garkveva imisa, Tu sad Caasaxles yivCaRebi, mniSvnelovani saqmea. Cveni Tanamedrove istoriografiis Tanaxmad, Camosaxlebuli 200 000-ze meti yivCaRi da arcTu maincdamainc mravalricxovani qarTvelebi urTierTs Serevian. Znelia damtkiceba, rom es namdvilad ase moxda. saerTod ki, es hipoTeza uaryofiTad moqmedebs Tanamedrove qarTvelis fsiqikasa da TviTSemecnebaze. ismis kiTxva, marTla Tanamedrove saqarTvelos teritoriaze Caasaxles yivCaRebi, Tu maSindeli, faqtobrivad mTeli amierkavkasiis Mmomcveli saqarTvelos sazRvrispira mxareebSi?
791
ratom Camoasaxla daviT aRmaSenebelma yivCaRebi? daviTis istorikosi did msjelobas uZRvnis am faqtis aRweras. is jer aRwers daviT aRmaSeneblis Zlevamosil omebs, gamarjvebebs, Tanamedrove saqarTvelosa da misi momijnave sanapiro qveynebis TiTqmis mTlianad gaTavisuflebas Turqebisagan, xolo Semdeg - daviT aRmaSeneblis mier yivCaRebis gadmoyvanis mizezebs. saqme isaa, rom daviTi laSqrobda saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareT, iRebda cixeebs, magram Semdeg tovebda maT, radganac ar hyofnida Tavisi xalxi, raTa maTi saSualebiT cixeebi samudamod daekavebina. ara marto daviTi, aramed misi winaprebic Zlier ganicdidnen cixeTa damWer molaSqreTa naklebobas. `bagrat III-m rom Samqori miswura asaRebad, aRmoCnda, rom qalaqis damWiravi Zala aRara hqonda. amitom igi iZulebuli iyo fadlonis ymobiT dakmayofilebuliyo, miuxedavad Tavisi centralisturi midrekilebisa, saqarTvelo jer kidev ar iyo mzad amierkavkasiis dasaWerad~99. rogorc n. berZeniSvilis msjelobidan Cans, amierkavkasiis dasaWerad marto laSqroba, romelime qveynis Tu qalaqis aReba sakmarisi ar iyo. aucilebeli iyo, mefes, anu `saqarTvelos~ hyoloda `qalaqis damWiravi Zala~, aqedan _ cixeTa damWiravi Zala, meomari adamianebi, romelTac qalaqis aRebis Semdeg qalaqSi datovebdnen mis `dasaWerad~. sxvaTa Soris, qarTvelebi rom saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareT myof cixeebsa da qalaqebs iRebdnen da Semdeg isev tovebdnen am aRebul simagreebs da TavisTvis ar inarCunebdnen, es imdroindel ucxoeTSic iyo cnobili. Tu daviT aRmaSenebels surda amierkavkasiis daWera, amierkavkasiis momcveli saxelmwifos Seqmna, mas aucileblad unda hyoloda am qveynebSi Casayenebeli samxedro Zala. saqarTveloSi mas aseTi Zala ar esaWiroeboda. aq yvela misi momxre iyo, yovel SemTxvevaSi, didi separatisti feodalebi sabolood aRmofxvrili hyavda. ai, rogor xsnis yivCaRebis Camosaxlebas n. berZeniSvili: `yivCaRebis mowvevis erT-erTi mizezi ueWvelad iyo is, rasac istorikosi asaxelebs. qarTvelebis simcire axali adgilebis daWerisa da mudmivi molaSqreobisaTvis...~100. maSasadame, axali adgilebis daWerisaTvis moiwvia mefem yivCaRebi. mainc romeli qveynebi igulisxmeba àxal adgilebSi?~ cxadia, ara saqarTvelo, aramed saqarTvelos gareT mdebare qveynebi. mematiane ase aRwers: `mefem SarvanSi salaSqrod gagzavna Tavisi Ze demetre `spiTa ZlieriTa~, gaimarjva `sakvirvel omSi~, aiRo cixe qalaZori da ukan dabrunda (cxadia, es aRebuli cixe miatova, ver daiWira, e. i. qveyana Sarvani Tumca ki aiRo, magram miatova _ qveynis damWeri Zala ar hyavda). meore wels mefem somxeTSi ilaSqra, araqsis piras, aqac gaimarjva, magram qveyana miatova da ukan dabrunda. Semdeg aiRo lore da sxva cixeebi, is bagrat IV-sac daWerili hqonda. cxadia, arc mas Cauyenebia mecixovneebi da
792
verc daviTma Caayena. mematiane wers: `xedavda mefe am mraval RvTis wyalobas (e. i. qveynis aRebas), sakvirvel gamarjvebebs, rom RmerTi aZlevda qveynebs, qalaqebsa da cixeebs, magram ar iyo mis samefoSi imdeni simravle laSqrisa, rom qalaqebSi da cixeebSi Caeyenebina da salaSqrodac sakmarisi yofiliyvnen~101. rogor SeiZleba amis gageba? mefes imdeni laSqari ki hyavda, rac mas esaWiroeboda axali qveynebis SemosaerTeblad, magram Tu am laSqars cixeebSi Caayenebda, salaSqrod sakmarisi Zala aRar darCeboda. mefes an mudam unda elaSqra da erTxel aRebuli qveyana xelmeored aeRo, an unda gamoeZebna axali laSqari, romelsac aRebul qveynebSi Caayenebda da erTxel da samudamod daiWerda. marTlac, man Camoiyvana yivCaRebi, ès laSqris daqiraveba ki ar aris, aramed gadmosaxlebaa. Tu saTvalavad ojaxze sul cota 5 kacs miviRebT da gavixsenebT, rom `wyobad ganmavali rCeuli~ 40 000 da 5 000 mona-spa ojaxobas mokidebuli mxedari iyo, gamova, rom daviT aRmaSenebels saqarTveloSi gadmousaxlebia sul cota 225 000 suli yivCaRi orive sqesisa~102. es momxdara 1118-1120 wlebSi. cxadia, isini droebiT romeliRac adgilze Caayena saqarTveloSi. safiqrebelia, iq, sadac kargi saZovrebi iyo, magram sul male isini àxal qveynebSi~ _ axal-aRebul cixe-qalaqebSi Caayena. 1118-1120 wlebi daviTma yivCaRebis Camoyvanasa da mis laSqrad organizebas moaxmara. isini marjve adgilas dauyenebia TavianTi deda-wuliT, miucia cxen-saWurveli, ise, rom 40 000 mxedari gamovida. amaT garda kidev calke hyolia 5 000 gaqristianebuli yivCaRi, `misandoni~, gauwyvia isini `guarad-guarad~, daudgenia maTTvis spasalarebi, mmarTvelebi. laSqris organizaciis damTavrebisTanave Seutia Sarvans, aiRo qalaqi yabala, cxadia, aq Caayena Tavis axal molaSqreTa erTi nawili Tavisi dedawuliT, meorejerac ilaSqra SarvanSi, aqac auRia SemaxiasTan `liJaTaT vidre qurdevanamde da xiStalanTamde~, momdevno wels ki _ bardavi, centri qveynisa. Tu aq Tavis axal laSqars ar Caayenebda, maSin xelaxla asaRebi gaxdeboda es cixeebi. yivCaRebiT daviT mefe mezobel qveynebs arbevda an ierTebda. `rogorc erTi arabi istorikosis sityvebidan Cans, daviT aRmaSeneblis gawvrTnili yivCaRTa laSqris navardoba mezoblebs SiSis zarsa scemda Turme~103. àRmosavleT sazRvrebze poziciebis SedarebiT ganmtkicebis Semdeg daviT aRmaSenebelma samxreTiT gaagrZela Setevebi. ìwyo rbevad sparseTisa da somxiTisa didisa~, ise, rom misi Tavdasxmebi am mxriv uSualod msxvil mahmadian mflobelTa qveynebis sazRvrebamde vrceldeboda. mag., 1120 wlis miwuruls, daviTis istorikosis sityviT, `warvida mefe aSornias, daesxa TurqmanTa, mosrna da iavar-yvna~. aSornia, sadac daviTs am dros gaulaSqria, arc ise daSorebuli iyo ilRazis samflobeloebs _ mardinisa da
793
maifarikans. aRsaniSnavia, rom erT-erTi aRmosavluri wyaros mixedviT, didgoris omis wina xanebSi qarTvelebs gaulaSqriaT siriaSic, romelic maT adrec mourbeviaT~104. Tu es marTlac asea da daviTma didgoris omamde Tanamedrove amierkavkasia da misi momijnave teritoriebi dalaSqra, cxadia, am uzarmazar teritoriebSi yvelgan Caayenebda axal laSqars, romelic mas, mematianis sityviT, swored sagangebod am mizniT hyavda Camoyvanili _ qveyanaTa da cixe-qalaqTa dasaWerad. saWiro iyo Tu ara yivCaRebis saqarTveloSi Cayeneba? rogorc S. mesxia wers, `yivCaRebis Camoyvanamde arsebiTad damTavrebuli iyo qveynis SigniT brZola Turq-seljukebis winaaRmdeg~105. `yivCaRebis gadmoyvanamde (1118-1120 wlebamde), daviT IV-m yivCaRebis gareSe, gamarjvebiT daagvirgvina brZola saero da saeklesio didgvarovan feodalebTan~106. maS, Tuki saqarTvelo Turq-seljukebisagan gaTavisuflebuli iyo da Siga Tu gare mteri damarcxebuli hyavda yivCaRebis gareSec, ra funqcia unda Seesrulebina yivCaRebis cxovrebas saqarTvelos teritoriaze? _ araviTari; yivCaRebs saqarTveloSi araferi esaqmebodaT, miT umetes, rom isini verc ki asxvavebdnen erTmaneTisagan qarTvelebsa da araqarTvelebs, qarTvelebsac atyvevebdnen, romelTac Semdeg mefe aTavisuflebda da TavianT miwa-wyalze abrunebda. yivCaRebma ara erTxel da orjer mouwyves ajanyeba mefes, mravaljer sasikvdilod gaimetes, miT ufro ar indobdnen isini ubralo qarTvelebsac. maTi umaduroba da daundobloba xalxur leqssac ki ausaxavs (igulisxmeba leqsi `Semomeyara yivCaRi~). rogorc aRiniSna, daviTs yivCaRebi cixeTa da qveyanaTa dasaWerad, saqarTvelos gareT TurqebTan sabrZolvelad esaWiroeboda. rogorc iTqva, 1021 wels Sarvanis (Tanamedrove azerbaijanis) daWerisas aRebul cixeebSi yivCaRTa nawils aucileblad datovebda, Semdeg maTve Caasaxlebda somxeTis cixe-qalaqebSi. mefes 225 000 kacis didi nawili am qveynebSi unda gaenawilebina. swored amiT unda yofiliyo gamowveuli is, rom didgoris omSi mas mxolod 15 000 yivCaRi axlavs Tan. danarCeni nawili ukve ganawilebulia aRniSnul gare qveynebSi. maTi ayra da saqarTveloSi moyvana ar SeiZleboda, radganac ase rom moqceuliyo, xelaxla dasapyrobi gauxdeboda es qveynebi, xolo Tuki didgoris omSi damarcxdeboda, mis irgvliv myofi asiaTasobiT (deda-wuliT) yivCaRi gamarjvebul mters e. i. Turqebs miemxroboda. unda vivaraudoT, rom mefe daviTma TiToeul aRebul cixesimagreSi, azerbaijansa da somxeTSi aTas-aTasi mebrZoli yivCaRi Caayena. da davuSvaT, sul 25 cixe daiWira am xalxiT. 25X1000=25 000. 25 cixis daWeras dasWirdeboda 25 000 mebrZoli. uTuod cixesimagreebSi yivCaRebs TavianT col-SvilTan erTad tovebda, iqve tovebda maT makontrolebel qarTvel
794
mxedrebsac, SedarebiT mcire raodenobiT. Tuki erTi cixe yivCaRebisa ajanydeboda, daviTi am ajanyebas yivCaRTa sxva ZaliT CaaxSobda. maT ki gaerTianeba da erToblivi gamosvla ar SeeZloT, radganac mefes sagangebo sajaSuSo aparati hqonda Seqmnili. sul 40 000 mebrZoli yivCaRi hyavda. Tuki gamovaklebT maT cixeebSi myof savaraudo 25 000 mebrZols, darCeba 15 000, romelic Tan axlda mefes didgoris omSi. `yuradRebas iqcevs TviT laSqris Sedgeniloba. rogorc Cans, meomarTa ZiriTadi nawili mefes sakuTriv qarTvelebisagan Seudgenia: 40 000 Zlieri da gamocdili qarTveli molaSqre `samefo spis~ nawils Seadgenda. miuxedavad imisa, rom daviT aRmaSenebels, rogorc es aRvniSneT, yivCaRTa 40 000-iani mudmivi laSqari hyavda, am gadamwyvet brZolaSi mas mxolod 15 000 yivCaRi gamouyvania da es SemTxveviTi ar iyo. rogorc Cans, mefe ZiriTad sayrden Zalad isev `samefo spas~, qarTvelTa laSqars Tvlida, gansakuTrebiT aseT gadamwyvet brZolaSi TurqTa winaaRmdeg. marTlac, mxolod rCeul, yovelmxriv misandob qarTvelTa gamoyvana Tu SeiZleboda~107. 1124 wels anisidan movidnen warmomadgenlebi daviT mefesTan da moaxsenes qalaqis gadacema. mefem sam dReSi 60 000 jariskacis Semokreba SeZlo. rogorc zemoT iTqva, misi ZiriTadi sayrdeni Zala isev `samefo spa~ _ qarTvelTa laSqari iyo _ 40 000 mxedari, danarCeni iqnebodnen yivCaRebi da Crdilokavkasieli sxva daqiravebuli tomebi, Tuki maTSi jvarosnebi ar eria. amitomac, ar migvaCnia sworad n. berZeniSvilis azri: ìs faqti, rom demobilizebuli jari sam dReSi Seagrova (60 000), gvaZlevs sabuTs, vifiqroT, rom yivCaRebi sadme ganapiras da Sors dasaxlebuli ki ar arian, aramed SigniT. SeiZleba goris aSeneba am saqmesTan iyos dakavSirebuli~108. rogorc iTqva, mefes 60 000-iani yivCaRTa laSqari ki ar hyavda, aramed, 40 000-iani qarTuli spa. am 60 000-is mxolod mcire nawils warmoadgendnen yivCaRebi. amitomac mefis win 60 000 kacis Semokreba ar iZleva uflebas im daskvnisaTvis, TiTqos yivCaRebi dRevandeli saqarTvelos sazRvrebs SigniT cxovrobdnen. yivCaRebi momTabare xalxi iyo. es imas niSnavs, rom maT uTuod esaWiroebodaT sazafxulo da sazamTro saZovrebi. Turqebic aseve momTabareni iyvnen. amitomac, isini sazamTro saZovrebad iyenebdnen ZiriTadad ivris xeobas da vrcel mtkvris-pirs vidre bardavamde, xolo sazafxulo saZovrebad _ somxeTisa da araratis nayofier velebs. es aRwerili aqvs daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikoss. cxadia, TurqTagan arCeuli saZovrebi idealuri da yvelaze racionaluri iyo momTabareTaTvis. yvela Turqi momTabare ar iyo. Semdeg maTi erTi nawili qalaqebSi, cixeebsa da soflebSi Cadga. cxadia, yivCaRebic msgavs pirobebs iTxovdnen: sazamTro da sazafxulo saZovrebs, e. i. maT garda, romelnic mefem cixesimagreebSi Caayena, danarCenebisaTvis unda gamoeZebna saZovrebi. sazamTro saZovrebad Turqe-
795
bi swored saqarTvelos erT nawils iyenebdnen. aq marTlac kargi sazamTro saZovrebi iyo: ivrispireTi da Siraqi. Cans, mefem Tavis yivCaRebis erT nawils aq misca sazamTro saZovrebi. zafxulobiT ki isini somxeTSi araratis velebze gadavidodnen. mematiane wers _ `movida qarTlad da yivCaRTa TvisTa uCina sazamTrod sadguri da sazrdeli da kacni zedamdgomni maTni. da ganago yoveli saqme qarTlisa, somxiTisa da anisisa~109. qarTlSi mefe Sarvanidan Semovida da mTeli amierkavkasiis saqmeebi ganago. albaT, man `Tavis yivCaRebs~ ivrispira saZovrebi misca, anda cnobili sazamTro saZovrebi ivridan bardavamde. gana istoriulad bardavamde moqceul teritorias qarTli ar ewodeboda, rogorc `SuSanikis wamebis~ avtoric wers? amitomac, is, rom daviTma qarTlis sazamTro saZovrebi yivCaRebis erT nawils (`Tavis yivCaRebs~) dauTmo, ar iZleva uflebas, gamoiTqvas azri, rom yivCaRebi Tanamedrove saqarTvelos teritoriaze daasaxles.110 yivCaRebi qarTvel mefeebs sazRvrebis dasacavad da ucxoeTSi salaSqrod esaWiroebodaT. amitomac daviTis Semdgom, Tamarisa da misi memkvidreebis mefobis dros, roca saqarTvelos sazRvrebi Sors scildeboda qarTveli xalxis eTnikuri gansaxlebis sazRvrebs, yivCaRebs aqedan Sors, somxeTisa da azerbaijanis samxreTiT, saqarTvelos sasazRvro kuTxeebSi gadaiyvandnen. albaT, amis gamoa is, rom Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi Cven ar gvxvdeba arc erTi toponimi Tu saxeli, romelic ukavSirdeba yivCaRebs. maSin, roca sazogadod qarTul toponimebs uZvirfasesi istoriuli cnobebi aqvT Semonaxuli da Tanac uZvelesi droidan. qarTul toponimebs TviT qristemde mcxovrebi tomebis xsovnac ki aqvs Semonaxuli (àsureTi~, `xeTa~ da sxva). sul sxva mdgomareobaa amierkavkasiis sxva qveynebSi. somxeTSi Semonaxulia yivCaRebTan dakavSirebuli toponimebi, xolo azerbaijanisa da saqarTvelos samxreTiT mdebare qveynebSi gvian Sua saukuneebSic ki arsebobdnen yivCaRebis tomebi; aqauri mahmadianebis erT mcire nawils yivCaRebs uwodebdnen; maSin, roca saqarTveloSi msgavsi araferia SemorCenili. Tamaris dros erT moxeles `nayivCaRars~ uwodebdnen, magram `nayivCaRari~ jer kidev ar niSnavs `qarTvels~. Tamaris karze monofizitebic iyvnen. S. mesxia wers: àr SeiZleba gaviziaroT am ukanasknel xans somxursa da qarTul samecniero literaturaSi damkvidrebuli mosazreba daviTis dros yivCaRebisa mainca da mainc somxur teritoriaze dasaxlebisa da maT mier sagangebod `somxuri qristianobis miRebis~ da, maSasadame, maTi àrmenizaciis~ Sesaxeb111. safiqrebelia, rom aRniSnuli mkvlevarebi sworad miuTiTeben yivCaRebis somxeTSi damkvidrebisa da maTi gasomxebis Sesaxeb. yivCaRebi mefes Tanamedrove azerbaijanis teritoriazec unda daesaxlebina. TviT S. mesxia wers mizezs yivCaRTa gadmosaxlebisas: `laSqris simcire gansakuTrebiT mis Semdeg gaxda sagrZnobi, rac mefem zedized SemoierTa qalaq-cixee-
796
bi...~112. yivCaRebi saqarTveloSi ar iyvnen saWironi. isini saWironi iyvnen eTnikuri saqarTvelos gareT saqarTvelos samefos mier daWeril cixeqalaqebSi Casayeneblad, qveynis gareT (e. i. SarvanSi, somxeTSi, sparseTSi, siriaSi da sxvagan) salaSqrod. cnobil mecnier s. eremians da agreTve q. CxataraiSvils hqondaT sruliad damajerebeli, istoriul wyaroebze (epigrafika, toponimika) dafuZnebuli mosazrebani yivCaRebis somxeTSi Casaxlebisa da maTi gasomxebis Sesaxeb.113 S. mesxia yivCaRTa `gaqarTvelebas~ imiT asabuTebs, rom TiTqosda Zvel saqarTveloSi `swrafad mimdinareobda TviT somexTa religiuri `qarTvelizacia~, `gaqarTveleba~114. Teoria, romelic dRemdea gabatonebuli qarTul istoriografiaSi `somexTa gaqarTvelebis~ Sesaxeb, SeTxzulia n. maris mier da atacebulia misi mowafeebisa da mowafeTa mowafeebis mier. am erTi ucnobiT meore ucnobis mtkiceba ar SeiZleba. yivCaRebi qarTvelebs ar Serwymian.
ZiriTadi TariRebi Tamaris gamefebamde

1124 wels _ abuleTsa da mis Zes daviT IV-m anisi Caabara. 1125 wels _ axalgamefebulma demetre mefem (1125-1156) dmanisi SemoierTa (droebiT). 1125 wels _ aiRo xunani. 1126 wels _ demetrem anisi Zvel mflobelebs daubruna ymadnaficobis pirobiT. 1129/30 wels _ Sirvani orad gaiyo. dasavleTi nawili saqarTveloSi Semovida, aRmosavleTi _ SirvanSahs darCa. 1130 wels _ ajanyebul ufliswul vaxtangs da ivane abuleTis Zes undodaT demetre mefis mokvla. demetrem vaxtangs Tvalebi daswva. 1130 wels _ saqarTveloSi SemoiWra Sah-armen suqman II. 1139 wels _ ranSi miwisZvris Semdeg, ganZa demetrem daiWira (misi karebic Camoxsna). 1143 wels _ ganZa sulTans daeqvemdebara. 1155 wels _ ufliswuli daviTi aumxedrda mamas. 1155-56 wels _ anisis qristianoba (samRvdeloeba) aujanyda amira Sedads (saqarTvelos ymadnafics), waarTva mas qalaqi da gadasca mis Zmas fadlons. 1155 wels _ ufliswuli daviTi gamefda 6 TviT da mokvda. demetre mefe berad aRikveca daviTis mefobisas, Semdeg kvlav daiWira Tavisi taxti. taxtze Tanamefed aiyvana giorgi III. 1161 wels _ anisis samRvdeloeba aujanyda fadlons, daamarcxa is da qalaqi giorgi III-s SesTavaza.
797
1161 wels _ giorgi III-m daikava anisi. anisis mTavrad daniSna saduni, magram male CamoarTva. anisSi datova ivane orbeli mandaturTuxucesi da amirspasalari, sargis mxargrZelis TanaSemweobiT. daiwyo omebi anisisaTvis Sah-armenis meTaurobiT (Seikra koalicia). giorgis mxars uWerda mwignobarTuxucesi ioane da sxva qarTveli mTavrebi. 1163 wels _ giorgim arzrumSi gailaSqra. 1163 wels _ didi koalicia SemoiWra saqarTveloSi (somxeTSi). qarTvelTa laSqari damarcxda. 1165 wels _ sapasuxod giorgi III azerbaijanSi SeiWra. gagrZelda brZolebi anisisaTvis. 1164/65 wels _ giorgi III-m anisi gadasca Zvel mflobelebs _ Sedadidebs. 1164-1174 wels _ aniss SahanSa marTavda. 1172 wels _ brZola dvinisaTvis, mefem is aiRo da mmarTvelad daniSna adgilobrivi feodali anania. 1173 wels _ giorgi III-s misma ymadnaficma SarvanSam sTxova laSqroba darubandis dasacavad. mefem ilaSqra. 1174 wels _ giorgi III-m SahanSa daatyveva. anisis gamgeblad ivane orbeli daniSna, anisi saqarTvelos mflobelobaSi Sevida. 1174/75 wels _ amis sapasuxod didi koalicia SemoiWra anisSi, magram damarcxda. ivane orbeli orWofobda. anisis samRvdeloeba da episkoposi giorgis mxaresaa, risTvisac giorgi III-m didi Tanxa daxarja: episkoposis Zma tyveobidan gamoisyida da anisis amirad daniSna. 1175 wels _ Sedga koalicia, Semoesia loresa da dmaniss. amis Semdeg aniss kvlav Sedadidebi marTavdnen. 1177 wels _ moxda orbelTa ajanyeba giorgi III-is winaaRmdeg. iTxovdnen demnas gamefebas da samefos gayofas demnasa da giorgis Soris. ajanyeba damarcxda, demna mokvda, amirspasalaroba mieca yubasars. 1178 wels _ giorgi mefem Tanamosaydred aiyvana Tamari. 1180 wels _ giorgi III-m gamosca kanoni avazakTa winaaRmdeg. 1184-1207 w.w. _ Tamaris mefoba. 1195 wels _ brZola SamqorSi. 1199 wels _ Tamarma anisi SemoierTa da mxargrZelebs gadasca. 1201 wels _ moxda bijnisis SemoerTeba. 1202 wels _ basianis omi. 1203 wels _ moxda dvinis SemoerTeba. 1204 wels _ xlaTSi _ Sah-armenTa samflobeloSi qarTvelebma ilaSqres.
798
Tamar mefe
`Tu welSi gamarTula rodisme Cveni qveyana, e g imis mefobis dros gaimarTa, mzes Tu rodisme saqarTvelo gaunaTebia da gauTbia, imis dros yofila. sityvas Tu Zala gamouCenia, g ulsa simtkice, mklavsa simagre, e g dalocvilis mefis Tamaris dedobis dros mom xdara! is deda iyo, Cven Svilebi...~
ilia marTali

Tamar mefis cxovrebis qronika
799
1177 wels daiwyo batoniSvil demnas ajanyeba, romlis gamefebas amirspasalari ivane orbeli da sxva didebulebi moiTxovdnen. ajanyeba damarcxda. rogorc Tamaris genealogia uCvenebs, demna mefobis `kanonieri~ kandidati iyo. Tamaris genealogia aseTia:
daviT aRmaSenebeli
demetre I
vaxtangi
giorgi III Tamar
daviT V demna-demetre
damarcxebuli batoniSvili demna mokvda. ajanyebis meore (1178) wels giorgi III-m Tamari taxtze aiyvana Tanamefed. 1184 wels saqarTvelos mefe giorgi III gardaicvala da saqarTvelos `didebulTa SvidTave samefoTasa~1 Tamari samefo taxtze dasves. `vinaTgan lixT-imeriTgan iyo wesi dadgmad gvirgvinisa Tavsa sameufosa, awvies monazoni Rirsi da madlSemosili, mTavarepiskoposi quTaTeli antoni...~2. lixTimerlebma (afxazeTis didebulebma) inebes `moReba da dadeba xrmlisa~, Tamari srul mefed iqca: `Tayvanisces, daloces da adides spaTa SvidTave samefosaTa~3. safiqrebelia, Tamaris aseTi saxiT kurTxeva iyo demonstracia imisa, rom saqarTvelos erTian saxelmwifoSi afxazeTis, anu lixT-imereTis samefos sxva danarCen samefoebTan SedarebiT raRac meti Rvawli miuZRoda, anda iuridiuli ufleba hqonda. saqarTvelos mefe _ upirvelesad lixT-imereTis mefes warmoadgenda am TvalsazrisiT (Svid samefoSi Sediodnen afxazeTis, qarTlmesxeTis, ran-hereTis, kaxeTis, somxiTis samefoebi, aseve Sarvanisa da anisis saxelmwifoebi _ SarvanSeTi da SahanSeTi). Tamarma pirvel rigSi moiwvia saeklesio kreba, romlis ZaliTac surda qarTlis kaTalikosisaTvis CamoerTmia mwignobarTuxucesoba da Wyondidelmawyverloba. amisaTvis moiwvia ierusalimidan yofili kaTalikosi nikoloz gulaberisZe. Seikriba òrisave samTavrosa episkoposni~4. termini òri samTavros episkoposi~ miuTiTebs imaze, rom im dros qarTuli eklesia ori saeklesio samTavrosagan Sedgeboda: es iyo qarTlis sakaTalikoso da
800
afxazeTis sakaTalikoso. mowveul krebaze aqtiurobda afxazeTis sakaTalikosodan quTaTeli anton saRirisZe. krebam faqtobrivad unayofod Caiara, ver SeZlo qarTlis maSindeli kaTalikosisaTvis umaRlesi saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis CamorTmeva. es moxda im dros, roca amirspasalar-mandaturTuxucesi yubasari loginad mwoli avadmyofi iyo. amitomac, faqtobrivad samefos marTvis mTeli sadaveebi kaTalikos miqaelis xelT iyo. Cven aRwerili gvqonda, Tu raoden did Zalauflebas flobda Wyondideli, `mama mefisa~, mwignobarTuxucesi. miqaeli ganuzomeli Zalauflebis mqone iyo. igi `vera ganayenes, daRacaTu friad iRvawes~5. am dros, Tamaris mier `dawyebasa wyalobisasa imierTa da amierTa, zemoTa da qvemoTa SvidTave TemTasa...~6, zogierTi xelisufali gaifica; aRar isurves `Zvel xelisufalTa~ xelqveiToba, `vinaTgan maTgan daZrcvilni da unatod gaZeulni varT, gvarianni da msaxureulni saxlni upatiod da usaxelod gasrul varT ugvaroTa da uxmarTagan~. Tamari iZulebuli gaxda, amirspasalarobisa da mandaturTuxucesobis saxeloebi da agreTve misi sapatrono qalaqi lore CamoerTmia yubasarisTvis. afridons CamoarTva msaxurTuxucesoba da sapatrono qalaqi Tmogvi. is `moiSala da daimxo nebiTa da TneviTa laSqarTaTa~. didebulebma `xelisuflebisa da didebisaTvis urTierTs dauwyes zidva~. swored am dros meWurWleTuxucesma yuTlu-arslanma moiwadina, xelT egdo amirspasalaroba da am xelisuflis sajdomi qalaqi lore. lore adre `somex mefeTa~ qalaqi iyo. garda amisa, man erT jgufTan erTad ìTxova karavi dadgmad velsa isnisasa da Tqva: `dasxdomilni mun Siga, ganmgebeli micemisa da miRebisa, wyalobisa da Serisxvisani, vhkadrebT da vacnobebT Tamars, mefesa da dedofalsa, maSinRa srul-iqmnebodes gangebuli Cveni~. es Zlier ewyina Tamars, radganac, mematianis azriT, es iyo `patronis~, anu Tamaris xelmwifobis dasasrulis dasawyisi _ `dasasrulisa xelmwifobisa patronisasa mimcemeli~. Tamarma Sei pyra `yuTlu-arslan meWurWleTuxucesi da aw Tavisa Tvisisa amirspasalarad da somexTa mefisa adgilsa lores dajdomad gamzadebuli~7. magram gamoCnda didi, Zlieri Zala, romelmac Tamars ganzraxva Seacvlevina, `laSqari TanaSeficulTa~ da yuTlus TanaSemweni. maT moiTxoves yuTlus gaTavisufleba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mefis sasaxles `SebmiT~ daemuqrnen. Tamarma maT gaugzavna despani qalebi. SeTqmulebi `ficiT miendnen~, Tayvani sces, misces `piri erTgulebisa~ Tamar mefes.
801
amis Semdeg Tamarma `TanadgomiTa da erTnebobiTa SvidTave samefoTa didebulTa brZana damtkicebad Wyondidelad da mwignobarTuxucesad da vazirad antoni~. Tamarma `ganaCina amirspasalari sargis mxargrZeli, uboZa lore saTavado da samTavro somxiTsa Sina da wyaloba yo Zisa misisa zaqarias dalocviTa da iTayvana darbazis ymad umcrosi Svili misi ivane~8. Tu aqamde samefo karze erTi veziri, Wyondideli iyo, axla meore amirspasalari sargis mxargrZeli daemata. Tamaris mematiane xSirad axsenebs xolme òTx mxargrZels~, esenia _ sargis da varam mxargrZelebis Svilebi: sargis mxargrZeli zaqaria (Semdgom amirspasalari) ivane (Semdgom msaxurTuxucesi) varam mxargrZeli zaqaria sargisi
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Tamarma saxeloebi ase daariga: mandaturTuxucesi _ Wiaberi. meWurWleTuxucesi _ kaxaber vardanis Ze. msaxurTuxucesi _ vardan dadiani. CuxCarexi _ maruSiani. amilaxori _ gamrekel-Toreli.
erisTavebi iyvnen: 1. svanTa erisTavi _ baram vardanis Ze (amaTma gvarma xmali Seartya Tamars). 2. raWisa da Takueris _ kaxaber kaxaberis Ze. 3. cxumis _ oTaRo SarvaSis Ze. 4. argveTis _ amanelis Ze. 5. odiSis _ bediani. 6. qarTlis _ rati surameli. 7. kaxeTis _ bakur-yma Zaganis Ze. 8. hereTis _ asaT grigolis Ze (zogjer aseve ariSianebi da kolonkelis Zeebi). 9. samcxis erisTavi da spasalari _ boco jayeli. yovelive zemoT aRwerili Tamaris taxtze ayvanisTanave daiwyo da erT welSi mogvarda. 1185 wels Tamars SerTes rusTa mTavris Ze giorgi. basili ezosmoZRvris Tanaxmad, momxdara rusis gamorCeva, `qristianobisa da marTlmadideblobisaTvis maT naTesavTasa~9. marTlmadidebels, qristians da amave dros didi
802
samefo ojaxis saxlisSvils saqarTvelos samefo karze male kvlav dauwyes Zebna, radganac giorgi rusi da Tamari ver Seewyvnen erTmaneTs. russ gamoaCnda `skviTurni viTar naRebTa bunebiTni da simTvraleTa Sina saZagelTa uwesoebad iwyo mravalTa~10. rusi gaaZeves. gaZevebis mizezi mxolod rusis piradi uaryofiTi Tvisebebi ar unda yofiliyo, aramed konfrontacia didebulTa Soris samefo karze _ brZola xelisuflebisaTvis. kerZod, Cans, erT mxares idga òTxi mxargrZeli~ da Tamari, meore mxaresaa msaxurTuxucesi vardan dadiani da giorgi rusi. es gamoCnda Semdgomac, roca saqarTvelos samefos Zalebi orad gaiyo da erTmaneTs Seeba. msaxurTuxuces vardan dadianis meTaurobiT dasavleT saqarTvelosa da mesxeTis, anu àfxazTa da qarTvelTa~ samefoebis laSqari Seeba amirspasalaris laSqars. giorgi rusis gaZevebaSi monawileoba miuRia orsave vazirs11, e. i. Wyondidelsa da amirspasalars. Tamari uSvilod darCa, rasac mTeli saqarTvelos mosaxleoba wuxda. `moecva Svidive ese samefo SeWirvebasa eseviTarisa saqmisasa~12. male TamarisaTvis saqmro gamoZebnes _ dediTac da mamiTac samefo gvaris mqone. aRsaniSnavia, rom is rusudanis, Tamaris mamidis, saxlSi izrdeboda. rusudans didi gavlena hqonda samefo karze. amitomac momavali mefis rusudanis saxlidan gamoyvana, miuTiTebs imaze, rom rusudani warmmarTveli iyo Tamaris bedisa, cxovrebisa da politikisa im droisaTvis. giorgi rusis gaZevebaSi sxva didebulebTan erTad, rusudanis xelic eria13. ìyo saxlsa Sina dedoflisa rusudanisasa moyme efremis ZeTagani, romel arian ovsni, kacni mZleni da Zlierni brZolasa Sina~. es iyo daviT soslani, òrTave kerZoTa gvarTagan saxelmwifo~-is qristianuli da marTlmadidebluri saxlis Svili iyo. Tamaris qmari uTuod marTlmadidebluri samefo saxlis Svili unda yofiliyo. 1188 wels Tamarma da daviTma iqorwines. 1191 wels giorgi rusi saqarTvelos sazRvrebTan gamoCnda. mas `miudges imerni, raTa rusi sasaxlesa Sina Seyvanil yon~. rogorc aRiniSna, russ miemxrnen yofili àfxazTa~ da `qarTvelTa~ samefoebis didebulebi - `pirvelad mierTo guzan, patroni klarjeTisa da SavSeTisa, romeli ZvelTa mefeTa taoelTa didebulTa adgilsa Seewyala patronsa~, e.i. guzani Zveli taoeli mefeebis adgilze ijda (ara Tavisi nebiT, aramed patroni Tamaris wyalobiT). giorgi russ miudgnen aseve samcxis spasalari boco da sxva mesxi didebulebi, ivane cixisjvarelis garda. aseve miemxro vardan dadiani, msaxurTuxucesi. is aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi patroni iyo orbeTisa da kaenisa, xolo dasavleTi saqarTvelo mTlianad mis xelSi iyo _ `lixT-aqiT patroni orbeTis da kaenisa, lixT-iqiT nikofsiamdis ucilobelad qonebisa~14. amitomac, man geguTSi `Seyara yoveli svaneTi da afxazeTi, saegroi,
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guria, samoqalaqo, raWa, Takueri da argveTi~, man Sekriba am qveynebis laSqari da daafica isini `rusisa gamefebisa da misis mefe-yofisaTvis~. es laSqari gadavida taoSi guzanTan, wamoiyvanes rusi, SeuerTdnen samcxis spasalari da misi momxreebi, mividnen geguTSi da rusi mefed gamoacxades, `mosaydre saydarsa dajda daviTiansa~15, aqamde Tamari iyo sruluflebiani mefe, xolo misi meuRle mefed saxelideboda, magram iuridiulad is iyo `mosaydre~ (saydari _ taxts erqva). amboxebulebma is `mefed~ gamoacxades, magram gulisxmobdnen ara saqarTvelos erTiani samefos or samefod gayofas, aramed surdaT sasaxleSi SeeyvanaT sruluflebiani mefe, romelic Tamaris momxre didebulebs daamxobda, xolo Tamarisa da axali `mefis~ colqmroba ki gagrZeldeboda. Tamarma Semoikriba erTguli erisTavebi hereTidan, kaxeTidan, qarTlidan, somxeTidan, samcxidan. man amboxebulebTan gagzavna episkoposebi da moxeleebi mosarigeblad, magram uSedegod. amasobaSi ajanyebulebma daiWires qarTli goramde, samcxe javaxeTamde. daapires TrialeTisa da somxiTisaken gaWra, sadac araerTi momxre hyavdaT, Semdgom ki _ Tbilisis karTan misvla, sadac Tamar mefe imyofeboda. Tamarma ùbrZana amirspasalarsa gamrekelsa da oTxTa mxargrZelTa da sxvaTa TorelTa, zemoTa da qvemoTa, wasvla da migebeba wina qveyanasa javaxeTisasa~16. amboxebulebi damarcxdnen, iTxoves Sewyaleba, `romelnime movides yel-sabel mobmiT, romelnime mkvlel eqmnes Tavis biZasa da egreT movides~17. amis Semdeg mxargrZelebi kidev ufro amaRldnen. Tamarma zaqaria varamis Ze mxargrZels uboZa vrceli qveyana `gagi~ qurdvaWrisxevidan ganZamdis qalaqebiT, cixeebiTa da soflebiT. es qveyana aqamde amboxebul ivane vardanis Zes ekuTvnoda. vardanis Zeebi svaneTis erisTavebi iyvnen, ivane vardanis Ze maTi saxlisSvili unda yofiliyo. Cans, svaneTis erisTavs iseve eWira es qveyana (yofili somxiTis samefos teritoriaze), rogorc vardan dadians eWira iqve maxloblad (somxiTSi) _ orbeTi da kaeni. kaxaber vardanisZe meWurWleTuxucesi iyo, swored misma nacvalma Semoiyvana gaZevebuli giorgi rusi saqarTveloSi da saTave daudo ajanyebas. amitomac, Cans, vardanisZeebi _ svaneTis erisTavebi gaZevebul iqnen. somxeTSi vardanisZeTa sapatrono teritoriebi, rogorc iTqva, zaqaria varamis Ze mxargrZels gadaeca. vardan dadians Tamarma CamoarTva msaxurTuxucesoba. is mxargrZelebis ojaxs, kerZod, ivane sargisis Zes eboZa. vardan dadianis sapatrono miwebic somxeTSi mas gadaeca: ùboZes sargisis Zesa ivanes pirveladMmsaxurTuxucesoba, xeli Sinauri da sapatio, da kaeni da kaiwoni gelaquniT da sxviTa mravliTa saxarjoTa qalaqiTa da cixiTa~18. riT iyo gamowveuli dasavleli qarTveli didebulebis amboxeba. miCneulia, rom erTian qarTul saxelmwifos saTave daudo àfxazeTis samefom~. es samefo iyo centri, romlis gafarToebis Sedegad Seiqmna Tamaris
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droindeli saqarTvelo, amitomac qarTvel mefeTa titulaturis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos mefe pirvelad àfxazTa~ mefe iyo. àfxazTa da qarTvelTa~ mefe iyo daviT aRmaSenebeli garkveul dromde, aseve misi winaprebic bagrat III-is droidan. es imas niSnavs, rom àfxazTa~ da `qarTvelTa~ yofili samefoebis, anu dasavleT saqarTvelosa da mesxeTis didebulebs iuridiuli `kanonieri~ upiratesobani Tu uflebani unda miniWebodaT samefo karze. maTi TvalsazrisiT, erTiani samefos dvrita, sawyisi Tu safuZveli lixT-imereT-mesxeTi iyo. amis damadasturebeli iyo isic, rom maTi qveyneli Wyondideli episkoposi samefo karze upirvelesi xelisufali iyo. aseve amis damadasturebeli demonstracia iyo Tamaris kurTxevisas lixT-imerTagan mefis gvirgvinis dadgma da samefo xmlis Semortyma. gvirgvini da xmali, Cans, simbolo iyo samefo xelisuflebisa da laSqris meTaurobisa, e.i. laSqaric da samefoc lixT-imerelTa iuridiuli daqvemdebarebis qveS miiCneoda. amitomac, roca Tamaris samefo karze aRzevdnen ara lixTimerlebi (e.i. ara àfxazebi~), aman gamoiwvia guliswyroma. maTi `kanonieri~ uflebebi ukiduresad SebRaluli iyo. maTi imedi giorgi rusi gaxda, magram sasaxlis partiam is daamarcxa. ìmerel-svanebma~ (rogorc maT basili ezosmoZRvari uwodebs)19 moawyves amboxeba sasaxleSi rusis dabrunebis mizniT, magram sastikad damarcxdnen. saqarTvelos politikuri centri lixT-imereTidan aRmosavleTisaken miiwevda. samefo karze im qveynebis didebulebma daikaves sapatio adgili, romelnic TandaTanobiT saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sazRvrebs SigniT unda moqceuliyvnen. kerZod, demetre I-dan, Tamaris papidan, moyolebuli saqarTvelos saxelmwifo miiswrafoda, xelSi Caegdo anisis yofili samefo, gaeZevebina aqedan Turqebi, moego adgilobrivi mcxovreblebisa da didebulebis guli. mTeli saukunis manZilze anisis da dvinis qveynebis daWeris politika gansazRvravda samefo karis cxovrebas, amitomac moxvdnen am qveynebis didebulebi, mxargrZelebi, samefo karze da amaRldnen. Tamarma sruliad Secvala politika. Tuki aqamde imdroindeli saqarTvelos gafarToeba, Cans, ganixileboda, rogorc àfxazTa~ (e.i. dasavlel qarTvelTa) samefos gafarToeba da SemoerTebuli somxiTis samefos (e.i. loretaSiris) miwebs sapatronod urigebdnen dasavlel qarTvel didebulebs, rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, axla ukve loresa da anisis samefos miwebi (qalaqebi, cixeebi) sapatronod gadaeca aRmosavlel didebulebs, pirvel rigSi, mxargrZelebs. Tamaramde mezobeli xalxebic erTian saqarTvelos àfxazeTs~ uwodebdnen. uxtanesi TviT Tbilisis garSemo teritoriebsac ki afxazeTis miwebad miiCnevda. amitomac àfxaz~, anu lixT-imerel didebulebs, am SemTxvevaSi dadianebsa da vardanisZeebs da, saerTod, mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos araTu ar moewonaT Tamaris politikis cvlileba axalSemoerTebul miwebT-
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an (e.i. yofil somxur politikur erTeulebTan) dakavSirebiT, aramed iaraRis ZaliTac maTi politikis momxre mefe-siZis Seyvanac scades sasaxleSi. (sxvaTa Soris, zemoT moyvanili damokidebulebac kidev erTxel miuTiTebs imaze, rom im dros sityva àfxazs~ ar gaaCnda eTnikuri mniSvneloba da is politikur terminad iyo qceuli. eTnikuri afxazic uTuod `qarTvelTa naTesavis~ erT-erT tomad ganixileboda. àfxazTa~ samefoSi didi politikuri wona hqonda svaneTis saerisTavos (xmlis miRebis ufleba), quTaTels (gvirgvinisa), Wyondidels, sakuTriv afxazeTs aseTi ufleba ar hqonda. rogorc aRiniSna, ivane mxargrZels Tamarma msaxurTuxucesoba uboZa, magram gansakuTrebiT aamaRla zaqaria mxargrZeli. mas amirspasalaroba uboZa. mematianis azriT, amis mizezi iyo is, rom mxargrZelTa sagvareulo erTguli iyo qarTvelTa mefeebisa (amas didi mniSvneloba hqonia, radganac zogierTi sagvareulo tradiciulad, saukuneebis manZilze, mefis orgulobiT gamoirCeoda (magaliTad, baRuaSebi), xolo mxargrZelebis sagvareulo Tamaris papisa da mamis erTgulebi yofilan, amasTanave `kacni brZenni, brZolaTa Sina didad gamocdilni da gvareuladaca erTgulni mefeTani, amisaTvis didad Seyvarebulni TviT Tamaris papaTa da mamaTaganaca. amaT mixedna Tamar da eseca RmerTsa miando da Seiwyalna da zaqarias uboZa amirspasalaroba~20. is, istoriani da azmani SaravandedTanis Tanaxmad, aris `somex mefeTa adgilze mjdomi~, anu patroni lorisa. `da amas Sina miicvala gamrekeli amirspasalari da Tmogvisagan kide ara daakles SvilTa misTa. maSin uboZes amirspasalaroba zaqarias mxargrZelsa, Zesa sargis amirspasalarisasa, mjdomsa somexTa mefisa adgilsa, patronsa lorisasa~21. `somex mefeTa~ adgilze jdoma Zalian did politikur Zalauflebas aZlevda zaqarias. `taoel mefeTa~ adgilze ijda guzani, romelsac mTeli taos mxareSi realuri Zalaufleba gaaCnda, imdenad didi, rom man SeZlo am mxares cixeebis TurqebisaTvis gadacema. rogorc guzans, aseve zaqarias, xelisuflebis pativi patronisagan, saqarTvelos mefisagan hqondaT miRebuli. lores patrons rusTavic uboZes,xolo Tmogvi, romelic adre gamrekels eWira, axla sargis varamis Ze mxargrZels gadasces. daaxloebiT 1192 wels daibada laSa-giorgi. swored aRniSnuli ambebis gadmocemis Semdeg wers mematiane misi dabadebis Sesaxeb. taxtze asvlisas laSa-giorgi cameti wlisa yofila22, xolo Tamaris micvalebisas ki _ 18 wlisa. Tamari 1213 wels gardaicvala. am angariSiT laSa-giorgi 1195 wels dabadebuli gamodis. angariSi ireva, radganac Tamaris gardacvalebis zusti TariRis Sesaxeb erTiani azri ar arsebobs (laSas Semdeg rusudani dabadebula). Tamari daviT soslanze 1188 wels daaqorwines. miuxedavad amisa, Tamars aRniSnul dromde, e.i. 4-5 wlis manZilze, Svili ar gasCenia. mas Svili arc giorgi rusTan hyolia 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi. amitomac, momavali mefis, laSa-giorgis, dabadebis aRsaniSnavad amis bedsa da sveze sagangebo galaS-
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qreba mouwyviaT bardavisaken. 30 000 tyve gauTavisuflebiaT. àTavisufles sam-bevroba tyveTa dRegrZelobisaTvis Tamarisa da Zisa misisa~23. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTulma saxelmwifom ver SeZlo ganZisa da bardavis SemoerTeba, Tumca xSirad laSqravdnen am mxareebs. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, arabTa Semosevebisas bardavi qarTlis samefoSi Sedioda. aSot kurapalati samxreT saqarTvelosTan erTad bardavsac flobda. amiT unda yofiliyo gamowveuli is, rom ramdenime saukunis Semdeg, daviT aRmaSeneblisa da demetres dros, Sarvanis vrceli qveynis dasavleTi nawili qristianul-marTlmadidebluri yofila. Sarvanis es marTlmadidebluri mxare bardavis siaxloves mdebareobda. `SarvanSas~ qveynis gayofis dros Sarvanis es qristianuli nawili saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi ariSianebis mflobelobaSi Sesula. unda gamoiTqvas mosazreba, rom Sarvanis marTlmadidebluri nawili eTnikurad qarTvelebs, anda qarTvelur toms warmoadgenda. swored eTnikuri warmomavlobis gamo unda SeenarCunebinaT maT sarwmunoebis is saxe, romelic qarTveli xalxis erovnul sarwmunoebad iyo miCneuli. veraviTari sxva mizeziT ver avxsniT maT marTlmadideblobas. arabTa batonobam am mxareebSi mahmadianoba gaavrcela. mahmadian xelisufalTa batonobisas aq marTlmadidebloba ver gavrceldeboda. male Turq-selCukebma dai pyres es mxare. mxolod amis Semdeg SeZlo qarTulma saxelmwifom miaxloeboda Sarvanis sazRvrebs. amitomac is, rom am mxareSi (Sarvanis dasavleT mxareSi, bardavTan axlos) arc grigorianoba, arc mahmadianoba ar gadaiqca aqauri mosaxleobis sarwmunoebad, miuTiTebs maT eTnikur siaxloveze qarTvelebTan. `mihmarTes bardavad, didad da Zvelad qalaqad... herosis Zmisa bardosisa mamuli da Senebuli~24 bardavis qveynis mkvidrni qarTvelebad, anda qarTvelTa monaTesaveebad miiCneva Tamaris mematianis mier, msgavsad herebisa. qarTvelebma ilaSqres arzumSi, karnu-qalaqis sanaxebSi da sxvagan, sadac adgilobrivi mkvidrni ambobdnen: àraodes gvixilavs tomi qristianeTa sanaxebsa Sina sayofelTa CvenTasa~25; Semdgom ilaSqres arezispira qveynebSi ganZis karamde. da kvlav loridan wavidnen orni Zmani sargisis Zeni, zaqaria amirspasalari da msaxurTuxucesi ivane, raxsis piris mosarbevad. amis Semdgom kaenis patronma ivane msaxurTuxucesma miiwvia daviTi salaSqrod: didi gelaqunis, sparsi bazrisa da sxvis mosarbevad... gaaqcies, amoswyvites da daxoces.26 1193 wels kvlav Semovida giorgi rusi ganZisa da aranis laSqriT kambeCanSi, xornabujis patronma saRir maxatlis Zem igi daamarcxa. rusi gadaixvewa. ùmetes gardaemata bednierobiT qveyana yovelTa keTilTa da ganmarjvebiTa laSqarTaTa Seiwrdes yovliT _ kerZoni sparsni~27. `sparselebma~ Sekribes laSqari èsodeni, vidremdis arca ricxvi icodes da verca erTsa Temsa daeteodes~28.
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Tamaris brZanebiT laSqari 10 dReSi Seikriba. waruZRvana Zeli cxovrebisa. laSqars Tan gahyva anton Wyondideli, TviTon ki fexSiSveli mivida metexis RvTismSoblis taZarSi da deda RvTisas xatis win cremliT iloca, vidre RmerTma misi saTxovari ar aRasrula. Samqoris omSi 1194 (1195) wels qarTvelebma gaimarjves. qarTvelebs, Cans, moZravi eklesiebi hqondaT, radganac Semdeg `madrasTa wil aRmarTnes eklesiani da myivanTa wil hkres Zelsa da nacvlad muyrTa ixilveboda RaRadeba mRdelTa adonaisadmi: ufalo sabaoT ZalTasa~29. gamarjvebulebs ganZelebma qalaqi gadasces. mefe daviTma iq darbazoba gamarTa. TviTon sulTnis taxtze dajda, xolo SarvanSa da amir-mirmani, vazirebi _ mandaturTuxucesi, amirspasalari da sxva xelisuflebi TavTavianT adgilebze dasxdnen. Tamarma Salva axalcixelis mier mopovebuli xalifas droSa gagzavna xaxulis RvTismSoblis taZarSi, msgavsad daviT aRmaSeneblisa didgoris gamarjvebis Semdeg. Tamarma RvTis samadloblod SeTxza ìambiko xuTeuli ocdaxuT leqsad~. male ganZa kvlav aiRo abu-beqr aTabagma. man Tamaris mier ganZaSi dadgenili Tavisi Zma amir-mirmani moakvlevina, mefem gailaSqra am aTabagis winaaRmdeg da aiRo cixeebi da qalaqebi. saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqi didi winaaRmdegobiT xvdeboda samefo karze monofizitebis aRzevebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom kaTalikosma zaqaria mxargrZeli sarwmunoebrivi TvalsazrisiT gamouval mdgomareobaSi Caayena, man ar uaryo monofizitoba. is ambobs `me ar SeverTvi qarTvelTa~30. Tumca, is politikurad qarTvelia. sxva ambavTan dakavSirebiT igive mematiane wers: `gankvirdes yovelni warCinebulni qarTvelTani, zaqariaca da ivane mxargrZelni~31. da zaqaria erovnebiT qurTi, sarwmunoebiT somexi, politikurad ki qarTvelTa mxedarTmTavari da saxelmwifo moRvawe iyo. magram am epoqaSi sarwmunoeba qveynis Zlierebis ganmsazRvreli iyo. Tamaris dros `sarwmunoeba ganmtkicneboda, wmidani eklesiani Seimkobodes mravalferTa mier samkaulTa, locvani da RamisTevani ganmravldebodes, ufrosRa TviT palatsa Sina wmidaTa saidumloTa srulyofani mimdemni da rasa mravalsa vityodi wyaloba RmrTisa ganmravldeboda da yoveli siborote eSmakisa mouZlurdeboda~32. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi Sedioda Semdegi `sanapiro~ mxareebi: 1. qvemo sanapiro _ gagi (zaqaria mxargrZels hqonda); 2. Zorakerti da taSiri (esec zaqariasa da ivane mxargrZels hqondaT); 3. javaxeTi (sargis mxargrZeli da Salva Toreli monapireobdnen) 4. zedaT artani (mesxebi monapireobdnen, yvaryvare spasalari da jayeli); 5. SavSeTiT speris kerZo fanaskerti (zaqaria aspaanis-Ze); 6. qvemo napiris kerZi (ganZisa da bardavis siaxloves, grigolisZeni, tbelebi, maxatlis-Zeni monapireobdnen);
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7. Semdeg daemata _ kari. Tamari `...arca samefod imWirvida eseodenTa qalaqTa da cixeTa, aramed TviT maTve miscemda, romelTa aucaloebda TvisTa laSqarTa~33. Tamarma ùrCni Tvisni daamdablna da moyvareni aRamaRlna, ara iRuwoda umezoblobasa da arca SerTvida saxlsa saxlsa zeda, arca agaraksa agaraksa zeda ucxosa, aramed Tvisi mamuli Zveli kma iyo~34. Tamarma kldeSi gamohkveTa RvTismSoblis `patiosani eklesia da monazonTa sayofi senakebi~35. ès varZia pirvelad daewyo sanatrelsa mamasa missa giorgis, garna ver srul eqmna da daeteva, romelman aman aRasrula da Seamko yovliTurT~. Tamarma àra oden saqarTvelosa monasterni aaSenna, aramed palestines ierusalems aaSena pirvelad monasteri da kualad kvipres Ralia... aRaSena monasteri... kualad konstantinepolis aRaSena metoqi maTi... saqarTvelosa mciriTgan monastriT saydar-eklesiani ara dauteva, romel ara wyalobiTa aRavso~36. aqamde qalaqi kari (yarsi) Turqebs eWiraT. Tamarma waravlina laSqari. Turqebma datoves qalaqi da gaiqcnen. mefem aiRo qalaqi, karis mcvelis Tanamdebobaze datova axalcixeli ivane `da aCina monapired da uboZa aTabagoba da amiraTa amiroba~. man Turqebs waarTva gareSemo qveynebi, romlebic SemoierTa. Turq-selCukebis imperia, romelic arsebobda mcire aziaSi saqarTvelos mezoblad, Tamaris mefobis dasawyisSi daSlili iyo sxvadasxva politikur erTeulad. am droisaTvis is gaaerTiana sulTanma ruqnadinma. man Sekriba 400 000 kaci saqarTvelosTan saomrad. gamougzavna Tamars mociquli weriliT, romelSic ewera, `Sen gibrZanebia qarTvelTaTvis aRebad xrmali musulmanTa xocad~37, ruqnadins gadawyvetili hqonia Tamaris qveyanaSi amoewyvita yvela mamakaci imaT garda, romlebic uaryofdnen qristianobas. maT mis Tvalwin unda daelewaT jvrebi da eRiarebinaT mahmadianoba. sapasuxod Tamarma ruqnadins miswera, rom is aris oqros Tayvanismcemeli. `xolo me arca simdidresa da arca Zalsa spaTa CemTasa, aramed Zalsa RmrTisa yovlisa mpyrobelisasa da jvarisa wmidisa, romeli Sen hgme~, Tayvanismcemeli varo. ìyavn neba RmrTisa~. sulTnis mociqulma ukadrisi sityva hkadra Tamars, zaqaria mxargrZelma mas sila gaawna. Tamarma moiwvia Tavisi spa nikofsiidan darubandamde, Sekriba javaxeTSi. `da mivida Tamar varZias, varZiisa RmrTismSobelisa winaSe da cremliT Sevedra soslan daviT da spa misi da droSa misi sviani~38 basili ezosmoZRvris Tanaxmad, Tamari spas gahyva basianamde. Tamarma aRmarTa jvari, mis winaSe moayvanina yvela didebuli da erisTavi. isini emTxvivnen jvarsa da Tamaris xels, cremliT Seavedres ojaxebi ufals.
809
Semdeg mxedrebi samjer samive mxares daloca Tamarma jvriT da ukan dabrunda samcxeSi. basianis omSi `moxeda wyaloba auracxelman RmerTman mosavTa jvarisaTa da ganadida dideba daviTisi da Tamarisi varZiisa RmrTismSobelman~. qarTvelebma gaimarjves. es moxda daaxloebiT 1202 wels. Tamarma Sesawiravebi gaugzavna eklesiebs eladaSi, makedoniaSi, petriwonSi, konstantinopolSi, mTawmidaSi, aleqsandriaSi, libanSi, sinas-mTasa da ierusalimSi _ `monazonTa da glaxakTaTvis oqroTa auracxelTa~39. Tamarma saqarTveloSi Camosul antioqiis, Savi mTisa da kvi prosis, mTawmidisa da sxva mxareTa ber-monazvnebs misca didZali oqro monastrebisaTvis. roca isini Cavidnen konstantinopolSi, es Seityo berZenTa mefe aleqsi angarma da es simdidre waarTva berebs. Tamarma ufro meti oqro gaugzavna berebs, xolo berZenTa mefes `waruRes lazia, trapizoni, limoni, samisoni, sinopi~ da sxva adgilebi `da misca naTesavsa Tvissa aleqsis komnianossa, andronikes Svilsa, romeli iyo maSin TviT winaSe Tamar mefisa Semoxvewili~40. es iyo 1204 wels. am droisaTvis zaqaria da ivane mxargrZelebma ilaSqres karSi. aRebamde karelebma TviTve iTxoves daviT mefisagan, raTa Tamars samefod daeWira es qalaqi da ar gadaeca didebulebisaTvis, rogorc anisi da dvini. Tamarma Ze Tvisi giorgi gagzavna iq. man `miiTvala qalaqi~. es iyo daaxloebiT 1204-1206 wlebSi. 1207 wels daviT mefe gardaicvala. 1208 wels zaqaria da ivane mxargrZelebma dasajes anisSi aRdgoma dRes SemoWrili ardabilis sulTani. Semdgom `movides mxargrZelni, amirspasalari zaqaria, msaxurTuxucesi ivane da varam gageli, mefis winaSe da kerZod moaxsenes _ ùbrZane spaTa saqarTvelosaTa mza iyvnen laSqrobad xuarasans. daRaTu aravin qarTvelTagani mowevnul ars xuarasans da erays, brZane, raTa nikofsiT darubandamde aRiWurnen da mza iyvnen!~41. 1210-1211 wlebSi qarTvelebma sparseTSi ilaSqres: `misca droSa zaqaria amirspasalarsa da waremarTnes sparseTad~42. ibrZoles, gaimarjves da alafiT aRvsilni `Semoiqces gamarjvebulni da Zleva Semosilni qarTvelni. qarTvelTa naTesavi veravin miwevnil iyo laSqrad, ara mefe, ara mTavari, da vervin winaaRudga sparseT SesulTa~43. qarTvelebma erayis sulTanic daamarcxes. zaqaria mxargrZelis gardacvalebis Semdeg mefem amirspasalaroba uboZa mis Zma ivane msaxurTuxucess, magram ivanem, romelic `saqmeTa Sina gankvirvebuli iyo~, moiTxova aTabagoba: àTabagobiTa pativ-mec... axalsa da uaRressa pativsa Rirs myo da aTabagoba miboZo~. Tamari daTanxmda. `msaxurTuxucesoba uboZa varams, zaqaria gagelis Zesa~44. amis Semdeg ajanydnen mTielebi: `fxovelebi da didoni~. `mouwoda mefeman aTabagsa da yovelTa mTeulTa: dvalTa, cxrazmelTa, moxeveTa, xadelTa,
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cxavatelTa, WarTalTa, erwoTianelTa, misca ivane aTabagsa da waravlina maT zeda~, mTiulebi damarcxdnen. `moiwia mwuxareba didi da mouTxrobeli yovelTa mkvidrTa saqarTvelosaTa da Znelad gamwarebulni ityebdes da isxmidian Tavsa nacarsa da mtversa aTabagi da yovelni~. Tamari gardaicvala 1213 wels.
Wyondideli da aTabagi
Wyondideli saqarTvelos mefis `mamad~ iyo aRiarebuli. es TavisTavad miuTiTebs saxelmwifos saqmeebSi am mRvdelmTavris monawileobis Sesaxeb. ase iyo Tamaris mefobis dasawyisSic. am drois mematiane _ Wyondidels mefis mamas uwodebs, magram mdgomareoba Seicvala, samefo karze moxda didi gadaadgilebani da Tamaris mefobis dasasruls mematiane `mefis mamas~ uwodebs ukve aTabags. `...mamad da gamzrdelad mefeTa da sultanTa iwodebis aTabagi~45. saqarTvelos gaerTianebisas Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesebi iRvwodnen erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos SeqmnisaTvis. faqtia, rom Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesis saxelos zeobis dros saqarTvelo gaerTianda, gaizarda da kavkasiis masStabiT zesaxelmwifod iqca. faqtia isic, rom aTabagobis institutis SemoRebis Semdeg saqarTvelos erTiani saxelmwifo damarcxda da daiSala (igulisxmeba xvarazmelebis Semoseva da monRolebis batonobis dasawyisi). daviT aRmaSenebeli da Wyondideli erTad idgnen rogorc qveynis saSinao, ise sagareo saqmeebis gadaWrisas. maTi Tanadgomis Sedegic cnobilia. aseve erTad idgnen rusudan mefe da aTabagi da maTi Tanadgomis Sedegic cnobilia. rusudanis dros aTabags, faqtobrivad, Tavisi Tavi miaCnda saxelmwifoSi mefis Semdeg pirvel kacad. mematianec xSirad erTad moixseniebs maT. am mdgomareobas asaxavs isic, rom rusudan mefe da ivane aTabagi 1223 wels romis paps werilebs sweren da oriveni pasuxs iReben papisagan. aRsaniSnavia, rom aTabagi papisadmi werilSi Tavis Tavs `mTelis saqarTvelos da somxeTis mxedarTmTavars~ uwodebs46, xolo papi mas uwodebs `saxelovan ivanes, saqarTvelos mxedarTmTavars~47. `somxeTs~ ar axsenebs, radganac papma kargad icis, Tu sinamdvileSi romeli saxelmwifos mxedarTmTavaria ivane aTabagi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am droisaTvis aTabags samefo karze uWiravs is mdgomareoba, rac Wyondidels eWira daviT aRmaSeneblis karze. Wyondidelis poziciebis SesustebiT saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ar gaZlierebula. piriqiT, Wyondidelis droindeli konsolidacia Secvala aTabagis drois Surma da Ralatma. TviT saqarTvelos saxelmwifosaTvis sabediswero omis dros (jalaledinTan garnisSi) 1225 wels, qarTvelTa laSqris sardalma ivane aTabagma, mematianis Tanaxmad, faqtobrivad, uRalata saqarTvelos Salva
811
da ivane axalcixelebis Suris gamo. es ki mizezi yofila `saqarTvelos sruliad mospolvisa~. es Ralati ufro meti yofila, vidre uriaTagan RmerTis mkvleloba, wers mematiane. omis dawyebisas qarTvel winambrZolTa da sulTanis urTierTmiaxloebisas aTabagma fexi ar moicvala. `...dai pyra ferxi ivane aTabagman. ityvian viTarmed: SuriTa yo axalcixelTa Salva da ivanesiTa. hoi Suri, yovelTa borotTa dasabami da Zvirad momwyvedeli naTesavisa kacTasa da yovelTa naTesavTa mwylveli! viTar uriaTa RmrTis mklveloba arwmuna da kvalad amaTsa uborotesi ugbili da ulmobeli da saqarTvelosi sruliadi mospolva viTar qvemore sityvaman cxad yos, romeli aTabagsa ivanes arwmuna, romel Jamsa wyobisa da Jamsa omisasa ukun dga da arRara vidoda mbrZolTa kerZ~48. qarTvelTa laSqris sardali ivane aTabagi xedavda, rogor wydeboda omSi qarTvelTa winambrZoli jari, magram ar gasca mixmarebis brZaneba: `xolo ivane aTabagi da spani qarTvelTani xedvides Zliersa omsa da ara Seiwyalebdes TanamonaTesaveTa da erTsjulTa, qristes aRmsarebelTa TorelTa da maT Tan mravalTa saxelovanTa, aramed dges SoriT da ara ineba Svela ivane aTabagman, romelsa SuriTa ityvian amas yofad da ara Tu SiSiTa~49. qarTvelTa laSqari sastikad damarcxda. ivane aTabags xmalic ar dauZravs. mters Tbilisisaken gza gaexsna. saqarTvelos laSqris damarcxebam araqarTvelebi waaxalisa. Tbiliselma sparselebma RalatiT gamoiCines Tavi - `mxolod meore dRes SeZlo mterma qalaqis aReba da isic Tbilisel `sparsTa Sinagacemis gamo~50. am dros amirspasalari iyo aTabagis Ze avagi. 1226 wlis 9 marts mters 100 000 Tbiliseli dauxocavs. am epoqaSi yivCaRebsac uRalatiaT: `...yivCaRni ganze gadgnen da monawileoba aRar miiRes brZolaSi~51, maTTvis jalaled-dins `pur-marili~ gaugzavnia da Zveli sikeTe mougonebia. es yofila daaxloebiT 1229 wels. ufro metic, monRolebis Semosvlisas aTabagis Ze avagi, amirspasalari saqarTvelosi _ damorCilda monRolebs, is maSin somxeTSi imyofeboda. saqarTvelos sxva nawilebi ki msxverplad iqca monRolebisa. msgavsadve SanSe mandaturTuxucesma lore ubrZolvelad gadasca monRolebs, varam gagelma mters Tbilisis samxreT-aRmosavleTi teritoriebi gadasca. `varam gagelma brZolas Tavi aarida, da kirakosis sityviT, RamiT gai para ... loreSi SanSe mandaturTuxucesi iyo gamagrebuli, miatova iqauroba da saimedo adgils Seafara Tavi. mis mier loreSi datovebulma pirebma udardeloba gamoiCines da ver daicves qalaqi, romelic monRolebs CauvardaT xelSi... àmirspasalari avag Sevida cixesa kaenisasa~, magram... amirspasalari damorCilda monRolebs~52. saqarTvelo faqtobrivad daiSala. aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelos mteri sastikad arbevda. `saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobasac xom safrTxe daemuqra: qveynis aRmosavleTi nawili mowyda samefo centrs, romlis Zalauflebac ukve am nawilze aRar vrceldeboda~53.
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ai, es aris faqti aTabagobis institutis dasasrulisa. cnobilma òTxma mxargrZelma~ da maTma STamomavlebma, uxeSad rom iTqvas, ver SeZles saxelmwifoSi pirvelkacobisas `Wyondideloba~. swored am tragikul dros rusudans kvlav gaaxsenda Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesi (an TviT am episkoposma gamoiCina iniciativa). Wyondidelma kvlav daiwyo Sekreba saqarTvelosi. `rusudan mefem baTo yainTan volgispireTSi arsen Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesi gagzavna~54. zavi daido, yaenma scno erTiani saqarTvelo. mefe quTaisidan kvlav TbilisSi dabrunda. Wyondideli kvlav Wyondidelobda. rogorc iTqva, Tamaris mefobis dawyebisas `mama mefisa~ Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucess ewodeboda, xolo mefobis dasasruls _ aTabags. ram gamoiwvia amirspasalaris saxelos amaRleba samefo karze da aTabagobis institutis warmoqmna? safiqrelia, rom es iyo Tamaris TavdacviTi ukureaqcia imis Semdeg, rac kaTalikosma miqaelma miitaca Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesoba, sxva saxeloebi da samefos faqtobriv mmarTvelad iqca. aseTi mtaceblobiT am mRvdelmTavarma daarRvia saeklesio kanonebi. Sedegma ki Tavi iCina TiTqmis erTi saukunis Semdeg. ivane javaxiSvili wers: `gamorkveuli gvaqvs, Wyondideli mwignobarTuxucesi da vazirTa upirvelesi, faqtiurad saqarTvelos mefis moadgile da saxelmwifos mTeli marTva-gamgeobis namdvili saWeTmpyrobeli iyo, romelsac `karis garigeba~ mefis `mamas~-ac ki uwodebs~55. xolo roca aseTi uzarmazari Tanamdeboba qarTuli eklesiis meTaurma Caigdo xelSi, ìs faqtiuri gamge unda gamxdariyo samefosi~56. aq oriode sityva unda iTqvas imis Sesaxebac, Tu rogor SeiZleboda eklesias faqtobrivad xelSi Caegdo saxelmwifos mmarTveloba (ase moxda miqaelis mier Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesis saxelos mitacebisas). erT wina paragrafSi naTqvami gvqonda, rom daviT aRmaSeneblis dros saqarTveloSi Seiqmna Teokratiulis msgavsi saxelmwifo: mefe da eklesiis mmarTveli mRvdelmTavrebi awonasworebdnen xelisuflebas (mefis uzenaesobiT). mefe laSqrisa da samxedro uwyebis meTauri iyo, xolo eklesia da laSqari ori gawonasworebuli politikuri Zala. miqaelma es wonasworoba daarRvia, isargebla imiT, rom mefe qals im dros qmari, anu laSqris meTauri ar hyavda, xolo amirspasalari yubasari loginad iyo Cavardnili. aseT dros kaTalikosis mier didi saxeloebis mitaceba mefeze meti xelisuflebis qonebas niSnavda. xelisufleba aRar unawildeboda danarCen mRvdelmTavrebsa da laSqris meTaurs. `miqael kaTalikozis zraxvisa da gegmis politikuri mniSvneloba cxadia. misi da, ueWvelia, mis momxreTa mizani saxelmwifo xelisuflebis xelSi Cagdebac iyo. viTarca saqarTvelos eklesiis kaTalikoz-patriarqi,
813
igi qarTuli eklesiis mesaWe iyo, vazirTa-upirvelesobisa da mwignobarTuxucesobis miRebiT mas saerTo, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis xelSi Cagdebac surda. mis daukiTxavad mefes araferi ar unda gaekeTebina. amitom miqaels amieriTgan TviT mefezec ki Zala da xelisufleba eqmneboda. mefes saeklesio saqmeebSi uSualod Carevis ufleba ar hqonda da xeli ar miuwvdeboda, miqaeli ki orisave saero-saxelmwifo da saeklesio xelisuflebis mqonebeli da gamaerTianebeli iyo. ramdenadac miqaeli upirvelesad kaTalikozi iyo, es garemoeba saxelmwifosa da saero cxovrebaSi aucileblad eklesiis gabatonebas moaswavebda. es saistorio mecnierebaSi wodebuls cezaropapizms udrida da romis eklesiis uflebriv Semecnebas miemsgavseboda, saqarTvelos mefeTa mTel gezsa da politikas ki Zirianad ewinaaRmdegeboda~57. aq unda iTqvas, rom marTalia, cezaropapizmi TavisTavad mefobis arsebobas safrTxes uqmnida da miuRebeli iyo, magram isicaa aRsaniSnavi, rom daviT aRmaSenebelma qarTuli eklesiis meTaurebs - mRvdelmTavrebs udidesi saxelmwifoebrivi misiac daakisres, rac TavisTavad, Tavis TavSi Seicavda safrTxes `cezaropapizmisas~, gansakuTrebiT, susti mefis dros. `...eklesiis maSindel mesveurT politikuri upiratesobis xelSi Cagdebac ucdiaT da mouxerxebiaT kidec. miqael kaTalikozis vazirT-upirvelesoba eklesiisagan saxelmwifo xelisuflebazec uZlieresi gavlenis mopovebis momaswavebeli iyo~58. dainteresebuli iyo Tu ara qarTuli eklesia politikuri upiratesoba Caegdo xelSi da miaCnda Tu ara mas TavisTvis sasargeblod Seqmnili mdgomareoba? Cans, ar miaCnda, amitomac miqaelis am qmedebis sapasuxod mowveuli iqna saeklesio kreba, romelzec eklesiis saukeTeso moRvaweni cdilobdnen eklesiis meTaurisaTvis Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesoba CamoerTmiaT, raTa aRedginaT wonasworoba, iseTi harmonia, romelic daviT aRmaSeneblis dros arsebobda eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris. albaT, am harmoniis darRveviT miqael kaTalikosma Caidina `winaukmooba wesTagan eklesiisaTa~, ùeWvelia, miqaelis namdvil danaSaulad mkafiod dasaxelebuli Wyondideloba vazirTa-upirvelesobis `moverageba~ iTvleboda~59. miqaelis gadayeneba surdaT, magram ver SeZles. `miqaeli winandeburad eklesiisaca da saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelad darCa~60. am krebis Semdeg miqaels `kidev 6 weliwadi ucocxlia da winandeburad orive uzenaesi, saeklesio da saxelmwifo xelisufleba sWeria~61. `miqaelis gadayenebis am unayofo mcdelobam Tamarisa da misi politikis momxreTa dasis sisuste gamoamJRavna~62. cxadia, Tamari ver Seurigdeboda am mdgomareobas. daeloda xelsayrel moments mdgomareobis gamosworebisaTvis. miqael kaTalikozi gardaicvala.
814
Tamarma SeZlo darbazis daxmarebiT Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesoba antonisTvis mieca. ori vaziri antoni Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesi da amirspasalari sargis mxargrZeli erTdroulad gamoCndnen xelmwifis karze. isini Tamarma `SvidTave samefoTa didebulTa TanadgomiTa da erTnebobiT~ daamtkica. amirspasalari adre, n. berZeniSvilis azriT, vazirad ar iwodeboda. sargis mxargrZeli Tamars gauvazirebia. `...safiqrebelia, rom vazirad Tamaris mefobis dasawyisSic ki mxolod Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesi iTvleboda. ... Tamaris istorikosis xanaSi xdeba gavazireba sxva xelisufalTa...~63 `daviTis dros vaziri iyo mxolod Wyondideli~64. Tamarma gaavazira amirspasalari, amiT ki, Cans, mouspo saSualeba òTxi berisagan~ romelimes miqaelis msgavsad, mietacebina umTavresi saxelmwifo da saeklesio Tanamdebobani da erTpirovnulad emarTa saxelmwifo. Tamarma amirspasalaris gavazirebiT faqtobrivad daamyara wonasworoba eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris. daviTis droindeli `Teokratiulismagvari saxelmwifo~ TamarisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda, radganac am sistemam Tavisi uaryofiTi saxe gamoaCina. rogorc Cans, maSinac kargad icodnen, rom amirspasalaris amaRlebiT (Tanac ara marTlmadideblis) Tamarma qarTuli eklesiis meTaurebis (isini saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelebic iyvnen) Zliereba Seamcira (swored amirspasalaris amaRlebis Semdeg igrZno Tamarma WeSmarit xelmwifed Tavi. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom somxiT-aniseli didebulis (amirspasalaris) amaRlebiT lixT-imerel didebulTa zegavlenac Semcirda samefo karze). zaqaria amirspasalaris gavlena samefo karze ufro da ufro izrdeboda. es ki, albaT, aRizianebda eklesia-saxelmwifos yofil erTpirovnul mmarTvelebs. amiTac unda yofiliyo gamowveuli kaTalikosis mier zaqarias sajaro Seuracxyofa. avtoritetamaRlebuli zaqariasa da mxargrZelTa saxlis mier xelmwifis karis umniSvnelovanesi saxeloebis xelSi Cagdeba aRizianebda ara marto daCrdilul Wyondidelsa da kaTalikoss, aramed `Zveli samefos~, àfxazeTis~ anu lixT-imereTis didebulebsac. erTxel kaTalikosma TviTve Caatara wirva. wirvis Semdeg `...yovelni Rirsni mouxdebodes Wamad sefiskverisa. ineba zaqaria amirspasalarman Sexebad da aRebad sefiskverisa. xolo mRdelTa ara misces, rameTu iyo sarwmunoebiT somexi, SeCvenebulTagani~65. zaqariam iukadrisa, Sercxva sxva didebulebisa da mefisa, romelnic iqve iyvnen. amitomac ìkadra zaqariam aRtacebad sefiskverisa da SeWmad, romlisaTvis kaTalikosi, cecxlebr aRtyinebuli, Zlierad amxilebda~. Tavisi nebiT Tqven, Svidgzis wyeul somxebs, sefiskvers marTlmadidebeli mRvdelmoqmedi ar mogcemT, motaceba ki mxolod ZaRlisTvisaa sakadrisio. amis Semdeg darbazSic ki Turme zaqaria amirspasalari `sityviTa hgmobda sarwmunoebasa Cvensa~. es kaTalikozisaTvis sruliad mouTmeneli iyo da sakadrisad `miugebda da auxsnida~.
815
zaqarias pasuxi iyo: `me molaSqre var, pasuxs ver gaZlevT, magram moviwvev Cveni sarwmunoebis moZRvrebs, `...romelTa Cem wil sircxvileul gyon~. marTlac, zaqariam qarTveli mefis karze moiyvana `kaTalikosi vanisa da yovelni vardapetni da daidga samsjavro da dajda dedofali, dedoflisa mosavi, daviT mefe da warCinebulni saqarTvelosni erT-kerZo, mxargrZelni zaqaria da ivane erT-kerZo. mouwodes kaTalikossa ioanes~66. albaT, imiT SeiZleba saxelmwifos karis garkveuli inertulobis gamarTleba, rom Tamari marto `qarTvelTa~ mefe ki ar iyo, aramed SahanSas politikuri memkvidre, anu anisis erT dros uZlieresi samefos mefec. amitomac is am vrceli, ekonomiurad Zlieri mxareebis mosaxleobis (am SemTxvevaSi maTi warmomadgeneli monofiziti samRvdeloebis) damcveli da mfarveli unda yofiliyo. orma kaTalikosma, qarTvelma da somexma, erTmaneTi verafriT ver daarwmunes TavianTi sarwmunoebis WeSmaritebaSi, Tumca ki somxebma `Zlieri RaRadi aRuteves~. maSin kaTalikosma ucnauri ram Caidina, romelic kargada aqvs aRwerili ìstoriani da azmani SarvandedTanis~ avtors. sabolood qarTvelTa sarwmunoeba gamarjvebulad CauTvliaT `da qarTvelTa iwyes madlobad RmrTisa xmiTa sixarulisaTa~. safiqrebelia isic, rom ara marto mxargrZelebis aRzeveba gamoiwvia saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis miqaelis mier qveynis sammarTvelo saxeloebis mitacebam, aramed sxva cvlilebebi da politikuri moZraobani. SesaZlebelia, yuTlu-arslanis cnobili gamosvlac amiT yofiliyo gamowveuli. ras iTxovda yuTlu-arslani? rogorc Cans, is iTxovda mefis karisagan saxelmwifos sammarTvelo aparatis gamoyofas. aRmosavleTis qveynebSic (anu `sparseTSi~, imdroindeli terminologiiT) aseve yofilan sasaxlisa (mefis karisa) da saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis moxeleebi gamijnulni. `yuTlu-arslanis dasis programa, Cveni azriT, iTvaliswinebda mefis karisagan centraluri mmarTvelobis aparatis gamoyofas, mis Tavmoyras sagangebo SenobaSi, `karavSi~ da ara parlamenturi Tu parlamenturis msgavsi raime organos Seqmnas~67. am gamosvlamde ki, qarTuli wesis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis aparati imyofeboda mefis karze. marTalia, qveynis sammarTvelo sadaveebi miqael kaTalikoss hqonda xelSi Cagdebuli (ix. zemoT), magram is xelmwifis karze moRvaweobda. uTuod mefesTan mudmivi kontaqti da urTierToba hqonda. yoveldRe rom imyofeboda Wyondideli xelmwifis karze, es TiTqosda iqidanac Cans, rom `xelmwifis karis garigebis~ Tanaxmad, `xuTi furceli qaRaldi yovelTa dReTa Wyondidelsa...~68. unda mieceso, e.i. yoveldRiurad Wyondidels xuTi furceli qaRaldi miecemao, cxadia, saxelmwifoebrivi saqmeebis warmarTvisaTvis. miqaeli, rogorc upirvelesi vezir-mwign-
816
obarTuxuces-Wyondideli, xelmwifis karze imyofeboda da swored xelmwifis saxeliT marTavda qveyanas. rogorc Cans, am mdgomareobam warmoSva partia, romlis wevrebmac sul sxvagvari midgomiT daisaxes, xelSi CaegdoT sammarTvelo aparati, anu faqtobrivad swored is uflebani, romelic Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucess gaaCnda upiratesad. maT moiTxoves karvis daarsebis nebarTva: ùeWvelia, rom yuTlu-arslanis programis `karavi~ princi pSi hgavda aRmosavlur `divans~69. àRmosavleT-musulmanur organizacias wiTel xazad gasdevs mmarTvelobis yvela organos or did kategoriad _ dergahad (sasaxle) da divanad (kancelaria) gayofa~70. maSasadame, yuTlu-arslans, rogorc Cans, ndomia sasaxlisagan gamoeyo `divani~, anu `karavi~. am karavs ki is funqciebi daekisreboda, rasac Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesi da sxva xelisufalni asrulebdnen xelmwifis karze. amiT dakanondeboda is arsebuli viTareba, romlis drosac miqaels saxelmwifo marTvis sadaveebi xelT epyra, oRond axla miqaelis nacvlad am sadaveebs xelSi Caigdebda `karavi~. `did selCukTa saxelmwifoSi aseve calke iyo organizebuli sulTanis sasaxlis kari da e.w. didi divani. samoqalaqo mmarTvelobas xelmZRvanelobda e.w. didi divani. igi dayofili iyo calkeul sauwyebo divnebad, romlebic saTaveSi edgnen saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva ubans. sulTanis kari da divani rumis sasulTnoSi mkveTrad iyo gamijnuli. divans saTaveSi edga veziri, romelic faqtiurad marTavda saxelmwifos sulTanis saxeliT~71. Cans, aseve surdaT yuTlu-arslanis dasis wevrebs sammarTvelo aparatis mowyoba. es aparati ki, rogorc iTqva, `...mefis sasaxlis karzea, mefis sasaxlis karisagan ar aris gamoyofili~72. yuTlu-arslanis `sparsuli~ wesi TamarisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda, samagierod am gamosvlam Tamars erTgvari politikuri warmateba moutana. am gamosvlis Semdeg yvelasaTvis cxadi unda gamxdariyo is, rom miqaelis mier qveynis sammarTvelo sadaveebis xelSi Cagdeba safrTxes uqmnida saxelmwifos SigniT stabilurobas. amitomac Tamarma moiwvia mTeli Tavisi saxelmwifos, anu `Svidi samefos~ didebulebi da maTi xeliT Tavis karze Seqmna axali sammarTvelo aparati ori vaziris meTaurobiT. Tamarma vazirad kvlav datova Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesi (is axla antons Caabares), xolo axali vaziria amirspasalari sargis mxargrZeli. sasaxlis karze erTgvari politikuri wonasworoba damyarda. `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~, sadac istorikoss saubari axali mwignobarTuxucesis daniSvnaze aqvs, naTqvamia: Tamar mefe did sagonebels mieca da `gonebda, Tu vis miandos daviT da spa Tvisi da gansagebeli saxlisa
817
Tvisisao~. maSasadame, mwignobarTuxucess ebara saxelmwifo saxlis `gansagebeli~, samefos spa da TviT Tamar mefis Tanamecxedrec ki, daviT mefe, misi sazrunavi unda yofiliyo~73; marTlac, teqstidan Tamari TiTqosda mwignobarTuxucesis daniSvnaze fiqrobs, magram aq unda igulisxmebodes ara marto misi, aramed axali amirspasalarisa da msaxurTuxucesis kandidatebis Ziebis Sesaxebac. èrTi sityviT, rogorc etyoba, mefis Semdgom mwignobarTuxucesi qveynis uzenaesi mzrunveli, sazogado keTildReobis da warmatebis mosurne da politikisa da mimarTulebis saWeTmpyrobeli iyo. ...TviT mefec ki mis daukiTxavad ar moqmedebda, `sauravi umisod ar iqnebis...~ rogorc mefes umwignobarTuxucesod saxelmwifo saqmeebi ar unda ganego, ise arc am vazirTa upirveless SeeZlo `Tvinier mefisa kiTxvisa~ emoqmedna saxelmwifos mniSvnelovani saqmeebis gadawyvetis dros. igi did monazonTa jgufSic iricxeboda da vazirTa yovelTa upirvelesad iTvleboda. ...oTxTa monazonTa jgufSi yofila moqceuli~74. Wyondidels udidesi saxelo ebara. Tamarma mas vaziri-amirspasalari amouyena gverdiT. is iyo `saxelmwifo mxedrobisa da spis winamZRoli da sardali ...~75. ìgi samxedro ministrs udrida. amirspasalars, viTarca laSqarTa Tavads, saqarTvelos mTeli jari da yvela mxedarTmTavari emorCileboda~76. ùmisod qveyana ar gaicemis, arca vin samamulod Seiwyalebis~77. ase rom, zaqaria mxargrZels Zalze didi Tanamdeboba ergo xelmwifis karze. ivane mxargrZelsac ara naklebi saxelo ergo, msaxurTuxucesoba. marTalia, is maSin vaziri ar iyo, magram male rusudan mefem msaxurTuxucesic Seiyvana savaziroSi, gaavazira. `msaxurTuxucess eqvemdebareboda ori-sami dawesebuleba Tavis yvela moxeliTurT~78. ivane mxargrZels Tamarma aTabagoba uboZa. `...Tu aTabagi RirsebiT mwignobarTuxucesze dabla idga, danarCen moxeleebze mainc ufro dawinaurebulad iTvleboda, TviT amirspasalarobasac ki sWarbobda da ùaRres pativad~ iyo miCneuli... ìyo vaziri karsa mefisasa~... aTabagi darbazis kars myofi xelisufali yofila, magram amave dros qarTveli JamTaaRmwereli amtkicebs, rom Tamar mefisagan aTabagoba iyo `gandidebuli umetes sxvaTa erisTavTa~79. amirspasalarisa da aTabagis gavazireba, rogorc iTqva, mwignobarTuxucesis gavlenis Sesamcireblad, xelmwifis karze politikuri wonasworobis SesanarCuneblad iyo mofiqrebuli. Tamari ar iyo absoluturi monarqi, obieqturi garemoeba ar iZleoda amis saSualebas. misi mama giorgi III mxolod piradi unaris gamo yofila Zlieri mefe. n. berZeniSvili wers: `...marTalia, giorgi Zlieri mefe Cans, magram es misi piradi unaris nayofi ufroa, vidre obieqturi mdgomareobisa. ukanaskneli iseTia, rom is, adre Tu gvian, mefes (absoluturi tendenciebis mqones) daamarcxebs da iseT samefos Seqmnis, sadac mefesTan erTad feodalebic Tanaziar mefobisa iqnebian~80.
818
giorgi III-is gardacvalebisTanave mefesTan erTad `mefobis Tanaziarobis~ pretenzia gamoucxadebiaT lixT-imerel, anu àfxazeTis samefos~ didebulebs. maT `reaqciis niSnebi~ gamouvleniaT da Tamari òrWoful mdgomareobaSi~ CauyenebiaT. maT mouTxoviaT erTian samefoSi xazgasmuli yofiliyo àfxazTa samefos~ mowinaveoba, Zveli damsaxureba da upiratesoba. es, pirvel rigSi, unda gamomJRavnebuliyo mefis kurTxevis `Zveli~, anu lixT-imeruli wesis aRdgeniT, Semdeg ki sxva moTxovnebsac wamoayenebdnen. `giorgi gardaicvala. mefis mdgomareoba orWofulia. darbazi mefed kurTxevas moaxsenebs erTxel ukve mamis mier taxtze ayvanils. es ukve reaqciis niSnebi iyo. didebulebma aRadgines mefis kurTxevis Zveli wesi, romelic, safiqrebelia, daviTis droidan aRar iyo miRebuli. Tamari iZulebuli iyo damorCilebuliyo. akad. iv. javaxiSvilis SeniSvna sworia, rom aq Zveli wesi, afxazTa mefis drois wesi, moqmedebs da arc erTi feodaluri saxli aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan am didmniSvnelovan ceremonialSi nagulisxmevi ar aris. es ki am droisaTvis Seuferebeli garemoebaa. brZola mefis kurTxevis wesis garSemo niSandoblivia. Tamaris meistoriis konteqsti iseTia, rom safiqrebelia, ZirZvelebi Zveli wesis aRdgenas cdilobdnen da axerxebdnen kidevac. cocxali TaviT lixTiqiTis ZirZvelebi am Tavis privilegias ar daTmobdnen~81. swored am dros, e.i. 1184 wels, Tamaris meored mefed kurTxevamde unda Caegdo xelSi kaTalikoz miqaels mwignobarTuxucesoba. saerTo suraTi aseTi unda yofiliyo: lixT-imerel didebulebs Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesoba miaCndaT afxaz mefeTa karze arsebul Zvel saxelod. amitomac miqael kaTalikozis mier Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesobis miRebiT, albaT, maTi raRac upiratesobebi dakmayofilda. miqaeli samefos faqtobriv mmarTvelad iqca. amis Semdeg lixT-imerelma didebulebma `Svidi samefos~ didebulebTan TanxmobiT neba darTes Tamars, asuliyo samefo taxtze, magram mas `Zveli wesiT~ unda aResrulebina mefed kurTxevis ceremoniali. amiT ki xazi gaesva imas, rom is politikurad scnobda lixT-imereTs, anu `Zveli samefos~ didebulTa uflebas erTiani saqarTvelos marTva-gamgeobaSi. marTlac, `1183 wels antoni mwignobarTuxucesia~82, xolo Tamaris gamefebisas mwignobarTuxucesi-Wyondideli miqaelia. 1190 wlamde ìs faqtiuri gamge unda gamxdariyo samefosi~83. rogorc zemoT iTqva, Tamarma SeZlo lixT-imerel didebulTa interesebis sapirispirod samefo karze Semoeyvana axali vaziri - amirspasalari zaqaria, romelic warmoadgenda saqarTvelos axal aRmosavlur teritoriebs. samefo karze daawinaura amave warmoSobis ivane msaxurTuxucesi. aman didi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia `Zveli didebulebisa~ (lixT-imerlebs axla tao-klarjeli didebulebic SeuerTdnen, radganac afxazeTi da `qarTvelT samefo~ (tao-klarjeTi) iyo erTiani saqarTvelos Zveli politikuri dvrita). es ukmayofileba gamomJRavnda giorgi rusis cnobili
819
ajanyebiT, rac, faqtobrivad, `Zveli samefos~ didebulebis ajanyebas warmoadgenda. ùnda vifiqroT, rom ajanyebulni ukmayofiloni iyvnen im garemoebiT, rom politikuri centris aRmosavleTSi gadataniT lixT-imereTi da mesxeTi naklebad iyvnen yuradRebis centrSi, vidre qarTl-kaxeT-somxeTi. axali qveynebis SemoerTebasTan dakavSirebiT, politikuri centris aRmosavleTSi gadataniT, gamarjvebaTa Sedegebi aRmosavlel aristokratias ufro xvdeboda. isini ufro misandonic iyvnen (axali aristokratia) da ufro dainteresebulnic (damarcxeba Tu gamarjveba maT sasicocxlo interesebs uSualod exeboda). bunebrivia, rom maT sasaxleSi TandaTan daikaves umaRlesi adgilebi, saymo da saxarajo qveynebi. `Zveli samefos~ aristokratia Seuracxyofili rCeboda da axlis mimarT samtrod ganewyoboda...~84. rogorc iTqva, `Zveli samefos~ didebulTa mxardaWeriT unda mieRo miqaels Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesoba. am da sxva mizezebis gamoc kaTalikosi mxars uWerda Zveli samefos didebulebs. cxadia, samefo karze monofiziti amirspasalaris amaRlebiT marTlmadidebluri eklesia kmayofili ar iqneboda. amitomac, èklesiis mesaWenic ki kaTalikosis moTaveobiT gandgomilT uWerdnen mxars. ueWvelia, es movlena vardan dadianis piradi gavleniT ar aixsneba da mas zogadi da sakmaod Rrma mizezi aqvs. sainteresoa, rom axlad aRzevebulebSi aravin imereli araa da yvelani `homo novus~-ebi (àxali kacebi~) aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan arian ...~85. n. berZeniSvilis azriT, miqael kaTalikosi `moTave Cans im ureaqcioneresi wrisa, romelTac Tamaris meored kurTxevisas gaficviT, rusis gandgomilebiT gamoamJRavnes Tavisi zraxvebi~86. aq safiqrebelia is, rom rogorc kaTalikosi, ise `Zveli samefos~ didebulebi, grZnobdnen, rom axali politikiT Tamars da mis saxelmwifos SeiZleboda mosvloda didi politikuri marcxi. marTlac, n. berZeniSvilis azriT, es ase momxdara da amitomac laSa-giorgi cdilobda am politikuri marcxis gamosworebas _ `laSa-giorgi cdilobs Tamaris drois politikuri marcxi centraluri xelisuflebisa gamoasworos~87. `xangrZliv brZolaSi samefo xelisuflebasa da msxvil sagvareulo aristokratias Soris es ukanaskneli erTgvarad TiTqosda gamarjvebuli gamovida. Tamarma daTmo. amieridan samefo xelisufleba iZulebuli iyo, magaliTad, monapireebisaTvisve eboZebina xolme `wyalobad TurqTa batonobisagan ganTavisuflebuli qveynebi...~88. ganTavisuflebuli qveynebis didi wili da qveynis sammarTvelo aparatis sadaveebis meti nawili mxargrZelebis xelSi moeqca. am politikis Sedegs, albaT, winaswar Wvretdnen rogorc lixT-imereli `Zveli samefos~ didebulebi, ise eklesiis zogierTi ierarqni, magram yvelaferi eqvemdebareboda obieqtur mizezebs. SesaZloa, `Zlier mefes~ droebiT SeeCerebina es procesi, magram sabolood, albaT, ver SeaCerebda. `Tamaris dros ki didebulebi imarjveben, mefis saqmianobas kontrols uweven da qveynis SigniT mZlavr Zalas warmoad-
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genen~89. amitomac, roca laSa-giorgim Tavisi `siZliere~ gamoamJRavna, mas gabatonebulma didebulebma, gansakuTrebiT ki mxargrZelebma, sastiki winaaRmdegoba gauwies _ `laSa-giorgi iyo centralisturi tendenciebisaken midrekili adamiani, romelmac, Tumca droebiT, magram mainc scada erTgvari revanSi didgvarovanTa politikur wreebze, romelnic centralur xelisuflebasTan mimarTebaSi Zalian iyvnen gandidebulni. giorgi-laSas Tavis didebulebis winaaRmdeg erTgvari Sinapolitikuri omi aqvs gaCaRebuli. es, SeiZleba, ganZis kedlebTanve SevamCnioT, roca laSa-giorgi ivane aTabagisa da sxva samxedro xelisufalTa gverdis avliT ganZis garSemovlas iwyebs. Tamaris dros umTavresad erTi da igive saxlebis wevrebi sCanan da ai, axla swored es wre utevs laSas da emuqreba kidec, rom laSqarsa da samefo karsac miatovebs. laSam ganiSora sanatreli dedis vezirebi: `Tavadni saqarTvelosni, friad mwuxareni iyvnes da umetes ivane aTabagi da varam gageli zaqarias-Ze ganeyenebodnen darbazs yofisagan... ara Tavs videbTo... Sens mefed yofasa...~ opozicionerebs surT, mefem maTi ganzraxvisa da TaTbiris gareSe araferi gaakeTos. Tamaris Zes surda, aRedgina daviT aRmaSeneblisa da misi uaxloesi memkvidris droindeli mZlavri samefo xelisufleba...~90. laSa sastikad daamarcxes aRzevebulma didebulebma: aTabagma da sxva mxargrZelebma. maT am dros iseTive meTodebi uxmariaT brZolisa, rogoric - giorgi rusis dros. mefes saxeli gautexes. is sxva didebulebis, xalxis, morwmuneebis TvalSi unebisyofo da amoralur adamianad warmoadgines. laSa axalgazrda gardaicvala. amave Zalas ara Zlieri mefis, aramed SedarebiT sustis dros SeeZlo mxrebis gaSla da asparezis xelSi Cagdeba. maT rusudani gaamefes. maTTvis qali-mefe ideals warmoadgenda, radganac mas ar SeeZlo laSqris meTauroba, mxedarTmTavroba, rac aucileblad esaWiroeboda Sua saukuneebSi aRmosavleTis qveynis mefes. swored mefe mxedarTmTavari iyo Zlieri mefe, romelic Tavis irgvliv Zalze aRzevebul didebulebs ver hguobda. amitom rusudans ivane aTabagi kargad Seewyo. magram saqmem uCvena, rom saqarTvelos momavlisaTvis ivane aTabagi da, saerTod, aTabagobis instituti usargeblo da mavnec ki iyo (es mogvianebiT mesxeTis gaTaTrebulma qarTvelma aTabagebmac kargad uCvenes). maSasadame, safiqrebelia, rom viTareba ase ganviTarda: Tamaris gamefebisas politikuri hegemonoba scades lixT-imereTis (afxazeTis) didebulebma. isinive iyvnen dainteresebulni Zalauflebis erT xelSi, kaTalikos-mwignobarTuxucesis xelSi moqceviT. magram es miuRebeli aRmoCnda sxva partiisaTvis. yuTlu-arslanma am xelisuflebis xelmwifis karidan gamotanisaTvis izruna. Tamarma isargebla am or Zalas Soris winaaRmdegobiT sammarTvelo xelisufleba gauyo or vazirs. Semoiyvana aRmosavleli xelisufali, amirspasalari monofiziti. aseTi mdgomareoba kvlav miuRebeli aRmoCnda afxazi da mesxi didebulebisaTvis. maT Seqmnes giorgi rusis
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partia da sasaxleSi adgilis daWeras Seecadnen. Tamarma daamarcxa isini, sasaxleSi aRmosavleli didebulebi (gansakuTrebiT, mxargrZelebi) gabatondnen. saboloo jamSi lixT-imereli didebulebis nacvlad saqarTvelos mefis karze sruliad saqarTvelos _ marTlmadidebel-monofizitma warmomadgenlebma moiyares Tavi. `saqarTvelos samefo gvaris mefeebs, roca mTeli kavkasia dapyrobili hqondaT da SeerTebuli, erovnuli saxelmwifos mbrZaneblebad iTvlebodnen, samefo saydaric tfilisSi iyo gadmotanili, maSinac ki maT sazogadod àfxazTa mefeebs~ eZaxdnen. sxvaTa Soris, arabTa da sparsTa istorikosebic~91, magram Tamaris saqarTvelo sinamdvileSi ukve politikurad aRar warmoadgenda lixT-imereTis samefos, aramed es iyo sruliad saqarTvelo, romlis marTvaSi misi yvela kuTxis warmomadgeneli monawileobda. etyoba, maSindel sazogadoebas kargad axsovda, rom sruliad saqarTvelos mefeebi Tavdapirvelad mxolod afxazTa mefeebi brZandebodnen~92. Tamars ar SeeZlo, saqarTvelos mxolod erTi kuTxis didebulebisaTvis mieca uzenaesi uflebebi, is saqarTvelos yoveli kuTxis warmomadgenels awinaurebda. saqarTvelo ki maSin ukve somxeTis provinciebsac erqva. monRolebmac saqarTvelos, anu `gurjistanis~ samefoSi Semaval teritoriebad scnes yofili anisis samefos miwebi. amas miuTiTebs sxva uamrav wyarosTan erTad anisis sparsuli warwerac, saidanac Cans, `saqarTveloSi~ ra saxis gadasaxadebi moqmedebda93. SeiZleba, aTabagobis institutis SemoRebiT Tamarma saqarTvelos umtkivneulod SemouerTa somxuri miwebi, magram aTabagebma saqarTvelosTvis `Wyondideloba~ ver SeZles.
Tamari _ wmida keTilmsaxuri mefe

daviT aRmaSenebelma Turq-seljukebi amierkavkasiidan gandevna, somxeTisa da Sirvanis didi nawili gaaTavisufla da SemouerTa saqarTvelos saxelmwifos. am drois saqarTvelo gadafenili iyo `nikofsiTagan darubandisa zRvamde da ovseTidgan soerad da aregawamde~94. qveyana, daviTis anderZis Tanaxmad, Sedgeboda `mamuli~ da àxlad mogebuli~ mxareebisagan. daviTi miiCnevs, rom qveynis gafarToebaSi Rvawli miuZRoda ara marto mas, aramed saqarTvelos samefos didebulebsa da warCinebulebs: `kaTalikosTa, episkoposTa, erisTavTa da yovelTa SewyalebulTa~, radganac Tavis Zes, axal mefes, uanderZa _ `mefobaA, mamuli da axlad mogebuli, RvawliTa CemiTa da TqveniTa: nikofsiTgan zRvadmde da ovseTiTgan aregawamde~, xolo am `TqvenSi~ daviT mefe gulisxmobs maT, romelTac ùbrZanebs~ anderZis dacvasa da aRsrulebas arseni beris piriT: `...Tqven, yovelTa didebulTa da warCinebulTa samefoAsa misisaTa: kaTalikozTa, episkoposTa, erisTavTa da yovelTa SewyalebulTa~95.
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sayuradReboa, rom aq, iseve rogorc sxva Zvel wyaroebSi, `kaTalikozi~ mravlobiT ricxvSi moixseneba _ `kaTalikozTa~, radganac igulisxmebian qarTlisa da afxazeTis kaTalikosebi. `ganTavisuflebul qveynebs daviTi uSualod ierTebda, samefod i pyrobda. akad. n. berZeniSvilis marTebuli SeniSvniT, daviTs uTuod Tavisi sagareo politika hqonda mxedvelobaSi, roca werda: `sxvaTa soflisa kideTa veZieb dapyrobad... borotad gardavhxed sazRvarTa da SevhrTe saxli saxlsa da agaraki agaraksa da uuZluresTa mihvxveWe nawili maTi da viRuwid umezoblobasa, viTarmca martoA vmkvidrobd qveyanasa zeda~ (`galobani sinanulisani~). rogorc Cans, `ymadnaficobas daviTi ar iwynarebda da man, marTlac, araerTi `saxli~ `SerTo~ Tavis `saxls~. daviTma dai pyro hereTkaxeTis samefo, lores samefo, anisis samefo, Sirvanis samefo da yvelgan Tavisi moxeleebi `dasxa~, magram daviTis amgvar sagareo politikas XII sis meore meoTxedSi ukve gamgrZelebeli aRar aRmoaCnda. ymadnaficobas, romelsac daviTi ase uaryofda, TandaTan isev exsneboda gza, gansakuTrebiT ki Tamaris droidan (1178-1213). Tamaris sagareo politika arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda daviT aRmaSeneblisa da giorgi III-is sagareo-politikuri gegmisagan da es, am or politikur gezs Soris arsebiTi sxvadasxvaoba, rogorc akad. n. berZeniSvilma miuTiTa, sagangebod xazgasmulia TviT Tamaris istorikosis, basili ezosmoZRvris mier. misi sityviT, Tamari, winaaRmdeg daviT aRmaSeneblisa, àra iRuwoda umezoblobasa, arca SerTvida saxlsa saxlsa zeda, arca agaraksa agaraksa zeda ucxosa, aramed Tvisi mamuli Zveli kma iyo, raTa ara usamarTlod hgonon da mimxveWelad... Sors ganiota wurblisa msgavsi ver maZRrisoba. bWed jda Soris Tavisa Tvisisa da mezobelTa mefeTa~. Tamarma, amave istorikosis sityviT, araTu moSala mezoblebi da SeuerTa `saxli saxlsa zeda~, aramed piriqiT, `raodenni daglaxakebulni mefeni ganamdidrna, raodenTa mimZlavrebulTa ukun sca samefo Tvisi, raodenni gandevnilni samefodve Tvisad kvalad agna... da amis mowame ars saxli SarvanSeTi da darubandelTa, RunZTa, ovsTa, qaSagTa, karnuqalaqelTa da trapizonelTa~. ara uSualod SemoerTeba, mimxveWeloba da `wurblisa msgavsi ver maZRrisoba~, aramed damorCileba, magram Tavisufladve ymadnaficobis pirobiT datoveba, mfarveloba. saqarTvelos samefos sagareo politikuri gezis aseTi radikaluri cvlileba daviT IV-dan Tamaris dromde, cxadia, gamowveuli iyo im mZime brZolebiT, rasac samefo xelisufleba awarmoebda didgvarianTa winaaRmdeg...96. daviT mefe `galobani sinanulisanSi~ ase wers: `solomonisaAsa wurblisa msgavsad ver maZRari sxvaTa soflis kideTa veZieb dapyrobad... borotad gardavhxed sazRvarTa da SevhrTe saxli saxlsa da agaraki agaraksa da uuZluresTa mivhxveWe nawili maTi da viRvwid umezoblobasa, viTarmca
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martoA vmkvidrobd qveyanasa zeda~, daviTi inaniebs Tavis moqmedebas: sxva qveynebis SemoerTebas, Tavisi samefos sazRvrebs gareT gasvlas, `saxlis saxlze~ da àgarakis agarakze~ SerTvas, rom uZlur `saxlebs~ maTi kuTvnili nawili waarTva, rom umezoblobisaTvis iRvwoda, TiTqosda es qveyana mxolod misi samkvidrebeli iyo. aq `saxlebis~ qveS igulisxmeba saqarTvelos mezobeli qveynebis samefo saxlebi, mmarTveli ojaxebi. magaliTad, Sirvanis qveyanas marTavda `SarvanSas saxli~, anisis samefos _ `SahanSas saxli~ da a.S. rogorc iTqva, daviTma Tavis samefos SemouerTa yofili hereT-kaxeTis samefo, loris samefo, anisisa da Sirvanis samefoebi. cxadia, amis gamo am samefoebis `kanonierma~ samefo ojaxebma, anu saxlebma samefo uflebani dakarges, `magram radganac am dros samefo `saxlebis~ `kanonieri uflebani~ iseve xelSeuxeblad iTvleboda, rogorc sakuTrebis ufleba, amitomac am `saxlebisaTvis~ samefo uflebis CamorTmeva sinanulis sagnad iqca qristiani mefisaTvis. ra Tqma unda, qristiani mefis neba oradaa gayofili: erTi mxriv, rogorc saxelmwifo moRvawe, valdebulia saqarTvelos istoriuli miwa-wyali gaaerTianos, maSasadame, kaxeT-hereTis Tu lores samefoebi gaauqmos, meore mxriv, is rogorc qristiani, grZnobs, rom amiT is `borotebas~ sCadis am axlad SemoerTebuli samefoebis mmarTveli ojaxebis (saxlebis) mimarT, amwarebs maT, arTmevs Tavis uflebas, qonebas, mefobas. mefe gansakuTrebiT maSin wuxs, roca sust, uZlur `mefeebs~ waarTmevs `mis nawil~ samefos (ùuZluresTa mivhxveWe nawili maTi~). unda iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos gaerTianebis Semdeg daviT mefe Tu ar gaaTavisuflebda mezobel qveynebs, maSin maT daiWerdnen Turqebi da aqcevdnen placdarmebad misi samefos winaaRmdeg. Tamar mefes ki daviT aRmaSeneblis politika Seucvlia. mas ganTavisuflebuli qveynebi uSualod ki ar SemouerTebia Tavisi samefosaTvis, aramed isini ymadnafic qveynebad uqcevia. amiT am qveynebis samefo `saxlebisaTvis~ samefo uflebani SeunarCunebia, ufro metic, `daglaxakebulni~ mefeebi gaumdidrebia, zogierTisaTvis samefo, xolo samefodan gandevnilTaTvis mefoba daubrunebia. àmis mowame ars saxli SarvanSeTi, da darubandelTa, RunZTa, ovsTa, qaSagTa, karnuqalaqelTa da trapizonelTa~. es `saxlebi~ Tamaris droindeli saxelganTqmuli omebiT iyo Semomtkicebuli. yvelaferi amis Sedegi iyo, basili ezosmoZRvris sityviT, Tamaris drois saqarTvelos samefos sazRvris orjer gafarToeba SedarebiT imasTan, `romelni mas daxvdes~: `garna lomi brWalTagan sacnaur ars da Tamar saqmeTagan... merme cnas erayamdis qvemoT misgan dadebuli xaraja~97. magram Tamaris moRvaweobis dasaxasiaTeblad mTavaria ara misi sagareo Tu saSinao politikuri miRwevebi, aramed misi saxelmwifos gasaocari
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humanuroba, kacTmoyvareoba. rusTavelis epoqis humanizmi Tamaris saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis humanizms efuZneboda, xolo is, Tavis mxriv, safiqrebelia, daviT aRmaSeneblis sulier memkvidreobas warmoadgenda (igulisxmeba daviTis mier Tavisi moRvaweobis politikur-qristianuli Sefaseba anderZebsa da `galobani sinanulisanSi~). daviT aRmaSeneblis anderZi ar iyo damaluli, anda dafaruli misi Semdgomi TaobebisaTvis. is sayovelTaod cnobili iyo, ufro metic, misi aRsruleba qarTvel saxelmwifo moRvaweebs TavianT movaleobad miaCndaT, gansakuTrebiT, Tamar mefes. amas miuTiTebs is, rom Tamaris istorikosi basili ezosmoZRvari swored am anderZs iRebs sazomad Tamaris Rvawlis SefasebisaTvis. daviTi Tavis anderZSi gamoTqvamda wuxils misi saxelmwifo sistemis totalitarizmis gamo, magram iqve miuTiTebda, Tu saxelmwifos meTauris rogori moqmedeba iyo moraluri, qristianuli. Tamaris istorikosi daviT mefis swored am Teorias eyrdnoba da acxadebs, rom Tamaris politika iyo aRsruleba daviT aRmaSeneblis anderZisa. magaliTad, Tuki daviTma `SerTo saxli saxlsa~, magram Semdeg sinanuli gamoTqva amis gamo, Tamarma aRar gaimeora daviTis es politika da àr SerTo saxli saxlsa~ (basilis sityvebia). cxadia, es yovelive qristianobis sferos ganekuTvneboda. Tamarma imiT, rom àr SerTo saxli saxls~, aRasrula is idea, rac daviTma gamoTqva Tavis `sinanulSi~. maSasadame, am da sxva SemTxvevaSic Tamaris kacTmoyvareobis erT-erTi safuZveli daviTis Rrma qristianobaa. rogorc iTqva, rusTavelisa da misi epoqis humanizmi efuZneboda qarTuli sazogadoebisa da qarTuli saxelmwifos humanizms (Cven `humanizmis~ qveS ganzogadebul qristianul kacTmoyvareobas vgulisxmobT). CamovTvaloT Tamaris saxelmwifos humanizmis damadasturebeli ramdenime magaliTi: 1. Tamaris drois saqarTveloSi arsebobda ara marto `rjulTSemwynarebloba~, aramed aRmsareblobis, e.w. `sindisis~ Tavisufleba (ix. qvemoT). 2. eniWeboda patara xalxebsa da damorCilebul qveynebs erovnul-administraciuli Tavisufleba. 3. arsebobda mkacri sasjelebisa da sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebisaken swrafva. daviTma gaaerTiana Tavisi samSoblo. mis saxelmwifos SeeZlo kidev ufro gadaewia Tavisi sazRvrebi, gabatonebuliyo sxva xalxebze, magram daviT aRmaSenebelma mkacri uaryofiTi Sefaseba misca aseT moqmedebas. aseTi qmedeba _ `wurblisa msgavsi ver maZRroba~, sxva qveynebis `kideTa dapyrobis Zieba~ sazRvrebze `gardaxdoma~, sxvaTa miwebis (agarakis agaraksa zeda) `SerTva~, umezoblobis wadili da sxva, iwvevda misi xalxis codvis gzaze dayenebas. `vacodve eri Cemi viTarca mefeTa misTa _ israeli~ (`galobani~). daviT mefem am saxiT Teoriulad uari ganacxada, Tanamedrove sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, didmpyrobelobaze, imperializmze, sxvisi miwebis mitacebasa da
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sxvaTa dapyrobaze. Tamarma, rogorc politikurma moRvawem, praqtikulad ganaxorciela daviT mefis es Teoria. sxvaTa Soris, daviTis azriT, sxvaTa miwebis `mihxveWa~ TviT erisaTvis iqneboda saziano. amiT codvaSi Cavardeboda eri (`vacodve eri Cemi~). mainc unda iTqvas, rom daviTisa da Tamaris humanizms safuZvlad edo kacTmoyvare buneba qarTveli adamianisa (es kacTmoyvareoba masSi qarTuli eklesiis mecadineobiT iyo danergili, romelmac SeZlo gaeTavisebina qarTveli adamianisaTvis qristianoba, eqcia qarTveli adamianis sulis nawilad qristianuli morali da zneoba). daviTamde da Tamaramde, wina saukuneebSi, eri TviTon iyo sxva erebis agresiis obieqti. misi mTliani Zalisxmeva im dros mimarTuli iyo Tavisuflebis mopovebisa da gaerTianebisaken, magram rogorc ki erma Seqmna erTiani, mZlavri, kavkasiis masStabiT uZlieresi saxelmwifo, man uari ganacxada sxvaTa dapyroba _ asimilaciaze, gamoamJRavna udidesi Sinagani siTbo da siyvaruli, kacTmoyvareoba. es iyo Tamaris saxelmwifo politika, romelic, rogorc iTqva, daviTis humanizms efuZneboda. Sua saukuneebisaTvis amgvari qmedeba araCveulebrivia. Tu gadavxedavT Zveli msoflios saxelmwifoTa politikas, sxva suraTs davinaxavT, uZvelesi droidan XX saukunemde da TiTqmis dRemde. Zveli xelmwifeebi imiT amayobdnen, Tu ramdeni qveyana dai pyres, daangries, mospes, arc romisa da bizantiis imperatorebi iyvnen gamonaklisni, aziur Turqul-sparsul saxelmwifoebze rom araferi vTqvaT. TviT XIX saukunis `ganaTlebuli~ saxelmwifo moRvaweebic aseve iqceodnen. `...TavisuflebiTsa cxovrebasa amis mier iyvnes da mterTagan uzrunvelobasa~98. Tamari TiTqosda axali drois enciklopedistebisa da frangi ganmanaTleblebis ideebs axorcielebs, magram Tamari maTze 400 wliT adre cxovrobda. sikeTe da samarTlianoba, gonierebis zeoba, moqalaqeTa Tanasworoba erovnebisa da religiuri kuTvnilebis miuxedavad (ase iyo Tamaris karze, sadac qurTi Tu qarTveli, monofiziti Tu diofiziti Tanabari uflebiT sargeblobda). es damaxasiaTebeli iyo Tamaris politikisaTvis, is efuZneboda qristianuli sarwmunoebis mier qadagebul kacTmoyvareobas. Tamaris am humanizms gasaocari siyvaruliT upasuxes araqarTvelma xalxebma. Tamari uyvarda ara marto qarTvel ers, aramed kavkasiis (gansakuTrebiT, mTianeTis, Crdilo kavkasiis) xalxebs. isini saukuneTa manZilze aqebdnen Tamars, uZRvnidnen leqsebs, simRerebs, legendebs. maTSi Caqsovili iyo mxolod da mxolod wrfeli siyvaruli (sxvaTa Soris, aRsaniSnavia, rom siyvaruli mefe qalis mimarT gaugebari aRmoCnda XIX saukuneSi Semosuli carizmis moxeleebisaTvis. maT maSinve TavianTi Sinagani dacemuli zneobis Sesabamisad gaiges es da Semdeg leqsebsa da moTxrobebSi Tamaris `siyvaruli~ warmoadgines, rogorc arazneobrivi).
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Tamari zrunavda adamianebis sayovelTao keTildReobisaTvisac. mis samefoSi didi simdidre dagrovda, magram es simdidre ara mxolod sazogadoebis erT nawils eZleoda, aramed Raribebsac: `xolo glaxakTaTvis ganeCinnes sarwmunoni zedamdgomelni da yovlisa samefosa misisa Semosavalni, raca iyo SinaT da gareT, yovlisa naaTali glaxakTa miecemoda dauklebelad erTisa qrTilisa marcvlamdeca~99. e.i. saxelmwifo Semosavlis meaTeds aZlevda Rarib fenas. dovlaTis am ganawilebas mkacrad icavda da akontrolebda ndobiT aRWurvili zedamxedveli-moxeleni _ `sarwmunoni zedamdgomelni~. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuli saxelmwifosaTvis Semosavlis meaTedis gadacema RaribebisaTvis tradiciuli iyo daviT aRmaSeneblamdec. magram Tamari, iseve rogorc daviT aRmaSenebeli, ara marto saxelmwifo qonebas gadascemda Raribebs, aramed pirad qonebasac, Tavisi SromiT SeZenilsac: `...TvisiTa xeliTa amasca Svreboda, romel mis dRisa saWamadi misi fas _ raoden dRiv SeWamis, xeliT saqmari misi ganyidis da egoden fasi glaxakTa miscis... ara samefod SemosavalTagan~. sainteresoa, rom Tamari pirad qonebas ganarCevs saxelmwifo qonebisagan. Cveulebriv feodalur qveyanaSi aseTi garCeva araa jer kidev~100. Tamaris drois samefoSi àuarebeli simdidre modis. yvela aRivso miT da amave dros mefis mTavari sazrunavi (yovel SemTxvevaSi, mematiane mis am moqmedebas aqcevs mTavar yuradRebas) aris wyaloba obolTa da glaxakTa. rogor trafaretulad ar unda miviRoT es gamoTqma mematianis mier, sul erTia, am gamoTqmis realur Sesatyvisobas ver uarvyofT, radgan amas mowmobs ara erTi, aramed yvela mematiane~101. mefem `mravalni gasca obolTa da glaxakTa zeda da eklesiani aRavsna simdidriTa da laSqarTa zeda gayo saWurWle~102, e.i. mefe simdidres uyofs eklesiebs, qvriv-oblebsa da laSqars. Tamars mdidarni da glaxakni erTnairad dastirodneno. sainteresoa: mematianem icis, rom mdidarsa da glaxaks sxvadasxvanairi ganwyobileba aqvs mefisadmi da Cveulebriv ara `sworobiT~ Seiwuxeben Tavs mefis sikvdilis gamo da Tu Tamaris sikvdilis gamo: `mTavarni icemdes pirTa, glaxakni ityebdes TavTa~, es gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirs movlenad miaCnia. Tamarma `saxelmwifo daxmarebis sistema SemoiRo TavisTavad metad saintereso saxelmwifoebrivi aqti. glaxakT naaTali axali ambavi ar iyo kulturul aRmosavleTSi, magram mas axdevinebdnen yvelas. aq ki es saqme TviT saxelmwifo organizacias auRia Tavze da sakuTari Semosavlidan ixdis mas. es ukve saxelmwifo dazRvevaa da mowmobs, rogorc qveynis organizaciul (da kulturul) momwifebas, ise glaxakT sakiTxis metismet seriozulobas (glaxakT naaTali bagrat I-ma SemoiRo IX saukuneSi. ix. gr. xanZTeli)~103. n. berZeniSvili iZulebulia, Tamaris mier xorcSesxmuli, realizebuli humanizmis gadmocemis dros gamoiyenos is terminebi, romelic Tanamedrove
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yvelaze ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi ixmareba _ `saxelmwifo daxmareba~, `saxelmwifo dazRveva~ da sxva. esec mowmobs, Tu qristianuli kacTmoyvareoba ra simaRleze auyvania qarTvel ers warsulSi. Tamaris politikis Sedegad `gaaznaurdes qveyanisa moqmedni da gadidebuldes aznaurni da gaxelmwifdes didebulni mefobasa Sina amissa~104. swored amis gamo `...JamTa misTa ara iyo mimZlavrebuli, arca mtacebeli, arca mekobre da mparavi. ityoda, viTarmed: `me var mama obolTa da msajuli qvrivTa~. òbolTa mama~ didi Tamari mowyale iyo TviT mis politikur mowinaaRmdegeTa da ajanyebebis meTaurTa mimarTac ki: `mowyalebisaTvis kma geyavn dadiani vardan, guzan, romelni Tval-mrume oden yves, bocos-Ze boco da amaTni mimdgomni didebulni da aznaurni, romelni Canan Sewyalebulni~105. mematianis sityviT, Tamarma gamoiCina gonierebis simSvide da mis dros `...arca Tu tajganagi ubrZana vis sadme kvrad~, arc àsoTa miRebis~ sasjeli gamouyenebiaT. e.i. arc maTraxis cemiT da arc sxeulis asoebis mokveTiT dausjiaT vinme. es wesi imdroindel msoflio praqtikaSi yvelgan gamoiyeneboda. amitomac ucxo qveynidan mosulma giorgi rusmac gamoiyena: `Seuracxilnica kacni ubralod gvemna da asoTa aRmogdebiTa tanjna~106. amitomac misi aseTi qmedeba qarTveli sazogadoebisTvis mouTmeneli yofila. `dReTa Sina TamarisaTa aravin gamoCnda mimZlavrebuli mecnierebiTa misiTa, arca vin dasjili, Tvinier Zvelisa sjulisa, romeli Zes avazakTa zeda Zelsa zeda CamorCoba. TviT arca vis Rirssa sikvdilisa da arca patiJisasa miexada Tananadebi, arca-vin brZanebiTa misiTa aso mokveTil iqna, arca sibrmiTa daisaja, Tvinier guzanisa..., romelsac daviT mefem Tvalebi dawva Tamaris nebis gareSe~107. maSasadame, Tamaris dros, faqtobrivad, moispo sikvdiliT dasja. sikvdiliT dasjis Rirsnic ar dausjiaT sikvdiliT, avazakTa garda. esec didi humanuri winwadgmuli nabijia im drois qveynebTan SedarebiT, miT umetes, rom sikvdiliT dasja TviT Tanamedrove civilizebul saxelmwifoebSi axlaxan aikrZala. Tamaris humanizmis gansakuTrebul gamoxatulebad unda CaiTvalos misi damokidebuleba aramarTlmadidebelTa religiisadmi. Tamaris dros, rogorc iTqva, qarTuli saxelmwifos mier aRiarebuli iyo araTu rjulSemwynarebloba, aramed aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba. es sruliad gasakviri, saocari da Znelad misaRebia araTu Sua saukuneebSi, aramed Tanamedrove epoqaSic. Tamaris saqarTveloSi aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis arsebobis damamtkicebeli ara marto magaliTebi arsebobs, aramed Tamaris karis mier ganxorcielebuli politikuri aqtica da saxelmwifos cxovrebaSi momxdari movlenac amas adasturebs. uTuod aRmsareblobis TavisuflebiT aixsneba is, rom Tamaris mTavrobaSi monofizitebs (da araqarTvelebsac nacionaluri
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Semwynareblobis gamo) eWiraT Zalze mniSvnelovani postebi. aRniSnuli princi pis erTgulebiT aixsneba is, rom qarTveli kaTalikosisa da monofiziti amirspasalaris davisas qarTveli mefe ar Caeria maT kamaTSi. man neba misca somexTa kaTalikoss, Camosuliyo qarTveli mefis karze da sruliad Tavisuflad, yovelgvari SeboWilobis gareSe, ekamaTa qarTvel kaTalikosTan sarwmunoebriv sakiTxebze. Camoeyvana Tavisi rjulis saukeTeso mcodne varTapet-episkoposebi da CaerTo isini qarTvel samRvdeloebasTan mZafr kamaTSi. sxva msgavsi magaliTebi, romelnic uamravia saqarTvelos saxelmwifos mier ganxorcielebulni saqarTvelosa da mis nawilSi _ somxeTSi, damadasturebelia monofizituri sarwmunoebis SeuzRudvelobisa qarTuli saxelmwifos mier. sindisis TavisuflebiT, dausjelobis sruli garantiis gamo, bedavs monofiziti sardali qarTuli jarebisa, zaqaria amirspasalari, ganacxados: me ar SeverTvi qarTvelTao, e.i. qalkedonitobas, qarTvelTa saxelmwifo sarwmunoebas ar miviRebo. man icis, rom is amis gamo arafers ar dakargavs. albaT, sindisis TavisuflebiT aixsneba is, rom Tamarma mahmadian mflobelebs daubruna samflobeloebi da samefo taxtebi da aseve Crdilo kavkasiis warmarTul Temebs uSiSroebis garantia misca. rogorc iTqva, Tamarma uSualod ki ar SemouerTa Sarvani, darubandi da Crdilo kavkasiis tomebi saqarTvelos, aramed isini ymadnaficobis pirobiT daiWira. `ymadnafici qveynis saSinao mmarTvelobas mefe ar cvlis. piriqiT, patroni (saqarTvelo) cdilobs, gaaZlieros ymadnafici qveynis mefeTa Zalaufleba da Tavisufali cxovreba SeunarCunos. am qveyanaTa erTgulebis samagierod saqarTvelo uzrunvelyofs maT politikur damoukideblobas. ymadnafics Sinaur cxovrebaSi saqarTvelos mefisagan miniWebuli aqvs sruli damoukidebloba _ `TavisuflebiT cxovreba~. sagareo urTierTobaSi ki saqarTvelo misi damxmare da damcvelia `mterTagan uzrunvelobasa~108. cxadia, Tamari Tavisi sarwmunoebrivi politikis ganxorcielebisas Tu ar daefuZneboda uflis mcnebas `giyvardes ufali RmerTi Seni ... giyvardes moyvasi Seni, viTarca Tavi Seni~, is ver SeZlebda erTian saxelmwifoSi gaeerTianebina 20 qarTuli saerisTavo, oTxi monofizituri saerisTavo, alvaneTis erTi qarTuli saerisTavo da erTi Temi, gauWirdeboda vasalur musulmanuri samefo _ samTavroebis _ aranis (ganZis), naxiWevanis, ezinkis saamiros, Sah-armenTa sasultanos SemokavSireba109. Tamaris mowyaleba da RvTismosaoba sayovelTaod iyo cnobili. àRavsna episkoposni da saydarni SesawiraviTa, Tavisufal yvna eklesiani xarajisa da begarisagan~110. `ganmaTavisuflebelni tyveTani, Semwirvelni eklesiaTani, mwirvelni mRvdelTani da mimcemelni monazonTani, mowyaleni glaxakTani, erTbamad madidebelni RmrTisani, mwyalobelni episkoposTani Svidisave samefosa spaTa Tana~111.
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`xolo sxvani saqmeni misni, aRSenebani da Sewirvani monasterTani ismineniT, ara oden saqarTvelosa monasterni aaSena, aramed palestines, kvi pres, konstantinepols, saberZneTs da yovelsa eladas da saqarTvelosa mciriTagan monastriT saydar-eklesiani ara dauteva, romel ara wyalobiTa aRavso~112. `xel-yo aRSenebad varZiisa RvTismSoblisa~113. ùmetes Seumatebda RvTis msaxurebasa, eklesiaTa da monasterTa kazmasa da Senebasa~114. `kvalad kerZoTa eladisiTa da mTawmidas egreTve makedoniisaTa, petriwons, kerZoTa TrakiisaTa da konstantinepolis monasterTa, romanas, isavrias, kuruseTs sanaxebTa Savisa mTisaTa da kviprisiTa, ese yovelni aRavsna qvelis saqmiTa...~115. Tamari iyo didi mlocveli. èsoden Seiyvara RmerTi da ucxo eqmna sacdurTa soflisaTa, rameTu Rame yovel mRviZareba, locva, muxlT-dreka da cremliT vedreba RmrTisa zemdgomrobiTa gansakvirvel aqvnda da Rame iyo xelsaqmari, romel glaxakTa miecemoda~116. erTxel locviT da xelsaqmiT daRlil Tamars CaeZina. am dros ixila CvenebiT turfa samyofeli, simwvaneSi Cafluli vard-yvavilovani adgili, romlis simSvenieris aRwera SeuZlebelia. aq idga taxtebi oqroTi da vercxliT Semkuli. maT zemoT idga taxti, yvela dasajdomelze upatiosnesi, oqrosi, Tval-margalitiT Semkuli. am baRSi Seiyvanes Tamari, ixila dasajdomelebi da gulSi Tqva: `mefe var, mpyrobeli da Cemi ars uzenaesi da upatiosnesi ese sajdomi~ da gaemarTa iq dasajdomad, magram mis win warmodga naTliT mosili kaci, dauWira xeli, Sexeda da uTxra: `Seni ara ars sajdomi isi, rameTu Sen ver SemZlebel xar dapyrobad imissa~ da mefe etyoda: `vin upatiosnes ars Cemsa, romelman dai pyras upatiosnesi sajdomi?~ man uTxra: ìs taxti Seni diasaxlisis aris imisaTvis, rom man Tormet mRvdels Tavisi xeliT samosi mouqsova trapezis win usisxlo da patiosani msxverplis SewirvisaTvis. amitomac is Senze metia, Tumca ki Sen mefe xar. sakmarisia SenTvis es dideba~. uCvena umdidresi taxti. roca Tamarma gaiRviZa, moayvanina Tavisi diasaxlisi. man aRiara, rom Tormet mRvdels mouqsova samwirvelo Sesamoseli kvarT-filoni. amis Semdeg Tamarmac daiwyo qsova samRvdelo Sesamoselebisa, risTvisac aleqsandriidan vaWrebs matyls moataninebda xolme. man Tormeti Sesamoseli moqsova (es rTuli saqme yofila, radgan didxans gagrZelebula). basili ezosmoZRvari wers, rom `rameTu raJams moiclis martoebiT yofad, myis aRiRos sarTueli, gina sakeravi da naSromsa mas TviTa xelTasa xucesTa da glaxakTa ganuyofn TvisiTa xeliTa~117. ismis kiTxva, ratom miiCnevda Tamari, rom mas piradad unda eSroma qvelmoqmedebis aRsasruleblad?
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iv. javaxiSvili wers _ `metad sayuradReboa, rom im dros, roca monazvnebi darwmunebulni iyvnen, TiTqos zneobrivi sifaqizis dasacavad mxolod is iyo saWiro, rom adamians araferi am qveyniuri sazrunavi da samuSao ar awuxebdes da yvelaferi mza-mzareulad mosdiodes, amave dros qarTvelma ganaTlebulma sazogadoebam sul sxva gza airCia da sakuTari xeliT monapovris zneobriv Rirebulebaze sul sxva moZRvreba SeimuSava. es moZRvreba warmoiSva im sakiTxis Ziebis dros, Tu ra Tvisebisa unda yofiliyo qvelis saqmari, rom misi micema zneobriv Rvawlad misaCnevi yofiliyo qarTvel sazogadoebaSi. iseTi azri da rwmena trialebda, rom mxolod im fulisa da qvelsaqmaris micema SeiZleboda, romelic adamians Tavisi ofliT da sindisierad naSovni da SeZenili hqonda. imdroindeli moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, ase warmoidgineT, saqvelmoqmedod, aznaurs sapatrono da sabatono mamulis Semosavali, mefes saxelmwifo sargo ar unda moexmara. mag., daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosis sityviT, mefe glaxakebs rom qvelsaqmars aZlevda xolme, àmas ara Tu xelosanTagan morTmeulsa iqmodes, anu saWurWliT, aramed xeliTa TvisiTa nadirebulTa~. Tamar mefis pirveli istorikosic gviambobs, rom saqarTvelos dedofalma `xelsaqmari misi ganyidis da egodeni fasi glaxakTa miscis da ara samefo Semosavlidan~. `xelTa TvisTa~ SeZenilsa da `xelsaqmars~ imitom aZlevdnen xolme glaxakebs, rom qvelmoqmedeba mamulisa, an saxelmwifo SemosavalTagan araviTar pirad zneobriv Rvawls ar warmoadgenda, da metadre imis gamo, rom adamians arc rodis ar SeeZlo eTqva, Tu ra gziT aris SeZenili is fuli, romelic saxelmwifos an sapatrono SemosavliTganaa miRebuli. vis SeeZlo daemtkicebina, rom igi raime ZaldatanebiT an usamarTlod ar iyo Sekrebili. mxolod is, rac adamians Tavisi ofliT svindisierad SeuZenia, mxolod is iyo wmida da saqvelmoqmedod, moyvasisadmi Zmur, Rrma siyvarulisa da sibralulis gamosacxadeblad gamosadegi. faqizma zneobrivma moZRvrebam qarTveli mowinave sazogadoeba daarwmuna, rom mxolod sakuTari muSaobiT SeZenili qoneba akeTilSobilebda adamians~118. Tamari misi samefos gasaocarma gafarToebam, gafurCqvnam, Tvisma qvelma saqmeebma ar gaaamaya, `gana, ama yovelTa zeda aRzvavda guli Tamarisi, ganlaRna erTisaca warbisa aRebiTa? ara, nu iyofin! aramed ufrosad damdabldeboda winaSe RmrTisa mamadlobeli~119. ufro metad, mzrunvelobda eklesiebisaTvis, qvrivTa da davrdomilTaTvis. Tamars Tavisi samyofeli mosasveneblis maxloblad dabinavebuli hyolia xucesi da monazvnebi, romelTac TviTon aWmevda, aZlevda mosaxmars, xolo uZlurebTan TviTonve midioda mosaxilvelad da nugeSis sacemad. TviTonve ugebda logins da umzadebda sawols120. sasaxlis eklesiaSi wirvas veravin daakldeboda: `darbazis kars myofi wirvad veravin daakldeboda: mwuxri, dileul, samxrad, viTarca Tqmul
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ars~121. `wesi locvisa daukleblad aResrulebodes, viTarca tibikoni moaswavebda da ganweseba palestinisa monastrisa mogviTxrobs, yoveli sruliad~122. àRasrulebda litaniobasa da RamisTevasa~123. amitomac iyo, rom `bWed jda Soris Tvisisa da mezobelTa mefeTa. meore solomon iqmna mefeTa Soris~124. rogorc iTqva, `saqarTveloSi saqvelmoqmedo Tanxa gadasaxadisagan ki ar iyo Semdgari, aramed mTeli saxelmwifos Semosavlis da dapyrobili qveynebis xarajis 10%-s qvelmoqmedebas axmardnen. erTi sityviT, saqarTveloSi arsebobda saxelmwifo da ara saeklesio an kerZo saqvelmoqmedo Tanxa~125. aq unda iTqvas, rom samRvdeloeba saxelmwifos gareT ki ar arsebobda, aramed eklesiis ierarqebi mTavrobis upirvelesi mmarTvelebi iyvnen, Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesis Tu kaTalikosis saxiT. amitomac saxelmwifos qvelmoqmedebaSi maTac Rvawli miuZRodaT. iyo Tu ara Tamaris kacTmoyvareoba, humanuri saxelmwifo im droisaTvis axali da moulodneli? ra Tqma unda, Tamaris politika gansxvavdeboda daviTis saxelmwifoebrivi mimarTulebisagan, magram moulodneli ar yofila, radganac faqtobrivad, is iyo qristianul moralze dafuZnebuli politika da, sxvaTa Soris, mas Teoriuli safuZvlebi TviT daviT aRmaSenebelma misca Tavisi cnobili anderZebiT (da `galobani sinanulisaniT~), sadac daviTi nanobda, rom ver SeZlo ganexorcielebina ufro humanuri saxelmwifo politika. Tamarma ki es ganaxorciela. zemoT moyvanili Sexedulebani daviT mefisa, qarTvel sazogadoebas ganuxilavs, rogorc saprogramo Teoria, anderZi. amitom Tamars ucdia, rogorc basili ezosmoZRvris Txzulebidan Cans, aResrulebina is, mTliani saxelmwifo sistema daeqvemdebarebina misi ganxorcielebisaTvis. Tamari qarTveli eris usayvarles mefed iqca saukuneTa manZilze, qarTuli eklesia mis suls, rogorc keTilmsaxuri mefisas, SesTxovda, Seevedrebina RmerTisaTvis saqarTvelo.
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T a v i XI
qarTuli eklesia XIII saukuneSi
`S v i l n o , T q v e n n i wi n a p a r n i e gr e g u l q v a d r o d i i y v n e n . .. Zma Zmasa da mama Svilsa m a m u l s x o l m e S e swi r v i d n e n~.

ilia marTali

qveynis zogadi mdgomareoba XIII saukuneSi
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Tamaris ayvavebuli qveyana misi Svilebis dros monRolebma daipyres. 1242 wels dazavebis Semdeg mterma aRiara qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba, magram qarTvelebi xarks ixdidnen. monRolebma qveyana dumenebad dahyves. narin daviTisa (rusudanis Zisa) da ulu daviTis (laSas Zis) mefeTa wodebiT saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg 1248 wlisaTvis dumenebad dayofa gauqmda. 1259 wels daviT narini ajanyda, 1260 wels ki _ ulu daviTi. narini dasavleT saqarTveloSi mefed dajda da monRolebisagan Tavisufali qveynis meTaurad iqca, xolo ulu monRolebs Seurigda. 1272 wels taxtze avida misi vaJi demetre II. monRolTa batonobam dasca qveyana, ekonomiurad gauWirda yvela fenas. qveyana faqtobrivad sam nawilad gaiyo _ dasavleT, aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelod. mesxeTs monRolebma qarTveli mefisagan damoukidebloba mianiWes da uSualod daimorCiles, 1289 wels demetre II sikvdiliT dasajes. monRolebma aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gaamefes daviT narinis Ze - vaxtangi, romelic male gardaicvala, mefed dajda daviT VIII _ ZeE demetresi, romelic mudam janydeboda monRolTa winaaRmdeg. amitom mis sicocxleSive misive Zmebi gaamefes, jer, 1299 wels mcirewlovani giorgi, xolo 1302 wlidan _ vaxtangi, romelic 1308 wels gardaicvala, xolo daviT VIII 1311 wels. amis Semdeg gaamefes daviT VIII-s Ze _ giorgi mcire (giorgi IV). is gardaicvala 1314 wels. amave wlidan saqarTvelos mefea giorgi V brwyinvale _ ganmaTavisuflebeli da gamaerTianebeli saqarTvelosi.
suli Tavdadebisa
Cingiz xanis meTaurobiT monRolTa gaerTianebulma saxelmwifom XIII saukunis damdegidan daimorCila msoflios mniSvnelovani nawili aziasa da evropaSi: Crdilo CineTi, korea, centraluri da Sua azia, irani, avRaneTi da sxva qveynebi. rogorc Cveni mematiane wers, monRolebi laSqrobdnen `didsa sayivCayeTsa zeda, ovseTs, xazareTs da ruseTs vidre bneleTamde~1. `bneleTs~ _ mematiane uwodebs CrdiloeTis polarul zonas, sadac, rogorc cnobilia, wlis umetesi drois manZilze mze horizontis xazs ver scildeba, amitomac marTlac bnela. monRolebs daupyriaT saqarTvelos CrdiloeTiT mdebare qveynebi, dasavleTiT ki isini evropis centrebs miuaxlovdnen - `... vidre borRarTa da serbTamde~2. faqtia, rom aseTma uZlieresma saxelmwifom ver SeZlo saqarTvelos srulad dapyroba, ufro metic, man ver SeZlo qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmebac ki. qarTulma saxelmwifom monRolTa Zlevamosili msvleloba SeaCera lixis mTasTan. dasavleT saqarTvelos dapyroba monRolebma ver SeZles, iq saqarTvelos samefo centri iqna gadatanili.
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monRolebis ZiriTadi Zalebis Semosevis dros saqarTvelos saxelmwifos saTaveSi idga rusudan mefe, romelsac ivane javaxiSvili gamoucdelsa da qveynis mesaWeobisaTvis gamousadegar pirovnebas uwodebs3, amitomac is sruliad andobda laSqarsa da samxedro saqmes mTavarsardalsa da sxva xelisufalT. samwuxarod, saqarTvelos mTavroba am dros xelSi eWiraT ZiriTadad im Temebis mflobelT, romelTa miwebsac uSualod miadgnen monRolebi. es iyo saqarTvelos somxuri, an somxur-qarTuli Temebi samxreTsa da samxreT-aRmosavleTSi. am mTavrebma daiviwyes sruliad saqarTvelos interesebi da Seecadnen TavianTi piradi sakuTari qonebis (mamul-miwawylis) gadarCenas. ai, rogor afasebs iv. javaxiSvili saqarTvelos mTavrobis moqmedebas am dros _ vixiloT mxolod saTaurebi paragrafebisa `monRolTa meore Semoseva saqarTvelos dasapyrobad da mTavarsardlobisa da saqveynoT gamrige xelisufalTa sruli dabneuloba da uilajoba~4, `mterTan brZolis mcdari gegmis sabediswero Sedegi~5, àmirspasalarisagan mtrisaTvis TviTneburad damorCilebis samarcxvino magaliTis micema da monRolebTan brZolis CaSla~6 da sxva. imis magier, rom saqarTvelos mTavarsardals, avag mxargrZels, mtris winaaRmdeg sruliad saqarTvelos ZalebiT ebrZola, man saidumlo molaparakeba gamarTa mterTan, riTac gadaarCina Tavisi piradi qoneba, saqarTvelo ki daRupa. `...mtrisaTvis TviTneburad da nebayoflobiT damorCilebis samarcxvino pirveli magaliTi, swored Tavisi saqcieliT ase ugunurad maxeSi gabmulma am avag amirspasalarmave misca. monRolebisaTvis danebebis Sesaxeb mosalaparakebladac man miugzavna CormaRan noins mociquli. viTarca mefisa da mTavrobis SeukiTxavad da nebadaurTvelad gadadgmuli nabiji, misi saqcieli qveynis Ralats udrida. magram mis sazrunavs xom ukve qveynis keTildReoba aRar Seadgenda: piradad mas isic akmayofilebda, Tu misi nebayoflobiTi damorCilebis Semdgom, monRolebi mTel sagamgeo qonebas SeunarCunebdnen da mis sagamgeo da sapatrono qveynis winaaRmdeg samxedro moqmedebas Seswyvetdnen~7. SeeZloT Tu ara saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da mTavarsardals ar SeewyvitaT brZola da gamklavebodnen monRolebs? uTuod SeeZloT. amas miuTiTebs is, rom monRolebma didi mondomebis miuxedavad ver SeZles dasavleT saqarTveloSi Sesvla da arsebuli qarTuli saxelmwifo xelisuflebis gauqmeba. garda amisa, saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani nawilis, mesxeTis xelisuflebma ar uRalates mefe rusudans da medgari winaaRmdegoba gauwies monRolebs: `xolo mesxni saTnoebisaTvis mefisa rusudanisa ara miendvnes~8. rogorc aRiniSna, sruliad saqarTvelos dapyroba ver SeZles monRolebma. samefo xelisufleba Tavisufal dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadavida Tbilisidan - àmiT daamTavres XIII saukunis 30-iani wlebis miwuruls monRolebma aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dapyroba da xangrZlivad gabatondnen aq, dasavleT saqarTveloSi SeWra maT ver SeZles~9.
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monRolebma, faqtobrivad, ubrZolvelad daimorCiles aRmosavleT saqarTvelo aramarTlmadidebel mandaturTuxuces SanSes, ivane aTabagis Zis, avag amirspasalaris, varam gagelisa da sxvaTa wyalobiT. aseT dros qarTulma eklesiam saWirod miiCnia, Sewevnoda saqarTvelos damSvidebis saqmes. Wyondidelma episkoposma kidev erTxel ineba saqarTvelos Sekreba erT mTlian qveyanad. daaxloebiT 1242 wels `rusudan mefem baTo yaenTan volgispireTSi arsen Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesi gagzavna~10. man miaRwia zavs monRolebTan, romlis Tanaxmad monRolTa umaRlesi xelisufleba scnobda erTian da ganuyofel saqarTvelos saxelmwifos qarTveli mefis meTaurobiT, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos garkveuli valdebuleba unda ekisra, xolo dasavleT saqarTvelo, rogorc daupyrobeli mxare, monRolTa valdebulebisagan Tavisufali iyo. `zavis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos mefe monRolTa uzenaes uflebas cnobda. dawesebul iqna uflebrivi gansxvaveba saqarTvelos aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis nawilebisaTvis: lixTamer saqarTveloSi, rogorc monRolTagan dapyrobil qveyanaSi, qarTul xelisuflebasTan erTad unda mdgariyvnen monRolTa moxeleebi da sardlebi (noinebi) jariTurT. lixTimereTi ki am mxriv Tavisufali iqneboda. saqarTvelos daekisra yovelwliurad 50 000 perperas gadaxda da monRolTa laSqrobebSi monawileoba. dazavebis Sedegad saqarTvelos mTavroba quTaisidan Tbiliss gadmovida~11. es moxda daaxloebiT 1242-43 wlebSi. 1259 wels monRolebs aujanyda rusudanis Ze _ daviT narini da gadavida dasavleT saqarTveloSi. àjanyebis Sedegad dasavleT saqarTvelo faqtobrivad gamoeTiSa monRolTa mflobelobas. is aRarc xarks ixdida da monRolTa jaric veRar bedavda lixis viwrobebis gadalaxvas. narin daviTis kari amieridan monRolTa winaaRmdeg mebrZolTa uSiSari TavSesafaric gaxda~12. marTalia, `mas Semdeg, rac ajanyebuli daviT narini lixTimereTSi gadavida, saqarTvelos es nawili monRolTa batonobas, da amasTan erTad, erTian saqarTvelos gamoeTiSa~13, magram am qveynis mmarTvelebi agrZelebdnen da aviTarebdnen Zvel qarTul saxelmwifoebriv politikas. is sakmaod Zlieri politikuri erTeuli iyo, romelsac angariSs uwevdnen. `monRolebs narin daviTi saSiS Zalad miuCneviaT. amitom iyo, rom isini Txovna-saCuqrebiT cdilobdnen masTan mokavSireobas~14. ufro metic, mefe qarTuli gavlenis gavrcelebasac cdilobda trapizunis samefoSi, lazebiT dasaxlebul ZvelqarTul mxareSi. àm SemTxvevaSi dasavleT saqarTvelo samarTlianad gvevlineba sruliad saqarTvelos warmomadgenlis rolSi, romlis sagareo kursi SemuSavebuli iyo ara ucxo Zalis karnaxiT da mis sasargeblod, aramed saqarTvelos sakuTari politikuri interesebiT~15. es Cvenma erma SeZlo msoflios didi nawilis mflobel monRolTa saxelmwifos udidesi Zlierebis periodSi. ufro metic, mefe ulu daviTisa
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da mefe daviT narinis mier saqarTvelos samefos gayofis dros daviT narins (e.i. Tavisufal saqarTvelos) ergo Tbilisis, sxva didi qalaqebisa da Semosavliani adgilebis naxevari. `ganiyves orad tfilisi, quTaisi orad da Tavadni da erisTavni urTierT Seaswores, nikofsiiT darubandamde, da ganiyves samefo da saWurWleni~16, e.i. Tavisufali dasavleT saqarTvelo aRmosavleT saqarTvelos nawilsac flobs. samwuxarod, rogorc aRiniSna, monRolTa batonobis dros politikuri mmarTvelobis TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelo sam nawilad gaiyo: aRmosavleT, dasavleT da samxreT `saqarTveloebad~. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelo erTiani, mTliani organizmi iyo, romlis yoveli kuTxe erTiani qarTveli xalxiT iyo dasaxlebuli, am drosac, iseve rogorc wina saukuneTa daSlilobis dros, saqarTvelos am kuTxeebs aerTianebda qarTuli eklesia. samcxeSi, qarTlSi, kaxeT-hereTsa, Tu dasavleT saqarTveloSi, sulieri mwyemsi erisa _ qarTuli eklesia iyo. swored amitom am daSlilobis drosac qarTvelobas Tavis qveynis sazRvrebad Zveleburadve warmodgenili hqonda nikofsia da darubandi. sinamdvileSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sazRvari `TeTrwyalze~ (anu axsuze) gadioda (àxsu - mtkvris marjvena Senakadia da erTvis mtkvars daaxloebiT iq, sadac marjvena mxridan araqsi uerTdeba q. sabirabadis midamoebSi~)17. mdinare TeTriwylidan darubandamde, anu kaspiis zRvamde, 60-70-iode kilometria. ratom airCies es mdinare sazRvrad? saqme isaa, rom es mdinare warmoadgenda qarTvelTa eTnikuri gansaxlebis aRmosavleTis sazRvars ara marto monRolebis dros, aramed saukuneebiT adrec. magaliTad, roca X saukunis II naxevarSi kaxeTi da hereTi gaerTiandnen, es gaerTianeba vrceldeboda mdinare axsumde. am kuTxeSi qarTvelebi (herebi) mWidrod iyvnen dasaxlebulni, magram imis gamo, rom am kuTxis maxloblad monRolebma sasazRvro zoli gaakeTes, es qveyana mosaxleobisagan daicala, anda gadagvarda. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom saqarTvelos politikuri sazRvari scildeboda axsusac da aRwevda Semaxiis mTebamde, romelic am mdinaris aRmosavleTiT mdebareobs. imis Semdeg, rac saqarTvelo dumnebad daiyo, pirvel dumnaSi Sedioda hereTi, kaxeTi da kambeCani, TeTrwylamde da Semaxiis mTebamde18. am olqis dumnisTavs, egarslan bakurcixels, monRolebma `xelT udves spa hereTisa da kaxeTisa da kambeCianisa, tfilisiTgan da aRmarT viTar mTamde Samaxiisa~19. samxreT saqarTvelos sazRvari gadioda mdinare araqsze (raxsze), anisi da dvini kvlav saqarTvelos qalaqebi iyvnen. samxreTiT tao _ Zveleburadve saqarTvelos ekuTvnoda. koxtasTavis SekrebilTa Soris taoeli meamboxenic arian: `Sekrbes yovelni mTavarni saqarTvelosani koxtas Tavsa, imerni da amerni... her-kaxni, qarTvelni... mesx-
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ni da taoelni. da yovelni ityodes: `ra vyoT? arRara ars naTesavi qarTvelTa mefeTa, raTa winamZRvar gveqmnas da vbrZodiT TaTarTa... SevkrbeT yovelni da vbrZodeT TaTarTa~20. mesxeTSi beqas mTavrobis dros saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi Semodioda WaneTic ki, romelic bizantiam daTmo: `xolo WaneTi sruliad mosca berZenTa mefeman komninosman kir mixail~21. `sazRvari midioda Sav zRvamde speris CaTvliT. mas SeuerTda WaneTic, romelic beqas trapizonis mefem gadasca~22. dasavleT saqarTvelos sazRvars nikofsiamde Savi zRva warmoadgenda. rogorc zemoT moyvanilidan Cans, monRolTa mZlavrobis usastikes saukuneSi qarTvelma xalxma SeinarCuna Tavisi erovnuli teritoriebi, erovnuli sazRvrebi, erovnuli saxelmwifoebrioba, eTnikuri erTobis grZnoba, maSin, roca saqarTvelos mezobel qveynebs monRolebma eTnikuri saxec ki Seucvales. saqme is iyo, rom monRolebma ver SeZles saqarTveloSi Casaxleba, maSin, roca maT saqarTvelos mezoblad mdebare rani, muRani, Sarvani da aseve somxeTis teritoriebi sazamTro da sazafxulo banakebad aqcies. `sazamTro banakad maT dasakuTrebuli hqondaT saqarTvelos samxreTaRmosavleTiT mosazRvre qveyana rani, sadac ekavaT bardavi misi mimdgomi yarabaRis veliT (md. araqsis marcxena napirze), xolo azerbaijanSi (adarbadaganSi) muRani (md. araqsis marjvena napiri). zafxulSi monRolebi dabanakebulni iyvnen somxeTis teritoriaze da eWiraT gelaqunis (axlandeli sevanis tbasTan) mTebi, xolo samxreT-aRmosavleTiT araratis mTebic. dasaxlebul sadgomebs Soris gadanacvlebisas monRolebs moZraoba uxdebodaT saqarTvelos somxur provinciebze, aseve ran-adarbadaganis teritoriaze. didi raodenobis saqonlis jogebi umowyalod anadgurebdnen naTesebs, yovelgvar mcenareulobas. saqme is iyo, rom monRolTa moZraobis mZime Sedegebs maTi laSqris Tavisebureba ganapirobebda. monRolTa laSqars, romelic mTlianad cxenosani iyo, Tan axlda maTive dedawuli (ojaxebi) da mTeli qoneba, msxvilfexa saqonlis jogebi. aseTi laSqris ubralo gadaadgilebac ki xalxTa gadasaxlebas ufro hgavda da Tu omobdnen, es iyo ara mxolod omi, aramed gadmosaxleba omiT, sadac isini gaivlidnen an dabanakdebodnen, is adgilebi ukacrieldeboda, yanebi da baR-venaxebi maTi cxenebisa da aqlemebis floqvebiT iTeleboda~23. aseT saSinel monRolur momTabareobas ZiriTadad gadaurCa saqarTvelo. qarTveli xalxis gansaxlebis adgilebi gadarCa. amiT erma SeZlo eTnikuri TavisTavadobis SenarCuneba, ar aiTqvifa, ar ganadgurda. monRolebma qarTul miwaze ar daides mudmivi sadgomebi, magram saqarTvelos zogierTi sanapiro mxare mainc ver gadaurCa monRolTagan ganadgurebas. cnobilia, rom monRolebma `sazRvarTa saqarTvelosaTa, adgilsa, romelsa uwodian CaRanusuni, ese igi ars TeTri wyali~ oqros urdos laSqris Sesakaveblad `Sekres RobiTa, romelsa sibad uwodes~24.
838
qarTvelebiT aqamde mWidrod dasaxlebuli mxaris _ saariSianos erTi nawili (Saqi) saqarTvelos Camoscilda25. Tu ra didi ubedureba iyo monRoluri laSqrobebi, iqidanac Cans, rom 1265 wels CrdiloeTidan berqa yaenis SemoWris Semdeg ivrisa da alaznispira ayvavebuli soflebi moispo. monRolTa `sadgomebi~ anadgurebda qveynebs _ `sazamTro adgilis uSualo mezobloba saqarTvelosTan (kerZod, kaxeT-hereTTan) did zians ayenebda am sasazRvro mxareebs~. monRolTa sadgomis, ganZa-bardavi-muRanis siaxlove (`mezobloba~) gaxda imis mizezi, rom saqarTvelos aqeTuri sazRvrebi ufro mooxrda, vidre qveynis sxva adgilebi26. `gansakuTrebiT dazianda da mTlianad gamoeTiSa qarTul agrokulturas mtkvris sanapiroebis vrceli teritoria: rusTavi da misi mimdgomi mxareebi; kaxeT-hereTSi ivrisa da alaznis sanapiroebi, xramisa da debedas xeobebi, didad Seviwrovda javaxeTi da TrialeTi~27. javaxeTSi garkveuli xniT monRolebs `sadgomic~ hqondaT gaCenili. yovelives miuxedavad, qarTveli xalxis udidesi gamarjveba iyo is, rom monRolebma ver SeZles saqarTvelos sruliad dapyroba, maT saqarTveloSi mudmivi `sadgomebis~ dadebac ver moaxerxes. aman qarTveli xalxi eTnikur gadagvarebas gadaarCina (Cveni mezobeli albanelebi, romelTac Turq-seljukebis Semosevis Sedegad eTnikuri saxe dakarges, monRolebis dros srulebiT gaqrnen, xolo somxeTis umTavresi qalaqebidan ltolvili somxebi saqarTvelosa da sxva qveynebs afarebdnen Tavs). aRsaniSnavia, rom monRolTa mZlavrobas qarTvelma xalxma upasuxa maRali qristianuli moraliT, urTierTsiyvaruliT, urTierTgataniT. mravalma qarTvelma dado Tavi moyvasisa da samSoblos gadasarCenad. Tavdadeba xSiri movlenac ki iyo am saSinel epoqaSi. Tavs debda ara marto rigiTi qarTveli mefisa da mamulisaTvis, aramed mefec _ eris gadasarCenad. SeiZleba vinmem ifiqros, rom Tavs debdnen mxolod sarwmunoebrivi mosazrebiT da am Tavdadebis sanacvlod qristesagan moelodnen sulis cxonebas. cxadia, esec iyo monRolTa batonobis dasasruls. saqarTveloSi Semosvlisas ki monRolebi qristianebs ar aviwroebdnen (isini jer kidev ar iyvnen mahmadianebi). amitom Tavdadeba sarwmunoebisaTvis Semdgom gaxda saWiro. mxolod yazan yaenis (1295-1304) dros gamocxadda islami saxelmwifo religiad. monRolebs sparsel mahmadianTa waqezebiT dauwyiaT qristianTa devna. maTi ìsmina yaenma da iwyo rRvevad eklesiaTa da warmoavlina laSqari, raTa movides saqarTvelosa da mefesa da yovelTa qarTvelTa daatovebinos sjuli da sarkinozad Seqmnas~28. qarTvelTa mefe vaxtangi mivida yaenis winaSe urdoSi da ganacxada: `... me var mefe qarTvelTa, da yovelni mTavarni saqarTvelosani Sens winaSe
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arian da me mzad var sikvdilad sjulisaTvis qristeanobisa da mere ese yovelni Sens winaSe myofni qristeaneni, aha, Tavni Cvenni wargvkveTen~29. magram qarTvelebi Tavs swiravdnen ara marto rjulisaTvis, aramed mamulisa da moyvasisaTvisac. JamTaaRmwerelis mier moyvanili uTvalavi magaliTi Tavdadebisa miuTiTebs, Tu ra sulier simaRleze auyvania qarTul eklesias qarTveli eri, romelmac didi gasaWiris dros SeZlo udidesi qristianuli siyvarulis gamomJRavneba. urdoSi gansasjelad dabarebulma demetre II Tavdadebulma Sekriba Tavisi samefos samRvdeloeba, didebulebi da ganucxada _ `ganrisxebulia yaeni, Tavisi yvela mTavari gawyvita. axla me mixmobs. Tu mTiuleTSi waval, Tavs gadavirCen, magram vai, rom mTeli Cemi samefo maT xelSi Cavardeba. ramdeni suli qristiani gawydeba da datyvevdeba, eklesiebi waibilweba da mooxrdeba, xatebi da jvrebi Seimusrebian, xolo Tu mival yaenis wina, namdvilad vici, momklavs. axla sibrZniT ganixileT es saqme, xolo me ase vfiqrob: mravalmRelvare aris es wuTisofeli, daudgomeli da warmavali, Cveni dReebi sizmariviT da aCrdilebiviT warvlen. Cvenc uneblieT da swrafad gavalT am wuTisoflidan. ra sargeblis momtani iqneba Cemi cxovreba, Tu CemTvis mravali suli mokvdeba da me mZime codvebisagan gaval am soflidan. axla mnebavs, raTa mivide yaenis winaSe, da iyos RvTis neba, Tu momklaven, vfiqrob, rom qveyana darCeba, `xolo viTar esmaT kaTalikosTa da episkoposTa, da moZRvarTa da mTavarTa, gankvirdes, Tu viTar dadva mefeman suli Tvisi erisa misisaTvis~ da upasuxes _ mefeo, qveyanac rom gadarCes, vinaa Seni Semcvleli? axla girCevT, rom waxvide mTianeTis simagreebSi, anda afxazeTSi, rogorc mamaSeni moiqca da araa saWiro Tavis ganwirva Sengan, Cven yvelani mtkice erTgulebi varT~. mefem Tqva: `Tqven Cemi siyvarulisa da erTgulebis gamo ambobT amas, magram mebraleba ubralo xalxi, isini cxvrebiviT uRononi arian sikvdilis winaSe. arsaidan elian nugeSiscemas. me davdeb Cems suls Cemi erisaTvis. ar daviSli urdoSi wasvlas~. maSin yvelani wamodgnen gakvirvebulni da uTxra abram kaTalikosma: `mravali mefe moridebia da Tavisi Tavi ase daucavs. axla, Tu Sen dadeb Sen suls erisaTvis, Cven, yvela, episkoposebi vitvirTavT Sen codvebs, magram RvTis win vambobT, rom mowameTa Soris iqnebi Seracxili, rogorc ufali saxarebaSi brZanebs: àmaze ufro meti siyvaruli ar arsebobs, raTa kacma dados suli Tvisi moyvasisaTvis~. Tu erTi moyvasisaTvis sulis dadeba sikeTea, raoden ufro sasargebloa uricxvi sulis sicocxle~. roca es moismina mefem kaTalikosisagan, gaixara da daaskvna urdoSi wasvla~30. urdoSi demetre mefe daapatimres. sasikvdilo sasjelis molodinSi mas saSualeba mieca urdodan gaparvisa, amitomac erTgulebma urCies: àha, Seni Tavi Sens xelSia. RamiT aiyvane morbedi cxenebi da wadi, ganSordi amaT
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xelTagan~. maSin uTxra mefem: ìsmineT Cemi, rameTu Tavidanve vicodi Cemi sikvdili, magram davde Tavi Cemi da suli Cemi erisaTvis. axla Tu gavi parebi, ubralo eri moisreba da ra sikeTea mTeli qveyana SeviZino da suli warviwymido~. `man ar Seismina ganzraxva Tavisi moyvaruli mTavrebisa~31. demetre mefis sikvdils ase aRwers mematiane _ ìloca da eziara Cveni meufe qriste RmerTis sisxlsa da xorcs. iloca cremliT da mere miupyra qedi da aha, dRe saSineli da Sesazari: ikadres bilwebma RvTis cxebul mefeze da warkveTes mefe dimitris Tavi. xolo pativi RmrTisa maSinve gamoCnda Tavis cxebulze, rameTu mzem Tavisi Saravandedi sruliad gaauCinara. Camodga didi sibnele, riTac yoveli warmarTi gakvirvebuli darCa. dilis aTi saaTidan saRamomde sibnele Camowva (rogorc mTeli msoflios sicocxlis mimniWebeli uflis vnebis dros), raTa cnobili gamxdariyo, rom patiosanni arian cxebulni RmrTisani~32. saerTod, demetre mefe saTno da keTili adamiani iyo, `mowyale da mdabali, glaxakTa, qvrivTa da davrdomilTa mowyale, romel ara smenil ars naTesavi mefeTa, gina sxvaTa kacTa, rameTu aqvnda Cveuleba, aRiRos safase da aRdgis Rame, da movlis qalaqi, da moixilnis glaxakni da davrdomilni da obolni da TvisiTa xeliTa miscemdis. da yovelTa uwyodian mowyaleba mefisa da amisaTvis glaxakni RamiT folocTa Sina vidodian, raTa SeemTxvivnen mefesa. amas Tana moego marxuloba, RamiT locva da muxlTyra friadi, rameTu aTas xuTasi muxli moadgis miwasa zeda. esreT yovliTurT gamSvenebuli da ganaTlebuli iyo~33. aTas xuTasi didi metaniis gakeTeba dReSi udidesi sarwmunoebis niSania. amitomac aseTi mefisagan sulisa da Tavis ganwirva erisaTvis moulodneli ar aris, monRolTa mZime epoqaSi ki Tavdadebis unari aRmoaCnda mraval adamians. qarTveli mematiane monRolebs xSirad kargad axasiaTebs. marTlac, monRolebs aRmoaCndaT is unari, rac ar gaaCndaT saqarTvelos sxva mtrebs. kerZod, monRolebs ar uyvardaT cru da orguli adamianebi, amitomac maT garkveuli simpaTiebi gasCeniaT qarTvelTa mimarT, romelnic Turme, gansxvavebiT sxvaTagan, uRalatoni da erTgulni yofilan. monRolTa erT did yaens Tavisi sagangebo mociqulebi gaugzavnia dapyrobili qveynebis gasacnobad, romelTac ucnobebiaT yaenisaTvis, rom qarTvelebs aqvT `sjuli keTili da tyuilsa eltvian da mwamvleli arca-Tu saxel-idebis maT Soris~34, maSin, roca sparselTa Sesaxeb amcnes: àrian sparsni cru, moRalate, ficis-ar Semnaxvel da mravalni ipovebian mwamvlelni~, e.i. vinc sxvas sawamlaviT wamlavs. qarTvelTa Tavganwirva da Tavdadeba marTlac saarako iyo am dros. saqarTvelos amirspasalari avagi mefe rusudans monRolTa yaenTan gaugzavnia mosalaparakeblad. avags Tan axlda ivane axalcixelis Ze daviTi,
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rogorc ejibi. patroni da yma ar icnobdnen monRolebs, maT wesebs. amitomac ejibma saqarTvelos mTavarsardlis sicocxlis uzrunvelyofis mizniT gadawyvita Tavisi Tavi gaemetebina sasikvdilod, man avags moaxsena: `radganac ucxo xalxSi movediT da ar viciT, ras gvi pireben, aseTi azri maqvs, raTa me gamovcxadde, rogorc patroni da Seni mTavari da Sen, rogorc Cemi yma. Tu Seni mokvla surT, me momklaven da Sen ara, radgan eWvi araa, rom ymebs ar daxocaven batonis mokvlisas~. didi vedrebiTa da iZulebiT daarwmuna avagi, ase moqceuliyo. baTo yaenTan Sesvlisas avagma win waimZRvana daviTi, rogorc umTavresi. aseTi saTnoebis gakeTeba ineba daviTma `gamwirvelman Tavisaman patronisaTvis sikvdilad~. baTo yaenma ar ineba qarTveli wargzavnilebis dasja, magram uneburad mainc Seityo, Tu vin iyo namdvili patroni. dakiTxvisas daviTma ganacxada: àr vicodiT, Tu ras SegvamTxvevdiT, amitomac amirspasalaris mokvlas Tu inebebdiT, me movkvdebodi pirvelad da ara Cemi patroni~. amis gamo Zlier gakvirda, Seaqo daviTi da Tqva yaenma: ùkeTu naTesavi qarTvelTa egeviTari ars, vbrZaneb, raTa yovelTa naTesavTa, romelni arian morCilebasa qveSe maRalTa, umjobes da uwarCinebules iyvnes da maRalTa Tana mxedarTa aRracxon, da mamuli da saqoneli maTTa xelTa Sina iyos, da yovelsa Sina misandod iyvnen, romlisaTvis brZaneba dawera da warmosca~35. Cveni mematianis azriT, qarTvelebma monRolTa batonobis dros Tavisi saxelmwifoebrioba, mefoba, qarTuli samefos sazRvrebis faqtobrivad xelSeuxebloba SeinarCunes TavianTi maRali adamianuri TvisebebiT, romelTa dafasebis unaric monRolebs aRmoaCndaT. alamuTis saxelganTqmuli brZolebis msgavsad, qarTvelebma erTmaneTis sicocxlis gadasarCenad TavianTi Tavi sasikvdilod gaimetes. alamuTis brZolaSi Svid weliwads imyofeboda saqarTvelos laSqari, es iyo monRolTa mier auRebeli cixe-simagre (aiRes 1256 w.). monRolTa jars CaRata noini mTavrobda, romelic RamiT mi parviT mokla karavSi alamuTelma mulidma. diliT monRolebi saSinlad aRSfoTdnen mokluli noinis xilvisas, magram ar icodnen, vin iyo mkvleli. maSin Tqves: `vinaTgan qarTvelni didsa Wirsa Sina arian Cven moalTagan (monRolTagan), SuriT qarTvelTa mier moikla, amas yovelni ucilod daamtkicebdes Tvinier CarmaRan noinisa gareSe, rameTu igi ityoda: `daswynardiT, kacno, rameTu ara ars naTesavi qarTvelTa kacis mklveli da arca sjuli ucT eseviTarisa saqmisa qmnad~36. monRolTa aRSfoTebuli jari mieWra qarTvelTa laSqars, uTuod yvelas daxocavdnen, Tu ara RvTis Semweoba. qarTvelebma didi siyvaruli, erTguleba da Tavdadeba gamoamJRavnes erTmaneTis mimarT. sabrZolvelad gaemzadnen, magram Zalian mcireni iyvnen monRolebTan SedarebiT. maSin suramelma, qarTlis erisTavma maT uTxra: àxla ar aris omis dro, radganac cotani varT. Tu SevebrZolebiT, yvelas gagvwyveten _ didsa
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da mcires da Tu ar SevebrZolebiT, vfiqrobT, mxolod Cven mogvkvlaven _ warCinebulebs, umjobesia, ar vebrZoloT da RmerTs Semweoba vTxovoT~. qarTveli warCinebulis mzadyofna, Tavganwirva, sulis dadeba moyvasis, jariskacebis gadasarCenad didad dafasda RvTismSoblis mier. sxva dros aseve dado Tavi sargis cixisjvrelma, mesxeTis mTavarma, saqarTvelos mefis gadasarCenad. 1260 wels monRolTa winaaRmdeg ajanyebulma mefe ulu daviTma Tavisi laSqris mxedarTmTavrad sargisi daniSna, romelic mxned SeebrZola monRolebs. 1264 wels mefe iZulebuli gaxda urdoSi wasuliyo da pasuxi ego ajanyebisaTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom monRolebma uari ganacxades urdoSi sargisis miRebaze, man ar miatova mefe xifaTSi, Tavisi Tavic sasikvdilo xifaTSi Caagdo da gahyva. mefem daapira misi ukan dabruneba, maSin sargisma uTxra: RmerTma nu inebos ukan gavbrunde, ùkeTu codvaTa CemTagan gevnos rame TaTarTagan, yovelni kacni ityvian: ganzraxviTa sargisisaTa ganudga mefe TaTarTa. aw igi warvida Sina da mefe waravlina moklvad yaens winaSe. nu hyos ese RmerTman, rameTu amiT warhxdebis gvari Cemi, aramed mo-Tumklan, nacvlad Tqvenda viyo, da Tu davrCe, TqvenTana davrCe~37. urdoSi yaenis winaSe misvlisas sasikvdilod ganwiruli mefis dasacavad sargisma uSiSrad gaswira Tavisi Tavi. mefemac mas miando Tavisi dacva: `da ixila sargis brdRvinvisa lomisa msgavsad, mefeman mas zeda miuteva saqme. ara SeSinda, aramed uSiSrad aRdga da warsdga yaenis winaSe ganmwirveli Tavisa Tvisisa mefisaTvis, raTa igi moiklas mefisa wil da muxlmoyrili etyoda: `me var, dido yaeno, romeli Semovebi arRun aRas... aw, yaeno mefe ubralo ars. me var, romelman ganviyene mefe karisagan Tqvenisa~38. msgavs TavdadebaTa ricxvs miekuTvneboda cotne dadianis gmirobac. es moxda ufro adre, daaxloebiT 1246 wels. qarTvelebma gadawyvites ajanyebuliyvnen. saqarTvelos mTavrebi erTad Seikribnen: àmaT SfoTTa, Sekrbes yovelni mTavarni saqarTvelosani, koxtas Tavsa, imerni da amerni: egarslan, cotne dadiani, varam gageli, yvaryvare, kupari SoTa, TorRai, her-kaxni, Torelgamrekeli, sargis Tmogveli, mesxni da taoelni. da yovelni ityodes: `ra vyoT? arRara ars naTesavi qarTvelTa mefeTa, raTa winamZRvar gveqmnas da vbrZodiT TaTarTa, da Cven urTierTisagan gandgomil varT, ver winaaRudgebiT TaTarTa da igini borotad gvaWirveben eseoden romel yovelTa welTa almuTs warvalT WirTa da yovelTa RvawlTa SemTxvevad. ara ars Rone, daRaTu umefo varT, aramed SevkrebT yovelni da vbrZodeT TaTarTa da daamtkices omi, da dadves paemani qarTls Sekrebisa, da ganiyarnes. uSores myofni afxazni dadiani cotne da bediani, kaci keTili da sruli saRmrToTa da sakacoboTa, da raWis erisTavi _ eseni yovelni warvides kazmad. viTar esma TaTarTa erTgan Sekreba qarTvelTa, warmovides biCu da angurg da mivides koxtas Tavsa da daxvdes yovelni warCinebulni saqarTvelosani, laSqari gayril iyo, da verRara winaaRudges da warasxes qveyanasa anisisasa...~39.
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aq sainteresoa aRiniSnos, Tu vis uwodebs Cveni mematiane àfxazs~. Tavdapirvelad unda iTqvas, rom koxtasTavs Sekrebili warCinebulebi misTvis eTnikurad `qarTvelebi~ arian. èsma TaTarTa erTgan Sekreba qarTvelTa~o, wers is. anisSic Cayvanil da kvlav erTad Sekrebil saqarTvelos warCinebulebsac monRolebi `qarTvelebs~ uwodeben (ix. qvemoT). am Sekrebil `qarTvelTa~ Soris iyvnen àfxazni~, `taoelni~, `her-kaxni~, `mesxni~, `qarTvelni~ (aq niSnavs `qarTlelni~) da sxva kuTxeTa warCinebulni. molaparakebis Semdeg daSorebuli mxaris _ afxazeTis warCinebulebi adrianad wavidnen laSqris mosamzadeblad: ùSores myofni afxazni _ dadiani cotne da bediani... da raWis erisTavi _ eseni yovelni warvides kazmad~39. mematianisaTvis afxazia _ dadianic, bedianic da raWis erisTavic. magram es maTi mxolod kuTxuri saxelia (ise rogorc `mesxi~, `her-kaxni~, `taoelni~ da sxva), xolo zogadad afxazebi _ qarTvelebi arian. aseve miiCneven monRolebic. cotne dadianis anisSi Casvlis Semdeg monRolebi ase bWoben: `vinaiTgan naTesavni qarTvelTani esoden keTil arian, da ara gancruvdebian, romel afxazeTiT movida kaci, raTa suli Tvisi dados moyvareTaTvis...~40. maSasadame, rogorc aqedan Cans, monRolebisaTvis cotne dadiani, marTalia, àfxazeTidan~ aris mosuli, magram is `naTesaviT qarTvelia~ (`naTesavi~ ZvelqarTulad niSnavda èrs~, `nacias~). isini amboben, rom qarTvelebi marTlis moyvaruli xalxia, cotnec naTesaviT qarTvelia, amitomac tyuils ar ityvis, Tavi gawira `moyvareTaTviso~ (e.i. Tavis `TanamemamuleebisTviso~). Cveni mematianis àfxazi~ _ eTnikurad qarTvelia, es cnobili iyo ara marto imdroindeli qarTveli sazogadoebisaTvis, aramed monRolebisTvisac. cotne dadiani Tavisi laSqriT mivida daTqmul adgilas: `da viTar moeaxla paemani, mivida dadianica cotne, laSqriTa maTda adgilsa, romel ars rkinis _ jvari, Soris samcxisa da Radosa, da viTar auwyes warsxma yovelTa mTavarTa saqarTvelosaTa anisad, da SekrebulTa yofa satanjvelTa Sina borotTa, viTar esma, mwuxare iqmna uzomod, da Tvisad sikvdilad da sircxvilad Seracxa saqme igi, da waravlina laSqari Tvisi, da oriTa kaciTa warvida anisad, damdebi sulisa Tvisisa da aRmsarebeli mcnebaTa uflisasa, romelsa ityvis - ùfros amissa siyvaruli ara ars, raTa dadvas kacman suli Tvisi moyvasisa TvisisaTvis~, romel yo patiosanmaca aman kacman cotne saTnoeba maRali da gansaTqmeli, saqme sakvirveli da yovlisa qebisa Rirsi... ganvlo samcxe da javaxeTi da mivida anissa~41. saqarTvelos warCinebulebi gaSiSvlebulni da mxarSekrulni isxdnen qalaqis moedanze. roca ixila cotnem uRirsad pativayrilni da sasikvdilod ganwirulni, TviTonac gaixada tansacmeli, gaSiSvlda, Seikra mxrebi da dajda warCinebulebTan. monRolTa noinebs auwyes: `cotne dadiani movida oriTa kaciTa, da ganiZarcva samoseli Tvisi da Sekruli dajda qarTvelTa Tana~42. dakiTxvisas cotnem damala qarTvelTa koxtasTavs Sekrebis namd-
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vili mizezi. `xolo igi etyoda viTarmed: `Cven yovelni amad SevikribeniT, raTa ganvagoT xaraja Tqveni da brZaneba Tqveni aRvasruloT. ese iyo Sekreba Cveni. aw Tqven Zviris-moqmedTa Tana SegvracxeniT, da me amis ZliT moved winaSe Tqvensa, raTa gamoikiTxoT, da ukeTu Rirsi rame sikvdilisa uqmnies, meca maT Tana movkvde; rameTu Tu Tvinier Cemsa arara uqmnies: ukeTu cxovnden maT Tana viyo da viTar esma cotnesagan noinTa, gankvirdes saTnoebisaTvis misisa da Tqves: `vinaTgan naTesavni qarTvelTani esoden keTil arian, da ara gancruvdebian, romel afxazeTiT movida kaci, raTa dadvas suli Tvisi moyvareTaTvis da ara gancruvnes, esreT ganwira Tavi Tvisi sikvdid, ara ars sicrue maT Sina, da amis ZliT ubralod vpoebT. amisaTvis ganuteoT yovelni~. rqves cotnes: `gandgomileba vgoneT Tqven qarTvelTa, da aw vinaTagan hyav saTnoeba keTili yovelTa qarTvelTa, Sen moganiWebT da Senda mondobil varT~ da ganuSvnes yovelni ese warCinebulni~43. aq kidev erTxel unda iTqvas, rom monRolebi mimarTvisas cotnes ase eubnebian: `gandgomileba vgoneT Tqven qarTvelTa~, e.i. Tqveni, qarTvelebis gandgoma gvegonao. cxadia, maTSi cotne aucileblad igulisxmeba, Cveni mematiane ki am `qarTvelebs~ kuTxeebis mixedviT viwro eTnografiul saxelebsac uwodebs. magaliTad, cotnes _ àfxazs~, ùSores myofni afxazni cotne dadiani...~44. Cveni mematiane wers, rom monRolebs ar uyvardaT sicrue. maT sjerodaT, rom qarTvelebi marTalni, keTilni da sicruis mgmobi xalxi iyo. marTlac, es `vefxistyaosnidanac~ Cans: `sicrue da orpiroba avnebs xorcsa, merme sulsa~. radgan `Tavia sicrue yovlisa ubedobisa...~ da sxva. amitomacaa, rom cotnes Tavganwirvasa da sityvas afaseben monRolebi da amboben: `naTesavni qarTvelTani esoden keTil arian, da ara gancruvdebian~45, e.i. tyuils ar ityviano. rogorc yovelive zemoT aRniSnulidan Cans, monRolTa Semosevisas, marTalia, saqarTvelos mTavrobam, ususurobis gamo, da warCinebulebma erTiani ZaliT ver SeZles mterTan SebrZoleba, magram erma Tavisi Sinagani maRalsulierebiT, urTierTsiyvaruliT, erTmaneTisaTvis Tavis ganwirvis surviliT, qveynisa da moyvasisaTvis TavdadebiT SeZlo saqarTvelos gadarCena da monRolTa batonobis uRlis SedarebiT male gadagdeba. qarTvelebs aRmoaCndaT unari, ar gaewiraT gasaWirSi Cavardnili mamuli. `kaci brZeni ver gaswiravs moyvaresa moyvarulsa~, amitomac moyvrisaTvis qarTvelebi sicocxles ar iSurebdnen. àr-daviwyeba moyvrisa arodes gvizams ziansa, vgmob kacsa augiansa, crusa da Ralatiansa, ver vecruvebi, ver vuzam mas xelmwifesa mziansa~, anda `ver vecruvebi, ver vuzam saqmesa saZabunosa~. siyvaruli yovelive sikeTis safuZvelia. `RmerTi siyvarulia~. qarTvelebi morwmune qristianebi iyvnen, RmerTis SewevniT maT siyvaruli SeeZloT: `wagikiTxavs, siyvarulsa mociqulni ragvar weren? viT ityvian, viT aqeben?
845
can! cnobani miaferen. siyvaruli aRgvamaRlebs, viT eJvanni, amas JReren~. JamTaaRmwerlisa da rusTavelis mier am Tvisebebis aRweridan Cans, rom isini Tanamedroveni iyvnen. monRolTa jarSic ki qarTvelebs uyvardaT winambrZoloba. isini TavianTi aseTi erTgulebiT, TavganwirviT monRolebs aocebdnen kidec. cnobilia, rom monRolTa urdoebi erTmaneTs samkvdro-sasicocxlodac ebrZodnen. erTxel, erT-erT urdoSi iyo gawveuli qarTvelTa mefe - ulu daviTi Tavisi laSqriT. is sxva mcirericxovan monRolur laSqarTan erTad dasazverad gauSves. am dros maT ixiles mtvris buRi, RrubeliviT amaRlebuli, rac imaze miuTiTebda, rom mowinaaRmdegis mravalricxovani armia uaxlovdebodaT. monRolTa laSqris meTaurma daapira ukan daxeva, magram qarTvelTa laSqari maT ar gahyva. qarTvelTa Zalze mcirericxovanma laSqarma gadawyvita, pirveli SebrZoleboda mtris armias. qarTvelTa mefe gaocebul monRolebs eubneba: àra ars wesi Cven qarTvelTa, ukeTu vixiloT mteri Cveni kerZo momavali, Seubmelad zurgi SemovaqcioT, daRaTu iyos sikvdili~. es rom TaTrebs moesmaT, wers mematiane, gakvirdnen da gawyrnen. qarTvelTa mefes uTxres: ar iciT, ras akeTebT, Cven ara gvaqvs abaRa yaenis brZaneba, umisod rom SevebaT did yaenso, Tqven qarTvelebi ucnobni xarT da es saqme ar iciTo, magram miuxedavad muqarisa, qarTvelebma sikvdilis velidan fexi ar moicvales, abaRa yaeni TviT mivida qarTvelebTan da uTxra: `vici simxne Tqveni brZolaTa Sina. Tqven qarTvelni urCni xarT da Smagni~, xolo mefe gardaxda cxenidan, Tayvani sca yaensa da rqva: `dido yaeno, ara ars Cveuleba qarTvelisa, raTa mteri ixilos da zurgi Seaqcios. awe bednierman Tvalman yaenisaman gvixilos, Tu viTar davdvaT Tavi Cveni sikvdilad~46. JamTaaRmwerlis gmirebi, ambebi, movlenebi TiTqosda `vefxistyaosnis~ samyaros ganekuTvnebian, qarTvelTa cnobili `winambrZoloba~, mterTan vaJkacurad pirvelad Sebmis survili TiTqos amas adasturebs: `wesi aris mamacisa moWirveba, WirTa Tmena, arvis Zal-uc xorcielsa gangebisa gardavlena~, `raca RmerTsa gaugia Tavsa Cemsa gardasavlad, gardamxdes da Semoviqce, aRar damrCes guli avlad~, anda `me igi var, vin sofelsa ar amovhkreb kitrad berad~ da sxva. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTvelebs mefis, mamulis, moyvrisadmi Tavdadebisa da Tavis ganwirvis unari ar daukargavT, Tavisi xasiaTis es Tviseba didxans SeunarCunebiaT. n. baraTaSvili wers, qarTvelTa laSqari Tu rogori SeZaxiliT xvdeboda erekle mefes: `Cven Tund sul erT dRes davixocebiT, oRond Sen iyav mefev dRegrZeli~. erTguleba da siyvaruli ZvelqarTuli Tvisebaa. magram isic unda aRiniSnos, rom, rogorc Cans, swored zemoT aRniSnuli Tvisebebis qonebis survilidan gamomdinare, qarTvelebs erTmaneTis mimarT Suri da mtroba hqondaT. SurdaT gansakuTrebiT gamorCeuli adamianebisa.
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Suri mtrobas badebda, es ki erTmaneTs aSorebda gamoCenil qarTvelebs. qarTvelTa es Tviseba monRolebsac SeumCneviaT: `Tqven qarTvelebi aras keTils uyofT mxned mbrZolTa wyobaTa Sina~47. amas qarTvelebic grZnobdnen: `Cven urTierTis daumorCilebel varT~, amboben qarTveli warCinebulebi48. Cans, am Tvisebam gamoiwvia monRolebis winaaRmdeg erTiani qarTuli frontis Seukvreloba. qarTveli warCinebulebi ver gaerTiandnen monRolebis winaaRmdeg, Tumca, cal-calke Zalze mniSvnelovan Zalas warmoadgendnen. `saqarTvelom monRolebis Semosevis Jams ver moaxerxa mterze gaerTianebuli ZalebiT ieriSi, monRolebma TiToeuli mxare cal-calke daipyres da amdenad, mmarTvelebTan (mTavrebTan) morigeba da maTi uflebebis aRiareba separatulad moaxerxes. es iyo pirveli, uprecedento magaliTi saqarTvelos erTiani monarqiis arsebobisas, roca mefis gareSe xdeboda xelqveiTi moxele-mTavrebis politikuri uflebebis cnoba~49. monRolebis saqarTveloSi SemoWrisas ar aRmoCnda Zala an pirovneba, romelic SeZlebda mtris winaaRmdeg qarTvelTa gaerTianebas.
mematianis mier aRwerili ambebi deda RvTismSoblis mier qarTvelTa mfarvelobis Sesaxeb
I. daviT mefis xatis saswauli

mematianis SefasebiT, Ze Tamarisa, mefe saqarTvelosi, giorgi-laSa ìyo yovelTa mefeTa umetes uxvi da aravisTvis moSurne, mlocvel, mmarxvel da ganmkiTxvel da mowyale~50, magram aseTi yofila is mxolod garkveul dromde, Semdeg ki mxne, axovani da Zlieri mefe gaxda: `laRi, ampartavani, Tavxedi, TviTbuneba~51. mefe laSa-giorgis xasiaTis Secvlis mizezi yofila midreka codvebisaken: `nayrovaneba~, `msmurTa Tana midreka~, `dedaTa uwesoTa Tana aRreva~, rac, sazogadod, qarTvel mefeTa saxlisaTvis ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli, amitomac mefis midrekilebebs didad auRelvebia eklesia da didebulebi. ratom aqcevs mematiane gansakuTrebul yuradRebas laSa-giorgis codvebis aRweras? imitom, rom isini saukuneTa manZilze saqarTvelos ubedurebis sababad qceula. laSas ukanono Ze - daviTi monRolebma gaamefes. rusudan mefemac ukanonod gaamefa vaJi. aman saqarTveloSi ormefoba dabada, rasac Semdgom qveynis gayofa da eniT auwereli mravali ubedureba mohyva Sedegad. laSa-giorgis codva mTelma erma zRo saukuneTa manZilze. swored amas sWvretda winaswar eklesia da amitomac mouwodebda mefes _ moeSala siaveni. ukanonobam ukanonoba dabada, uwesobam _ uwesoba.
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`ganisvenebda nadirobiTa da msmurTa Tana midrka siborotedmi, viTarca weril ars israilTaTvis `dasxda eri igi Wamad da smad, da aRdges simRerad~52. `Seqceul iyo smasa da Wamasa, romlisaTvis dasweren mamani, viTarmed: `samni arian mizezni vnebaTani, romelTagan iSvebian yovelni borotni: gemoT-moyvarebani, vercxlis moyvareba da didebis moyvareba; amaTi pirmSoni arian: siZvani, mruSobani, risxva, mwynaroba (`wyena~), ampartavneba, amaT borotTagan gamovlen xorcismoyvarebani, uwesod nebisa midevnebani, romlisa TiToeulad ara ars Jami aRwerad, viTarca winaswarmetyvelica ityvis: `Wama iakob, ganZRa, gansxva (`gamsxvilda~), gansuqna, da dauteva RmerTi Semoqmedi Tvisi, da ganudga RmerTsa macxovarsa Tvissa. egreTve iqmna naTesavsaca amas Sina qarTvelTasa, rameTu ganZRes da iSvebdes da midrkes siZvaTa Sina da mTvralobiTa...~53. erTxel, kaxeTis sofel veliscixeSi, mefem ixila mSvenieri qali, colad miiyvana sasaxleSi. am ukanono colma Sva Ze _ daviTi. èsera usjuloebaTa Sina miudga da codviTa Sina mSva me dedaman Cemman~, mas mematiane `didTa gansacdelTa mefes~ uwodebs. mefem ar ineba kanonieri colis moyvana, rac Zalze aRonebda didebulebsa da eklesias. àmisaTvis Sekribes kaTalikosni, episkoposni da vazirni da moaxsenebdes: àra jer ars, raTa mxevali gesvas da ara coli, viTarca daswers mociquli piri qristesi, pavle: `qorwili wmida ars da sawoli Seuginebeli, xolo msiZvani da memruSeni sajnes RmerTman~54. laSa-giorgim ar Seismina arc kaTalikosTa, arc episkoposTa da arc vazirTa gafrTxileba. amitomac waarTves es qali da Tavissave qmars daubrunes. amis Semdegac ar iqorwina mefem. boroti Cvevebic ar moiSala: `kaTalikosTa orTave da TavadTa amis samefosaTa da umetes ivane aTabagsa, umZimdaT saqme ese, arRara inebes mas Tana samaradiso yofa, aramed ganeSornes da Tavis Tvisad iyofodes~55. (aq sainteresoa erTi ram. rogorc zemoT moyvanilidan Cans, afxazeTis kaTalikosi da qarTlis kaTalikosi (patriarqi), sazogadod, samefo karze imyofebodnen (rogorc mTavrobis wevrebi) _ `kaTalikosTa orTaveSi~ _ aRniSnuli kaTalikosebi igulisxmebian). mware bedi ergo daviT laSas Zes. igi mamamisma gardacvalebisas Tavis das, rusudans, Caabara. àw Segvedreb winaSe RmrTisa, raTa mefe hyoT igi Semdgomad Cemsa. xolo dasa Cemsa rusudans vamcneb winaSe RmrTisa, raTa aRzardos Svili Cemi daviT, xolo raJams eZlos mefoba da mxedroba, romel daviT mefe yos da igi daadgineT mefed~56. laSas Semdeg didebulebma rusudani gaamefes. rusudani kanonieri mefe gaxda. rusudanmac ineba, rom Tavisi Ze daviTi gaemefebina, xolo laSa-giorgis Ze daviTi moeSorebina. is gaagzavna Tavis qaliSvilTan, romelic meuRle iyo mcire aziis erT-erTi mTavrisa - `saberZneTis sulTanisa~. Semdgomi moqmedeba rusudanisa Zalze aRaSfoTebs mematianesa da, Cans, im drois sazogadoebasac. `rameTu amaT JamTa daiviwya SiSi RmrTisa da
848
anderZi Zmisa da fici igi~57, rusudanma SeuTvala Tavis qaliSvils da siZes, rom moeklaT Wabuki daviTi. maT es ar inebes. kvlav SeuTvala, mainc ar ismines, mesamedac SeuTvala, magram uSedegod. amiT gancvifrebulma da guliswyromiT aRvsebulma Svilis dedobrivi siyvarulic daiviwya da miswera Tavis siZes ciliswamebiT savse werili, TiTqosda misi qali, coli sulTnisa hyvarobda laSas Zes. sulTanma daijera, rusudanis asuli sastikad awama, sikvdiliTac daemuqra, Tuki qristianobas ar uaryofda. qalmac uaryo WeSmariti sjuli. yrma daviTi Sei pyres, awames, Semdeg menaveebs Caabares, raTa maT zRvaSi gadaegdoT. Sua zRvaSi gadagdebis win daviTi Seevedra menaveebs, raTa locvis neba miecaT, ubidan amoiRo xati yovladwmida RvTismSoblisa, romelic mudam Tan hqonda da mas sasoebda. is daido pirze, mware cremlebi gadmouSva da Tavisi suli Sehvedra RvTismSobels: `Seivedre suli Cemi, rameTu Sen xar nugeSismcemeli Cemi sioblisa, samaris da miwaSi daflobis Rirsic ki aravin gamxada, aramed TevzTa SesaWmelad, Cemi saflavic ki aravis ecodineba, magram Sens mowyalebaze mindobili viTxov am bolo vedrebisas, mixseni am saSineli satanjvelisagan~. menaveebma gaxades mas samoseli, xatic gamoarTves, lmobierad Seevedra maT, raTa miecaT misTvis yovladwmidis xati, rom Tan hqonoda. Seismines misi, misces xati da Camohkides yelze. wyalSi Cagdebis win erTma menavem RvTis gangebiT da RvTismSoblis vedrebiT mcire ficari misca xelSi da aseve Caagdes zRvaSi. daviTi moexvia ficars, daubera qarma Zlierma, waiRo yrma zRvaSi da male xmeleTisaken gamoagdo. xmeleTTan axlos myofi dainaxa erTma vaWarma da gamoayvanina, Semosa da nugeSi sca. daviTs moarTves saWmeli da cota moRonierda, SimSiliT da wyurviliT Sewuxebuli. vaWarma Seityo misi ambavi, waiyvana saxlSi da sayvareli SviliviT pativs scemda, daviTi iyo vaWarTan 6 Tve. gamJRavnda es saqme. sulTanma kvlav Sei pyro daviTi, Caagdo erT mSral WaSi. aqve iyvnen Cayrili Sxamiani gvelebic. Waze ido lodi, ris gamoc bneloda. daviTs Tan hqonda aRniSnuli xati, riTac dacul iqna, rogorc danieli lomis pirisagan. saqarTvelodan daviTs Tan axlda vinme sosani. man gaTxara mcire xvreli Waze dafarebuli lodis qveS da aqedan awvdida purs, roca iTxovda, wyalsac mcire gudiT awvdida xolme, aseve awvdida sazrdels 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi. daviTs dawolisas gvelebi zed exveodnen, magram aras erCodnen. erTxel ZilSi gadabrunebisas gvels daawva, gvelma mxarze sastikad ukbina. daiWires es gveli sxva gvelebma da SeWames, xolo nakbeni adgili daviTs eniT aulokes da gankurnes. male saqarTvelo umefod darCa, radganac daviT rusudanis Ze monRoleTSi iyo gagzavnili dasamtkiceblad da misi ambavi wlebis manZilze aRaravis smenoda. amitomac Seikribnen qarTveli didebulni, raTa daviT laSas Ze moeZebnaT. maT smenodaT, rom is cocxali iyo, patimrad myofi WaSi imyofeboda gvelebTan.
849
monRolebma neba darTes, raTa moeZebnaT ufliswuli. sulTans aRar egona is cocxali, radganac ukve Svidi weli gasuliyo. gamoiyvanes daviTi, odnavRa edga suli, gayinuli da uZravi ufro mkvdars hgavda. saxis feri gayviTleboda, Tmebi barZayamde gazrdoda. sulTans Seebrala, gaabanina, pativi sca da gamouSva. saqarTveloSi adgilobrivma monRolebma mefoba ver daumtkices da monRoleTSi gagzavnes dasamtkiceblad.
II. alaverdis wmida giorgis xatis saswauli

baTo yaenma didi pativiT gamogzavna mefed damtkicebuli ulu-daviTi saqarTveloSi, sadac mas Seegebnen qarTveli didebulebi TorRva erisTavis garda, romelsac orgulobis gamoCenis gamo eSinoda sikvdiliT dasjisa. mefem TorRvasTan gaagzavna xornabujeli, raTa mas mindoboda mtkice ficiT. TorRvam Tqva: `wavideT alaverds, wmida giorgis winaSe Semomfice da iq miminde~. wavidnen oriveni. TorRva gamoeba alaverdis mTavarmowamis moWedili xatis tansacmlis bolos. movida xornabujelic. iq Sehfica da gamoxsna naskvisagan. am dros TorRvam Tqva: `rasac me gamikeTeb, am wmida giorgim giyos Sen, rameTu martokaci var, Cemi sikvdiliT Cemi mamuli umkvidrod darCeba da aseve umkvidrod aqcios wmida mTavarmowamem Seni saxli, Tu fici gatexo~. wamoiyvana xornabujelma, magram TbilisTan gatexa fici, mefis ucnobelad dedofalma moakvlevina TorRva. xolo Tu rogor gaeca pasuxi xornabujels alaverdis mTavarmowamis mier aRTqmis da ficis gatexvisaTvis, ixileT: hyavda Svili xornabujels, saxelad Salva, sikeTe-aRmatebuli. am Salvasac hyavda Svilebi. maSinve daixocnen, darCa Salva, romelic Semdeg TaTrebma mokles da umemkvidro gaxda maTi saxli. aseTi pasuxi miago alaverdis mTavarmowamem58.
III. metexis RvTismSoblis xatis saswauli

daviT laSas Zes ajanyebis Semdeg urdoSi misvlisas sikvdils eloda. mxurvaled evedreboda RmerTs da yovlad-wmida metexis RvTismSobels, romelzedac mindobili iyo59. da igi mSvidobiT dabrunda saqarTveloSi.
IV. dmanisis RvTismSoblis xatis saswauli

mefe daviTis sibaze wasvlis win muclis tkiviliT (tifiT) daavadda pirmSo mefisa giorgi, romelic savse iyo sikeTe-aRmatebulebiT. ise gaZlierda avadmyofoba, rom is TiTqmis mkvdars daemsgavsa, ido uZravad da suls Rafavda. am mwuxarebisa da uRonobisas gaaxsenda mefes dmanisis RvTismSobe-
850
li da wavida mis winaSe. yvelani fexSiSveli midiodnen, mxurvale cremliT evedrebodnen mas, Seismina maTi vedreba uwmidesma RvTismSobelma, pirze Sexebisas gaaxila Tvalebi da, rogorc janmrTeli, wamojda. ixila es mefem da saqarTvelos yvela mkvidrma da yvelani adidebdnen RmerTs.
V. martyofis xelTuqmneli xatis saswauli

kvlav gaemgzavra mefe sibaze da iq yofnisas dasneulda muclis tkiviliT (tifiT). ver gankurnes mkurnalebma da sawoliT wamoiRes. roca miuaxlovda martyofs, mivida xelTuqmnel xatTan, romelic Tavad gamoisaxa tiloze Tixis (kecis) xatisagan, brZana Semosveneba xatis, evedra cremliT da ganikurna, rogorc sawolze mdebare avadmyofi uflis mier. gamojanmrTelebuli mivida samefo palatebSi. ase cxovrobda, magram siberis Jams ineba moSla saepiskoposo saydrebisa (kaTedrebisa), romelnic arsebobdnen sanatrel mefeTa mier miniWebuli soflebiT. amaT ganscemda, aseve epyroboda monastrebsac60. amitomac sibaze kvlav dasneulebul mefes martyofis xelTuqmneli xatis mier aRar mieniWa Svela61.
VI. wmida Salva axalcixeli

mematiane wers, rom jalaledinTan omisas tyved Cavardnili Salva axalcixeli icnes naxWevnelebma da adarbadaganelebma. igi jalaledinma ar mokla, aramed TavisTan daitova didi pativiT, uboZa adarbadaganis qalaqebi da Tavis TavadTa msgavsad epyroboda. erTi wlis Semdeg mosTxoves sjulis datoveba, qristianobis uaryofa. Sehpirdnen did pativsa da simdidres. Salvam ar irCia am wuTisoflis pativi da ar uaryo saxeli qristesi. sulTani kvlav pirferobiT epyroboda, qristes uaryofis Sesaxeb esaubreboda, mravalferi satanjveliT aSinebda, magram is mtkiced iyo sarwmunoebaze62. `ganarisxa ukue mZlavri kadnierebisagan qristes mxedarisaman da ganakvirva uSiSrad migebebaman misgan da sircxvilad hracxda Tvisis mefobisad ese gvars kadnierebas, vinaica brZana ganSiSvlebad pativisagan Salva samoselTaganca da gvemad uwyalad~. mravali tanjvis Semdeg sastiki sikvdiliT mokles Salva. igi mowameobis gvirgviniT Semkuli aRvida qristes winaSe63.
VII. sionis wmida xatebis saswauli

aranaklebi Tavdadeba qristesaTvis aCvenes qarTvelebma Tbilisis aRebisas. aq wmida mowamis gvirgviniT Seimko 100 000 Tbiliseli. jalaledinis
851
laSqari gars Semoadga Tbiliss. qarTvelTa spa gavida qalaqidan, SeebrZola mters, brwyinvale gamarjveba aCvenes qarTvelebma. im Rames Tbiliselma sparselebma RalatiT kari gauRes mters. ìyvnes ukue qalaqsa Sina tfiliss kacni mkvidrni naTesaviT sparsni, Tu ukue CemebiT qriste qmnilni~, _ wers anton kaTalikosi64. am, viTomda qristianebs, `ganZis~ kari gauRiaT mtrisaTvis. Seiqmna qalaqSi omi. RalatiT mokla erTma sparselma memna bocos Ze. qalaqis mcvelni isnis cixeSi Sevidnen. mterma mZvinvared daiwyo qalaqelTa mospoba, dedebs ZuZudan glejdnen Cvilebs, aitacebdnen da dedis win qvaze anarcxebdnen ise, rom bavSvebs Tvalebi scviodaT, zogi tvins anTxevda, Semdeg dedebsac xocavdnen. moxucebs folorcebSi (quCaSi) cxenebiT Telavdnen, Wabukebs xocavdnen, sisxlis mdinareni dioda. yviriliT, ZaxiliT, sazareli vaebis xmiT ibrZoda qalaqi, xalxis umravlesoba, rogorc cxvrebi, erTad Seikriba. uyurebdnen sayvarel Svilebs, Zmebs, mamebs da qmrebs, upatronod quCaSi dayrilT. eklesiebi Seuracxyofil iqna, patiosani mRvdlebi eklesiebSi, xatebsa da jvrebTan erTad Seimusrnen, daixocnen. esec ar ikmara sulTanma, Tumca ki qristiani mkvdrebiT iyo savse quCebi, xramebi da borcvebi. moifiqra sxva siborotec, romlis xsenebac ki samarcxvinod miaCnia mematianes65. ikadra da sionis gumbaTi moaxsnevina, zed aaSenebina bilwi dasajdomeli da grZeli asasvleli xidic gaadebina. esec ineba, rom sionis xati uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi da RvTismSoblisa moayvanina da xidis SesasvlelTan daadebina piraRma. amis Semdeg brZana Sepyrobili qristianebis, qalebisa da kacebis moyvana, aZalebdnen daeTrgunaT patiosani xatebi da daetovebinaT rjuli, xolo Tu ase ar moiqceodnen, Tavebs aWridnen. mravalma maTganma brwyinvale Tavdadeba gamoiCina, ar Seuracxyves wmida xatebi da ar dauteves rjuli. uamravma qalma da kacma aCvena axovaneba (siZliere) sulisa da miiRes gvirgvini wamebisa. safiqrebelia, asiaTass miaRwia daxocilTa ricxvma66. qristesaTvis, sarwmunoebisaTvis es Tavdadeba ase Seafases mematianeebma: àqa brwyinvale Zleva aCvenes qarTvelTa da wamebis didebiTa ididnes~, e.i. marTalia, laSqari mterma daamarcxa, qalaqi aiRo, mosaxleoba sastiki tanjviT gaanadgura, magram miuxedavad amisa, ki ar damarcxdnen, aramed `brwyinvale Zleva~, e.i. brwyinvale gamarjveba àCvenes qarTvelTao~, wers mematiane. omSi damarcxebul qarTvelebs mtrebze gaumarjviaT imiT, rom `mravali wamebis didebiT idides~. Tavis mxriv, arc ufalma miatova Tavisi samwyso, qarTveli eri da exmareboda gasaWirSi.
852
VIII. yovladwmida RvTismSoblis didi gamocxadeba

ai, rogor aRwers mematiane RvTismSoblis mfarvelobas. cnobilia, rom alamuTis cixis aReba monRolebs gauWirdaT da Svid wels abrZolebdnen iq qarTvelTa laSqars. almuTis mepatrone mulidebi cnobilni iyvnen, rogorc kacis mi parviT mkvlelni. erTxelac, erTma mulidma monRolTa noini CaRata mokla. monRolebma misi mokvla qarTvelebs daabrales da maTken daiZrnen. qarTvelma warCinebulebma Seibrales qarTveli molaSqreni. amitomac ar SeebrZolnen monRolebs, `Tu ar SevebrZolebiT, marto Cven, warCinebulebs dagvxocaven da qarTvelebis umravlesoba amiT gadarCeba, xolo Tu SevebrZolebiT, yvelas amogvxocaveno, `garna Sevrdoma RmrTisa jer ars, rameTu aravin ars mxsneli Cveni, Tvinier ieso qriste Ze RmrTisa da yovladwmida mSobeli misi, maradis qalwuli mariam, romeli maradis mcveli ars mosavTa Zisa misisaTa da umetes Cven qristianeTa~67. qarTvelebma uklebliv sam-samjer moidrikes muxli da RvTismSobels Seevedrnen locviT: `mowyalebisa kari gangviRe kurTxeulo RmrTismSobelo, raTa romelni ese Sen gesavT, ara davecneT, aramed ganverneT winaaRmdgomTa mterTagan, rameTu Sen xar cxovreba naTesavisa qristianeTasa~. am locvis dasrulebisas, roca moaxloebuli iyvnen barbarosebi qarTvelTa uwyalod mosaspobad, maSin gamovida kaci lerwmovanebidan, eWira amowvdili laxvari, sisxliT SeRebili. laxvari zeviT aRmarTa da xmamaRla daiyvira: `man quStem CaRata~ _ me movkal CaRatao. TaTrebi gaekidnen dasaWerad. man lerwmovanSi Seaswro da daimala. male cecxlmokidebuli lerwmovanidan mulidi gamoiyvanes. hkiTxes, Tu rogor mokla CaRata, razec upasuxa: `me var mulidTa Soris saCino, mulidTa Tavadebis davalebiT movkal da davimale~. isini SeekiTxnen: `ra iyo mizezi samalavidan Seni gamosvlisa da xmamaRla yvirilisa, rom Sen mokal noini?~ man upasuxa: `xSir lerwmovanSi davimale, myis movida viRac siturfiT aRmatebuli dedakaci da miTxra: ès ra hqmen, kaco? mokal kaci da daimale, axla mraval suls moklaven Seni mizeziT da isini udanaSaulod amowydebian~ da me vuTxar: `ra vqna, dedofalo?~ man miTxra: àdeq da gamomyevi, midi da Tqvi, rom Sen mokali is kaci da gadaarCine uricxvi suli sikvdils~, xolo me swrafad avdeqi da gavyevi, momiyvana Tqven win, rogorc ki daviZaxe da daminaxeT, maSinve gauCinarda da ar vici, saidan iyo mosuli~. èsreT ixsna eri Tvisi yovladwmidaman RmrTismSobelman... iqmna mswrafli da anasdaTi xsna qristianeTa yovladwmidisa RmrTismSobelisa mier. garna vin-me SeuZlos didebismetyvelebisa mier samadlobeli Sesxma sakvirvelebisa amisaTvis~. ufali mudam icavda qarTvelebs qristes mterTan brZolisas, magram TviT qarTvelebSi gamravlda codvebi, saeklesio qonebis _ saepiskoposoebisa da monasterTa xelyofac ikadres, amitomac sasjeli miiRes.
853
IX. awyuris xelTuqmneli xatis Zala

`mTavarTa iwyes xelis Sexebad saydarTa da monasterTa da iwyes mitacebad sofelTa da agarakTa, umetes mesxTa saydarsa zeda didebulsa awyverisasa. da Ra Tu amaT uwesobaTa didad amxilebda nikoloz kaTalikosi da nikoloz mawyvereli juanSeris Ze, garna aravin yurad iRebda sityvaTa maTsa~68. vnebis kviris oTxSabaTs mZafrad SeiZra qveyana, iZroda TiTqmis yoveldRe. kviras, aRdgomis dRes, roca yvelani elodnen sixaruls, safuZvliTurT SeiZra qveyana, saydrebi da monastrebi, eklesiebi, cixeebi, saxlebi, nagebobani mooxrdnen, maRali mTebi da borcvebi Camoingrnen, kldeebi mtvris saxed daiSalnen, miwa gai po da kupriviT Savma wyalma amoxeTqa. awyuris saydari daiqca, gumbaTi Camovarda da, rogorc qudi, ise zed daexura awyuris yovladwmida xats, romelic, litaniobis dros Sesvenebuli, Sua saydarSi esvena. xati uvneblad gadarCa Tavisive Zalis gamo. miwisZvram mTel saqarTveloSi uamravi suli gawyvita, dauqceveli aRaraferi gadarCa69.
X. RvTismSoblis gafrTxileba
mefe dimitrim sami coli moiyvana msgavsad monRoli warmarTebisa: ùricxvTa keTilTa mier aRvsebuli mcired siboroted midrka, romlisaTvisca nikoloz kaTalikosi ganrisxebuli uTqmidave da amxilebda mravlad da ver arwmuna. amisTvis dauteva kaTalikosoba~70. amis Semdeg RvTismSoblis gamocxadebiT mivida basil monazoni, amxelda mefis uweso qorwinebas, magram uSedegod. maSin man uTxra, rom yovladwmida RvTismSoblis mier var warmovlinebuli, Tu ar ganeyenebi uweso qorwinebisagan da ar Seismen Cems sityvebs, mokvdebi mZlavrTa mier, CamogerTmeva mefoba da simdidre, Seni Svilebi ganibnevian, sxvas miecema mefoba Seni. marTlac, mefe dimitrim Tavi dado Tavisi erisaTvis da is mokles. winaswarmetyveleba srulad aRsrulda. dimitri mefis damsjeli arRuni ramdenime wlis Semdeg avadmyofobiT dauZlurebuli daaxrCves imave dResa (12 marts) da saaTze, rodesac mokles mefe dimitri.
XI. wmida saxarebis gavrceleba

aseT sastik dros qarTveli samRvdeloeba araTu saqarTveloSi icavda qristianobas, aramed mis farglebs gareTac ki avrcelebda. qarTveli misionerebi kavkasiis mTianeTSi _ daRestanSi qadagebdnen wmida saxarebas. aseTi iyo pimen salosi, romelic `garesjiT warmovida da daemkvidra belaqans, qvabsa rasme, romelman naTesavi lekTa warmarTobisagan moaqcivna, romelni hgian sarwmunoebasa qristesa. amas Tana brwyinvida didica igi moRvawe antoni naoxrebelis Ze, naTesaviT mesxi~71.
854
XII. varZiis RvTismSoblis saswauli

deda RvTisa icavda Tavis monastrebs. roca mteri varZiis RvTismSoblis monastris asaoxreblad da misi simdidris misataceblad gamoemarTa, `mexdatexil iqmna da gangala mexman sruliad da daiwva ZvaliTurT, esreT sakvirvelebiTa daicva samyofi Tvisi varZiisa RmrTismSobelman~72.
XIII. RvTis wyaloba

samcxis mTavris, beqas ojaxi didad RvTismoSiSi iyo, did pativs scemda samRvdeloebas, episkoposebs, monazvnebs, misi saxli avsebuli iyo xucebiTa da monazvnebiT: àmas Tana aqvnda Sewynarebuloba obol-qvrivTa da davrdomilTa. xolo saxlsa missa ar daakldeboda sam-sami locva. amisTvisca warumarTa RmerTman dReni cxovrebisa misisani, mterTa Zlevasa, mSvidobasa da dawynarebasa miicvala~73. erTxel, mesxeTSi Turqebis SemoWrisas, beqam Sekriba samcxisa da SavSeT-klarjeTis warCinebulebi da mimarTa maT sityviT: ìsmineT, mTavarno saqarTvelosano, Zmano da TanamonaTesaveno Cemno, sityva Cemi! didman da saxelovanman mefeman daviT dasca da daamxo Zliereba TurqTa naTesavisa da aotna samefosagan misisa, mier JamiTgan aqamomde arRara Cenil arian Turqni. aw codvaTa CvenTaTvis kvalad aRiZrnes mZvinvared da moaoxres tao da uricxvi suli tyve yves da moswyvides piriTa maxvilisaTa, eklesiani dasces da siwmideni Seagines da kvalad gamzadebul arian borotis yofad qristianeTa da mooxrebad, vinaTgan mefe Semcirebul ars mZlavrebisagan TaTarTasa da kvalad pirni da Tavni saqarTvelosani gandgomilan da aravin ars winaaRmdgom TurqTa. aw ismineT Cemi, tomno da erT-nebano! SevkrbeT yovliTa ZaliTa CveniTa da mivmarToT TurqTa da ara mivscneT Tavni da Svilni Cvenni~74 (vai, rom sul ramdenime saukunis Semdeg mesxeTis qarTveloba Tavad gaTaTrda da XX saukuneSi maTma STamomavlobam `Turqebadac~ ki gamoacxades TavianTi Tavi). beqas mowodeba _ `davdvaT Tavi Cveni sjulisa SeugineblobisaTvis da ZmaTa CvenTaTvis, ueWvelad RmerTi mogvaniWebs cxovrebasa~, _ aitaca SemoWril TurqTa sisastikiT aRSfoTebulma qarTvelobam. RmerTma maT gaamarjvebina mravalgzis. erT-erTi SebrZolebisas sargisma 500 mesxi meomriT 30 000 Turqi sastikad daamarcxa, 513 molaSqre dauxoca: `moxedna RmerTman wyalobiT mosavTa jvarisaTa, rameTu gansakvirvebel ars smenad, romel egodensa wyobasa Sina ara moikla beqas laSqarSi xuTTa kacTa kide~75. beqa iyo monasterTa da eklesiaTa mSenebeli, monazonTa da moweseTa pativismcemeli, ar daakldeboda xolme ciskris, samxrisa da mwuxris locvas, arc laSqari daakldeboda am locvebs. àmisaTvis umarjvebda RmerTi~76.
855
XIV. Tavdadeba qristesaTvis

qarTvelebi erTsulovan mzadyofnas iCendnen qristianobis mterTa winaaRmdeg. mzad iyvnen Tavis Sesawiravad sarwmunoebisaTvis. amis magaliTia mefe vaxtangis sityva, romliTac man mimarTa qarTvelobas qristianobis moZule mtris Sesaxeb: `kacno, Zmano da erT-rjulno da qristes RmrTisa WeSmaritad aRmsarebelno! uwyiT sjuli mamaTa mier, da gasmies qadageba wmidaTa mociqulTa, da uwyiT Rvawlni da axovnebani mowameTani da gixilvan TvaliTa TqveniTa taZarsa Sina maTsa uricxvni saswaulni da gasmies saxarebasa Sina utyuelisa pirisa, viTarmed: `romelman aRmiaros me winaSe kacTa, meca aRviaro igi winaSe mamisa Cemis zecaTasa~ da kvalad: `movediT Cemda yovelni maSvralni da tvirTmZimeni da me gangisveno Tqven~, da aw nu SesZrwundebiT da warvideT yaenis winaSe, da davdvaT suli Cveni misTvis, romelman dadva suli Tvisi CvenTvis. pirvelad Cven mivscneT Tavni Cvenni sikvdilad, mere iyavn neba RmrTisa da man daicvas samwyso Tvisi~77.
856
T a v i XI I
qarTuli eklesia XIV saukuneSi
è h a , m a m u l o ! Senis trfobis Zalsa RvTiursa r a d a u d ge b a? k l d i s s i m a gr e s a Z l e v u Z l u r s a ...~

ilia marTali

qveynis zogadi mdgomareoba XIV saukuneSi
857
ufalma mowyalebis TvaliT moxeda saqarTvelos, mouvlina mefe giorgi V brwyinvale, romelmac ucxo Teslisagan ixsna Tavisi qveyana. saqarTvelo gaTavisuflda, gaerTianda. TaTrebisa da osebis gaZevebis Semdeg aRdga wesrigi da Sinagani mSvidobianoba. saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo krebam mTianeTs samarTlis wigni `Zeglis dadeba~ Seudgina. saxelmwifo weswyobileba ganmtkicda, ekonomika moRonierda. moiWra axali qarTuli fuli `giorgauli TeTri~. swored yovelive amis Semdeg SeZlo qarTvelma erma gamklaveboda sastik da borot mters, Temur lengs. giorgi V-is Semdeg erTiani da mtkice saqarTvelo SedarebiT mSvidobiT cxovrobda 40-ode weli. saukunis bolos Semoseul mters qarTvelma xalxma samamulo omi gamoucxada, romelic mcire SesvenebebiT 17 weli gagrZelda. es iyo sarwmunoebrivi omic. mters qristianobis aRmofxvra ewada, magram sabolood man scno qristianuli qarTuli saxelmwifo, iZulebuli gaxda, Serigeboda mis arsebobas. es iyo qarTveli xalxis didi gamarjveba, Tumca ki saqarTvelo didad dazaralda.
mefe giorgi brwyinvale

batoniSvili vaxuSti wers: `dajda mefed giorgi, Ze dimitri mefisa Tavdadebulisa, da daiwyo mTiebman aRmobrwyinvebad. xolo me enasa ver Zal - mics sakvirvelebaTa da saSinelebaTa Tqmad, Tu raoden Suenierad da gonierad ganagebda...~1. giorgi brwyinvalem (1314-1346), sruliad saqarTvelos mefem, dasavleTi, samxreTi (mesxeTi) da aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo Sekriba Tavisi skiptris qveS. àman brwyinvaleman giorgi daipyra saqarTveloni: somxiTi, her-kaxni, qarTli, mesxni, tao, SavS-klarjni da vidre speradmde da zRvamde~2. JamTaaRmwerlis TqmiT, giorgi brwyinvale `gandidna umetes SemdgomTa mefeTa, rameTu marto iyo Ze dedisa, marto Sva dedaman, viTarca margalitisTvis Tqmul ars martoeba umjobesisaTvis, egreTve giorgi ipova umjobesi yovelTa kacTa mis JamisaTa, ara oden xelmwifeTa, aramed yovelTa kacTa~. pirvel rigSi, mefem mesxeTi (samcxe-klarjeTi) Semoimtkica (monRolTa TanxmobiT), Tumca ki Tavis saxelmwifoSi ar SeeZlo didebulebisa da erisTavebis Secvla (`...didebulni da erisTavni ver scvalna Jamamdin ridiTa yeinisaTa~)3. Semdeg qveynis sazRvrebidan osebi gaaZeva, romelTac adgil-adgil dabebi da cixeebi eWiraT. àman mefeman gansaxna ZlierebiTa TvisiTa da waruxvna cixeni da dabnebi. merme Sevida da Semusrna kavkassa Sina myofni, urCni mosrna da daimorCilna da moxarke hyvna yovelni igini da daamSvida qarTli ovsTagan, vinaTgan gzani yovelni TviT daipyrna~4.
858
Cans, osebi monRolebisagan veRar Zlierdebian, rogorc wina mefeebis dros. monRolebi giorgi mefisadmi kargad iyvnen ganwyobilni. mefem kavkasiis uReltexilebic TviTon daiWira da kavkasiaSi yoveli mowinaaRmdegeni Semusra. amiT mters qarTlSi Semosasvleli gzebi moeWra da qveyanam moisvena. osebis qarTlidan gaZeveba iyo niSani monRolTa batonobis Sesustebisa. male TviT monRol xelisufalTa Soris sastiki omebi daiwyo, maTi saxelmwifos erToba moispo da qveyana daiSala. amiT isargebla mefe giorgim: `maSin ica Jami brwyinvale giorgi mefemanca da ganasxna TaTarni saqarTvelosagan, romelnime gonierebiTa, romelnime brZoliTa da ZlierebiTa da mospna yovelni sazRvarTagan TvisTa~5. saqarTvelo monRolTa batonobisagan ganTavisuflda. es saqarTvelos saxelmwifos siZlierezec miuTiTebs, radganac sxva qveynebi da erebi monRolebs amis Semdegac damonebuli hyavdaT. erisTavebi, romlebic gandidebulni iyvnen monRolTa mier (mefis xelisuflebis damcrobis mizniT da romelTa Secvlis nebasac monRolebi ar iZleodnen), giorgi mefem Sekriba viTomda `sadarbazod~ da daaxocina. es moxda `civsa zeda hereTisasa~, amis Semdeg `daadginna yovelTa adgilTa warvlinebulni erisTavni Tvisni morCilebisani da daipyrna amiT umetes yovelni~6. am gziT mefem SeZlo daubrkoleblad emarTa saxelmwifo Tavis `nebisaebr~. gaZlierebulma mefem ineba aRedgina saqarTvelo Tavis Zvel sazRvrebSi. rogorc cnobilia, sasazRvro punqtebad nikofsia da darubandi iTvleboda. mefem jer darubandis mimarTulebiT Semoimtkica rani. `veravin winaaRudga da munidam Sevida Sirvans da daimorCilna iginica da moxarke hyvna darubandamde qurdis lekiTurT. Semdgomad moiqca tfiliss ganZlierebuli~. Semdeg mefem ineba dasavleT saqarTvelos Semomtkiceba. is amis Sesaxeb moeTaTbira iqaur mosaxleobas. èzraxa imerTao~, wers mematiane. `...gardavlo mTa lixisa spiTa da amisi mxilvelni imerni yovelni moerTodnen sixaruliTa. aRixvna yovelni cixeni da qalaqni da simagreni imereTisani brwyinvaleman mefeman giorgi~7. es, vaxuStis mixedviT, momxdara 1330 wels. àmisi mxilvelni dadiani mamia da gurieli da svanTa erisTavi da afxazeTisa ServaSiZe moerTnen niWiTa didiTa, da dauloces mefoba imereTisa da yovlisa giorgiisa, merme STavida odiSs, munidam afxazeTs, ganagna muneburni da dai pyra cixeni Tvisad... ukumoiqca, Semovlo guria, ganagna muneburni da movida samcxes... dasxna erisTavni Tvisni klarjeTs, spers, kalmaxs, artanujs da samcxes. artanisa da wundisa... ganagna muneburni, viTarca keTilman xuroTmoZRvarman yovelnive da warmovida da movida tfiliss~8. es momxdara 1334 wels. aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis sazRvrebis Semomtkicebis Semdeg mefem izruna CrdiloeTis sazRvrebis ganmtkicebisaTvis: `romlisaTvisca Semokribna spani, Semovida da daimorCilna yovelni umetes pirvelisa kavkassa Sina
859
myofni. xolo munidan Camovlo cxrazmasa zeda, movida muxrans da Camoiyvanna mun, romelni kavkasiasa Sina qristianeni iyvnen Tavni maTni da xevisberni. Semovida tfiliss da Semoitanna iginica da ganuCina maT samarTali da wesni dausxna wigniT, raTa hyofdnen waRmarT egreT~9. amis Semdeg man kidev ufro metad daimorCila rani, movakani, somxeTi: `...da maradis moscemdian xarksa da arcaRa iyvnen TaTarni sabrZaneblisa missa. xolo vinaiTgan daimorCilna da daimonna yoveli giorgia nebasa Sina Tvissa da kavkasnica morCilebasa missa iyvnen nikofsiidam darubandamde~10. giorgi brwyinvales uyuradRebod arc saeklesio saqmeebi dautovebia. am mizniT man Semoikriba qarTlisa da afxazeTis kaTalikosebi, episkoposebi sruliad saqarTvelosi. maT miaRebina Sesabamisi dadgenilebani: `Semokribna kaTalikozni da episkopozni iveriisani da ganaaxlnes wesni da rigni saeklesioni da samRvdeloni ganmarTnes da daadginnes moweseni wessa zeda Tvissa da uwesurni ganhkveTnes~11. mefe giorgis `brwyinvale~ imitom ewoda, _ wers vaxuSti, rom iyo haerovnebiT, mSvenierebiT da axovanebiT uebro, mowyale, uxvi, obolTa, qvrivTa da davrdomilTa Semwynarebeli. garda amisa, iveria _ saqarTvelo dafantuli, samTavroebad dayofili, mefem Tavisi sibrZne _ gonierebiT, ZlierebiT kvlav Sekriba, da msgavsad aRmaSeneblisa, aRavso da aRaSena qveyana, rjuli da samoqalaqo wesebi gaabrwyina, darbeuli da mooxrebuli eklesiebi aRaSena, ganaaxla da gananaTla. xolo rani, Sarvani, movakani Tavis moxarkeebad aqcia, sZlia yvelas, sadac umjobesi iyo brZoliTa da ZlierebiT, xolo sadac sjobda sibrZne-gonierebiT, mecnierebiT daamSvida. giorgi brwyinvale keTili mefobiT mefobda 28 weli, gardaicvala TbilisSi 1346 wels12. giorgi mefes didi saerTaSoriso avtoriteti hqonda da man Tavisi avtoriteti gamoiyena qarTuli eklesiis uflebebis aRdgenisaTvis. kerZod, es Seexo ierusalimSi qarTuli eklesiis uflebebis dacvas. `me-14 s-is pirveli naxevris arabi mwerlis el-omaris mowmobiT, giorgi brwyinvale qristian mefeTa Soris usaxelovanesad iTvleboda. egvi ptis sulTnebi giorgi brwyinvalisadmi warmogzavnil TavianT epistoleebSi mas musulmanTa megobarsac ki uwodeben. es friad sagulisxmo garemoebaa~13. egviptis sulTnebi ki im dros ierusalimsa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis wmida adgilebs flobdnen. `warsulSi qristianeTa mTavar salocav adgilebSi qarTvelebs yovelgan sapatio adgili ekavaT da TavianTi eklesiamonastrebi hqondaT. ukve me-12 s-Si qarTvelebma, proxores TaosnobiT jvris monasteri aages. daviT aRmaSenebelma sinas mTis is adgilic daikava, sadac ebraelTa gadmocemiT, RmerTi mose winaswarmetyvels esaubreboda da aTi mcneba misca. sinas naxevarkunZulis am yvelaze umaRles mTaze man saucxoo eklesia aagebina qarTuli wirva-locviT. es mTel maxlobel aRmosavleTSi da dasavleTis qristian xalxTa Soris saqarTvelos politikur saxelganTqmulobasac uwyobda xels.
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saqarTvelos politikuri Zlierebis SeryevisTanave qarTvelebis mdgomareoba palestinaSic Zalze gauaresda, qristianeTaTvis iseTi mniSvnelovani salocavi, rogoradac maSin jvris monasteri iyo miCneuli, CamoarTves. qarTvelebis gulis mosaklavad da Tavmoyvareobis Sesalaxavad, CamorTmeuli mizgiTadac ki aqcies~14. giorgi mefem izruna ierusalimSi qarTvelTa da, saerTod, qristianobis Seviwroebuli mdgomareobidan daxsnisaTvis. ierusalimis jvris monastris Sesaxeb unda iTqvas, rom iqidan qarTveli berebi me-13 saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi gamoaZeves mahmadianebma da mizgiTad aqcies. es unda momxdariyo 1273 wels15. `mamluqTa am Zalmomreobis msxverpli gaxda jvris monastris winamZRvari (1270-1273) luka ierusalimeli (muxas Ze _ abaSiZe), romelic jvris dacvas Seewira. rogorc mkvlevarni varaudoben, 1305 wlisaTvis qarTvelebma mefe daviT VIII-is (12931311) meSveobiT SeZles jvris monastris gaTavisufleba `sarkinozTagan~ (mamluqTagan). ierusalimis berZnuli patriarqatis oficialuri cnobiTac, qarTvelebs 1308 wlisaTvis ukve dabrunebuli aqvT jvris monasteri, da garda amisa, maT uflebebi mopovebuli aqvT golgoTazec~16. daviT VIII-m da imereTis mefem, konstantine I-ma didad izrunes jvris monastris SekeTebaganaxlebis, `meored aSenebisa~ da àxlad SekazmisaTvis~. miCneulia, rom jvris monasteri giorgi brwyinvalis dros qarTvelebs dabrunebuli hqondaT (daviT VIII-is mier), magram sazrunavi bevri rCeboda. magaliTad, qristes àRdgomis~ eklesia, `golgoTa~ da qristes `saflavi~ (erTi samonastro kompleqsi) kvlav egvi ptelebs epyraT~17. giorgi mefes orjer gaugzavnia elCebi egvi ptis sulTanTan 1316 da 1320 wlebSi. `Zegli erisTavTas~ avtori mogviTxrobs: àmas Jamsa movida ambavi: kliteni ierusalimisani sparsTa dai pyreso, da didad Sewuxda mefe giorgi. maSin wargzavna Ze Salva erisTavisaA, romelsa erqva pi paA, gzasa xmelTasa mravliTa ZRveniTa winaSe nisrelisa ... xolo man sixaruliT Seiwynara ZRveni igi da miscna kliteni ierusalimisani. mivida pi paA zeda saflavsa qristessa da SeemTxva, Jami awirvina, eziara ... moilocna wmidani adgilni, da Sekribna nawilni wmindaTani da xatni Svenierni da warmovida masve gzasa xmeliT da movida winaSe mefisa da moiRo ierlayi SewyalebisaA da aRsrulebaA yovlisa saTxovlisa misisa. friad ganixara giorgi mefeman, rameTu moecnes kliteni qarTvelTa18... aq unda igulisxmebodes ara marto qristes saflavis salocavis klite, aramed aRdgomis eklesiis mTeli kompleqsisa, romelSic Sedis qristes saflavic (aRdgomis eklesia, golgoTa da qristes saflavi erTi Sekruli kompleqsia)~19. 1331-1341 wlebSi ierusalimSi myofi ucxoeli mogzauri aRniSnavs, rom qristes saflavis salocavis klite xelT aqvT qarTvelebs da kenWsac ki aravis aZleven saflavidano20. qristes saflavis klite qarTvelTa xelSi yofila XV saukunis Sua wlebamde, sanam franciskanelebma ar CamoarTves.
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XIV saukuneSi monasterSi kvlav gaCaRebula SemoqmedebiTi muSaoba. Seiqmna originaluri qarTuli Txzulebani: luka ierusalimelisa da nikoloz dvalis martvilobani, adgendnen krebulebs, agrovebdnen xelnawerebs21. giorgi brwyinvales egvi ptis sulTanma sxva Txovnac Seusrula _ gaauqma qristianTa dasamcireblad SemoRebuli wesi cxenze qalurad jdomisa (erT mxares fexebdaSvebulad). yvela qristians neba mieca Cveulebriv mjdariyvnen cxen-saxedrebze. XV saukuneSic ìerusalimSi salocavad Sesvlis dros qarTvelebi sazeimod morTul-mokazmul cxenebsa da aqlemebze isxdnen da gaSlil-afrialebuli erovnuli droSebiT Tavisuflad Sediodnen qalaqSi ... qarTvel mlocvelTa dasacavad da maTi uSiSroebis uzrunvelyofisTvis qarTvelTa jvris monasterTan sagangebo arabi moxele imyofeboda xolme~22. cxadia, yovelive es pativi giorgi brwyinvalis Rvawlis Sedegic iyo. XIV saukuneSi qarTvelebs petriwonis monasteric (bulgareTSi) mtkiced epyraT. am dros iq jer kidev arsebobda qarTulenovani seminaria, romelic monastrisaTvis monazvnebs amzadebda23. giorgi brwyinvale iRvwoda, raTa kvlav aRedgina saqarTvelos saxelmwifos gavlena trapizonis sakeisroSi. àmrigad, giorgi brwyinvalis brZnuli politikis wyalobiT saqarTvelo marto politikurad ki ar gajansaRda da saxelmwifoebrivadac gamagrda, aramed ekonomiuradac moRoniereba daiwyo da qonebrivadac dovlaTianoba daetyo. es garemoeba saqarTvelos dedaqalaqsac damCnevia. romis papi ioane XXII-is 1328 w. da 1329 w. dawerili epistoleebidan Cans, rom tfilisi im drosac saukeTeso ermravali da mdidari, Tanac SesaniSnavi iyo~24. giorgi brwyinvalis mier aRorZinebuli saqarTvelosaTvis mtris Semosevebze metad damangreveli iyo qarTvelTa erovnuli TviTSemecnebis gasaocari daknineba, rac me-13 saukuneSi, monRolobisas dawyebula. erovnuli TviTSemecnebis daknineba iyo mizezi saqarTvelos daSlisa. amitomac ibrZoda giorgi brwyinvale qarTul tomTa Soris mSvidobis Camosagdebad, aZlevda maT samoqalaqo cxovrebis kanonebs. kerZod, man didad iRvawa mTieli tomebis, dvalebisa da Jamurelebis dawynarebisaTvis. `Tu am SemTxvevaSic _ ki, roca saqarTvelos samefos saWeTmpyrobelad iseTi energiuli da Zlieri mmarTveli iyo, giorgi brwyinvale, SesaZlebeli yofila iseTi samwuxaro SemTxveva momxdariyo, rom or moZme qarTul toms Soris, rogorc SemdgomSi davrwmundebiT, SuriT gamowveuli mtroba daiwyo da erTmaneTis daundobeli xocva-JletiT damTavrda, advili warmosadgenia, Tu ra saSineleba unda yofiliyo imaze uwinares xanaSi, rodesac saxelmwifo xelisufleba uZluri iyo da qveynis aSlilobas bolo ar uCanda~25. (aq yuradRebas iqcevs is faqti, rom ivane javaxiSvils dvalebi ara gaqarTvelebul tomad miaCnia, aramed qarTvelebad. ufro metic, dvalebi Jamurelebis (anu qarTveli mTielebis) sisxliT monaTesave tomad miaCnia da wers maT Sesaxeb, rogorc òr moZme qarTul tomis~ Sesaxeb).
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qarTvelTa kulturuli daqveiTebis (da imis Sedegad erovnuli TviTSemecnebis dakninebis) mizezad iv. javaxiSvils miaCnia `monRolTagan SemoRebuli veluri pirobebis gavlena~26. swored erovnuli TviTSemecnebis daknineba iyo mizezi saqarTvelos erTianobis mospobisa Semdeg saukuneebSi da qarTvelTa asimilaciisa sxvadasxva mezobel xalxebSi (gaTaTreba, gafrangeba, gasomxeba, gaafxazeba, galekeba da gaoseba).
Cvidmetwliani samamulo omi

Temur-lengis Semosevamde saqarTvelo SedarebiT mSvidad da dawynarebulad cxovrobda. qveyana erTiani iyo, Tavisufali. qarTuli saxelmwifo faqtobrivad mTel amierkavkasias moicavda. sakuTriv saqarTvelos sazRvari aRmosavleTiT TeTrwyalze gadioda. saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi Zveleburadve Sedioda somxeTi (araratis somxeTi: anisi, dvini da sxva). dasavleTiT, rogorc iTqva, sazRvari miuyveboda Sav zRvas nikofsiidan speramde. aRmosavleTiT rani, yarabaRi da Sarvani lekebiTurT `kvalad moxarked aqvnda da arRara iyo winaaRmdeg da urCi misi~. aseTive damokidebulebaSi iyvnen qarTuli saxelmwifos mimarT kavkasiuri tomebic (osebi, durZukRunZni da sxva), saqarTvelos gavlenis sferoebad aseve rCebodnen trapizonis samefo da Saharmenis sasulTno27. ase iyo ara marto giorgi brwyinvalis dros, aramed misi memkvidreebis, saqarTvelos mefeebis _ daviT VII-is (1346-1360) da bagrat V-is (1360-1393) drosac. swored bagratis mefobis dros Semoesia Temur-lengi saqarTvelos. marTalia, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos TiTqmis mTeli kavkasia eWira Tavisi kontrolis qveS, magram is Temuris saxelmwifosTan SedarebiT umniSvnelo iyo. Temur-lengma xangrZlivi dapyrobiTi omebis Sedegad Seqmna uzarmazari saxelmwifo, romelic aRmosavleTiT CineTis did kedlamde iyo gadaWimuli, CrdiloeTiT _ centralur ruseTamde, dasavleTiT _ xmelTaSua zRvamde da egviptemde28. miuxedavad amisa, Temur-lengs gauWirda saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg brZola da faqtobrivad verc SeZlo misi dapyroba, Tumca ki sastikad gaanadgura. sabolood mravalwliani omi am or did saxelmwifos Soris zaviT damTavrda. `1386-1403 wlebs Soris Temur-lengi 8-jer Semoesia saqarTvelos _ 1386, 1387, 1394 (orjer), 1399, 1400, 1402 da 1403 wlebSi. am Semosevebis dros dampyrobelTa risxvas ver gadaurCa saqarTvelos verc erTi kuTxe, zogi darbeuli, aklebuli da aoxrebuli iqna ramdenimejer. miuxedavad yovelive amisa, Temur-lengma vera da ver gastexa mamulisa da sjulisaTvis mebrZoli xalxis nebisyofa da bolos da bolos iZulebuli Seiqmna Serigeboda Tavisi politikis marcxs. amaze metyvelebs 1403 wels giorgi mefesTan dadebuli sazavo xelSekruleba, romelic oficialurad aRiarebda saqarTve-
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los, rogorc qristianuli samefos arsebobas. es iyo qarTveli xalxis udidesi gamarjveba Temur-lengis urdoebze, mopovebuli uzarmazari materialuri zaralisa da adamianTa auracxeli msxverplis fasad~29. im raodenobiT mebrZoli Zalis gamoyvana, ramdenic Temur-lengs hyavda, saqarTvelos ar SeeZlo. `saqarTvelo Temur-lengs yvelgan medgar winaaRmdegobas uwevda da Tavganwiruladac ibrZoda, samxedro nagebobaTa sikeTiTac im droisaTvis saucxood yofila uzrunvelyofili. aseT pirobebSi, maRali da Znelad gadasavali mTebiTac bunebiT kargad mozRudvilobasTan dakavSirebiT, maSindel saqarTvelos mtris ieriSebis mogeriebac da Tavis dacvac, ueWvelia, gacilebiT ufro xangrZlivad da ukeTesadac SeeZlo, erTi didi nakli _ gaufrTxilebloba da udardelobis msgavsad gadaWarbebuli moimedeoba rom ar hqonoda~30. TemurTan omSi qarTvelebi ara marto TavdacviT oms awarmoebdnen, aramed xandaxan mis uSualo mflobelobaSi myof qveynebSi iWrebodnen da Temuris upirveles mters daxmarebas uwevdnen (alinjis cixis xelSi Cagdeba, naxiWevanis sanaxebis darbeva, iqidan gamoqceuli Temuris mosisxle ufliswulis Taheris dafarva). ufro metic, Temur-lengs Tavisi saxelmwifosaTvis udides safrTxed oqros urdoelebi miaCnda, qarTvelebi ki am urdoelebTan cdilobdnen kavSiris daWeras, uxsnidnen maT kavkasiis karebs, aZlevdnen gzas, gamohyavdaT kavkasiuri tomebi da abrZolebdnen Temuris winaaRmdeg. Temurs dazavebac ki mouwadinebia saqarTvelosTan, magram qarTvelTa mefes Tanxmoba daugvianebia. sabolood amiT mxolod saqarTvelo dazaralebula. `zemoaRniSnul pirobebSi aqtiuri sagareo politikis warmoeba SeuZlebelia mizanSewonili yofiliyo. miT umetes, qarTvelTagan alinjis cixis xelSi Cagdeba da naxiWevanis sanaxebis darbeva, im qveynis, romelSic Temur-lengs Tavisi xelisuflebi hyavda Cayenebuli, mxolod mrisxane mtarvalis ganzrax gaRizianebas udrida da misi Tavmoyvareobis amgvars Selaxvas, marTlac, aseTi Sedegic mohyva. 1399 wlis Semoseva saqarTveloSi swored qarTvelebisagan alinjis aRebis Suris saZieblad iyo mowyobili. Temur-lengma daundoblad da yovelgvari saSualebiT gamanadgurebeli brZolac xom amis Semdeg gaaCaRa. TviT qarTvelebic kargad grZnobdnen maSin, rom saqarTveloze Tavs damtydari ubedurebis gamwvaveba alinjis cixis aRebisa da iqiTgan gamoqceuli Taheris dafarvis Sedegi iyo. mdgomareobis esodeni gauaresebis bralic xom giorgi mefesa da mis politikur mrCevlebs edebodaT. esec yvelam kargad icoda. aki giorgi mefis politikas Sinauri ganxeTqilebac ki gamouwvevia, xolo imdroindel erTs ZeglSi daculi anderZi giorgi mefes amis gamo wyevla-krulviTac ixseniebs~31. Temuris laSqrobis Semdeg saqarTvelom SeZlo Zveleburadve daecva Tavisi saxelmwifoebrivi erTianoba, qristianoba da erovnuli kultura, magram Crdilo kavkasiuri tomebi saqarTvelosagan ukve mowyvetilni iyvnen,
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ufro metic, dapirispirebulni. aman Semdgom saukuneebSi didad Seuwyo xeli saqarTvelos Zlierebis damxobas. `saqarTvelosTvis marto is ki ar iyo sabediswero, rom Temur-lengis Semosevam amdeni xalxis sicocxle da keTildReoba Seiwira msxverplad, rom eri sisxliT daiwrita da ayvavebuli qveyana udabnos daemsgavsa, aramed amaze ufro met saSiSroebas misTvis is garemoeba warmoadgenda, rom saqarTvelos CrdiloeTiTac, qeds iqiT, didi cvlileba moxda. winaT qarTvelTa monaTesave Crdilo-kavkasieli tomebi saxelmwifoebrivad qarTvelobasTan iyvnen dakavSirebulni da kulturulad da sarwmunoebrivadac maTi qveyana uciloblad qarTuli gavlenis sferosve ekuTvnoda. amis wyalobiT saqarTvelos zurgi CrdiloeTidan mainc magari hqonda da samxreTidan momavali mtris winaaRmdeg mosaSvelebladac aq samxedro Zalis sakmao maragsac yovelTvis daubrkoleblad Soulobda. Temur-lengma imdeni qna, rom manamde Crdilo kavkasiaSi gavrcelebuli saqarTvelosTan damakavSirebeli qristianobis magier mahmadianoba CaTesla. amis Semdeg iqaurobasa da saqarTvelos Soris winandeli kavSiri Sewyda. maT Soris gankerZoeba daiwyo. mahmadianobis iq gaZlierebisdagvarad saqarTvelos zurgT ukan ukve sarwmunoebrivad mowinaaRmdege da mtrulad ganwyobili samyaro aRmoCnda. saqarTvelos am garemoebam sabediswero politikuri pirobebi Seuqmna~32. Crdilo-kavkasiuri tomebis gamahmadianebiT Temur-lengma gaierTgula mTielebi. Temur-lengis interesebs saqarTvelosa da kavkasiaSi warmoadgenda qarTvelTa da mTielTa xelSi arsebuli CrdiloeTidan gadmosasvleli gzebis uReltexilebis daWera. darialsa da darubandze gadioda umTavresi gzebi, romelTa saSualebiTac imierkavkasiisa da oqros urdos molaSqreni gadmodiodnen amierkavkasiisa da iranisaken, arbevdnen am qveynebs. jer kidev Temuris laSqrobaTa dawyebamde oqros urdos xani CrdiloeTidan aRniSnuli gzebiT SeiWra iranSi. Toma mewofeci wers: àmis garda, esec unda vicodeT, rom, sanam Temuri Cvens qveyanaSi movidoda, 835 (1386) wels CrdiloeTis xelmwife saxelad ToxTamiSi, rusebisa da azaxis mbrZanebeli, romelic yirimis maxloblad qalaq saraiSi ijda ... alanTa karis da darubandis gavliT mis (Temuris) winaaRmdeg wamovida. CrdiloeTis laSqari Tavrizs gars Semoadga, rva dRe ioma da Tavrizi aiRo, bevri mokla, bevri daatyveva da mTeli misi gvari moaoxra~33. `ToxTamiSma Tavrizi 1385-1386 wlebis zamTarSi dalaSqra, xelT igdo uzarmazari davla, gawyvita mosaxleobis didi nawili, xolo axalgazrda qal-vaJni daatyveva da oqros urdoSi waasxa~34. rogorc aRiniSna, am droisaTvis saqarTvelo didi saxelmwifo iyo da amitomac, faqtobrivad, mTel kavkasias akontrolebda, maT Soris CrdiloeTidan gadmosasvlel gzebsac, amitomac Temur-lengs ar SeiZleboda, ar efiqra,
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rom ToxTamiSi mis samflobeloebs swored qarTvelTa faruli Tu aSkara mxardaWeriT Semoesia. sapasuxod 1386 welsve daulaSqravs Temurs saqarTvelo, Tbilisi auRia, xolo bagrat mefe dautyvevebia. Temur-lengamde, iraneli ilxanebis monRoluri saxelmwifoc mudam cdilobda Tavisi kontrolis qveS moeqcia kavkasiis gadmosasvlelebi da amiT Tavisi upirvelesi mtris _ oqros urdosaTvis iranSi (da amierkavkasiaSi) SemoWris SesaZlebloba moespo. zogierTi qarTveli xelmwife oqros urdosTan kavSiriT cdilobda ilxanTa mogeriebas. ilxanebs Zlier akrTobdaT da aSfoTebdaT saqarTvelosa da oqros urdos Soris politikuri kavSiri. èranis ilxanisaTvis es ambavi metad saxifaTo SesaZleblobis momaswavebeli iyo, rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mefesa da oqros urdos yaanebs Soris politikuri kavSiris CasaSlelad mas yoveli RonisZieba ar exmara, radgan sakmarisi iyo daviT VI-s CrdiloeTis ulusisaTvis darialanis kari gaexsna, rom eranis ilxanis sabrZanebeli did gansacdelSi Cavardniliyo~35. samxreTeli monRolebi sastikad sjidnen saqarTvelos CrdiloeTTan kavSirisaTvis. es kavSiri ganuaxlebia daviT VI-s. `mefem isev CrdiloeTisaken ibruna Tavisi politikuri gezi da kvlav `waravlina Zma misi baaduri didsa yaanisa ToxTas winaSe~36. es xdeba XIV saukunis dasawyisSi, anu Temur-lengis Semosevebamde ramdenime aTeuli wliT adre. imis gamo, rom iranis monRolebma ver SeZles CrdiloeTis gzebis xelSi Cagdeba, anu saqarTvelo maT mokavSired ar iqca da gzas uTmobda samxreTisaken molaSqre oqros urdos, XIV saukunis dasawyisSi iranis politikur wreebSi warmoSobila idea, rom irans uSualo politikuri kavSiri hqonoda ara saqarTvelosTan, aramed kavkasiel mTielebTan, romelTa sacxovrisis maxlobladac aRniSnuli gzebi gadioda. uTuod amis gamo, 1301 wels yazan yaenma Sirvanisa da lekeTis mTianeTSi gaswia. àq mas morCilebis gamosacxadeblad didi xnis winaT ajanyebuli lekebis tomTa meTaurebi warudgnen~37. saqarTvelos oqros urdosTan dakavSirebiT Tavisi politika arc Temur-lengis dros Seucvlia, amitomac Temuric, msgavsad Zveli iraneli politikosebisa, Seecada uSualod daemorCilebina kavkasieli tomebi, gaeerTgulebina isini maTSi mahmadianobis gavrcelebiT. rogorc Temurs, ise ilxanebs, ar SeeZloT TavianTi laSqriT didi xniT daeWiraT aRniSnuli gadmosasvlelebi. amitomac moimxres am gadmosasvlelebis maxloblad mcxovrebi araqarTuli tomebi, Caasaxles isini am gadmosasvlelebis mimdebare teritoriebze da, ufro metic, Seecadnen aemxedrebinaT isini qarTvel mefeTa winaaRmdeg. am saSualebiT fiqrobdnen gadmosasvlelebze qarTvelTa kontrolis gauqmebas. 1391 wels Temuri ToxTamiSis gasanadgureblad daiZra da did warmatebas miaRwia, magram oqros urdom male SeZlo gaZliereba, 1393 wlisaTvis
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darubandis gziT SirvanSic ki SeiWra. `cxadia, rom ToxTamiS-xans saqarTvelosa da daRestanis meTaurebTan winaswar SeuTanxmebliv, aseTi saqmis dawyeba ar SeeZlo, ... gadawyvita, daeswro da darialanis gadmosasvlelis yvelaze umoklesi da saSiSi gzis xelSi CagdebiT ToxTamiSis laSqrisaTvis gza Seekra~38. Temuri SemoiWra saqarTveloSi, kerZod ki, aragvis xeobaSi. es iyo mesame Semoseva. 1395 wels Tergis piras Temurma ToxTamiSi sastikad daamarcxa, oqros urdos dedaqalaqSic SeaRwia da gadawva. ùkan dabrunebis dros Temur-lengma sagangebod dalaSqra CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTianeTi, gansakuTrebiT is qveynebi da xalxebi, romlebic kavkasionis mTis CrdiloeTis kalTebze cxovrobdnen da kavSiri hqondaT saqarTvelosTan. Temurlengma maT qristianuli religiis sakulto Zeglebi daungria da ZaliT miaRebina islamis sarwmunoeba~39. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi `qristianuli sarwmunoebis nacvlad mahmadianobam moikida fexi da amiT, faqtiurad ukve XV saukunis dasawyisSive Seiqmna saqarTvelos garSemo muslimanuri garemocvis rkali, ramac dasrulebuli saxe miiRo osmalTa mier konstantinepolis aRebis Semdeg~40. Temurs gaunadgurebia Crdilo kavkasiaSi osebis samTavro. ayrili osebis nawili dvaleTSi, anu darial-mamisonis siaxloves dasaxlebula. SesaZlebelia, Tavdapirvelad damarcxebuli osebis dvaleTSi dasaxlebas TviT saqarTvelos saxelmwifo uwyobda xels, magram imis gamo, rom es osebi mahmadianebi iyvnen, cxadia, TandaTanobiT qarTuli saxelmwifos mowinaaRmdegeebad gadaiqcnen. marTalia, kavkasiis mTebSi osebi Cingis yaenis Semdeg Semovidnen, magram Semdgom es procesi gaZlierebula. `kvlav Semdgomad mosvlisa lanq-Temurisa da aRebisa konstantinepolisa emZlavrnen ovsTa iqiT TaTarxanni da aqeT lanq-Temuris elni mahmadianni da Semoiltodnen kavkasiasa Sina da dai pyres kavkasTa naTesavni, romel arian dvalni~41. miuxedavad 1395 wels Crdilo kavkasiis dalaSqvrisa, 1398 wels saqarTvelos mefem giorgim darialidan gamoiyvana `sruliad kavkasni~, e.i. CrdiloeT kavkasiis sxvadasxva tomebi da dasZra naxiCevanisaken42. es imas miuTiTebda, rom amis Semdeg kidev ufro metad Seecdeboda Temur-lengi gaevrcelebina mTielTa Soris mahmadianoba da CamoeSorebina isini saqarTvelosagan. Temurma kvlav ilaSqra aragvisa da qsnis xeobebSi. 1400 wlisaTvis dvalebis qarTuli tomis ajanyeba uTuod Temuris politikis Sedegi iyo. `dvalebi Temurlengis 1400 wlis Semosevis dros ajanyebian erisTav virSels. mtris Semosevis dros maTi aseTi moqmedeba Ralatad CauTvliaT~43. saqarTvelos mefes dvaleTi daulaSqravs. saerTod, dvalebis dasjis mizniT SesaZlebelia (Temuris mier damarcxebul) dvaleTSi Seltolvil osebs qarTveli mefe im dros mxars uWerda da aZlierebda.
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saerTod unda iTqvas, rom qarTvelebis erovnuli TviTSemecnebis dabali done mravali ubedurebis mizezi iyo. ara marto mTieli qarTveli tomebi janydebodnen, aramed mTeli mxareebic ki Temuris Semosevamde. bagrat V-s jer svanebi ganudgnen, Semdeg beqa aTabagma ùaryo mefe Tvisi da mivida Temuris winaSe~44. dvalebis ajanyebac am rkalSi Sedis. SesaZlebelia, dvalebis dasasjelad qarTvelTa mefem osebi gamoiyena, miT umetes, rom dvalebis dasjamde oriode wliT adre mefem òvsni, kavkasni da ZurZukni~ alinjis (alijanis) asaRebad gamoiyvana, rogorc mokavSireni. alinjis cixe mdebareobda naxiCevanis midamoebSi da erTaderTi iyo, romlis winaaRmdegac Temurma veraferi gaawyo mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi, Semdeg ki gaWirvebiT aiRo. qarTvelTa da maTi mokavSireebis marSis Semdeg Temuri `mrisxanebda alinjis cixis SemusvrisaTvis. Semdgomad warmoemarTa mTiuleTs, rameTu gamohyavs giorgi mefesa munidan Semweni. TviT Temur mivida bardavs. munidan waravlinna spani ovseTad. ganvles spaTa maT darubandi, lekeTi da Sevidnen ovseTs. moswyvides, tyveyvnes ... ese hyo Temur, rameTu uwyoda, mefe Zals icems munidam. xolo kvalad ityvian, mieriTgan iwoda Cerqezi da iqna mahmadianoba maT Soris~45. Temurma SeZlo saqarTvelos mahmadianur rkalSi moqceva. Crdilokavkasieli tomebi amieridan iranSi aRar laSqrobdnen saqarTvelos interesebis dasacavad, aramed saqarTvelo iqca maTi laSqrobis asparezad. Temuris sikvdilisTanave saqarTvelos mefem giorgim umalve SeZlo Zalebis mokreba da Zveli saxelmwifoebrivi sazRvrebis aRdgenisaTvisac ki izruna - ìyo Wiri didi giorgi mefisagan yovelTa garemoTa mahmadianTa zeda, vidre raxsisa kidemde mosvriTa da alafobiTa~46. Temur-lengma kargad icoda, rom qarTvelTa Zala, romelic aerTianebda, icavda da mtris winaaRmdeg medgrad abrZolebda, qristianoba iyo, amitomac yoveli RoniT cdilobda qristianobis aRmofxvrasa da mahmadianobis gavrcelebas, magram verafers miaRwia. Tumca ki, `kvalad ara dacxra guliswyromad, vinaiTgan eneba mooxreba da mahmadianoba saqarTvelosi~47. ìqmen mahmadian, maSin mogce qveyanani da gangaTavisuflo~, uTvlis is qarTvel mefes. qristianobis aRmofxvris mizniT is angrevs da wvavs qarTul eklesiebs, cdilobs tyveebis gamahmadianebas, `Semusres mcxeTa da yovelni eklesianio~, _ wers mematiane48. magram qarTveloba medgrad icavs sarwmunoebas, piriqiT, Semoxiznul musulmanebs ar aZlevs Tavisi rjulis gavrcelebis saSualebas, amitomac èvedrnen mahmadiani mesazRvreni qarTlisani Temurs, romelsa aoxrebdnen qarTvelni, rameTu ra Jami ician, moswyvedian da alafobdian~49. xolo Temuris saqarTvelodan gasvlisTanave iwyebdnen `mooxrebulTa Senebad eklesiaTa~50.
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Temurma mravali saeklesio ganZi gazida saqarTvelodan, maT Soris umTavresni _ wignebi. èklesiaTa da sxvaTa adgilTagan ganaxvna mravali saRmrTo da saero wignebi da gagzavna samaryands da dakrZala mun~, _ wers ioane bagrationi51. Temurma icoda, rom saqarTveloSi misi batonobis ganmtkicebisaTvis saWiro iyo adgilobrivi samamulo sistemis Secvla, es ki qristianobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. Temurs da sxva dampyroblebs miaCndaT, rom `...saqarTveloSi adgilobrivi religiis SecvliT advilad daamkvidrebdnen maTTvis damaxasiaTebel samxedro-lenur sistemas. dampyrobelTa aseTi cda yovelTvis awydeboda qarTveli xalxis medgar winaaRmdegobas, radganac saqarTvelos politikis mesveurebs SesaniSnavad esmodaT, rom qristianobisaTvis brZola mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli qarTuli samamulo sistemis da TviT qarTvelobis SenarCunebasTan~52. qarTvelebs aseTi udidesi gasaWiris drosac qristianuli zneobis maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebani ar daukargavT. kerZod, moyvrisa da megobrisaTvis kvlavac SeeZloT Tavis dadeba, Tumca ki Zvirad ujdebodaT es. roca Temur-lengma qarTvelebTan Sexiznuli misi mowinaaRmdege TaTari ufliswulis misTvis gadacema moiTxova, qarTvelebma ar gasces. kerZod, Temur-lengma giorgi VII-s mociquli gaugzavna da moiTxova alinjis cixidan wamoyvanil ufliswul Taheris gadacema, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi imuqreboda qveynis saSineli aoxrebiT. am moTxovnis sapasuxod giorgim Temur-lengs SeuTvala, rom àr aris CvenTa naTesavT wesio, rom Semoxvewili kaci visme misceso~53, e.i. qarTvelTa erovnuli wes-Cveuleba, sasikvdilod ganwiruli adamianis dafarva, am drosac ucvlelia. Temurma Tavisi muqara mTeli sisastikiT aasrula. miuxedavad amisa, qarTvelebma Taheri mas ar gadasces. Temuri qarTvelTa amayi qedis moxras yoveli saSualebiT Seecada. `sparseli istorikosis naambobidan Cans, rom Temur-lengs qarTvelTa Wama-smis wesTaTvisac ki miuqcevia yuradReba: àm qveynis kaci Tu qali, TviT bavSvic ki uRvinod da uxil-mwvanilod purs ar sWamen da cxovrebis siamovnebas ver grZnobeno~. amitom man Tavis laSqars ubrZana `rom, yovelgan baR-bostnebi gaekafaT da gaenadgurebinaT~54. Temuri, sadac ki SeeZlo, yvelgan eklesia-monastrebs angrevda, qristian mosaxleobas ki ar indobda. amas aRniSnaven TviT araqarTveli istorikosebic. eklesiebs zogjer meCeTebadac gadaakeTebdnen xolme. ase moqcevian birTvisis cixis eklesias. dasavleT saqarTveloSi laSqrobis drosac gaborotebiT daurRveviaT eklesia-monastrebi, mosaxleoba dauxocavT. samxreT saqarTveloSi 1400 wels, laSqrobisas `cocxlad gadarCenili mosaxleobis erTi nawili mters ZaliT gaumahmadianebia da ise wauyvania tyved. àxali qarTlis cxovrebis~ mowmobiT, Temur-lengma `raodenica Seipyra kacni qristianeni, dahpatiJna sjuli mahmadianisa da romelica morCil eqmna, Tana wariyvana, da romelica ara morCil eqmnes, mosrna piriTa maxvilisaTa~. Toma mewofelis mowmobiT, tyveTa ricxvi, romelic davlasTan erTad sa-
869
maryandisaken gaustumrebiaT, yofila 60 aTasze meti~55. yovel xuT meomars Turme 20 tyve mihyavda. momakvdavebs Temuris meomrebi qviT uWeWyavdnen Tavs, raTa cocxali ar darCeniliyvnen. `yovelive es sakuTari TvaliT unaxavs Toma mewofels, romelic gulistkiviliT daaskvnida: `vai-vaglaxi gaismoda qristianTa tomTa zeda, vxedavdiT tyvevnas da Svela ki ver SegveZlo~55. àTabagis qveynis aoxrebis Semdeg Temur-lengma mimarTa aragvis xeobas. gzad mas TrialeTiT kldekarze gadauvlia da Casula TeZmis xeobaSi. aq auoxrebia eklesia-monastrebi da maT Soris rkonic dauqcevia. mis mierve darbeul iqna qvabTaxevis didebuli taZaric, romelSic dampyroblebma Seamwyvdies `mun myofni kacni, mamani da dedani, mRvdelni da diakonni da monazonni~, cecxli SeukeTes da gamoswves Sig. gadamTieli xeibari Semdeg mcxeTaSi daeria eklesia-monastrebs, saidanac `wariRo sruliad patiosani samkauli da Semkobili WurWelni wmidisa kaTolike eklesiisani~. gansakuTrebiT didi ziani ganicada sveticxovlis eklesiam~56. miuxedavad amisa, qarTveli qristianebi sastik winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen Temurs. isini arc musulmanebs aZlevdnen saqarTveloSi mosvenebiT cxovrebis saSualebas. magaliTad, Temur-lengs moaxsenes, TorTumis cixeSi 200 qarTvelia gamagrebuli, isini musulmanebsac esxmian Tavso. giorgi VIITan dadebuli zavis miuxedavad, man `...ramdenime sardali gagzavna TorTumis cixeSi gamagrebuli 200 qarTvelis winaaRmdeg 25 000-iani jariT~57. 5 dRis Tavdadebuli brZolis Semdeg, mxolod meeqvse dRes, SeZlo 25000-ma laSqarma 200-kaciani cixis aReba. swored aRniSnuli winaaRmdegobis gamo gaxda iZulebuli Temur-lengi 1401 wels zavi daedo saqarTvelosTan, romlis erT-erTi muxli moiTxovda, qarTvelebs Tavis qveyanaSi ar SeeviwroebinaT musulmanebi. xolo sxva muxliT ki qarTvelebs evalebodaT musulmanTa qveynebSi qristianuli adaT-wesebi aSkarad ar SeesrulebinaT58. saerTod, Temur-lengs uWirda qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg omi. es mis istorikossac ki aRuniSnavs: saqarTveloSi omi advili ar iyo. am qveyanaSi aleqsandre makedonelmac ki sircxvili Wama. Temurma ki gamarjveba moipovao, daukvexnia mas59. zavis dadebis win Temur-lengis sardlebi da kariskacebi, f. gorgijaniZis cnobiT, Temur-lengs dabejiTebiT urCevdnen giorgisTan zavis Sekvras: àmdens srul qveyanazed ar gavrjilvarTo da arc amdeni laSqari visme dauxociao, rom aq amogviwydao~60. ès, rasakvirvelia, Temur-lengsac kargad esmoda da mzad iyo zavi Seekra saqarTvelos mefesTan. giorgis elCebi ki arsad Candnen. dro ki aRar iTmenda da bolos da bolos isev Temur-lengi gaxda iZulebuli eZebna saqarTvelos mefesTan dazavebis gza. Temur-lengi cnobda saqarTvelos, rogorc qristianuli saxelmwifos arsebobis faqts. es iyo qarTveli xalxis udidesi gamarjveba am WeSmaritad didi samamulo omis dros mopovebuli uzarmazari materialuri zaralisa da auracxeli msxverplis fasad~61.
870
rogorc iTqva, qvabTaxevis monasterSi Temur-lengis jariskacebma cocxlad dawves qarTveli qristianebi, samRvdeloeba, bermonazvnebi. maTTvis winaswar mouTxoviaT qristianobis uaryofa. uaryofiTi pasuxis miRebis Semdeg sastiki xerxebiT utanjiaT. Semdeg xelSekrulni dauwviaT wmida did-mowameni. am dros isini galobdnen. qvabTaxevis monastris kedlebsa da iataks didxans aCnda damwvar wmindanTa anabeWdi. anton kaTalikosi am eklesiis sakurTxevels `msxverplTa zecad amyvans~ uwodebs. is wers: `sakurTxeveli msxverplTa zecad amyvani, dawulT nabeWdni, kedel-iatak-qvani, Cvenda saqadul, mun msxverpli saRmrTo dawvani~. xolo am wmindanTa `SesxmaSi~, kerZod, wers: `mosrulTa Tqmulsa mas monastersa zeda, yovlad uRmrToTa da umkacroTa barbarosTa daekveTa monasteri savse SeltolTagan friad mravalTa, romelTaganni iyvnes garSemo maxlobelTa monasterTagani monazonni mravalni, mamani da dedani aznaurTagani da mRvdelni da diakonni da TviT monastrisa mis Zmani. xolo eris kacTa maT simravle sofelTagan maxlobelTa iyo ara mcire, viTarmed ityvian glaxakTaca simravlisa yofasa SeltolvilTasa monastersa mas Sina~. mtarvalma barbarosebma monasterSi SekrebilTa nawili, gansakuTrebiT ki moxucebi da bavSvebi daxoces, radganac maTi tyved wayvana ar SeeZloT (gzaSi daixocebodnen), xolo danarCeni moamzades tyved wasayvanad, manamde ki mosTxoves qristes uaryofa da mahmadianobis miReba: àRamaRlnes yovlad bilwni xelni maTni da dasTxies sisxli wmidaTa, viTarca wyali Sinagan da garemo siwmidisa RvTisa da aravin iyo mcvel maTda. odes moicalnes barbarosTa da ufrosRa daSvrnen kvlisagan da iavarqmnisa da Sekvrasa tyveTasa, uqmnes kicxvaA wmidaTa RirsTa kacTa samRvdeloTa, qalwulTa da moweseTa. `yovelTa, anu uarhyavT qriste, anu Sekrulni SegvanneT Sigan eklesiisa Tqvenisa da vqmnaT moxvnad SeSisa kmaA da dagwvneT~. `vera raime mangan maSornes siyvarulsa mas qristessa, Wirman, anu iwroebaman, devnaman, anu siymilma, SiSloebaman, anu urvaman anu maxvilman. xolo iwyes mozvinvad SeSaTa miyrad bWeTa da garemo da Sinagan eklesiisa. `Seiyvares srulebiT qriste da SiSi igi ver mieaxla maT, rameTu SiSi ara ars siyvarulsa Tana, rameTu srulman siyvarulman gare ganhsdevnis SiSi ... xolo ixiles ra Sinagan wmidisa eklesiisa Tavni Tvisni, hgalobdes netarni igi sulni maTni `Sevide saxlsa Sensa, Tayvanis vce taZarsa wmidasa Sensa, SiSiTa SeniTa ufalo, miZuRe me simarTliTa SeniTa da mterTa CemTaTvis warmarTe Sen winaSe gzaA Cemi~62.
871
Tavi XIII
qarTuli eklesia XV saukuneSi
`q r i s t i a n o b a , q r i s t e s m o Z R v r e b i s ga r d a , C v e nS i h n iS n a v d a m T e l s s a q a r T v e l o s m iwa -wy a l s , h n iS n a v d a q a r T v e l o b a s . C v e n m a s a m R v d e l o e b a m k a r ga d i c o d a , r o m m a m u l i d a e r o v n e b a , rjulTan erTad SeerTebuli, rjulTan S e x o r c -S e T v i s e b u l i , u Z l e v e l i x m a l i a d a S e u l ewe l i f a r i a m t r i s a wi n aSe~.

ilia marTali
872
qveynis zogadi mdgomareoba XV saukuneSi
1403 wels Temur-lengma zavi dado saqarTvelos mefesTan. mteri iZulebuli gaxda, qarTuli qristianuli saxelmwifos arseboba ecno. 1405 wels Temur-lengi gardaicvala. mtris urdoebis wasvlisTanave mefe giorgi VIIm qveyana araTu gawminda momxdurTa naSTebisagan, aramed samxedro moqmedeba qveynis gareT gadaitana, ilaSqra naxiCevansa da ganjaSi. qarTvelTa jarma Temuris memkvidreTa Zalebi aq sastikad daamarcxa. saqarTvelos mefes daurbevia mteri anissa da arzrumSi, agreTve sxva bevr qalaqsa da sofelSi, `misula Tavrizamde, riTac didad SeuZrwunebia musulmanebi~1. mtris SeerTebuli laSqaric daamarcxa. 1407 wels giorgi mefe brZolis velze daiRupa Savbatknian TurqmenebTan omSi. gamefda misi Zma konstantine, isic brZolis velze daiRupa SirvanSi. gamefda konstantines Ze aleqsandre didi. mis sicocxleSive gamefda misi Ze vaxtang III (1442-1446), Semdeg gamefda misi Zma giorgi VIII (1446-1466). qveyanaSi daiwyo gauTavebeli Sidafeodaluri brZolebi, saqarTvelos politikuri daSla. giorgi VIII-s faqtobrivad aRar emorCileboda mesxeTis, sabedianos (samegreloafxazeTis), guriis mTavrebi. 1451 wels mesxeTSi gaaTabagda yvaryvare, romelic gegmazomierad Seudga saqarTvelosagan mesxeTis CamoSorebas, raSic aiyolia mesxeTis samRvdeloebac. 1453 wels osmalebma konstantinepoli aiRes, 1461 wels - trapizonis sakeisro. saqarTvelo moeqca musulmanur-Turqul rkalSi, mowyda evropas. 1459 wels qarTvelma mefe-mTavrebma daapires SeekraT samxedro kavSiri osmalTa winaaRmdeg. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu evropeli saxelmwifoebi osmaleTs oms dauwyebdnen, saqarTvelos mefe mxars dauWerda, misi mokavSireebi da mTavrebi 120 000 jariskacs gaiyvandnen osmalTa winaaRmdeg. evropam osmalTa winaaRmdeg omi ar ineba. 1459 wels dadebuli zavi mefe-mTavrebs Soris dairRva, daiwyo sastiki Sida omi. 1462 wels yvaryvarem ucxo mahmadiani mteric ki moiwvia (iranis mbrZanebeli) mefe giorgis winaaRmdeg da daamarcxebina. male giorgi VIIIs aujanyda imereTis erisTavi bagrati, romelmac mefe daamarcxa q. CixorTan, 1465 wels yvaryvarem moaxerxa giorgi VIII-s dapatimreba. amasobaSi imereTis erisTavi qarTlSi gadavida da 1466 wels Tavisi Tavi saqarTvelos mefed gamoacxada. giorgi VIII yvaryvaresagan ganTavisuflebis Semdeg kaxeTSi gadavida. warmoiqmna kaxeTis samefo. qveyana kidev ufro iSleboda politikurad, gansakuTrebiT dasavleT saqarTvelo. 1478 wels qarTl-imereTis taxtze avida aleqsandre I-is SviliSvili konstantine II, xolo adrindeli mefis, bagratis, Svilma aleqsandre bagratis Zem konstantine II gamoaZeva imereTidan da imereTis samefos daudo safuZveli 1489 wlidan. manamde ki 1483 wels mefe daamarcxa yvaryvarem s. aradeTTan. yovelive am
873
Sinaareulobas _ axali qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebis warmoqmnas, ganuwyvetliv Tan sdevda mahmadianTa Tavdasxmebi. erTiani saqarTvelos samefo taxtze mjdom mefe konstantines, cxadia, arakanonierad miaCnda kaxeTisa da imereTis samefoebis, mesxeTisa da sxva samTavroebis warmoqmna Tavisi saxelmwifos teritoriaze. magram am saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebis warmoqmna iyo faqti. saqarTvelos kanonier mTavrobas ori gza rCeboda: an unda daemarcxebina aRniSnul saxelmwifo erTeulTa meTaurebi da es axali administraciuli warmonaqmnebi moespo, anda iuridiulad ecno ukve arsebuli faqti erTiani samefos daSlisa. marTlac, 1490 wels mefes mouwvevia darbazi kaTalikoz-episkoposTa da warCinebulTa monawileobiT. darbazs umsjelia da mizanSewonilad miuCnevia iuridiulad cnoba faqtobrivad ukve arsebuli kaxeTisa da imereTis samefoebisa, samcxe-saaTabagosi. mxareebi dazavebulan da sazRvrebzec SeTanxmebulan2. dauZlurebulma qarTvelma mefeebma Zlieri mfarveli saxelmwifoebis Zebna daiwyes TurqTa ieriSebis mosagerieblad. qveyana Zalze dakninda.
mefeT mefe monazoni aleqsandre didi

swored ase uwodebs mefe aleqsandres misi Svili giorgi mefe: àleqsandre mefe Tavis sicocxlis ukanasknel wlebSi berad Semdgara da monazvnad aRkvecila. es misi Svilis, giorgi mefis, 1499 wlis sigelidan Cans, sadac igi TavisTavs `didisa da mefeTa Soris warCinebulisa da sanatrelisa RvTiv gvirgvinosanisa da RvTiv-didebulisa, sulkurTxeulisa mefeTa-mefisa monazonisa aleqsandres~-Zed asaxelebs~3. aleqsandre mefes (1412-1442 w.) emorCileboda sruliad saqarTvelo, Tumca ki Temur-lengis Semdgom saqarTvelos miwa-wyali Semcirebuli iyo. Secvlili iyo eTnikuri garemoc. saqarTvelos mezoblad axla ukve Turquli anda gaTurqebuli mosaxleoba cxovrobda umetesad. gaTurqda saqarTvelos aRmosavleTiT mdebare albaneTi. TviT saqarTveloSi Semavali Temis gaCianxaCenis (yarabaRis) Sereuli _ albanur-qarTul-somxuri mosaxleobac cvlilebas ganicdida. es ZiriTadad moxda Temur-lengis drosa da mis Semdeg. mosaxleobis gaTurqebas xels is uwyobda, rom am droisaTvis monRolTa gaTurqebis procesi mimdinareobda, monRolebi ki qveynis mpyrobelebi iyvnen. `Temur-lengis urdoebis saqarTveloSi xangrZlivma TareSma TviT monRolTa sabrZaneblis politikuri aspareziTgan sruliadi daSlis Semdgomac Cven qveyanas mZime memkvidreoba dautova. yofili albaneTis gaTurqebis procesi, marTalia, ukve didi xnis dawyebuli iyo, jer darubandis gziT xazarTa Semoseva _ CaTeslebis gamo, Semdeg kidev samxreTiTgan selCukian Turqul talRa-talRaze mowolili wamlekavi elebis iqaur saZovrebze damkvidrebis wyalobiT~4.
874
albaneTSi am dros jer kidev ar iyo Turquli ena damkvidrebulganmtkicebuli, aramed sparsuli. albaneTis dedaena aq X saukunidan aRar ismoda. sparsuli iyo saxelmwifo, samwerlobo da kulturis ena XIV saukunemde. dampyrobel monRolTa Sorisac es ena ikvlevda gzas. `magram raki samSoblos gareSe myof monRolTa gaTurqebis ukve XIII saukunis damlevs dawyebuli procesi metad swrafad mimdinareobda, mahmadian monRol Temurlengis batonobas monRoluri enis gavrceleba-gavlenisaTvis ara SeuZenia ra, Turquli elementebi ki stiqiurad gaZlierda. igi saqarTvelos mezoblad aRmosavleTiT mdebare Saqis da SirvanSahebis samflobeloSi Zalze sagrZnobi gaxda. erovnuli ganviTarebis aseTive procesi, mZlavri niaRvris msgavsad saqarTvelos samxreTiT mdebare winandeli somxeTis samefoebSic mimdinareobda, magram qarTulma saxelmwifoebriobam somxeTis aseTi ZaldatanebiTi erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi Secvlis procesi SeaCera da somxobas Tavis samSobloSi mSvidobianad Tavis moyrisa da gaZlierebis saSualeba misca. Temur-lengis xanam mdgomareoba aqac metad gaauaresa... albaneTis Semdeg ki saqarTvelos aRmosavleTis erTi TemTagani, gaCian-xaCeni, romlis gamgeblad saqarTvelos mefisagan daniSnuli xaCinelebi iyvnen, mosaxleoba ki Sereuli albanur-qarTul-somxuri iyo, saqarTvelos xelidan swored Temur-lengis xanaSi gamoecala~5. saqarTvelos samefos farTobi amis gamo aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT Semcirebuli iyo. aseTive mdgomareoba iyo samxreT aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiTac. kerZod, axla araTu anisi aRar Semodioda saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi, aramed lorec ki mitacebuli yofila mahmadianTa mier. saqarTvelos am mxares mcxovrebi adgilobrivi mosaxleoba gamalebiT Turqdeboda: `...adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Turqul-sparsul-mahmadianuri wamlekavi gavlena aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken TandaTan vrceldeboda da Tavis sferod sul axal-axal adgilebs xdida~6. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo da, cxadia, qarTuli eklesia ver Seurigdeboda mkvidri mosaxleobis gamahmadianeba-gaTurqebis process, gansakuTrebiT ki lores sanaxebisas, romelic axlos mdebareobda TbilisTan _ saqarTvelos centrTan. qarTuli eklesiis saWeTmpyrobels kaTalikos-patriarq Teodores àgarianTagan~, anu mahmadianTa mier dapyrobili lores cixis winaaRmdeg galaSqrebaSi Zalze mniSvnelovani monawileoba miuRia. brZolis win kaTalikosi Caagonebda da sulierad ganamtkicebda laSqars: `...pirvelad vedrebiTa RvTisaTa da kvalad laSqarTa mimcnebiTa esred, viTarmed amaT usjuloTa agaris naTesavTa andronikaSvili alastaneli giorgi mouklavs da mravali qristianeni wamebiT aRusrulebian da dautyvevebian da taxti mefeTa ganuryvnia da sapationi da camdis maRalni saydarni Seuracx uqmnian, saxl-salocavni qvab avazakTa uqmnia da huneTa maTTaTvis sayofad ganuCenia.
875
aw brZoleT Zlierad, daRaTu vinme omsa Sigan aRsasruli miiRoT, qristesaTvis wamebulTa gverdiT miiTvalviT, da daRaTu vinme dakodiTa, anu daSavebiTa da raTaca tkiviliTa itanjneT, yovelsave qriste misad nebisyofelad miuTvalavs~7. `kaTalikoz Teodores moqadageobas umoqmednia da misi CagonebiTa da gamxnevebiT aRfrTovanebuls saqarTvelos jars lore mtrisaTvis waurTmevia da TviTon dauWeria~8. es moxda 1431 wels. 1434-35 wels, lores aRebis Semdgom, aleqsandre mefes sivnieTis mxare SemouerTebia saqarTvelosaTvis, 60 000 qristiani suliT. aleqsandre mefem samxreTis sazRvrebis sakiTxi moagvara, CrdiloeTiT ki darialis kari saqarTvelos xelSi iyo9. samefos Zveleburi Zlierebis aRdgenas xels didad uSlida is, rom mosaxleoba saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT ki aRmosavleTSi, Zalze Semcirebuli iyo. es did erovnul ubedurebas warmoadgenda. amitomac mefes didi Sroma sWirdeboda am danaklisis Sesavsebad. qarTvelTa erovnul konsolidacias uTuod uwyobda xels is, rom mefe dasavleT saqarTvelodan mosaxleobis nawils aRmosavleT saqarTvelos SeTxelebul mxareebSi asaxlebda. lores aRebis Semdeg lores sanaxebSi `mamulebi miuRiaT sazogadoebis yvela SeZlebis warmomadgenlebs: `qarTvelTa darbazis erTa zemoTasa da, anu qvemoTasa~10. `zemoTa qveyana~ samefos erTobis dros ewodeboda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, xolo `qvemo qveyana~ _ dasavleT saqarTvelos. amitomac, loreSi mamulebi rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTvelos warCinebulebs miuRiaT. aRsaniSnavia, rom am mxareSi, qvemo qarTlSi, jer kidev Tamar mefis dros da Tamaramdec, aq mxargrZelTa gabatonebamde, dasavleli qarTveli didebulebi flobdnen mamulebs (vardan dadiani, misi saxlis Svilebi da sxvani). mxargrZelebis dros aq dasavlel qarTvel memamuleTa mflobeloba, albaT, Seikveca, magram `qvemo~ darbaislebs mamulebi aq darCeniaT, Cans, amas ixsenebda aleqsandre mefe lores ganTavisuflebis Semdeg. `moRweuli masalebis mixedviT, safiqrebelia, qvemo qarTlis dasavluri kolonizaciac, raki saqarTvelo im dros gaerTianebulia, dasaSvebia vifiqroT, rom mosaxleobis dasavleTidan gadmosvlas ara mxolod stiqiuri, aramed saxelmwifoebriv-organizaciuli xasiaTic hqonoda~11. aRsaniSnavia, rom, rogorc Tamaris dros lores qvemo qarTlis mxargrZelTa mflobelobaSi gadasvlam Seaferxa aq dasavlur-qarTuli kolonizacia, aseve momxdara aleqsandre didis drosac. tradiciulad qvemo qarTli qarTveli orbelianebis samflobelo mamuls warmoadgenda saqarTvelodan maT gaZevebamde. Cans, aseTi tradiciis aRdgena isurva aleqsandre didma sivnieTis SemoerTebis Semdeg. kerZod, man sivnieTis mflobel beSqen orbe-
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lians (ukve gasomxebuls) lore uwyaloba. `beSqen orbelianTan 1435-38 wlebis ganmavlobaSi Turme mravalma somexma ltolvilma moiyara Tavi, romelTac is puriT, biniT da samosliTac Zalian exmareboda. amis gamo am kuTxes mahmadianTa mier dapyrobili somxeTidan imdeni somexi moawyda, rom mefe aleqsandres da mTavrobas amdeni somxobis aq Sekreba da damkvidreba saqarTvelosaTvis sazianod da saxifaTod miuCneviaT, da rogorc etyoba, am movlenisaTvis winaaRmdegoba gauweviaT kidec~12. Cans, amis gamo somexTa Soris aleqsandre mefis mimarT ciliswameba gavrcelebula da misTvis beSqen orbelianis mowamvlac ki daubralebiaT. es maSin, roca saukuneTa manZilze qarTulma saxelmwifoebriobam didad iRvawa somxeTSi somexi xalxis gadasarCenad da amitomac `somexni urjuloebTan yovelTvis qarTvelebiT iwonebdnen Tavs~13. dasavlur-qarTuli mosaxleoba ara marto qvemo qarTlSi, aramed aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSic CausaxlebiaT. `kaxeTis kolonizacia am dros dasavleT saqarTvelodanac unda momxdariyo. amas toponomikuri masala gvimowmebs~14. mag. istorikos vaxuSti bagrationis rukaze erwos sanaxebSi (md. aragvis marcxena napiras) aRniSnulia sofeli òdiSelisZeni~. am soflis dasavluri warmoSoba (odiS-eli-Ze) ueWvelia. mcxeTis mamulebis 1569 da 1579 wlebis siebSi es gvari aq mosaxled Cans. SeiZleba sxva magaliTebis motanac. gviandeli kaxeTis warmoqmnaSi varaudoben dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis monawileobasac15. baris mosaxleobis Sevsebas cdilobdnen mTebidan glexebis CamosaxlebiT. mahmadianuri qveynebidan abrunebdnen tyveebs. aseve saqarTveloSi Semodiodnen mahmadianuri qveynebidan ltolvili somxebi, romelnic aq simSvides, miwa-wyals poulobdnen16. yovelive zemoT CamoTvlilis (saqarTvelosaTvis Zveli teritoriebis dabruneba, sazRvrebis aRdgena, Turqebis qveynidan gaZeveba, mosaxleobis gamravlebisaTvis zrunva, qarTuli eTnosis Tanabrad gansaxleba qveynis mTel teritoriaze) miuxedavad, mefe aleqsandres `didi~ uTuod ewoda im gasaocari saaRmSeneblo samuSaoebis gamo, romelic man gawia mterTagan dangreuli taZar-eklesia-monastrebis aRsadgenad. mefe aleqsandre dids uzrunia saqarTvelos ganaxlebisa da aRorZinebisaTvis, Seudgenia farTo gegma da mizanSewonili saSualebebiT didi muSaoba uwarmoebia. jer gamefebisTanave 1412 wlidan gaugrZelebia Tavisi sulkurTxeuli bebia rusas dawyebuli samuSao sveticxovlis didebuli taZris aRsadgenad da daaxloebiT 1431 wels daumTavrebia. `mcxeTis sakaTalikozo taZris ganaxlebisaTvis cxrameti weli muSaoba moundomebia~17. sveticxovlis aRdgenasTan erTad àleqsandre mefe mTel saqarTvelos ganadgurebuli cixeebisa da eklesia-monastrebis aRdgenas Seudga. Temurlengis Semosevam ise gaaoxra qveyana, imdenad didi iyo saqarTvelosaTvis
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moyenebuli ziani, rom kerZo, nawilobriv da TandaTanobiT SekeTebiTa da ganaxlebiT Cveni samSoblos mdgomareobis gamosworeba SeuZlebeli iyo. mxolod mTeli saxelmwifos da eris SeerTebuli, Tanxmobrivi, mizanSewonili da xangrZlivi moqmedebiTa da didi qonebrivi saxsris gamoRebiT SeiZleboda monRolTa barbarosuli Semosevebisagan ganadgurebuli qveynis aRdgena~18. swored am mizniT man `Semoikribna kaTalikoz-episkopozni da yovelni didebulni da warCinebulni, erisTavT-erisTavni, erisTavni da ganizraxa maT Tana aRSenebisaTvis kaTolike eklesiisa mcxeTisa da romelTame mooxrebulTa eklesiebTa ... xolo mTavarTa esmaT ra brZaneba ese mefisa, ganixares yovelTa da SehkveTes yovelTa sabrZanebelTa TvisTa, Tvinier samefosa gamosaRebisa yovelsa glexsa erTsa kvamlsa zeda sami kirmanauli, romeli ars eqvsi Sauri awindeli, da mohkrebdian amas wliTiwlad da amiT iwyo Senebani mcxeTisa, ruiss RvTaebisa eklesiisa da sxvaTa eklesiaTa. garna mocaca mas mSvidoba RvTisagan aTxuTmetsa welsa da Seasrulna ganzraxvani Tvisni~, _ wers vaxuSti19. Tanaxmad ivane javaxiSvilisa, mefes saqarTvelos eklesiaTa erToblivi ganaxlebis samuSaoebi 1425 wels dauwyia da 1440 wlisaTvis dausrulebia20. `qarTveli xalxi aRtacebuli iyo imiTac, rom man aseTi didi saqme, ganadgurebuli qveynis aRdgena ganizraxa da moaxerxa kidec, da imiTac, rom yovelive Tavisi dapireba aleqsandre mefem pirnaTlad aasrula~21. Tavis sigelebs, romelnic SeiZleba erTgvar angariSis wardginebadac miviCnioT RvTisa da qarTuli eklesiis meTaurisadmi (mag. 1438 wlis sigeli), ase iwyebs: `q.saxeliTa RvTisaTa Cven patronman mefeman aleqsandre ese ukunisadmi gasaTavebeli wigni da niSani gkadreT da mogaxseneT Tqven ... deda-qalaqs mcxeTisa saydarsa da qarTlisa patriarqsa-kaTalikozsa Sios...~22, saqarTvelos mefe xSirad moixsenebs mTeli am aRmSeneblobiTi muSaobis procesebs: 1440 wlis sigelSi moaxsenebs mcxeTas: `...ra mefed davjed, iyo maSin yoveli saqarTvelo usjulosa Temurisagan aoxrebul da qarTli unugeSiniscemod gansruli dagvixvda ...da mravali suli moesra da Tavad dedaqalaqi mcxeTa da raodenni saqarTvelosa saydarni da eklesiani da cixeni iyvnes yovelni daeqcivnes, safuZvliTurT daeqcines... da Sen mieriTa SewevniTa da winamZRvarebiTa jvarisa patiosanisaTa viwye brZolad usjuloTa da ganvasxen mzRvarTagan CvenTa da qristianenT friads mSvidobasa da myudroebasa miecnes da viTar CvenTagan saTanado iyo, egreT vinme da vigulismodgine yovelTave saqarTvelosa cixeTa da saydarTa aRSenebad ... raodeni saqarTvelosa cixeni, saydarni da monasterni arian, yovelnive sruliad axlad aRvaSenen da Sevamken ...~23. mefe aleqsandrem ganamtkica mcxeTis, anu saqarTvelos sapatriarqos ekonomikuri safuZvlebi, Seswira mas mamulebi da sxva qoneba. àleqsandre mefis aRmSeneblobiTi moRvaweoba marto samSoblo qveynis miwa-wyals ar Sehxebia, aramed misi madliani xeli da keTildReobisaTvis
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mzrunveli guli ucxoeTSi gafantul qarTul dawesebulebebsac miswvdomia. saberZneTsa da palestinaSi myof qarTvelTa monastrebsa da dawesebulebebsac kvlav mzrunveli da gulSematkivari mfarveli gauCnda~24. àleqsandre mefes saberZneTSi aTonis qarTul monasterSi ganuaxlebia `sasneulo da amis godolni da senakni~. Cans, saqarTveloSi Sekrebili Tanxa sazRvargareTis Seviwroebul qarTul monastrebsac moaxmares~25. `saTanadod aRudgeniaT da Semdeg mcxeTisaTvis gadauciaT (1424 w.) `JamTa viTarebiTa agarianTa xelisagan moSlili~ garejis udabnoebi~25. mcxeTis sapatriarqo mraval mamulsa da qonebas flobda sruliad saqarTveloSi. aRvniSnoT zogierTi maTgani: `tfilisis eklesia, sasaxle, vaWarni, mamulni, bazarni, qulbaqni, baJni TvisTa SemosavliTa, avlabris monasteri _ metexis yovlad wmidisa _ misis mamuliTa, avlabriTa, avlabris WaliTa, mtkvris piras sofeli da koni da axal-ubani, qalaqs vaWrebiTa, krwanisi, sofeli Sindisi, sofeli wavkisis ... somxiTis farvanis-Tavi, farvani, sofeli foka. taSirs sofeli saba-wminda, keTil daba, marmaSenis Tavs sofeli wyaro-mravali; da winaubnis sofeli. fuZe-margi, sofeli velTa, sofeli mTavar-angelozisa, lores sofeli amuWi eklesiiTa da mamuliTa, sofeli dasarRi, axtalas kuamli somexi aTi maTiTa mamuliTa, kualad axtalis xevzed sofeli vardis ubani ...~26 da sxva mravali sruliad (ZiriTadad aRmosavleT) saqarTveloSi, maT Soris taoSic. maSindel msoflioSi saqarTvelos icnobdnen, rogorc did qristianul qveyanas. `...irkveva, rom XV saukuneSi qarTvelebs kidev imdeni gavlena hqoniaT ierusalimsa da egvipteSi, rom rodesac somexTa episkoposs martiross undoda qarTvel monazonTagan golgoTa daebrunebina, imisda miuxedavad, rom misive sityviT, am saqmisaTvis egvi pteSic ki gamgzavrebula ramdenjerme, egvi ptel moxeleebisaTvis mirTmeul saCuqrebSic didZali fuli dauxarjavs, mainc vera gaurigebia ra. egvi ptis sulTanis karze mas bolos Turme gulaxdilad urCies golgoTas sabolood gamoTxoveboda da qarTvelebTan SecilebisaTvis Tavi daenebebina, imitom, rom qarTvel berebs zurgs maTi mefe umagrebs, romelic ZRvenis garda Cven Segvpirda, rom Tavis samefoSi musulmanebs ar Seaviwroebso~. imdroindeli mogzauri barTlome de saliniago mogviTxrobs: ierusalimSi salocavad Sesvlis dros qarTvelebi sazeimod morTul-mokazmul cxenebsa da aqlemebze sxedan da gaSlil-afrialebuli erovnuli droSebiT Tavisuflad Semodian qalaqSi da sxvebiviT sulTans amisaTvis dawesebul gadasaxads ar aZleveno. saliniago amasTanave umatebs, rom ègviptisa da osmaleTis sulTanebs qarTvelebisa eSiniaTo~27. cnobilia, rom swored am saukuneSi Sedga msoflio saeklesio kreba ferara-florenciisa. es kreba msoflio saeklesio gaerTianebas (erTiano-
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bis aRdgenas) isaxavda miznad. am krebaze, rogorc wesi, daculi iqna diptixi. sxdomis darbazSi erT mxares TanmimdevrobiT dasxes jer sapatriarqo Rirsebis mqone marTlmadidebel eklesiaTa warmomadgenlebi, maT Semdeg ki maTze dabali rangiT mdgomi sxva marTlmadidebluri eklesiebi28. sapatriarqo eklesiebis rigSi konstantinepolis, aleqsandriis, antioqiis, ierusalimis patriarqebis warmomadgenlebis Semdeg dasves saqarTvelos sapatriarqo eklesiis (sabuTebSia `saqarTvelos mefis~) warmomadgenlebic. es yofila mitropoliti sofroni, rogorc es vaxuStis Sromis Sesabamisi adgilis SeniSvnidan Cans: `sweren xronologebisa Sina, rameTu florenciis krebasa zeda iyo erTi mitropoliti sofron da episkopozi erTi, welsa qristesa 1433, qarTvelni, romelni iqnebis aleqsandres mefobis weli 19~29. swored sapatriarqo Rirsebis mqoned rom miaCndaT qarTuli eklesia, es Cans im wlebis sigelebidanac. magaliTad, mefe aleqsandre xazgasmiT uwodebs Tavis drois kaTalikosebs `patriarqebs~, xolo mcxeTas _ `sapatriarqo~ saydars. es kidev erTxel miuTiTebs imis Sesaxeb, rom di ptixSi saqarTvelos eklesiis adgilis gansazRvrasa da msoflios sxva eklesiaTa Soris saqarTvelos eklesiis `sapatriarqo~ Rirsebis aRiarebas im dros CvenSi mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. magaliTad: 1420 wlis mcxeTis sigelSi naTqvamia: àmave Jamsa dadginda patriarqad kaTalikozi miqael~30. 1424 wlis sigelSia: `RvTisa saydrisa dedaqalaqisa mcxeTisa patriarqad ganmzadebulman monazonman daviT...~31. 1428 wlis sigelSi mcxeTas `sapatriarqo saydari~ ewodeba (`saydari~ udris evropul `kaTedras~, rusul `prestols~). `...gvemsaxura Cvensa sapatriarqosa saydarsa deda-qalaqis mcxeTisaTvis...~32. es sabuTebi swored ferera-florenciis krebis samzadisis periodSia gamocemuli. yovelive es miuTiTebs, rom qarTuli eklesiis saerTaSoriso Rirsebis grZnoba am droisaTvis iseve maRalia, rogorc XI-XII saukuneebSi. aleqsandre didi Zalze zrunavda saeklesio erTobis dacvisaTvis. saeklesio separatizms ukve mis dros uCenia Tavi, kerZod, samxreT saqarTveloSi (mesxeTSi), rac uTuod mesxeTis mTavrebis gavleniT, anda iZulebiT xdeboda. sabednierod, Tavisi mefobis dawyebisTanave aleqsandre mefem SeZlo `gaewvrTna~ da gaeerTgulebina orguli mTavari mesxeTisa, rasac, Cans, saeklesio separatizmis aRmofxvrac mohyolia. amis gamo mawyvereli mTavarepiskoposi wers kaTalikos gerasimes: `...rogorc amas winaT mefeTa mlocavni da Tqvenni momxsenebelni da erTgulni yofilan, amave wesiTa mefeTa mlocavni viyvneT da Tqvenni momxsenebelni viyvneT: arc patriarqi movixsenoT antioqiisa, arc misgan gamogzavnili kaci SeviwynaroT~33. aleqsandres dros qveyanaSi erTianoba da mSvidoba iyo, xolo saqarTvelos gavlena mis mezoblebze Zveleburadve aRdga. Tanaxmad vaxuStisa,
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1437 wels yarabaRSi Casul mefes morCilebiT mieaxlnen ganZelni, Sirvanelni da darubandelni, `...ganuCina maT xarki da daimorCilna yovliTve~34. 1440 wels, aRdgoma dRes, moulodnelad, saqarTvelos Savbatknian TurqmenTa meTauri, Tavrizis mflobeli jehan-Sahi dasxmia Tavs. aseT dros Tavdasxmas aravin eloda, amitomac bevri qarTveli dautyvevebiaT. Tavisi gamarjvebis saxsovrad 1664 moWrili Tavisagan minareTi augia q. samSvildeSi. Tbilisi auRia da eklesiebi daungrevia. `qristianebs didi xaraja daades, raTa aeZulebinaT gamahmadianebuliyvneno~35. aleqsandre mefes Tavisi siyvaruli qristes mimarT imiTac gamoumJRavnebia, rom Tavisi sicocxlis ukanasknel wlebSi mefobaze uari uTqvams, berad Semdgara da monazvnad aRkvecila. `...mefeman aleqsandrem saxe monazonebisa Seimosa da uwodes saxelad aTanase da aRaSena Tvisad senaki da saxlni didni qvitkirisani mcxeTas, misgan aRSenebuls mTavar angelozis ekvderTan da mun dadga vidremdis cxovrobda sasoebiTa da moRvawebiT~36. saukuno iyavn xseneba misi!
qarTuli eklesiis Tavdadebuli brZola saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi erTianobisaTvis

qarTveli eris istorias ver gaviazrebT qarTuli eklesiis monawileobis gareSe da, piriqiT, istoria qarTuli eklesiisa aris istoria qarTveli qristiani erisa. marTalia, qarTvel xalxs erovnuli erTianobis Segneba ukve gaaCnia qristeSobamde didi xniT adre da farnavaz mefis mier safuZvelCayril dasavleT-aRmosavleT saqarTvelos momcvel erTian saxelmwifoSi uxdebodaT moRvaweoba Cveni uflis ieso qristes mociqulebs, magram, imis Semdeg, rac qristianuli sarwmunoeba miiRo da gaiTavisa yovelma qarTvelma, eris istoria qarTuli eklesiis istoriis gareSe warmoudgenelia. sazogadod qristianuli eklesia da qarTveli xalxi urTierTSeTvisebul, urTierTSerwymul mTlianobad iqca. viTarca suli da sxeuli Seadgenen erT mTels da sxeulis nawilTa Soris gafenili suli iRvwis misTvis, aseve qarTuli eklesia iRvwis erisaTvis. swored amitom qarTul eklesias ar SeeZlo daeSva dayofa, daSla saqarTvelos saxelmwifosi, rogorc erTiani sxeulisa. ra mohyveboda qarTveli erisaTvis saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis, misi sulis dayofas? saeklesio dayofas ara marto sarwmunoebis dacema, aramed gamoyofil nawilSi erovnuli gadagvarebac unda mohyoloda Tan. `scade da moswyvite mzis sxivi Tavis sawyiss. calke is ver iarsebebs, motexili toti mokvdeba, saTaves moSorebuli nakaduli myisve daSreba~, _ wers wmida episkoposi kvipriane karTageneli da TiTqos winaswar Wvrets beds
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saqarTvelos dedaeklesiisagan mowyvetili mesxeTis eklesiisa da mesxeTis qarTvelobisa. samSoblosagan gamoyofil mesxeTSi qristianoba Cakvda. sarwmunoebis dacvis saxeliT jer yvaryvare aTabagi da Semdeg ki mzeWabuk aTabagi yofdnen dedaeklesiisagan mesxeTis eklesias, magram `gana SeuZlia mas, vinc ar icavs eklesiis erTianobas, CaTvalos, rom sarwmunoebas icavs?... es maSin, roca pavle mociquli eklesiis Sesaxeb ambobs: èrT xorc da erT sul... erT ars ufali, erT sarwmunoeba, erT naTlisReba, erT ars RmerTi~ (efes, 4,4-6). mtkiced unda davicvaT da SevinaxoT es erTianoba. nuravis tyuils nu ahyveba Cveni Zmoba, nuravin daemuqreba sarwmunoebis WeSmaritebas muxanaTuri mzakvrobiT! erTia eklesia... erTia sawyisi, erTia deda, nayofierebiT ganmdidrebuli, Cven misgan viSvebiT, misi rZiT vikvebebiT, misive suliT ganvsulierdebiT... yoveli, vinc ganeSoreba eklesias, memruSe cols emgvaneba da ucxo eqneba eklesiis aRTqmas, vinc ganudgeba eklesias, is akldeba qristes mier dapirebul jildos, igia ucxo, uxmari, mteri eklesiisa~, _ wers wmida mRvdelmowame kvipriane karTageneli episkoposi. cnobilia, rom erTiani qarTuli eklesia organizebul iqna qarTuli saxelmwifos xelSewyobiTa da wmida ninos locviT IV saukunis dasawyisSi. Tumca ki, qristianoba I saukunidanve iqadageboda saqarTveloSi. Cveni qarTuli da araqarTuli wyaroebic dabejiTebiT miuTiTeben, rom qristianoba CvenSi I-III saukuneebSi ganuwyvetliv iqadageboda. am cnobebs am bolo dros adasturebs axali arqeologiuri monacemebic. qristianuli wesiT ukve II-III saukuneebSi imarxeboda mosaxleobis nawili, aRmoCnda IV saukunemdeli saeklesio Senobac (nastakisSi). qristianoba did gavlenas axdenda qarTvelTa zneobaze jer kidev wmida ninomde. amis Sesaxeb wers `qarTlis cxovreba~ mefe rev marTlis cxovrebis aRwerisas. unda vifiqroT, rom saqarTveloSi qristianobis gavrcelebis mxriv iseTive mdgomareoba iyo, rogorc romis imperiaSi, kesariaSi, kabadokiaSi, somxeTsa Tu asiriaSi, sadac qristianobis marcvali daTeses TviT mociqulebma. aTaswleulTa manZilze saqarTvelos eklesiis saWeTmpyroblis taxts samociqulos uwodebdnen, Cans, eklesiaSi daculi wmida gadmocemis Tanaxmad, TviT andria pirvelwodebulma da sxva mociqulebma daafuZnes es taxti TavianTi moRvaweobiT. wmida mociqulma andriam saqarTvelos orive mniSvnelovan mxareSi iqadaga, rogorc aRmosavleTSi, ise dasavleTSi. Tanaxmad `qarTlis cxovrebisa~, wmida andriam Tavisi mogzaurobisas qristianoba iqadaga agreTve aWaraSi, samcxeSi, taoSi. awyuridan is uTuod Sida qarTlis gziT gadavida dasavleT saqarTveloSi (gahyva arsebul savaWro gzas) da iRvawa iq. manve daaarsa saqarTveloSi pirveli saepiskoposo awyurSi37. mociqulebrivi madli ganamtkica wmida ninom, romelmac samefo karis gaqristianebis Semdeg SeZlo erTiani, mTeli saqarTvelos momcveli eklesiis organizeba. wmida ninom Tavidanve miapyro Tavisi RvTaebrivi yuradReba uflis kvarTs, romelic I saukunidanve mcxeTaSi iyo daculi. swored aq, uflis kvarTze daefuZna
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samociqulo saydari qarTuli eklesiis saWeTmpyroblisa. uflis kvarTi niSani iyo saqarTvelos eklesiis erTianobisa, mudmivi siqaduli, SemaerTebel-SemakavSirebeli Zala qarTveli qristianobisa _ ityvis ufali: `me da mamaA Cemi erT varT~ (ioane, 10, 30). sxva adgilas mamisa, Zisa da suli wmidis Sesaxeb weria: èse samni erT arian~ (I ioane, 5,7) ...es saidumlo erTianobisa, es ganuyofeli Tanxmoba asaxulia saxarebiseul ambavSi qristes kvarTis Sesaxeb. kvarTi ar gauyviaT da ar daunawilebiaT, aramed wilad xvda erT kacs da ganuyofeli, daunawevrebeli darCa. amasTan dakavSirebiT saRmrTo werili ambobs: `xolo kvarTi igi, romel iyo ukervel, zeiT gamoqsovil yovlad, Tqves ukve urTierTs: ara ganvxioT ese, aramed wil-vigdoT amas zeda, visica iyos~ (ioane, 19,23-24). am kvarTs mamisagan hqonda maRliT micemuli erTianoba da amitom ar SeiZleboda daenawevrebinaT imaT, visac is ergo, aramed erTxel da samudamod darCa mTliani da ganuyofeli. amitom SeuZlebelia qristes samosi hqondes imas, vinc qristes eklesias arRvevs. Tavisi kvarTis saidumloTi ufalma eklesiis erTianobaze migvaniSna. vinaa usjulo da orguli, vin Seupyria ise Zalumad ganxeTqilebis Camogdebis vnebas, rom SesaZleblad miaCnia, anda aqvs kadniereba, daarRvios RvTaebrivi erTianoba, uflis kvarTis eklesia qristesi? TviT ufali Segvaxsenebs da gvmoZRvravs Tavisi saxarebiT: `da iyvnen erT samwyso da erT mwyems~38 (ioane 10, 10). saqarTvelos eklesiis samociqulo saydris sulierad da fizikurad dafuZneba uflis kvarTze mianiSnebda imas, rom qarTuli eklesia mTliani, erTiani da dauyofeli unda yofiliyo, viTarca kvarTi uflisa, misganve Zalamicemulica da gaZlierebulic. swored amitom SeZlo qarTulma eklesiam Tavisi erTianobis dacva maSinac ki, roca VI saukuneSi gauqmda qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba. erekle keisarma dasavleT saqarTvelos miwa-wylis mitacebis Semdeg (VII s.) qarTul eklesias Camoacila Tavisi iurisdiqciis qveS myofi teritoria, xelsayreli momentis dadgomisTanave dasavleT saqarTvelos am teritoriaze qarTulma eklesiam aRadgina Tavisi iurisdiqcia. aq VIII saukuneSi daarsebuli afxazeTis sakaTalikoso erTiani uflis kvarTis samociqulo saydris nawils warmoadgenda. amis Semdeg qarTulma eklesiam didad iRvawa saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis da erTiani saqarTvelos mefeebsac XI-XV saukuneebSi umsubuqebda qveynis mmarTvelobis simZimes. swored amitom eklesias ar SeeZlo, daeSva XV saukunis miwuruls saxelmwifos daSla. amis gamo qarTuli deda-eklesiisadmi mwyralad ganewyvnen separatisti-gamTiSvelebi. maT eklesiis gaTiSvac inebes, riTac daRupes Tavisi xalxi. cnobilia, rom XV saukunis bolos qarTvel mefe-mTavrebs Soris atyda Sinauri brZola da omi. mesxeTis mTavari gansakuTrebul separatizms
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iCenda. ìrkveva mxolod, rom yvaryvare aTabagi imdenad dabrmavebuli yofila am mtrobiT da gankerZoebisaTvis brZoliT, rom uTanxmoeba saeklesio sferoSic gadautania, rogorc mesxeTis Sinaur marTva-gamgeobaSi daukiTxavad moqmedebda, imgvaradve surda saeklesio weswyobilebasa da cxovrebaSic. mesxeTis sakaTalikoso saydrisagan CamoSoreba da sruli damoukideblobis mopoveba surda. saqarTvelos kaTalikozebi samarTlianad SiSis TvaliT Sehyurebdnen mesxeTis mTavrisa da episkoposebis gankerZoebis politikas da amaSi qarTuli dedaeklesiisa da saqarTvelos politikuri mTlianobis orgulobas xedavdnen. saeklesio ierarqiis mxrivac mesxeTis aTabagebs TavianTi sabrZaneblis mcxeTis sakaTalikozo saydrisagan CamoSoreba surdaT. amis miRweva maT, rasakvirvelia, mxolod saqarTvelos saeklesio erTobis mospobiTa da TavisTvis damoukideblobis mopovebiT SeeZloT. am miznis ganmaxorcielebel saukeTeso saSualebad yvaryvare aTabags, rogorc Cans, mawyvereli episkoposis amaRleba da misi mesxeTis saepiskoposo saydrebis ufrosad qceva miuCnevia, is, rac misma memkvidre aTabagebma da gansakuTrebiT mzeWabuk aTabagma cota xnis Semdgom ganaxorcieles kidec... maT surdaT, rom kaTalikozis magivroba TviT mawyverels gaewia da mawyverels ekurTxebina. yvaryvare aTabags saepiskoposo pirebis arCevis ufleba ukanonod miutacnia da TviT Caugdia xelSi. amas, rasakvirvelia, im mosazrebiT sCadioda, rom saSualeba hqonoda Tavisi politikis momxre da mis brZanebaTa yurmoWrili ymebi aerCia episkoposebad. aseT ukanono da damRupvel politikas saqarTvelos eklesiis mTlianobis da erTobis gapirovnebuli gamoxatulebis matarebeli, `qarTlis kaTalikozi da yovlisa saqarTvelosa patriarqi~, sastikad ebrZoda da yovels mesxeTiT mcxeTaSi sakurTxeblad mosuls samRvdelo pirs Semdegs pirobis wignsa da fics adebinebda: `Tu yvaryvarem, mawyverelma an sxva raime xeli gvaZlios da dagvpatijos kurTxevisa mizeziTa, sadamdis Tqvensa saydarsa ar daemorCilnen... xeli ara gamovarTva~-o, Tu `mawyvereloba, anu sxva xeli raime gvaZlios, ara gamovarTvaT yvaryvares Tqvenda daumowmeblado~. am ukanaskneli sityvebidan cxadad Cans, rom mesxeTSi saeklesio arCevnebis magier yvaryvares piradi arCevani swyvetda maRal saeklesio TanamdebobisTvis saWiro pirTa vinaobas da mawyverlobas Tu sxva saepiskoposo `xels~ is SeaZlevda xolme da is hniSnavda~39. `rasakvirvelia, yvaryvares mTeli moqmedeba saqarTvelos politikuri danawilebisaTvis saukeTeso pirobebis Seqmnas udrida da mTeli qarTveli eris interesebis sawinaaRmdegod moRalaturi nabiji iyo. saeklesio kanonebis Tanaxmad, episkoposad arCeuli piri, ueWvelad, mcxeTaSi unda wasuliyo da saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis mier sveticxovelSi yofiliyo xeldasxmuli. mesxeTis mTavarma swored amis mospoba moisurva~40. isicaa safiqrebeli, rom yvaryvare ara axal saepiskoposo kandidats akurTxebinebda mawyverel episkoposad, aramed romelime ukve nakurTx episko-
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poss, Tavis samTavroSi moRvawes, adgenda axal kaTedraze awyurSi. magram es moqmedeba umcxeTod, centrisadmi daumorCileblobad aRiqmeboda. amitomac episkoposs, romelsac mcxeTa akurTxebda xolme da mesxeTSi samoRvaweod gzavnida `...kurTxevamdis kategoriulad fics da aRTqmas adebinebdnen, rom is saqarTvelos mwyemsmTavris erTguli da saqarTvelos mefis momxsenebeli da mlocveli iqneboda~. `wirva-locvis dros saqarTvelos mefis moxseneba saqarTvelos politikuri mTlianobis gamoxatulebas warmoadgenda da yvaryvare aTabagsac swored amis mospoba hsurda~41. àm ori-sami aRTqmisa da ficis wigniTgan srulis sicxadiT da mimzidvelobiT aSkaravdeba saqarTvelos eklesiis saWeT-mpyrobelis brZnuli, namdvilad saxelmwifoebriv-erovnuli mizanSewonili politika da moRvaweoba. ueWvelia, yoveli Segnebuli qarTveli moRvawis TanagrZnoba maSinac, rodesac es brZola warmoebda, qarTuli eklesiis mwyemsmTavris mxareze iqneboda da axlac, saukuneTa Semdgomac, saqarTvelos kaTalikosTa es medgari cda saqarTvelos ganxeTqilebisa da gankerZoebis procesis SesaCereblad mSvenier brZolad gvexateba. gana qarTveli erisaTvis marTlac damRupveli ar unda yofiliyo mesxeTis eklesiis wadili da mcdeloba sruliad saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso saydrisagan CamosaSoreblad? rodesac saqarTvelos eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelni mesxeTis samRvdeloebisagan sakaTalikoso saydris morCilebas moiTxovdnen, rodesac iqaur episkoposebsa da xucesT ueWvelad mtkice fics adebinebdnen, rom TiToeuli maTgani saqarTvelos kaTalikoz-patriarqTa da `mefeTa mlocveli da yovelTa wirvaTa da locvaTa Sina~ momxsenebeli yofiliyo, gana amiT eseni saqarTvelos mTlianobisa da erTobis ganmtkicebisaTvis ar iRvwodnen? mesxeTis eklesiebSi saqarTvelos mefisa da kaTalikosis saxelebis moxseneba wirvis dros sruliad saqarTvelos mTlianobisa da ganuyoflobis Tumc garegani, magram mainc didmniSvnelovani simboluri gamoxatuleba iyo da amis sawinaaRmdegod brZola mxolod saqarTvelos an dauZinebel mters, an mis Seugnebelsa da piradi pativmoyvareobiT gonebadaxSuls Svils SeeZlo~42. magram `mcxeTisagan mesxeTis saeklesio CamoSoreba saeklesio kanonebis TvalsazrisiT arc iseTi advili da martivi saqme iyo, rogorc es jayelTa gvaris aTabagebs egonaT. uzenaes mwyems-mTavris urCoba did da miutevebel codvad iTvleboda da aseTs danaSauls Sesaferisi sasjelic mohyveboda xolme~43. ai, ras wers amis Sesaxeb T. Jordania, romelsac Tavis qronikebSi mohyavs Sesabamisi sigelebic: `1453 w-s mcxeTis sigeli ...Sinaarsi sigelisa didad sayuradRebod hxatavs maSindels politikurs gancalkevebas saaTabagosas: yvaryvare II, moqiSpe mefis giorgisa (1451-1466) scdilobs eklesiuri ganxeTqilebac moaxdinos da saaTabago episkoposebs TviTon hniSnavs, amasTan is
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cdilobs saaTabagos eklesiebi mcxeTas moswyvitos da antioqiis sapatriarqos SeuerTos. es unda yofiliyo mizezi kaTalikozis `daviTis (hmarTavda 1447-1459) `gawyromisa~ yvaryvarezed~. `q... svetisa cxovelisa da yovlad saSinelisa anCisa xatisa TavsmdebobiTa, ama yovelTa RvTisa wmidiTa zecisa da qveynisaTa TavsmdebobiTa da SuamdgomlobiTa ese wigni da piri gkadreT Tqven qristes RvTisa mier qarTlisa kaTalikozsa daviTs me abelisZeman anCel arqimandritman qerobin mis Jamsa Sedegad, odes mawyvereli da samcxis episkoposni Tqvengan ujvaro da Seundobelni iyvnes safarisa Tavzeda da Tqven didiTa xvaiSniTa makurTxeT. aw dReisTagan waRma Cemad dRed sikvdilamde viyo Tqveni da Tqvenis saydrisa erTguli da mefeTa mlocveli da yovelTa wirvaTa da locvaTa Sina Tqven mogixsenebdeT. vin Tqvengan ujvaro da Seundobelni iyvnen, Cvenganaca ujvaro da Seundobeli iyos. Tqvengan SeundobelTa episkoposTa gverdiT Jami ara vwiroT, sadamdis Tqvengan axsnilobisa da Sendobisa niSani ara mogvivides. vis swyalobdeT, Cvenca misi mlocvelni viqmneT da Tu yvaryvarem mawyvereloba, anu sxva rame xeli gvaZlios da dagvpatiJos kurTxevisa mizeziTa, sadamdis Tqvensa saydarsa ara daemorCilnen da razedac uwyrebiT Tqvenisa saydrisa wesiTa, igi esreTve ara dagveurvos, rogoraca Tqven da Tqvensa saydarsa gmarTebs miT wesiTa sxva xeli ara gamovarTva da arca ra vindomo Tqvenad daumowmeblad da Seundobelad Tqvenisi saydrisa mtrisa mterni viyvneT da erTgulTa moyvareni da mlocvelni viyvneT...~44. aseTive sigels iZlevian kumurdoeli episkoposi da, albaT, sxva mRvdelmTavrebic. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa 1453 wels safarisa da varZiis monasterTa berebis mier mcxeTis patriarqisadmi micemuli sigelis gadarCenili nawili: `...ese wigni da piri gkadreT Tqven... qarTlisa kaTalikossa daviTs meufesa patronsa dagideviT aRTqma... Cven safarisa da varZiisa ZmaTa mas Jamsa, odes mcbieri berZeni movida, cru winaswarmetyveli da mciriTa raTme sityviTa migvizidna. aw Tqven gagviwyeriT da kidev umarTle iyveniT amad rome ... viTarca wesiTa yofil varT, maTve wesiTa viyvneT, arc mitropoliti (berZnisa) SemovuSvaT, arc misi wigni vnaxoT, arca misi mcneba gavigonoT da arasTana misi ara virwmunoT, arc umcxeTod Cveni mRvdeli da diakoni ikurTxeodes...~45. saocari isaa, rom Cveni moZme marTlmadidebluri sapatriarqoebi antioqiisa da ierusalimisa (isini maSin zogjer erTiandebodnen kidec), xelisSewyobis nacvlad, Zmuri TanagrZnobisa da sulieri daxmarebis magier, yovelgvarad cdilobdnen, daeSalaT erTiani qarTuli eklesia, daenakuwebinaT is, raTa Semdeg raime naWeri SexvedrodaT da TavianTi materialuri arseboba daekmayofilebinaT. yovelgvari saeklesio kanonis darRveviT, wmida msoflio kanonebis akrZalvaTa arad CagdebiT, isini iWrebodnen saqarTvelos saepiskoposoebSi, Tav-
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ianTi nebisaebr, ara saRmrTo kanonebiT, yovlad ukadrisi cbierebiT, arRvevdnen wmida ninos RvawliTa da locviT sauflo kvarTze dafuZnebul wmida andrias samociqulo saydars. ra aiZulebdaT wmida ierusalimisa da wmida antioqiis mRvdelmTavrebs qristianTa damabrkolebeli saqmeebis keTebas? es yofila maTi finansuri gaWirveba. `mahmadianTa mier aRmosavleTis dapyrobisa da gansakuTrebiT bizantiis saxelmwifos dauZlurebisa da TurqTagan dapyrobis Semdgom, antioqiis da ierusalimis mRvdelT-mTavarni, TviT patriarqic ki xSirad TavianT samwysos hSordebodnen da ucxoeTis saxelmwifoebs ewveodnen xolme fulis da sxva yovelgvari daxmarebis saTxovnelad da Sesagroveblad. maTxovrobis gzaze mdgomT ucxoeTis gulubryvilo qristianebis winaSe TavianTi saxelis gatexa ar surdaT da TavianTi Tavi ùsjuloebis~ aRmomfxvrelad da Zveli saeklesio kanonebisa da uflebrivi mdgomareobis aRmadgenelad mohqondaT. Cveulebriv amgvar pirebs, rasakvirvelia, cbiereba da crumorwmune xalxis mizidva saSualebas aZlevda TavianTi piradi saqme, fulis Segroveba, viTomc ùsjuloTa~ xeliTgan wmida adgilebisa da tanjul qristianTa gansaTavisufleblad mowyobili, farTod da brwyinvaled moexerxebinaT ...varZiis monastris Zmobas Tavisi erTgulebis wignSi aRniSnuli aqvs, rom `mas Jamsa~-c Turme mesxeTSi erTi amnairi `mcbieri berZeni movida, cru-winaswarmetyveli~, romelmac `mciriTa raTame sityviTa migvizidna~ da mogvxiblao. es cbieri berZeni beri `mitropoliti~ yofila ... saeklesio kanonebi episkoposs sxvis samwysoSi adgilobriv mRvdelT-mTavris nebadaurTvelad yofnas ukrZalaven. miT umetes, àra xelewifebis episkopossa sxvisa episkoposisa samrevlosa qalaqsa anu sofelsa saero moZRvrebad, anu kurTxevad xucisa, gina diakonisa uneblieT episkoposisa mis adgilisa~46 ... `mcbieri berZeni~ mRvdel-mTavris qadageba Turme RaRadebda imasve, rac aTabags swadda: rom ùmcxeTod Cveni mRrdeli da diakoni ikurTxeodeso~ da episkoposnica da samRvdlo dasic qarTlisa kaTalikozisa `brZanebisa morCilni~ ara yofiliyvnen. amgvars qadagebas gavlena mouxdenia da Tavisi nayofic gamouRia. TviT varZiis Zmobas gulaxdilad aRiarebuli aqvs `sityviTa migvizidnao~47. aRsaniSnavia, rom swored aRniSnul wlebSi, kerZod, 1456 wlisaTvis saqarTveloSi Camosuli romis papis warmomadgeneli (episkoposi) antioqielierusalimel episkoposebze mometebul madas iCens da qarTuli eklesiis romis taxtisadmi mierTebisaTvis iRwvis. mas Tavisi azriT, es ocneba viTomda ganuxorcielebia kidec. yovelive zemoT aRniSnuli, Sedegi iyo im saocrad urTulesi sagareo da saSinao viTarebisa, romelSic maSin qveyana imyofeboda. swored aRniSnul wlebSi osmaleTma konstantinepoli aiRo, saqarTvelo Turqul-mahmadianur
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rkalSi moeqca, rasac daerTo Sinagani ganxeTqileba. mTavrebi mefes ebrZodnen, zogjer amarcxebdnen da atyvevebdnen kidec. mesxeTisa Tu imereTis mTavrebi, erisTavebi TavianTi kuTxeebis eklesiebis damoukideblobaze ocnebobdnen. swored aseT dros Camovida saqarTveloSi romis papis warmomadgeneli. man Caagona saqarTvelos mefesa da mTavrebs, rom Tu isini aRiarebdnen romis papis saeklesio uzenaesobas, rom `papi msoflio eklesiis meTauri da uflis nacvalia am qveynad~ (rac kaTolikuri sarwmunoebis aRiarebad iTvleboda maTi azriT), maSin papi evropel mefeebs aRZravda osmalTa winaaRmdeg da isini evropis mxridan SeebrZolebodnen Turqebs. marTlac, rogorc moRweuli werilebidan Cans, qarTvelma mefe-mTavrebma TiTqosda aRiares papis uzenaesoba. ra Sedegi mohyva qarTvel xelisufalTa am dajerebas? romis papma evropeli mefeebi ver aRZra TurqTa winaaRmdeg. saqarTveloSi daiwyo kidev ufro mZafri Sida omi. saeklesio ganxeTqileba kidev ufro gamZafrda mesxeTsa da dasavleT saqarTveloSi. am drosve ierusalimel-antioqieli ierarqebi yovel Rones xmarobdnen mcxeTis samociqulo taxtidan dasavleT saqarTvelosa da mesxeTis eklesiebis CamosaSoreblad. Seqmnes kidec Sesabamisi dokumentebi. gamZafrda ciliswamebani mcxeTeli kaTalikos-patriarqis mimarT. aman dasca qristianobis avtoriteti mesxeTSi (da, albaT, dasavleT saqarTveloSic), ramac, saboloo jamSi, gza gauxsna mahmadianur sarwmunoebas da mesxebis swraf gamahmadianebas. amitomac, romis papis warmomadgenlis qmedeba qarTuli eklesiis mimarT iseve SemaZrwunebeli Sedegis momtani iyo, rogorc antioqiel-ierusalimeli ierarqebisa. Cans, albaT, amitom uwodebda mari brose papis warmomadgenels ludoviko boloniels `qvebudana moSuRle fanatikoss~48. yvaryvare ramdenjerme evropeli mokavSireebisadmi gagzavnil Tavis werilebSi romael ludovikos `Cems patriarqs~ uwodebs. iseTi STabeWdilebaa, rom yvaryvare mzadaa `Tavis patriarqad~ da pirvelierarqad gamoacxados nebismieri samRvdelo, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis garda. jer berZen mitropolit-patriarqebs awyvereli episkoposi `daadgenina~ pirvelierarqad mesxeTisa, es, Tavis mxriv, imas niSnavda, rom swored es berZnebi ucvnia yvaryvares `Tavis patriarqad~. aseve moiqca romaeli episkoposis mimarTac da es ludoviko bolonieli `Tavis patriarqad~ aRiara. Tumca, mefe giorgic msgavsadve moqceula am romaelis mimarT, rac uTuod daedo safuZvlad sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqisadmi gaugonar urCobas, rasac im dros iCendnen mesxeTSi, dasavleT saqarTvelosa da, rogorc Cans, sxva kuTxeebSic. male gamoCnda yvela ucxoelis `mzrunvelobis~ Sedegi. 1459 wels yvaryvare aTabagi, anu rogorc mas asaxeleben `saqarTvelos mTavari~, wers burgundiis dukas werils, romelSic, rogorc iTqva, ara sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikoss uwodebs Tavis patriarqs, aramed romis eklesiis warmomadgenel ludovikos: `...aw batoni Cveni patriarqis ludo-
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vikos brZanebiT Sevurigdi yvela Cems mezobel qristiane mTavrebsa da gadavwyvite mTeli Cemi Rone da SeZleba movixmaro osmalebis winaaRmdeg, rogorc davpirdi Cvens patriarqs~49. _ àger 50 weliwadia, eseTi mSvidoba da erToba, romelic aw vyaviT, ar gagonila Cvens qveyanaSi. es vyaviT Cvenis batonis patriarqis brZanebiT da CagonebiT da egreTve Tanaxmad werilisa batonis papisa, romelmac mogvwera da gvauwya, rom man Tavis qalaqSi yvela laTinis mTavrebi unda Sekribos da rCeva hqmnas, raTa moemzadon urwmunoebTan sasaubrod~. rogorc agreTve giorgi mefis werilidan Cans, masac `Tavis patriarqad~ es laTini samRvdelo aurCevia. Tumca ki, antiosmalur koaliciaSi Semaval arc trapezuntis imperatorsa da arc mcire somxeTis mTavars romis eklesiis warmomadgeneli `Tavis patriarqad~ ar ucvniaT, riTac simSvide daicves TavianT qristianul samwysoSi. `...miwerilia burgundiis dukasTan daviT trapezuntis imperatoris werilic ... imperatori boloniel ludovikos patriarqs srulebiTac ar uwodebs, aramed ixseniebs marto elCad (òrator~). ...arc isa sCans, rom mcire somxeTis mTavars ewodebinos, anu esurvebinos ludovikos patriarqoba. egreTve cxadia, rom sparseTis mefes hasanbegs sruliadac ar dasWirdeboda imis patriarqoba. maS, giorgim da yvaryvarem airCies igi TavianT patriarqad...~50. male gamoCnda yovelive amis Sedegi. romis papma da am egreT wodebulma `patriarqma~ ver SeZles evropeli mefe-mTavrebis yuradRebis mi pyroba aRmosavleTis problemebisadmi. saqme CaiSala. amis SetyobisTanave saqarTveloSi atyda usastikesi Sida omi mefe-mTavar-erisTavebs Soris, qveyana moiSala, qristianobis avtoriteti daeca. ismis kiTxva, Tu romis eklesias saqmis gakeTeba ar SeeZlo, ratomRa scemda Zirs saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis avtoritets, iTvisebda mis uflebebs da amiT ki qveynis erTianobas arRvevda? igive iTqmis antioqia-ierusalimis sapatriarqoebis Sesaxebac. aseTi aSlilobis dros gamoiCina Tavisi Zala saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiam da, rogorc aRiniSna, mesxeTis episkoposebs fics adebinebda, romelSic naTqvami iyo, rom zemoT aRniSul ucxoel ierarqTa msgavsni arc `SemouSvaT, arc misi wigni vnaxoT, arc misi mcneba gavigoT da arasTana misi ara virwmunoT, arc umcxeTod Cveni mRrdeli da diakoni ikurTxeodes da viyvneT Tqvensa brZanebisa morCilni~. magram aseTi ficis dadeba aSfoTebda separatist aTabagebs da maTma ugunurma mrisxanebam im zomas miaRwia, rom qarTveli kaTalikos-patriarqis mimarT ciliswamebac ikadres da am ciliswamebis gavrcelebisTvisac izrunes. mcxeTis avtoritetis dacemiT maT uTuod dasces saerTod qristianobis avtoriteti mesxeTSi, ramac mahmadianobisadmi winaaRmdegoba Seamcira. aTabagebi àRSfoTebuli da ganrisxebuli Ciodnen: `vinc Cveni episkopozi maTgan (e.i. kaTalikosis) wina sakurTxevelad miva, magaTi da mefis
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erTgulobazed aficebdeno~, is farisevlurad saeklesio kanonebis darRvevaze da `sjulis gardamaval saqmeze~ swuxda, romelsac viTomac kaTalikosebi amgvars SemTxvevebSi sCadiodnen, `magaT ukeT ician, naficari arc episkoposi Seiwynarebis da arc xucesi da nurc Cven gvizmen uweso rame saqme SemoiRon~-o, veraguli cbierebiT gaiZaxodnen isini, TiTqos Tavisi dedaeklesiis da misi saWeT-mpyrobelis urCi da erisa da samSoblos mTlianobis uarismyofeli da damrRvevi episkoposi an mRvdeli ki Sesawynarebeli yofiliyos!~51. Semdeg ki ciliswamebac gaavrceles, TiTqosda Cveni eklesiis meTaurs qrTams aZlevdnen kurTxevisas. iv. javaxiSvilma gaarkvia, rom es iyo sicrue, Tundac imitom, rom `...saamiso obieqturi pirobebi ar moipoveboda~51. `Tu amisda miuxedavad aTabagis da mis momxreTa banakSi mainc sajarod laparakobdnen kaTalikosis meqrTameobaze, es mxolod imis maCvenebelia, Tu ramdenad ulmobeli da dauzogavi brZola yofila mefe-kaTalikos-aTabags Soris da saqarTvelos erTobisa da gankerZoebis momxreTa Sua, raodeni gesliTa da SxamiT unda yofiliyo aRsavse amis gamo mesxeTis maSindeli cxovreba!...~51. sabolood, mesxeTis aTabagebma Zlieri wadilis miuxedavad, ver SeZles mesxeTis eklesiis CamoSoreba saqarTvelos deda-eklesiisagan. amis Semdeg mesxeTis samRvdelo pirT kaTalikozisa da mefis erTgulebaze aficebdnen `...es fici imave dros saqarTvelos saxelmwifosi da eklesiis mTlianobisa da erTobis fici iyo, amitomac STamomavlobasa da istorias ki ar SeuZlia maTi Rvawli erisa da qveynis winaSe mTeli Tavisi siRrme-sivrciT ar daafasos~52. ase gagrZelda saukunis bolomde. XVI saukunis dasawyisSi aTabagma mzeWabukma kvlav wamoiwyo saeklesio gankerZoebisaTvis moqmedeba. Tedo Jordania wers: `1500-1516 w.w. mesxeTis sigeli gvimtkicebs, rom mzeWabuk aTabags, politikuri gancalkevebis mosurnes, moundomebia saaTabagos eklesiis mowyveta mcxeTisagan da antioqiis patriarqis doroTeosisaTvis daumorCilebia, raisaTvis doroTeosi didad aqebs mzeWabuks, romelsac uwodebs: `RvTis moSiSad~, `marTal-madideblad~ da `did mefed Cvenad da yovlisa aRmosavleTisa xelmwifed~, xolo qarTlis mefesa da mis ers - ùsjulod~. `...wyalobiTa RvTisaTa doroTeos patriarqi didisa RvTisa qalaqisa antioqisa viiZuleniT Tqmad amas didisa patronis mzeWabukis mier: rameTu magan oden mxoloman iyurWum WeSmaritad embazsa Sina naTlisRebisasa. yovelive gangvacada da gulisxma gviyo da egreTve mawyverelisa sikeTe. mas mivaTvaleT yoveli sabrZanebeli patronisa mzeWabukisi, raTa episkoposni misgan ikurTxodnen yovelnive da missa wessa da brZanebisa morCilebdnen da sjulTa misTa erCdnen da misgan imwysebodnen~53. hqonda Tu ara raime ufleba antioqiis patriarqs, SemoWriliyo saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis sazRvrebSi da misgan moewyvita erTi nawili? antioqiis patriarqis moqmedeba arRvevda saeklesio kanonebs, msoflio krebebis mamaTa dadgenilebebs, kerZod, III msoflio krebis me-8 kanons. sxvaTa Soris, am krebaze antioqiis episkoposTa TviTneboba ganixiles, roca
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isini SeiWrnen kvi prosis avtokefalur eklesiaSi da iqauri saqmeebi Tavis nebisamebr ganages. `mzeWabukis sabednierod antioqiis patriarqi kvlav swvevia saqarTvelos. antioqiis patriarqebs saqarTveloSi stumroba, rogorc etyoba, gautkbaT. albaT, uxvad datvirTulebi brundebodnen aqeTgan Sin ... 50-60 wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos sul cota sami amgvarad mokalmase patriarqmitropolitisaTvis gauvsia jibeebi~54. mzeWabukma es ucxo patriarqi gamoiyena Tavisi miznisaTvis. man `...Tavisi sabrZaneblis sarwmunoebrivadac saqarTvelos dedaeklesiisagan mowyveta gadawyvita, rom am saSualebiT, eklesiebSi saqarTvelos kaTalikosisa da mefis xsenebis amokveTiT, saqarTvelos politikuri mTlianobis es garegnuli, simboluri gamoxatulebac gamqraliyo da mcxeTis saydarTan damokidebuleba mospobiliyo~55. mzeWabukma da ucxo patriarqma Sesabamisi sabuTi marTlac Seadgines. `piradi pativmoyvareobiTa da mtruli grZnobiT dabrmavebuls mzeWabuks aviwydeboda, rom amiT qarTveli eris isedac mcire Zalas ufro asustebda da mtris gabatonebas saukeTeso niadags umzadebda. im zneobriv-sarwmunoebrivi Zalis ganmtkicebis magier, romelsac saqarTvelos eklesiis mTlianoba hqmnida da gareSe ucxoTesli da ucxosjuli mterTan brZolas aadvilebda, qarTul eklesias saxeli gautexa da daqucmacebiT mozRvavebul osmalebTana da mahmadianobasTan brZolis unari moaklo~56. magram, RvTis madliT, arc ise advili iyo saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis mTlianobis darRveva. mzeWabukis sikvdilis Semdeg axalma aTabagma mcxeTas 1518 wels aaxla sigeli, romliTac mowiwebiT gaauqma wina aTabagis ukanono zemoqmedeba eklesiaze. `saxeliTa RvTisiTa Cven didTa aTabagTa naTesavman ... aTabag amirspasalarman yvaryvare (IV-m) ese wigni gkadre da mogaxseneT... Tqven yovelTa CrdiloeTisa kedarTa Soris uaRress da uaRmatebules-udidebuless, udidess wmida kaTolike saydarsa mcxeTasa da mas Sina svetsa RvTiv aRmarTebulsa, kvarTsa sameufosa da mironsa wmidasa da Tqvensa saWeT-mpyrobelsa, qristes mier yovlisa saqarTvelossa patriarqsa kaTalikozsa basilis mas Jamsa, odes patroni biZaCemi Semdurdes da man samcxes saepiskoposani ukuiWirna, aw iprinna RmerTman da Cven kidev mivandeT kaTolike saydarsa, kaTalikozsa da mogixsenebia asre da ama wesiTa, rome ragvaraca amas wina yofila, imave wesiTa raca Cvensa sabatonoSigan episkoposni iyvnen patronsa kaTalikozisa morCilni iyvnen da kaTalikozisa xeliTa ikurTxoden...~57. maSasadame, dedaeklesiisagan mzeWabukis dros mowyvetili mesxeTis eklesia yvaryvare IV-is dros kvlav SemouerTda mcxeTas. amitomac mawyvereli episkoposi qarTlis kaTalikozis `monas da mowafes~ uwodebs Tavis Tavs. mcxeTidanve miuRia mas kaTedra awyurisa da masve moaxsenebs: `...sicocxlesa Cemsa, Tvinier mcxeTisa saxli da qalaqi ara vaRiaro da Tqven
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makurTxevlis Cemis iovanes kaTalikozisagan kide sxvasa kaTalikozsa ara davemorCilo, moZRvrad da makurTxevelad Cemda wmida deda-qalaqi mcxeTa da Tqven iyvneT~58. mcxeTis dedaeklesiam kvlav daimorCila mesxeTis eklesia da misi centri _ awyuri. marTalia, qarTulma dedaeklesiam am cxare omSi gaimarjva, magram, saboloo jamSi, dakninda qristianoba da niSnad amisa awyuris odesRac cnobili kaTedralis nangrevebi dgas mesxeTSi, xolo misi Svilebi ZiriTadad asimilirebulia da ganbneuli Turqul-TaTrul masaSi. 1519-1529 wlebSi mcxeTis dedaeklesiis ufleba mesxeTSi kvlav xelSeuxebelia. amas miuTiTebs kumurdoeli episkoposis zosimes erTgulebis sigeli59 da patroni manuCarisa da patroni aTabagis pirobis sigeli60 mcxeTisadmi. amgvarad SeZlo dedaeklesiam saqarTvelos sulieri erTianobis dacva, Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, rom ucxo patriarqebma dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiaSi SeZles zogadqarTuli erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi ideologiis SebRalva. XV saukunis 70-ian wlebSi `saqarTveloSi antioqiel-ierusalimeli patriarqi mixeili Camovida ... rasakvirvelia, umTavresad Sewirulebisa da fulis Sesagroveblad iyo garjili~61. mas dauweria `mcneba sasjulo~, sadac àRniSnuli aqvs, rom winaT qarTlisa da afxazeTis kaTalikosni antioqiis patriarqisagan iyvnen damokidebuli da maTgan hqondaT miRebuli xeldasxma. qarTuli eklesiis mermindeli TviTmwysoba da saeklesio TviTmmarTveloba antioqiel-ierusalimel patriarqs ukanono movlenad hqonda gamocxadebuli~62. es yovelive mas sWirdeboda, raTa TviTon ekurTxebina dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis axali meTauri, amiT ki dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesia CamoeSorebina erTiani deda-eklesiisagan. Tavis mxriv, dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio damoukidebloba surda im dros imereTis mefes, bagrats. amitomac, antioqielis saeklesio Teoria gamoTqmuli iyo qarTveli separatistebis gulis mogebis mizniT. `man, rasakvirvelia, bagrat mefesTan SeTanxmebiT da saTanado jildos miRebis Semdeg afxazeTis kaTalikosad akurTxa iovakime, romelic saqarTvelos eklesiis kaTalikos-patriarqisagan srulebiT damoukideblad gamoacxada. aRsaniSnavia, rom antioqiel-ierusalimelma patriarqma afxazeTis `kaTalikosi saydarsa zeda andria mociqulisa~ dasmulad aRiara. amave dros `sasjulo mcnebaSi naTqvamia, rom nino qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebelma mxolod qarTli moaqcia, andria mociqulma ki dasavleT saqarTvelo gaaqristiana. amiT antioqiel-ierusalimel patriarqs mixeils saqarTvelos saeklesio mTlianobis moSla (rac bagrat mefes im dros politikuri mizniT swadda) undoda, rom es istoriuli sabuTebiT daemtkicebina. raki aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos qristianobis sxvadasxva mqadageblebi hyavda, amiT mas undoda daesabuTebina, rom, maSasadame, afxazeTis kaTalikoss damoukideblad arsebobisa da TviTmwysobis ufleba hqonda. is mcxeTis kaTalikosisagan ar unda yofiliyo xeldasxmuli~63.
892
ra xerxebiT unda daemtkicebina ucxoel patriarqs qarTuli eklesiis antioqiisadmi damokidebuleba uZveles dros? Cven Tavis droze64 davamtkiceT, rom araviTari Zveli sabuTi qarTuli eklesiis antioqiisadmi daqvemdebarebisa VIII saukunemde ar arsebobda arc ucxoeTsa da arc saqarTveloSi. cnobilia, rom VII saukuneSi erekle keisarma saqarTvelos saxelmwifos CamoaSora SavizRvispira teritoria, sadac Semdgom konstantinepolis eklesiam ganaxorciela Tavisi iurisdiqcia. VIII saukuneSi konstantinepolSi warmoiSva eresi _ xatmebrZoloba. amis gamo konstantinepols ganudga goTeTsa da SavizRvispiras mdebare qarTuli eklesia. amasobaSi dasavleT saqarTvelo gaerTianda, masSi Sevida àbazgiac~. am gaerTianebulma qveyanam moiTxova mis SigniT arsebuli eklesiebis gaerTianebac. am axal eklesias esaWiroeboda misi arsebobis kanonikuri dadastureba. radganac mas xatmebrZolobis gamo kavSiri gawyvetili hqonda konstantinepolTan, amitomac ierusalim-antioqiis sapatriarqosTan daamyara kavSiri. kerZod, `qvemo iveriidan~, anu momavali afxazeTis samefodan (e.i. dasavleT saqarTvelodan), _ antioqia-ierusalimSi Casula saeklesio delegacia, romelsac miuRwevia imisaTvis, rom `qvemo iveriis~ eklesias miuRia avtokefalia maTgan. es cnoba damaxinjebuli saxiT Sesula berZnul qronikebSi. X-XI saukuneebSi qarTul da berZnul eklesiaTa Soris daZabulobis warmoqmnis dros saWiro gaxda, raTa qarTvel moRvaweebs moeZiaT berZnul wyaroebSi SemorCenili cnobebi qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis Sesaxeb. efrem mcires mouZebnia aseTi cnoba, romelic Seexeboda `qvemo iveriis~ eklesiisaTvis avtokefaliis miniWebas antioqia-ierusalimSi. magram samwuxarod efremi Semcdara da mas es cnoba miuCnevia erTiani saqarTvelos (anu iveriis) eklesiis Sesaxeb cnobad. yovel SemTxvevaSi, am berZnul cnobaSi aSkarad Canda, rom qarTul eklesias TviTmwysoba sruliad kanonierad hqonda miRebuli, amitomac es cnoba Semoklebuli Tu Sevsebuli saxiT gadadioda qarTul sigel-gujrebsa da werilobiT ZeglebSi. aRniSnul dros (XV saukunis miwuruls) dasavleT saqarTveloSi Camosuli antioqia-ierusalimis patriarqi maSinve Tavis saqmes Sesdgomia: ìqmna gamoZiebaA da mokiTxvaA gujarTa, davTarTa da iadgarTa~. ueWvelia, tyuil-ubralod ar Seiwuxebdnen Tavs patriarqi da misi mimdevarni. antioqiel mRvdelmTavars undoda qarTul wyaroebSi epova cnoba, Tu `viTar igi pirvelad qarTlisa da afxazeTisa kaTalikozni antioqiisa patriarqTagan ikurTxeodian~. cxadia, Tu risTvis dasWirdeboda es cnoba mixeil patriarqs. mas undoda am Zveli damokidebulebiT esargebla. igi antioqiis mRvdelmTavarTa saqarTvelos eklesiaze batonobis ganaxleba-aRdgenaze ocnebobda ukve. rodesac mas amgvari cnoba xelT eqmneboda, maSin gulubryvilo xalxs ufro advilad daarwmunebda, rom saqarTvelos eklesiis
893
Sinaurs saqmeebSi Carevis ufleba hqonda. rogorc `JamTa siZvelisagan da soflisa siverageTagan iyvnes mravalni wesni SeSliT da gardaqceviT~, viTomc amgvaradve qarTuli eklesiis TviTmwysoba da damoukidebloba ukanono da `SeSlil~ wesad undoda gamoecxadebina~65. ra cnoba unda epova mas qarTuli eklesiis antioqia-ierusalimze Zveli damokidebulebis Sesaxeb? aseTi cnoba ar arsebobda. arsebobda mxolod efrem mcires mier moZiebuli cnoba, romelic, rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispira nawils exeboda, magram SecdomiT mTeli iveriis eklesiisadmi cnobad iyo miCneuli. Cans, amiT isargebla ucxoelma ierarqma da caiSel-bedieli mTavarepiskoposi iovakime afxazeTis kaTalikosad dasva. àmiT afxazeTis qarTuli eklesiis TviTmwysobis ufleba Seilaxa, damoukidebloba moispo da ierusalim-antioqiis patriarqis xelTqveSeTi Seiqmna... amgvarad da am saqcieliT patriarqma mixeilma, bagrat mefem da dadiangurielma Samadavlam qarTuli eris saukeTeso SvilTa da mTeli xalxis mier saukuneTa brZoliT monapovari, qarTuli eklesiis Tavisufleba mospes da gaanadgures. marto es garemoeba kmara maSindel saqarTvelos da bagrat mefis erovnul-politikuri TviTSemecnebis daqveiTebis da dacemis sabuTad!..~66. isic unda iTqvas, rom antioqiis patriarqis mier iovakimes kaTalikozad dadgenas araviTari zegavlena Semdgom dasavleT saqarTvelos avtokefalur uflebaze (Tavisi mamamTavris dadgenisas) ar mouxdenia. amis Semdegac, iseve rogorc aqamde, uantioqio-uierusalimod adgendnen pirvel ierarqebsa da episkoposebsac. am ucxo patriarqis mavne antierovnul-sarwmunoebriv Teorias ar SeiZleboda uaryofiTi gavlena ar moexdina dasavlel qarTvelTa erovnul TviTSemecnebaze. `...mixeil patriarqs undoda qarTvelTaTvis Caenerga, rom wmida nino mxolod qarTlis ganmanaTlebeli iyo, xolo andria mociquli mxolod qarTlis àqaTi~ qveynis, anu dasavleT saqarTvelos mqadagebeli da momaqceveli iyo, rom lixTamereli da lixTimereli warsulSic ganmanaTlebelTa mxrivac erTimeorisagan gansxvavebulni iyvnen... cdilobda saqarTvelos mkvidrTaTvis gul-gonebaSi is azri Caenerga, rom saeklesio CamomavlobiTa da warsuliT isini aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebulni ar arian da rom amitom exlac sruli CamoSoreba kanonieri da samarTliani iyo~67. aqamde ki mTeli qarTveli erisaTvis, rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, àndria mociqulica da wmida ninoc saerTo qarTuli eklesiis damaarseblad da mTeli qarTveli eris ganmanaTleblad iyvnen cnobilni. saqarTvelos sxvadasxva nawilebisaTvis calke da gansakuTrebuli mqadageblis arsebobis azri da gamoZebnis survilic ar hqoniaT~. antioqieli patriarqi ki `mTeli qarTveli erisagan Sesisxlxorcebuls Semecnebas spobda~68. `mcneba sasjuloSi~ gadmocemulia dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis, anu afxazeTis sakaTalikosos sazRvrebi. `Woroxs aqaT, ovseTsa aqaT, zRvaA pontosa aqaT, sada didisa biWvintisa sazRvari miawevs~.
894
im dros kaTalikosi biWvintaSi ijda. amitomac `didi biWvintis~ CrdiloeTis sazRvari Sors iyo gadaweuli. erT Semdegdroindel sabuTSi Cans, rom CrdiloeTis sazRvars Turme `kafa~ warmoadgenda. marTlac qalaq-navsadgur kafasTan samegrelosa da dasavleT saqarTvelos Zalze mWidro savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierToba hqonda. is mdebareobda azovisa da Savi zRvis Crdilo aRmosavleTSi, 1475 wlamde genuelebis savaWro-ekonomikuri centri iyo, amis Semdeg Turqebi daepatronnen. kafadan SemohqondaT Turqebs saqarTveloSi marili, Tevzi, xizilala, matyli, rkineuli, WurWeli, iaraRi, maudi, tilo, tansacmeli, xaliCebi, tyaveuli da sxva yovelgvari saqoneli69. kafa dasavleT saqarTvelos ekonomikur raionSi Sedioda, Tumca, saqarTvelos politikur sazRvrebSi ar Semodioda. miuxedavad amisa, afxazeTis eklesiis iurisdiqcia aqamde vrceldeboda CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT. dasavleT saqarTvelos srulma saeklesio damoukideblobam mcxeTis dedaeklesiisagan sikeTe ar moutana dasavleT saqarTvelos qristianebs, iseve rogorc ar moutana sikeTe mesxeTis qristianebs saeklesio separatizmma. male TviT afxazeTis sakaTalikosos centri _ biWvinTa moeqca Crdilo kavkasiis mTebidan SemoWrili warmarTi mTieli Cerqezul-abazuri tomebis garemocvaSi, romelTac uZveles qristianul mxareSi ara marto qristianoba dasces, aramed aTaswlovani sarwmunoebriv-kulturul-samecniero kerebi, qarTulenovani saepiskoposoebi, srulebiT amoagdes. qarTuli qristianobisa da kulturis didi kera _ biWvinTa da, saerTod, sakuTriv afxazeTi, male warmarTi, pirvelyofil doneze myofi mTieli tomebis xelSi moeqca. afxazeTi erovnulad gadagvarda, aseve gadagvarda `qarTuli qristianobis akvani~ _ mesxeTi.
erovneba da sarwmunoeba
XV saukunis miwurulsa da XVI saukunis dasawyisSi qarTuli eklesiis wiaRSi warmoiSva separatizmi. sabednierod, es ar iyo sarwmunoebrivi ganxeTqileba. eresi da seqtantoba ucxo iyo qarTveli qristianebisaTvis. separatizmi imiT gamoixateboda, rom administraciulad saqarTvelos eklesiis samociqulo taxtisagan (saydrisagan) daapira gandgoma mesxeTis eklesiam, xolo dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis zogierTma ierarqma samociqulo Rirsebis mcxeTidan maTken gadatanis survili gamoamJRavna. wmida mociqulis, andria pirvelwodebulis damyarebuli saqarTvelos eklesiis erTianoba faqtobrivad daiSala. Cveni eklesiis wiaRSi ar Casaxula saeklesio separatizmis idea. es iyo Sedegi eklesiaze uxeSi zemoqmedebisa saero xelisufalTa mier. mesxeTis mTavrebis separatizmma dabada mesxeTis zogierT ierarqTa separatizmi, rasac mcxeTidan, samociqulo saydridan, droebiT mesxeTis saeklesio ganyofa
895
mohyva. Tanaxmad ivane javaxiSvilisa, mesxeTis swrafi gamahmadianeba Sedegi iyo aTabagebisa da maTi ierarqebis saeklesio separatizmisa. aseve saero xelisufalTa mier iyo ganxorcielebuli dasavleT saqarTvelos ierarqTa urCoba dedaeklesiis mimarT. arc am daumorCileblobas mohyolia kargi Sedegi. sabolood, mTeli qarTveli eri dazaralda. ers daekarga samxreT saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis (mesxebis) udidesi nawili. mesxeTSi dedaeklesiis avtoritetis dacemam saerTod qarTuli eklesiis (da qristianobis) avtoritetis dacema gamoiwvia. aq gza gaexsna ucxo religiebsa da eklesiebs, rasac Sedegad mohyva samxreT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis gamahmadianeba (gaTaTreba), gafrangeba (gakaTolikeba), gamonofiziteba (gasomxeba), xolo darCenili marTlmadideblebi moeqcnen konstantinepolis berZnuli sapatriarqos xelSi, ramac maTSi `berZnuli~ erovnuli TviTSemecneba dabada. isini gaberZndnen, verc dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiam SeZlo Tavisi mrevlis patronoba, viTarca saWiroeba moiTxovda. amis gamo, aqac qristianTa erTi nawili gamahmadianda (qvemo guria _ baTumi _ qobuleT-aWaris mxare), xolo meore nawili (afxazeTi) ki mTiel (Cerqez-afsua-adiRe) Semoxiznul warmarTebSi airia. Cveni samociqulo eklesia XV saukunemde erTiani, monoliTuri da Sekruli iyo. saeklesio daSlis Semdegac bunebiT absoluturad qarTuladve darCa dasavleT saqarTvelosa da mesxeTis eklesiebi, aq kvlavindeburad wirva-locva, liturgia, yovelgvari saeklesio wesi, saeklesio wignebi, yovelgvari saeklesio adaTi Tu Cveva Zveleburadve qarTuli iyo, mxolod es iyo, rom wirvisa da locvis dros aRar moixseniebdnen sruliad saqarTvelos mefisa da sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis saxels. mxolod amaSi gamoixateboda saeklesio separatizmi, magram swored es iyo udidesi dabrkoleba, sacduri, romelmac erTi kuTxis (mesxeTis) mrevli srulebiT daRupa, xolo meore kuTxis mrevls didad avno. unda iTqvas isic, rom uTuod qarTveli xalxis erovnuli TviTSemecnebis dacemam monRolTa Semosevebis Semdeg ganapiroba rogorc saxelmwifoebrivi, ise saeklesio separatizmi. Tumca, dabal erovnul TviTSemecnebas Tan erTvoda saqarTvelos uaRresad savalalo sagareo mdgomareoba da agreTve Sida socialur-ekonomikuri mizezebi. Cans, erovnuli TviTSemecnebis dabali done iyo mizezi imisa, rom am dros qarTveli eri ZiriTadad usaxur eTnomasalad iqca, ramac sxva erebis siWarbe gamoiwvia. ramdenime saukunis manZilze qarTvelebi zemoT dasaxelebul eTnoreligiur Temebs Seerwynen. SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva: rogor SeinarCuna erovnuli TviTSemecneba somexma (an romelime sxva) erma uaRresad araxelsayrel pirobebSi? am kiTxvis pasuxis Zieba uaRresad rTulia, amave dros mniSvnelovani. imis Semdeg, rac moispo somxeTis saxelmwifoebrioba, somexi xalxi cxovrobda sxvadasxva ucxo saxelmwifoSi. aq maT SeZles CamoeyalibebinaT
896
erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi Temebi. Temi aerTianebda monofizituri sarwmunoebis mqone mosaxleobas (miuxedavad eTnikuri warmoSobisa). es sarwmunoebrivi Temi somxur saxes imiT iRebda, rom sarwmunoebriv enad miaCnda somxuri ena, xolo Tavisi Temi miaCnda didi somxuri kulturis memkvidred da matareblad. aseTi monofizituri erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi Temebi arsebobdnen TaTrul (da sxva romelime arasomxur) soflebSic da qalaqebSic, ise, rom faqtobrivad araviTari konfliqti mezobel eTnosTan ar hqondaT. zogjer aseT sarwmunoebriv-erovnul Temebs gaaCndaT TavianTi soflebi, anda mxareebic ki. aseTi Temebi araviTar safrTxes ar uqmnida osmaleTs, sparseTs (Tu sxva saxelmwifoebs), ufro metic, imis Semdeg, rac aseTma Temebma TavianT saqmed aReb-micemoba gaixades, maT didi mogebac misces sparseTsa da osmaleTs, amitomac eTno-sarwmunoebrivi Temebi daculi iyo maT mier. aseve iTqmis `frangebisa~ da `berZnebis~ Sesaxebac. bizantiis imperiis damxobis Semdeg saxelmwifodakarguli marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba mcire aziaSi dajgufda marTlmadideblur eTnoreligiur Temebad. am Temis mamamTavrad, èTnarqadac~ ki (rogorc zogierTi mkvlevari uwodebs) miiCneoda konstantinepolis (stambulis) berZeni patriarqi, xolo masze daqvemdebarebul berZen mRvdels udidesi uflebebi hqonda miniWebuli osmalo xelisufalTa mier Tavis marTlmadideblur TemSi. mahmadianur imperiebSi monofizitebis eTnoreligiuri Temebis mamamTavrebad somexi kaTalikosebi da patriarqebi iyvnen dadgenilni, xolo maT mRvdlebs aseve udidesi uflebebi gaaCndaT TavianT TemebSi. sazogadod, ase iyo mowyobili mahmadianuri saxelmwifoebrivi sistema. osmaleTSi oficialurad cnobdnen oTx ers, oTx rjuls: musulmanebs, frangebs, somxebsa da berZnebs. imperiaSi mcxovrebi yvela marTlmadidebeli _ bulgareli iqneboda is Tu serbi, oficialuri xelisuflebisa da masebisaTvis berZeni iyo. sul sxva mdgomareoba iyo saqarTveloSi. aq qarTvelma xalxma SeZlo Tavisi saxelmwifoebriobis SenarCuneba. marTalia, daiSala erTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwifo, magram saqarTvelos yovel kuTxeSi Camoyalibda adgilobrivi qarTuli saxelmwifoebi (qarTlis, kaxeTis, imereTis samefoebi, samegrelos, guriis, afxazeTis, mesxeTis, svanTa samTavroebi). es imas niSnavda, rom qarTveli eri daiSala ara eTnoreligiur Temebad, aramed kuTxur saxelmwifoebad, sadac (qarTlSi, kaxeTSi, imereTSi, samegrelosa da guriaSi da sxva kuTxeebSi) Camoyalibda zogierTi kuTxuri eTnografiuli Tviseba. es saxelmwifoebi qristiani qarTveli xalxisa iyo, maT qristianobas ki qarTuli eklesia apirobebda. qarTulma eklesiam ar ineba araTu TanamSromloba, aramed araviTari kompromisic ki mahmadianebTan (es maSin, roca berZnuli sapatriarqo konstantinepolSi da aseve somxuri sapatriarqo amave qalaqisa, aseve somxuri Temebi sparseTSi mahmadianur saxelmwifoTa mier iyo daculi).
897
zemoT aRniSnulis gamo, mahmadianTa mier saqarTvelos dapyrobil mxareebSi saxelmwifos gareSe darCenili qristiani qarTvelebi srulebiT daucvelni rCebodnen, maT aRar icavda Tavisi erovnuli saxelmwifo, xolo eTnoreligiuri Temebi maT ar gaaCndaT, amitom am dapyrobil mxareebSi qarTvel qristianebs an mahmadianoba unda mieRoT, anda Sekedlebodnen romelime eTnoreligiur araqarTul Tems (`somxebs~, `frangebs~, `berZnebs~). aq unda iTqvas, imdroindel qarTvelobas maRali erovnuli TviTSemecneba rom hqonoda, is, albaT, SeZlebda aRniSnul araqarTul eTnoreligiur TemebSi Tavisi erovnuli niSan-Tvisebebis garkveuli nawilis SenarCunebas. WeSmaritad aRsrulda maTze winaswarmetyvel mefsalmune daviT mefis sityvebi: `rameTu aha esera, romelTa ganiSornes Tavni Tvisni Sengan, igini warwymden, da mosren yovelni, romelni gangidges Sen~ (fs. 72, 27). marTlac, yoveli qarTveli, romelic ganudga qarTul dedaeklesias, ganSorda Tavis ersac da gadagvarda, ucxo erSi asimilirda (sabednierod, aris mcire gamonaklisic). maSasadame, saqarTvelos im mxareebSi, romelnic mowydnen samSoblos, an saukuneTa manZilze mtris mier iyvnen dapyrobilni (mesxeTi, qvemo qarTlis nawili, War-belaqani, qvemo guria, afxazeTi, aseve qarTli da kaxeTi zogjer), qarTuli mosaxleoba ganicdida denacionalizacias. isic unda iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos mezoblad mdebare saxelmwifoebSic mimdinareobda mkvidri mosaxleobis gamalebuli denacionalizacia. monRolebi Turqdebodnen. gaTurqdnen albanelebi da agreTve momTabare tomebi. TurqTa mier dapyrobili bizantiis mosaxleoba ZiriTadad gaTurqda. magram osmaleTSi miiRes avtonomiebi marTlmadidebelTa, e.w. berZenTa eTnoreligiurma Temebma. aseve, somxur-monofiziturma, ebraelTa da `frangTa~ Temebma. osmaleTsa da TurqTa mier dapyrobil sxva qveynebSi (TiTqmis XX saukunemde) erTmaneTisagan ver asxvavebdnen erovnebasa da sarwmunoebas. yvela mahmadiani erTgvarovan eTnoreligiur masas warmoadgenda _ `musulmanebs~. konstantinepolis marTlmadidebeli patriarqis xelqveS myof mosaxleobas `berZnebs~ uwodebdnen, somexi kaTalikosis daqvemdebarebaSi myof eTno-jgufebs _ `somxebs~, kaTolikur mosaxleobas ki _ `frangebs~. saqarTveloSi qarTveli mosaxleoba, rogorc aRiniSna, ar daiSala religiur Temebad, radganac qarTvelma xalxma sxvadasxva mxareSi kuTxuri saxelmwifoebi, anda damoukidebeli administraciuli erTeulebi warmoqmna. am kuTxeTa qarTvelobas eTnosaxelwodeba ewoda am saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebis saxelis mixedviT. magaliTad, imereTis samefos qarTvelobis eTnoTviTsaxelwodeba gaxda ìmereli~. aqamde saqarTvelos istoria ar icnobda aseT eTnoTems. am kuTxis saxelmwifom Tavis qveynis moqalaqeebSi eTnikuri gansakuTrebulobis (gansxvavebulobis) Segneba dabada. guriis samTavroSi _ qarTvelTa axali eTnoTemi `guruloba~ warmoiSva, samegreloSi _ `megreloba~ da a.S. maSasadame, saqarTveloSi warmoiqmna ara eT-
898
noreligiuri Temebi, aramed qarTveli xalxis eTnosaxelmwifoebrivi jgufebi (kaxelebi, qarTlelebi, imerlebi, gurulebi, megrelebi, svanebi, mesxebi Sesabamis saxelmwifoebriv erTeulebSi - kaxeTSi, qarTlSi, imereTSi da a.S.). nacionaluri mowyobis aseTi saxe mkveTrad gansxvavdeba Turqul-sparsul-mahmadianurisagan da msgavsi iyo evropulisa. evropaSic mosaxleoba yalibdeboda ara eTnoreligiur Temebad, aramed iq saxelmwifos didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda eTnikuri TviTSemecnebis formirebis saqmeSi. imis Semdeg, rac TaTarTa Semosevebis Semdeg daeca qarTvelTa erovnuli TviTSemecneba, daiSala erTiani saxelmwifo da kuTxur saxelmwifoebSi Camoyalibda qarTvelTa eTnosaxelmwifoebrivi jgufebi, qarTveli eris erTianobac TiTqmis moiSala. am saukuneebSi ukve gvxvdeba termini `naTesaviT mesxi~, `naTesaviT dvali~ (e.i. erovnebiT, gvar-tomobiT `mesxi~, gvar-tomobiT `dvali~). aqamde ki saqarTvelos yvela kuTxis mcxovrebs mxolod da mxolod `naTesaviT qarTveli~ ewodeboda (ix. amis Sesaxeb wina paragrafebSi). ara marto X-XI saukuneebSi, roca qarTvelTa erovnuli TviTSemecnebis grZnoba gansakuTrebiT iyo gazrdili, aramed ufro adrec, qarTveloba Zalze kargad asxvavebda erTmaneTisagan erovnebasa da sarwmunoebas. aseve kargad iyo cnobili isic, rom nebismieri kuTxis mosaxleoba saqarTveloSi erovnebiT `qarTvels~ warmoadgenda (magaliTad, daviT da konstantine mxeiZeebs, romelnic arabTa mier ewamnen, mematianeni ìmerlebs~ ki ar uwodebdnen, aramed `qarTvelebs~. warmoSobiT kaxeTis mkvidrs, X saukunis moRvawes, ilarions `kaxels~ ki ar uwodebdnen, aramed `qarTvels~. ioane, eqvTime da giorgi mTawmidelebs `naTesaviT mesxs~ ki ar uwodebdnen, aramed `naTesaviT qarTvels~ da a.S. (rogorc es ganxiluli gvaqvs sxva paragrafSi). ra aerTianebda sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebriv erTeulebSi dafantul qarTvelobas? ZiriTadad es iyo qarTuli ena da qarTuli kultura, da rac mTavaria erovnuli eklesia, qristianoba. qristianoba am dros qarTvelTa erT-erT erovnul niSan-Tvisebad iqca. araqristiani araqarTvelad miiCneoda. qristianoba qarTuli eTnosis damcveli fari gaxda gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sparsTagan dapyrobis Semdeg. swored aseT dros qarTuli eklesiis erTianobis dacvas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda. saeklesio erTianoba erovnul erTianobasac edeboda safuZvlad. samwuxarod, saeklesio erTianobis dacva administraciuli TvalsazrisiT SeuZlebeli gaxda. Tumca ki, rogorc iTqva, mcxeTis samociqulo saydrisagan ganSorebuli mesxeTisa da dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiebi absoluturad qarTuli eklesiebi iyvnen, sulieri nawilni erTiani eklesiisa. im dros, roca evropasa da ruseTSi mimdinareobda saxelmwifoebriv erTeulTa gaerTianebis gziT didi erebis Camoyalibeba, erTiani qarTveli
899
eri, piriqiT, daiSala. erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebriv erTeulebad daSlasTan erTad, eris kidev ufro daSlas xeli SeuSala saeklesio erTianobam. magaliTad, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebi arsebobdnen, eklesia ki erTiani iyo. amas didi mniSvneloba hqonda qarTl-kaxelebis qarTvelobis SenarCunebisaTvis. aseve dasavleT saqarTveloSi mravali saxelmwifoebrivi erTeuli warmoiqmna (erTi samefo da oTxi samTavro), magram aq eklesia erTiani iyo, rac xels uwyobda dasavlel qarTvelTa erovnuli erTianobis dacvis saqmes. ase rom, miuxedavad garSemo gamefebuli yovlismomcveli damSleli sulis arsebobisa, qarTulma eklesiam SeZlo sulieri erTianobis SenarCuneba aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTveloSi.
saswaulTmoqmedi xati awyurisa

cnobilia, rom wmida andria pirvelwodebulma, Cveni uflisa da macxovris mociqulma, saqarTveloSi Semosvlisas Tan Semoiyvana xelTuqmneli xati RvTismSoblisa. Cven wina TavebSi garkveuli gvqonda, rom andria mociquls saqarTveloSi pirvelad umogzauria 30-35 wlebSi, mefe aderkis dros. awyuris xatis Sesaxeb Semdegi cnobaa daculi: `Semdgomad amaRlebisa uflisa, raJams wil-igdes mociqulTa, maSin yovladwmidasa wilad xvda moqcevad qveyana saqarTveloAsa. da CvenebiT eCvena mas Ze misi, ufali Cveni, da rqva: `hoA, dedao Cemo, ara ugulebel vyo eri igi sazepuro ufros yovelTa naTesavTa, meoxebiTa SeniTa maTTvis. xolo Sen waravline pirvelwodebuli andria nawilsa mas Senda xvedrebulsa da Tana-waratane xati Seni, viTarca pirsa Sensa dadebiTa gamoixatos. da Sen wil xati igi mkvidrobdes mcvelad maTda ukunisamde JamTa~ ... maSin yovlad-wmidaman moiTxova ficari, daibana piri da daidva pirsa zeda Tvissa da gamoixata xati eseviTari, romel wiaRTa TvisTa etvirTa ganxorcielebuli Cvili, yovlad saxieri sityva RvTisa, romel aw yovelTa mier saxilvel ars xati yovlad-wmidisa awyverisa RvTismSoblisa. da misca igi mociqulsa andrias da rqva: `madli da Sewevna Cemgan Sobilisa uflisa TanaSemwe geyavn Sen, sadaca xvidode da meca TanaSemwe var qadagebisa magas da didad Sevewio monawilesa mas Cemda xvedrebulsa~70. andria Semodis saqarTveloSi, Tavdapirvelad trapizonSi, Semdeg did aWaraSi. aq RvTisa da xatis SewevniT `yovelnive moaqcivna da moiyvana sarwmunoebad~71. `rameTu adgilsa, romelsa daasvena xati yovlad-wmidisa RvTismSoblisa, aRmocenda wyaro friad mSvenieri, da didi, romeli-igi vidre dResaca dauwyvedelad aRmodis~. aq moinaTla xalxi, daudgina mRvdelni da diakonni, aaSena eklesia RvTismSoblis saxelze. axalmoqceulma morwmuneebma sTxoves xati eklesiaSi daesvenebina maT sasod da mcvelad. andriam
900
`Seqmna ficari msgavsi zomisa da dasdva xati mas zeda. da meyvseulad gamoisaxa saxe ucvalebeli xatisa da misca igi maT. xolo maT sixaruliT Seiwynares da daasvenes eklesiasa Sina Tvissa pativiT, romeli igi vidre dRes-aqamomde hgies~. amis Semdeg wmida mociquli awyurSi Cavida. RamiT mcxovreblebma cixidan, sadac xati esvena, ixiles didi naTeli. Semdgom wmida mociqulis locvam da wmida xatma mkvdreTiT aRadgines micvalebuli. kerpTayvanismcemelma mosaxleobam gamocdis mizniT wmida xati RamiT daasvena warmarTul taZarSi, sadac artemidesa da apolonis qandakebebi idga, diliT es kerpebi damxobili ixiles, `xolo xati yovlad-wmidisa RvTismSoblisa brwyinavda, viTarca mze, didebiTa da pativiTa~72. `da hrwmena yovelTa ufali Cveni ieso qriste da sixaruliT naTel-iRes yovelTa saxeliTa mamisiTa da ZisiTa da sulisa wmidisiTa~. aqaur mrevls mociqulma `daudgina episkoposi, mRvdelni da diakonni~73. mociqulma wmida xati mrevls dausvena awyurSi. `daasvenes yovlad didebuli xati yovlad wmidisa awyveris RvTismSoblisa mciresa mas ekvdersa, romelsa aw Zvel-eklesiad saxel-sdeben~74. awyurSi es wmida xati XV saukunemde esvena. TviT `qarTlis cxovrebis~ zemoT moyvanili CanarTis daweris drosac RvTismSoblis didebuli xati awyurSi esvena. bizantiuri xatmbrZolobis dros saqarTveloSi araTu Semcirda xatTa Tayvaniscema, piriqiT, gaZlierda. amas, albaT, bizantiidan devnis gamo gamoZevebuli xatTayvanismcemeli berebis saqarTveloSi Camosvlac uwyobda xels. ufro adre, xatmbrZolobis eresis warmoSobamde, awyuris xati didad saxelganTqmuli yofila. VII s-is dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi Semosuli bizantiis imperatori herakle keisari sagangebod misula am xatis Tayvanissacemad. `...esma saswaulTmoqmedeba xatisa mis, romeli RvTismSobelsa gamoesaxa. movida keisari erakle xilvad da Tayvaniscemad xatisa mis. maSin iwyo erakle awyueris didisa saydrisa saZirkvelisa Cagdebad da Senebad. vidremdis mieriTgan gansrulda morwmuneTa kacTa mier da mier Seqmnes saepiskoposod~75. RvTismSoblis xatisaTvis aSenebuli taZari saepiskoposo eklesiad uqceviaT. awyuris saswaulTmoqmedi xati udidesi siwmide iyo saqarTveloSi. mas, iseve rogorc RvTismSoblis sxva xatebs saqarTveloSi, uxvad amkobdnen Zvirfasi qvebiT, minanqriT, Tval-margalitiT, xolo oqros xanaSi, masac, iseve rogorc sxva xatebs, mdidar Sesawiravs uZRvnidnen saqarTvelos mefeni.
901
1477 wels iranis mbrZanebeli uzun-hasani saqarTvelos Semoesia. veneciis respublikis elCi j. barabo, romelic Tan axlda mas, wers: `saqarTveloSi SeviWeriT, radganac misi gaZarcvis survili hqonda mbrZanebels. ... mivediT TbilisSi ... daveufleT, Semdeg wavediT ufro zeviT _ gorisaken ... batoni uzun-hasani SeuTanxmda saqarTvelos mefes bagrats da yvaryvares, romelic am mefes esazRvreboda, rom misTvis miecaT 16 000 dukati da Tbilisis garda mTel qveyanas dautovebda maT. mefe bagratma da yvaryvarem, undodaT ra am fulis gadaxda, gamoagzavnes oTxi balaxSi ... iseve xarisxiani rogorc isini, romlebsac veneciaSi, san markos sakurTxevelze uCveneben~76. saqarTvelos mefes iranis mbrZaneblisaTvis 4 balaxSis anu lalis qva gaugzavnia, romelic 4 000 dukatad Seafases, magram dampyrobelma fulis gadaxda moiTxova. Zvel dros saqarTvelosa da qristianul msoflioSic Zvirfasi qvebiT amkobdnen xatebsa da saeklesio siwmideebs. aseTive TvlebiT yofila Semkobili, barabos TqmiT, italiaSi wmida markozis (san markos) taZris sakurTxevelic. am Zvirfasi Tvlebis miRebis Semdeg, Cans, uzun-hasani dainteresda saqarTveloSi Zvirfasi Tvlebis adgilsamyofliT. savaraudoa, mas auxsnes, rom awyuris didebuli saswaulTmoqmedi xatic aseve iyo Semkobili. amiT unda aixsnas awyuris xatis bedic. samcxeSi SeWrilma uzun-hasanma awyuris xati gaitaca da gaZarcva, àiyara yaeni da warvida sayaenosa da tyve hyves xati awyverisa RvTismSobeli da wariyvanes qveyanasa maTsa da iqmna didi glova da mwuxareba mouTxrobeli sruliad mesxeTsa zeda~77. im qveyanaSi, sadac xati miasvenes `...qveyanasa mas ucxoTeslTasa, eseviTari risxva RmrTisa miavlina: arc Soba dedakacman, arca pirutyvman, arca hyo xeman nayofi, arca miwaman aRmoacena~. da iqmna didi gamoZieba maT Soris ucxosa amisaTvis saqmisa da ityodes: `rai-me ars ese?~ ... ubrZenesTa kacTa mis qveyanisaTa esreT Tqves: òdes-igi saqarTvelosa vilaSqreT, maSin erTsa didsa saydridaman ficari erTi, Semkobili mravliTa pativiTa, vixileT da warmoviReT. da mgzavrobasa mas Cvensa ucxo saswauli vixileT misgan, rameTu mwuxrsa CavasveneT uRrmessa adgilsa bargisasa da viTarca gaTendis, aRmovides siRrmisagan da maRlad mjdomare ixilvebodis da viTarca mze brwyinavdis. da saqme ese ueWvelad misgan iqmna qveyanasa Cvensa da Tu gnebavs ganrineba Wirisagan misgan, igi moviZioT da qveyanasa maTsa ganuteod~78. wmida xati `...gangebiTa saRmrToTa mciredTa JamTa samcxes moiwia adgilsa, romelsa aw elavsi ewodebis, da iqmna didebuli saswauli, rameTu myis ganaTlda sruliad samcxe da ganmbrwyinda wesisamebr pirvelsa~79. male es wmida xati samcxis mosaxleobisaTvis, Cans, saTemo xatad qceula, im TvalsazrisiT, rom samcxelebs es wmida xati CauTvliaT mxolod da mxolod gansakuTrebul mfarvelad mesxebisa (ara saqarTvelosi - erTiani
902
qarTveli erisa, es gamowveuli iyo im epoqaSi erovnuli grZnobis dakninebiT). magaliTad, TviT mematiane, aRmwereli aRniSnuli ambis, Semdgom wers: `da esma mefesa, viTarmed mesxni warvides, aRimxedra laSqriTa TvisiTa da devna uyo, viTarca igi farao israilTa da moewivnes adgilsa, romelsac aradeTi ewodebis. xolo mesxni moubrundes saxelsa zeda yovlad-wmidisa awyverisa RvTismSoblisasa da ganewyvnes urTierTas ... mesxTa gaemarjva da eseviTari Zleva aRadgines mesxTa qarTvelTa zeda, romlis msgavsi ara sad smenil ars~80. zemoT aRniSnuli amonaweri kargad axasiaTebs erTiani qarTveli eris Temebad da tomebad daSla-danakuwebis suraTs. awyuris taZris aSenebisas (VII saukuneSi) swored mesxeTis teritoriaze, tao-klarjeTSi, aRorZinda saxelmwifo `qarTvelTa samefos~ saxelwodebiT. maSin yovel aqaur mkvidrs, rogorc wesi, yoveli matiane Tu qronika `qarTvels~ uwodebda. aqauri sulieri mamebi (ara marto giorgi da eqvTime mTawmidelebi), aramed yovelni _ `naTesaviT qarTvelad~ iwodebodnen. termini `naTesaviT mesxi~ im dros arc ixmareboda. monRolTa Semosevis Semdgom, musulmanur-TaTrul alyaSi moyolili saqarTvelos ekonomikur-socialuri daqveiTebisas, mxare-kuTxeTa erTiani saqarTvelosagan gankerZoebis Semdeg, sxvadasxva kuTxeSi mcxovreb qarTvelobas uCndeba kuTxuri, Temurtomuri patriotizmi. amas aRniSnuli amonaweric uCvenebs. aq sruliad saqarTvelos samefo taxtze mjdomi xelmwife egvi ptis faraonTanaa Sedarebuli, xolo mesxeTis mkvidrni ki faraonis mier devnil, ucxo, daCagrul israelis erTan. aseTi Sedareba ki udidesi erovnuli dacemis, sulieri dakninebisa da erovnuli gadagvarebis sabuTia, wina dRe saqarTvelos damxobisa. 1486 wels samcxes Seesia iayub yaeni àRZra eSmakman moZuleman keTilisaman TaTarni qristianTa zeda, Sekriba simravle uricxvi TurqmanTa da momarTes samcxes~81. awyuris wmida da didebuli xati eklesiidan gadaasvenes cixesimagris `saWurWleSi~. cixe mters ubrZolvelad Caabares mawyverelma episkoposma da cixionma im pirobiT, rom mteri ar daarRvevda awyuris taZars, magram piroba gatexes: `xolo xati yovlad-wmidisa sasosa Cvenisa, Semkobili TvalTa mier patiosanTa, codvaTa CvenTaTvis tyve-hyves da mihgvares usjulosa mas mTavarsa... bilwiTa xeliTa TvisiTa ganZarcva Semkobiloba xatisa da Semdgomad amisa aRagznes cecxli friad didZali da Sida STaagdes. xolo cecxli igi daSrta da xatsa yovladve ara Seexo, arca Tu nabrZvili aCina, romeli-ese mravalTagan da TviT TvalTaca saxilvel iqmna. esre-ra saswauli ixila erTman vinme laSqarTa maT Sina myofTaganman qristianeman da sjuliTa aramarTlmadidebelman, aRi pyra xati igi, yovlad-wmidisa...~82.
903
am kacma xati Tavis qveyanaSi waasvena. `...epyra kacsa mas xati igi yovlad-wmidisa sasosa Cvenisa awyurisa RvTismSoblisa didiTa pativiTa, gamoecxada kacsa mas da rqva: ùkeTu ara warmiyvano qveyanasa Cemsa, didi boroti movawio Sen zeda~ da warmovida mswrafl kaci igi da auwya yovelive patronsa yvaryvares da manuCars~83. xati daabrunes awyurSi, `daasvenes saydarsa Tvissa~. tyveobidan mosvlis Semdeg, mematianis azriT, wmida xatma iakub yaens, romelic xats maxviliT Seexo, da mis ojaxs, saSineli risxva moawia: mTeli misi naTesaoba da saxloba amowyda. 1546 wels awyuris wmida xati awyuridan cixisjvarSi gadausvenebia imereTis mefe bagrat III_s, xolo Semdeg `cixisjvaridan awyurisa RvTismSobeli tyved waasvenes imereTs~84. es moxda 1553 wels. is moxvedrila bagrat III-is Zis, giorgi II-is (imereTis mefis), xelSi. xati mravalgzis `ganZarcvuli~, mefe giorgim axlad moaWedina~85. axlad moWedil xats gaukeTes warwera: `q. Cven mefeTa mefeman patronman giorgi da Tanamecxedreman Cvenman dedofalTa dedofalma Tamar da mefeTa CvenTa pirmSoTa aleqsandre da mamiama movaWedineT xati ese yovlad wmidisa warsamarTebulad mefobisa CvenisaTvis da codvaTa CvenTa Sesandobelad, amin~85, aq moxsenebuli yofila imereTis mefe giorgi II (1565-1583). samcxe-saaTabagos mosaxleoba ZiriTadad gamahmadianda _ gaTaTrda da daekarga qarTvel ers. wmida xati iq icavda qristianobasa da qarTvelobas. `1645 wels mtris Semosevebisagan Seviwroebuli awyuris RvTismSoblis eklesiis glexebi masiurad ayrilan da qarTlisaTvis SeufarebiaT Tavi. rostom mefes sagangebo pirobebi Seuqmnia da `brZanebiT~ daucavs maTi xelSeuxebloba. rostom mefe ambobs: `...vin icis da soflis saqme asre moxdes, rom saaTabagosSvilos qristiani mepatrone gauCndes da awyuris RvTismSoblis jvari da xati Tavis samkvidrozed moasvenon da maTi yma asayrelad moindomon, veravin dauWiros, Tu ara da sxvas xeli ar hqondes~86. samwuxarod, saaTabagos qristiani mepatrone aRar gamouCnda. cnobilia, rom italiaSi, turinis sudaraze gamosaxulia macxovris xelTuqmneli xati, rac dadasturebulia eklesiis mier. xelTuqmnelia awyuris xatic _ gamoxatuli ficarze RvTismSoblis saxeze Sexebis Sedegad. is amJamad xelovnebis muzeumSia daculi. im saukuneebSi wmida xatebmac gaiziares ubedureba qarTveli xalxisa. mterma `Semusra xeliTa TvisiTa sionTa RvTismSobeli da ganZarcva mravalfasis samkauli, qarTvelTa mefeTagan sasoebiT Semkuli ... ufasoni igi Tvalni da margalitni TviT wariRo da wmida igi ficari ganaSiSvla mZlavrman usjuloman Sah-ismail, da dasdva Tavsa zeda gansavalsa mas xidisasa, romel ars cixesa Sina tfilisisasa da Sei pyres mravalni qristianeni da mihkribes xidsa mas zeda da mZRvrebiT aiZulebdes ferxiTa
904
daTrgunvad xatsa mas wmidisa dedoflisa Cvenisa da mravalTa aRirCies sikvdili da ara daTrgunes xati igi da warekveTnes wmidani da yovlad qebulni Tavni maTni~. es moxda daaxloebiT 1533 wels. Sah-ismailma Tavisi siborotis aRsrulebis Semdeg wmida xati mdinareSi gadaagdebina. is ipova erTma mwyemsma mdinaris piras, tirifis xeze waRma misvenebuli, Seatyobina kaxeTis mpyrobels, levans, romelmac meored Seamko sionis wmida xati. ase afrTxobda mters metexisa Tu varZiis RvTismSoblis xatebic, yovelgvari saeklesio siwmideni, rameTu isini icavdnen qarTvel ers qristianuli sarwmunoebis ZaliT.
905
Tavi XIV
qarTuli eklesia XVI saukuneSi
`m a gr a m , q a r T v e l n o , s a d a r i s gm i r i , r o m e l s a c v e Z e b , r o m l i s T v i s c v s t i r i? igi a R a r gy a v T ... m i s m o e d a n i j agi T a R v s i l a , v e r a n a d q m n i l a , gm i r i s d a m b a d i d i d i s a ga n i T q v e nS i s p o b i l a d a wa rwy m e d i l a . ga d a s d go m i x a r T T q v e n q a r T v e l o b a s , d a gi n gr e v i a T d i d i m a m u l i . ..~

ilia marTali
906
saqarTvelo XVI saukuneSi
qarTvel mefe-mTavarTa Soris 1459 wels dadebuli zavi male dairRva. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelos samefo kvlav erTiani iyo da mas giorgi VIII marTavda. 1463 wels imereTis erisTavi bagrati aujanyda mefes, samcxis mTavari yvaryvare ki mas mudam ewinaaRmdegeboda. javaxeTSi gadasuli mefe yvaryvarem RalatiT daapatimra. amiT isargebla bagratma, imereTidan qarTlSi gadmovida da Tavi mefed gamoacxada. bagrat VI (1466-1478) mxolod qarTl-imereTs marTavda. am dros kaxeTSi yvaryvaresagan gaTavisuflebuli mefe giorgi VIII gadavida da Tavisi Tavi kaxeTis mefed gamoacxada. 1478 wels saqarTvelos (qarTl-imereTis) taxtze avida aleqsandre I-is SviliSvili, konstantine II, massa da yvaryvares Soris omiT isargebla bagrat VI-is Zem, aleqsandrem. gadavida imereTSi da imereTis samefo daafuZna 1489 wlidan.1 e.i. 1476 wlidan kaxeTis mefea aleqsandre giorgi VIII-s Ze. 1489 wlidan imereTis mefea aleqsandre bagratis Ze. 1478 wlidan qarTlis mefea konstantine II. mas sruliad saqarTvelos mefobaze gaaCnda pretenziebi. ìqmna mier JamiTagan samefosa ganxeTqileba samad. rameTu erTi mefe dajda imereTs, erTi kaxeTs da neSti darCa mefesa qarTlisasa. da arcaRaTu amas akmares, aramed gandga Tavadad aTabagi da man dai pyra saaTabago, romel ars samcxe-klarjeTi. kvalad gandga imereTgan Tavadad dadiani, gurieli, SarvaSiZe da svanni da amaT dai pyres sazRvarni Tavisni. da vidre awamde arRara iqmna Sekreba misi~.2 mudmivi SinaSfoTi iyo saqarTveloSi, samefo-samTavroebi erTimeores eomebodnen, `ganaTu mefeni ara ibrZodnen, aramed spani maradis~.3 `...yvela mefeebi cal-calke gaerTianebisaTvis ibrZodnen da danarCenTa mimarT dampyrobelobiTs politikas awarmoebdnen. amiT aixsneba is ucnauri garemoeba, rom saqarTveloSi maSin erTsa da imave dros sami `mefeTamefe~ brZandeboda, romelTagan TiToeuli cal-calke sruliad saqarTvelos xelmwifis mefurs wodebulobas xmarobda~.4 ara marto qarTlis mefeebi, aramed kaxeTisa da imereTis mefeebic ase iqceodnen. isini sruliad saqarTvelos mefeebs uwodebdnen TavianT Tavs. mag. kaxeTis mefeTa titulatura ramdenime Taobis manZilze aseTi iyo: `nebiTa RvTisaATa afxazTa, qarTvelTa, ranTa da kaxTa da somexTa mefe, SahanSa da SarvanSa da yovlisa saqarTvelosa, da CrdiloeTisa aRmosavleTiT vidre dasavleTamde TviT xelmwifed, mpyrobel-mqonebeli~.5 qarTlSi laSqrobebis moyvaruli yofila kaxeTis ufliswuli kaxTa mefe aleqsandres Ze _ giorgi. àman giorgi daiwyo brZola qarTlsa zeda, rameTu dapyroba undoda qarTlisa. xolo mama misi aleqsandre da Zma misi dimitri evedrebodnen:
907
`rameTu Zmani arian da ara jer ars Sengan ciloba da dapyroba qarTlisa, kma ars SenTvis kaxeTica~... amas zeda aRivso SuriTa giorgi da RalatiT mokla mama Tvisi aleqsandre safurcles Calasa Sina~.6 mamis mkvlelma Semdeg Zmas Tvalebi daTxara da gaaZeva. es moxda 1511 wels. mas amis gamo av-giorgi uwodes. rogorc Cans, mas SeugrZnia Tavisi codva, Sendoba uTxovia qarTlis kaTalikosisa, qarTlis mTavarepiskoposisa da alaverdeli mRvdelmTavrisaTvis. `qarTlis kaTalikoss, mTavarepiskoposs da alaverdels giorgi mefisagan codvis monanieba da daurveba mouTxoviaT, masac yvelaferi ausrulebia ... giorgi mefes sagangebod xazgasmulobiT naTqvami aqvs: rac Tqven mogvTxoveT, `gavigoneT da mcxeTisa saydars SemovexveweniT da daviurveTo~.7 magram av-giorgis qarTlis darbeva ar dauSlia, iq gamefeba surda. imdroindeli mefe qarTlisa, daviTi, iyo: `kaci mSvidobis myofeli da saTno RmrTisa... ekrZaleboda sisxlsa av-giorgisasa mefe daviT da spani misni yovelnive~.8 aqedanac Cans, rom, marTalia, saqarTvelo daiSala, magram mis mosaxleobas jer kidev DSenarCunebuli aqvs pasuxismgebloba eTnikuri erTobis winaSe. kerZod, kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre Tavis Svils qarTlSi laSqrobas uSlida, radganac ZmaTa (e.i. qarTvelebs) Soris sisxlis daRvras erideboda. aseve iqceva qarTlis mefe daviTic. is da misi spac SemoWril kaxeTis mefe giorgis ar ebrZvian, radganac qarTvelTa Soris sisxlis daRvras eridebian. saubedurod, aseTi midgoma xSiri ar iyo. aseTive eTnikuri erTobis grZnobiT SeiZleba avxsnaT is, rom qarTlSi, mtveris cixeSi alyaSemortymul qarTlis mefis Zes av-giorgi ZRvens (Rvinos) ugzavnis da samagierod misgan iRebs ZRvens (axal Tevzs). sxva msgavs SemTxvevaSi samkvdro-sasicocxlod SemoWril mtrebs qarTvelebi ZRvens ar ugzavnidnen xolme. av-giorgi male Sei pyres qarTlSi da cixeSi dapatimrebuli, Cans, mokles. dakrZales mcxeTaSi. qarTlis mefe amis Semdeg Sevida kaxeTSi da qarTl-kaxeTi gaaerTiana erT samefod (1513-1518 wlebSi). 1514 wels osmaleTsa da irans (sefianebis saxelmwifos) Soris omi daiwyo, romelic drogamoSvebiT 1555 wlamde grZeldeboda. yvaryvare III-s misi biZa manuCari Seedava. yvaryvare damarcxda, is iranuli orientaciisa iyo, manuCari _ Turqulisa. yvaryvare iranSi gaiqca, mas Sahi daexmara Tavisi laSqriT. aTabagoba kvlav yvaryvares daumtkices, 1518 wels yvaryvare III iranelebs qarTlSi SemouZRva. amiT isargebles kaxelebma da kaxeTSi av-giorgis Ze levani gaamefes. qarTlis, kaxeTisa da samcxis mmarTvelebi 1518 wlidan iranis vasalebi gaxdnen. qarTlis mefem kvlav daapira kaxeTis SemoerTeba, magram levan mefis dasaxmareblad guriis mTavari Semovida qarTlSi, romelmac sityviT mimarTa qarTlis mefes: `moved vedrebad Tqven winaSe, raTa vyoT zavi Tqvensa
908
da levans Soris... aw gevedrebiT, raTa hyoT zavi da siyvaruli Tqvens Soris, rameTu arian mterni Zlierni garemos, viTarca yeeni, romel i pyrobs qveyanaTa~.9 aqedan Cans, rom am droisaTvis jer kidev maRalia eTnikuri erTianobis Segneba da erTmaneTs Soris sisxlisRvra danaSaulad iTvleboda, xolo mters saerTo mtrad miiCnevdnen. marTalia, qveynis erTianobisaTvis eklesia TavdadebiT iRvwoda, magram Seqmnil situaciaSi, roca qarTvelebi erTianobis momizezebiT erTmaneTis sisxls Tavdauzogavad Rvridnen, saeklesio pirebs gadauwyvetiaT, ecnoT qarTuli samefoebis cal-calke arseboba (ise, rogorc 1490 wlis darbazobisas). `maSin garna Tu mefesa ara eneba ese da wadier iyo brZolisa, aramed ganazraxebdnen kaTalikos-episkoposni da warCinebulni yofad zavisad. amisTvis saTno iyo mefeman da hyves zavi da ganaCines sazRvari da siyvaruli urTierTTa~.10 kaxeTisa da qarTlis mefeebma zavic dades da erTmaneTis mokavSireoba ikisres. 1521 wels levan kaxTa mefem Saqis mxares gailaSqra. Saqi erT dros saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi Sedioda da qarTveluri xalxiT iyo dasaxlebuli. marTalia, monRolTa batonobis Semdgomad Saqi Camoscilda qarTvelTa qveyanas, mosaxleobis gaTaTrebis gamo, magram qarTveli politikuri moRvaweebi mudam ibrZodnen Saqis SemosaerTeblad, radganac am qveyanaze TavianTi eTnikuri pretenzia gaaCndaT, qarTvelTa eTnikuri gansaxlebis, anu erovnul qarTul teritoriad miaCndaT igi (es daaxloebiT iseve iyo im droisaTvis, rogorc mogvianebiT kak-eniselisa da lores sanaxebi miaCndaT qarTvelTa erovnul teritoriad da mudam ibrZodnen maTi dabrunebisaTvis). kaxeTis samefosac gadauwyvetia aRedgina Tavisi politikuri uflebamosileba qarTvelTa erovnul teritoriaze _ Saqze, magram am droisaTvis is ukve musulmanebiT iyo dasaxlebuli da iranis vasals warmoadgenda. rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, saqarTvelos sazRvari mdinare TeTrwyalze gadioda, Saqi ki am sazRvars SigniT mdebareobda. XVII saukunis Turqi istorikosi qaTib-Celebi saqarTvelosa da Sirvans Soris Saqs, Cans, ar asaxelebs imis gamo, rom mas Saqi qarTvelTa erovnul miwa-wylad miaCnia, Cans, iranSic aseTi Tvalsazrisi arsebobda (Tumca Saqi am dros musulmanebiT iyo dasaxlebuli), amitomac XVI s-is bolos Saqis mmarTvelad qarTveli (kaxeTis mefis Ze) daniSnes. `saqarTvelo vilaieTia, romelsac ukavia daaxloebiT 20 dRis savali manZili mTebSi, Sirvanis zRvasa da Sav zRvas Soris. misi sazRvrebia: aRmosavleTiT _ derebendi da Sirvani, samxreTiT _ Cildiris, yarsisa da arzrumis vilaieTebi, dasavleTiT _ Savi zRva, CrdiloeTiT ki abazasa da daRestnis vilaieTebiT aris SemosazRvruli. damoukidebeli gamgebeli hyavs, mTeli mosaxleoba qristiani qarTvelebi arian~.11
909
saerTod, unda aRiniSnos, rom Zveli albanelebi da qarTvelebi, rogorc Cans, Zvel sparselebs erTi warmomavlobis xalxebad miaCndaT eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT. hirkanielebisa da ZvelqarTuli tomis herebis erTmaneTTan gaigiveba, albaT, SeiZleba. am satomo saxelebis aRmniSvneli fuZeebic (`hir~, `her~) TiTqmis identuria. am mxareebSi egulebodaT antikuri drois sparselebs hirkanebis, gorganebis, gurzebis meomari tomi. saerTod, kaspiis zRvas `jurjanis~ zRvas uwodebdnen (jurj, gurj _ qarTvelebsac erqvaT). Tumca gvian, Sua saukuneebSi jurjani kaspiis zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT (gorgani) mdebare provinciasac hrqmevia. jurjani-gurgani saqarTvelosac erqva. hirkanias Semdgom albaneTi ewoda. es qveyana qarTvelebs Tavisi eTnikuri gansaxlebis (herebis) teritoriad miaCndaT, amitomac zrunavdnen misi dacvisaTvis. leonti mrovelis Tanaxmad, darubandi qarTvel mefes auSenebia Tavdacvis mizniT. albania, anu hereTi, qarTvelTaTvis `zRviskari~ qveyanaa. àman ardam erisTavman aRaSena qalaqi zRviskars da uwoda saxeli darubandi~. Zveli drois istorikosebsac iberebi da albanelebi erT xalxad, qarTvelebad miaCndaT. istorikosi paolo jovio erTgan ambobs: `...iberebi da albanelebi dRes iberebad wodebulni~.12 Cans, es gaiTvaliswina amierkavkasiaSi SemoWrilma osmalTa sardalma da Saqis gamgeblad 1578 wels daniSna kaxTa mefis aleqsandres Svili erekle,13 xolo ufro adre, rogorc aRiniSna, 1521 wels kaxTa mefe levanma Saqis SemoerTeba gadawyvita. amis sapasuxod iranelebi kaxeTSi SemoiWrnen, zegami da gremi daangries. àm droidan 1578 wlamde kaxeTi iranis vasali gaxda, qarTli ki Tavidanve energiulad ibrZoda sruli damoukideblobisaTvis~.14 1522 wels ùrCi vasalis damorCilebis mizniT~ qarTlis samefoSi SemoWrila Sah-ismaili. `pirvelsave brZolaSi qarTvelebma daamarcxes iranelTa mowinave razmebi da gaaqcies isini... ùZlieres-usastikes da ficxel~ brZolaSi Tavi isaxela daviT mefis Svilma, luarsabma. magram mtris simravlem sZlia. damarcxebuli daviTi Sida qarTlSi dabrunda~.15 ... mterma Tbilisi aaoxra, èklesiebi gaZarcva da Semdeg gadawva~. 1524 wels, Sahismailis gardacvalebisTanave mefem Tbilisi daibruna. imave wels is Tbilisis monasterSi berad aRikveca. gamefda misi Zma, giorgi, romelic mogvianebiT berad aRikveca, manamde ki, 1527 wlidan samefo taxtze avida daviT mefis Ze luarsab I (1527-1556). 1535-1545 wlebSi samcxe-saaTabagom arsebuli damoukidebloba dakarga. is imereTisa da qarTlis mefeebma erTmaneTs Soris gadainawiles. qarTls ergo javaxeTi. amis sapasuxod sulTnis laSqari 1536 wels saqarTvelos Semoesia, magram aTabagebs damoukidebloba ver daubruna. 1541 wels Tbiliss moulodnelad yizilbaSebi Semoesivnen. Sahma Tbilisis cixeSi Tavisi garnizoni Caayena, mtris razmebi qarTlSi SeiWrnen. qvemo qarTlSi mosaxleoba mahmadianobis miRebaze uaris gamo daxoces,
910
qalebi da bavSvebi daatyveves. luarsab mefe àwyobda moxerxebul Casafrebas da Ramis Tavdasxmebs. Sah-Tamazi iZulebuli gaxda Seewyvita saomari moqmedeba~... is ukan dabrunda.16 1543 wels qarTvelebma mesxeTSi SeWrili osmalebi sastikad daamarcxes, miuxedavad imisa, rom maT evropuli zarbaznebi hqondaT. maT imereT-saaTabagos mefe bagrati da gurieli ebrZodnen. 1545 wels osmalebi kvlav Semoesivnen saaTabagos. sulTanis mravalricxovan jars saxoistasTan qarTlisa da imereTis samefoebis, gurielisa da mesxebis gaerTianebuli laSqari unda Sebmoda, magram `brZolis dawyebis win qarTlisa da samcxe-saaTabagos jarSi uTanxmoebam iCina Tavi: mesxebi moiTxovdnen, rom mewinaveoba maT hqonodaT da, roca amaze uari miiRes, brZolis veli datoves~.17 Tavganwirul omSi qarTvelebi damarcxdnen. qarTvelTa am istoriul marcxSi didi wvlili edo moRalate oTar SalikaSvils. osmalebma saaTabagos cixe-simagreebi daiWires, aTabagad qaixosro III (1545-1573) dasves. sxvadasxva kuTxis mTavrebi da Tavadebi erTmaneTs xels uwyobdnen mefeTagan damoukideblobis miRwevaSi. 1547 wels mesxeTi TurqTa winaaRmdeg ajanyda, magram 1549 wels Turqebma kvlav SeZles cixeTa daWera. Seesivnen gurias, moswyvites WaneTi, baTumSi cixe aages. 1550 wlisaTvis maT taos dapyroba daasrules. amitomac, arzrumis faSa gurjistanis faSas uwodebda Tavis Tavs. swored am dros gamoiCina Tavi luarsab mefem. ìcoda ra, rom saqarTvelos mTavari safrTxe samcxe-saaTabagodan modioda, luarsabi saTaveSi Caudga erTianobisa da damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZol Zalebs da dai pyro samcxe-javaxeTi, kola, artaani da amiT osmalTa agresias win aRudga~.18 saaTabagos dabruneba qarTlis samefos SemadgenlobaSi iranisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda. Sah-Tamazi mesxeTs Semoesia. brZolaSi mravali qristiani dauxocavT. luarsabis momxre mesxebi varZiis monasterSi gamagrdnen. mterma maT alya Semoartya, mravali yizilbaSi daixoca, magram sabolood monasteri aiRes. `gamZvinvarebulma Sahma monastris berebic ar daindo. 20 beri samalavidan gamoiyvanes da iqve daxoces. varZiis monastris simSvenierem da simdidrem mteri gancvifrebaSi moiyvana. Sahi TviTon mivida mis sanaxavad. monastris oqro-vercxlis nivTebi, xatebi, wignebi mterma daitaca. monastris rkinisa da oqros karebi moglijes da Sahis xazinaSi gaagzavnes~.19 1554 wels Sah-Tamazi meoTxed Semoesia saqarTvelos da SeZlo luarsabis dedis datyveveba. 1555 wels iransa da osmaleTs Soris zavi daido. zaviT maT erTmaneTSi gainawiles jer kidev daupyrobel-daumorCilebeli saqarTvelo. qarTlis mefe luarsabi brZolas ganagrZobda. man TandaTan SeZlo qarTlis cixe-
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simagreebis dabruneba Tbilisis cixis garda. amis gamo 1555 wels luarsabis winaaRmdeg ilaSqra yarabaRelma sulTanma. brZola garisTan moxda. am omSi luarsabi mokles. mematiane mas ase axasiaTebs: `mwuxare iyo friad esreT ganZlierebisaTvis usjuloTasa mefe luarsab. srul saqarTvelos mefeTa da mebatoneTa zeda, ZvelTa da axalzed nametnavad naqebi iyo. Tavad sardlad, mere mamacad da uxvobiT purad gamcemad, simarTlis-moqmedad da yma-morCili, cxenosan-cerosani, uSiSari omSi, amayi, qristianobis sjulzed magari, da urumTa da yizilbaSTa nametnavad misi eSinodaT, da mezobelni viTarc yrmani, egreT emsaxurebodes, sxvaTa ymobis Tqma ar ikadra. amisaTvis Sah-Tamaz yaenman xuTjer amazed ilaSqra da aras saqmiTa verc moamSvida, verc mokla, verc daiWira da verc Seixvewa~.20 mefe luarsabma `Semoikribna spani Tavisni da dauwyo xdoma da rbeva da amoswyvitna mravalni da raodenica epyra maT kerZoni da adgilni sabaraTiano, igi yovelnive warmoarTva da gandevna da raodenica epyra areni da Temni saqarTvelosani, Tvinier tfilisisa cixisa~.21 mterTan SebrZolebis win luarsab mefem winaswarmetyveluri sizmari naxa. mefem winaswar icoda, rom moklavdnen. mefem daibara: Cemi sikvdilis Semdeg _ `Cems glova-tirils daexseniTo, qveynis Senaxvas gaufrTxildiTo~. amis gamo mefes omSi wasvla didebulebma dauSales. ès sityva mefeman Sors daiWira da ase upasuxa: `dRes _ aqamomde xvanTqarsa da yaens zurgi ar Sevaqciveo, riT iqmnebis axla erT yajars piri avaridoo~. am Zlier brZolaSi qarTvelebma gaimarjves mefis Zis, svimonis meTaurobiT. moxucebuli mefe luarsabi, kaTalikozi, episkoposebi da moxuci eriskacebi erT goraze idgnen. am dros isini SeamCnia tyeSi mimalulma mterma, miuxtnen mefes. mis cxens SemTxveviT fexi napralSi Cauvarda da mefe gadmoagdo. mefe daWres, da ìcocxla mciresa xansa... da masve wylulebsa Sina miicvala igi, viTarca wmida mowame vaxtang da daviT mefe...~22 1556 wels qarTlis samefo taxtze luarsab I-is Ze svimoni avida (15561569; 1578-1600). mefe Tavis mokavSireebTan erTad saguldagulod moemzada Tbilisis asaRebad, magram 1561 wels aRdgoma dRes Tbilisis TaTrul garnizons moeSvela yarabaRis mmarTveli. omSi kaxeTis mefis Ze mokles. 1569 wels mefe RalatiT Sei pyres yizilbaSebma erT-erTi brZolis dros. `Sahi didxans cdilobda svimonis gamahmadianebas, magram sawadels ver miaRwia da igi alamuTis cixeSi daamwyvdia~.23 1569-1578 wlebSi iranelebma qarTlis mmarTvelad daniSnes svimon mefis Zma _ daviTi, romelic gamcemi iyo qristianuli sarwmunoebisa, amitomac xalxi mas mxars ar uWerda. is daud-xanis saxelwodebiT faqtobrivad mxolod Tbilisisa da qvemo qarTlis mmarTveli iyo. mis dros unda dawyebuliyo qvemo qarTlis qarTvelobis gagrigorianebis procesi. cnobilia, rom mteri gaafTrebiT ebrZoda qarTul eklesias da qarTul qristianobas,
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xolo grigorianebs ar ebrZoda. gamahmadianda kaxeTis mefe levanis vaJic _ iese. mas isa-xans uwodebdnen. mterma gadawyvita, is aeyvana mamis nacvlad samefo taxtze, magram iesem male uaryo mahmadianoba. is daapatimres da alamuTis cixeSi gamoketes. kaxeTi TiTqmis mTeli XVI saukunis manZilze mosvenebuli qveyana iyo. mis teritoriaze arc erTxel ar momxdara omi.24 kaxeTis mefeebis, levanisa da aleqsandres moqnili politikis wyalobiT, kaxeTi mdidari da dawinaurebuli qveyana iyo, magram saukunis miwuruls kaxelma politikosebma miutevebeli Secdoma dauSves imiT, rom Seecadnen ruseTis samxedro Zalebis kaxeTSi Semoyvanas. jer kidev TaTar-monRolobisas, Crdilo da samxreTis ulusebis omebis dros, ver iTmendnen qarTveli mefeebis CrdiloeTTan kavSirs. aseve iyo Temur-lengisa da sxva mmarTvelebis dros. axlac did danaSaulad CaiTvala aseTi kavSiri CrdiloeTTan. am droisaTvis ZalTa wonasworoba Seicvala. osmaleTi uZlieres saxelmwifod iqca. irani masTan SedarebiT susti iyo. amasTanave, irani qarTvel mefe-mTavarTa vasalobiT, morCilebiT da xarkis gadaxdiT kmayofildeboda, xolo TurqeTi auqmebda saxelmwifoebriobas. amgvar situaciaSi, cxadia, qarTvelTa umTavres mtrad osmaleTi iqca. 1578 wels osmaleTsa da yizilbaSebs Soris mesxeTSi sastiki SebrZoleba moxda. yizilbaSebi da masTan SekavSirebuli qarTvelebi damarcxdnen. omis Semdeg yizilbaS tyveebs Tavebi daWres, xolo qarTveli tyveebi cocxlad dawves koconze. mesxeTis Semdeg osmalebma qarTlis cixeebic daiWires Tbilisis CaTvliT da qarTlSi gabatondnen. Tbilisi safaSod gamoacxades, gori _ sanjayad. kaxeTis mefem, aleqsandrem, osmalebs morCileba gamoucxada. is kaxeTis mmarTvelad daniSnes beglarbegis saxelwodebiT. amis Semdeg osmalebma mTeli aRmosavleTi amierkavkasia daimorCiles. am mizezis gamo iranelebma alamuTis cixeSi dapatimrebuli qarTlis mefe svimoni gaaTavisufles. 1578 wels is damxmare laSqriT qarTlSi gauSves. marTlac, man SeZlo osmalTagan lores, gorisa da sxva cixesimagreebis ganTavisufleba. Tbilisis osmaluri garnizoni cixeSi moaqcia. iq SimSiloba daiwyo. alyaSemortymul TbilisisaTvis osmalTa sulTani xSirad agzavnida laSqars da saukeTeso mxedarTmTavrebs, magram svimon mefe maT didad azaralebda. 1582 wlisaTvis Seikra didi antiosmaluri aRmosavleTkavkasiuri kavSiri Samxlis, daRestnis, Sirvanis, iranis laSqrisa da qarTlkaxeTis mefeebis monawileobiT. svimon mefem sastikad daamarcxa TbilisSi mimavali 20-aTasiani laSqari, xelSi Caigdo xazina da nadavli. osmalebma Tavisi marcxi daabrales manuCars (mustafas). is iyo Zma yvaryvare IV aTabagisa. 1579 wlis 25 ivnisis sulTanis brZanebis Semdeg, samcxe-saaTabagos dapyrobil teritoriaze osmalebma Cildiris (axalcixis) safaSo daaarses. manuCari gamahmadianda. is axalcixis faSad daniSnes. 1582 wlis damarcxebis Semdeg osmalebma misi mokvla gadawyvites, magram
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manuCari ajanyda da mcirericxovani razmiT osmalTa banakidan gaiqca. 1582 wels is kvlav daubrunda qristianobas. samcxe ajanyda. manuCarma kvlav aRadgina aTabagoba. amasobaSi svimon mefem lore da samSvilde gaaTavisufla. 1584 wels osmalTa 30-aTasiani jari SemoiWra, romelsac svimon mefe sofel xatisofelTan 4 aTasi meomriT Seeba. zamTarSi brZolebSi Sewuxebuli osmalTa laSqari qarTls gaecala. 1587 wels mters miemxrnen moRalate SalikaSvilis naSieri kikola da sxva moRalateebic. amis gamo manuCari iZulebuli gaxda samcxes gascloda. 1588 wels iransa da osmaleTs Soris zavi daido. svimonic daezava osmalebs. òsmaleTi cnobda simon I-s qarTlis mefed qristianobiT, aRiarebda mis memkvidreobiT uflebas da ar Caereoda mis Sinaur saqmeebSi. amrigad, qarTlis Tavdadebulma brZolam simon I-is meTaurobiT, osmaleTi aiZula xeli aeRo qveynis sruli dapyrobis politikaze~.25 1598 wels Sah-abasis waqezebiT svimonma ganaaxla omi osmalebTan, gors alya Semoartya. male qarTvelebma goris cixe aiRes. es osmalTa didi marcxi iyo. amave wels ajanyda samcxe-saaTabagoc manuCaris meTaurobiT. `sulTanma didi jari gamogzavna. qarTvelTa mTavari jari gorTan dabanakda giorgi batoniSvilis meTaurobiT, xolo svimon mefe mcire laSqriT sabaraTianoSi Cavida. aqve Semovida mtris jari. brZolis win qarTvelebma ziareba miiRes, erTmaneTs gamoemSvidobnen. maT medgrad Seuties osmalebs, gaapes mtris razmebi. TiTo qarTvels, wers farsadan gorgijaniZe, 4-5 osmalo gadmoegdo cxenidan da axla sxvebze miiwevdnen. xelSubiani mefe mtris romel razmsac Seutevda, moSlida. uTanasworo brZola 5 saaTs gagrZelda~.26 ukan daxevisas mefis cxeni did saflobSi Cavarda. mefe tyved Caigdes. is stambolSi gagzavnes 1600 wels. `cnobam mefis datyvevebis Sesaxeb didi aRfrTovaneba gamoiwvia osmalebSi. sulTanma brZaneba gasca, misi saxelmwifos yvela qalaqSi quCebi moerToT da sami dRis ganmavlobaSi qeifi da zeimi moewyoT~.27 giorgi mefem didZali ganZi, maT Soris eklesia-monastrebSi Segrovili, gagzavna mamis dasaxsnelad, magram amaod. svimon mefis gvami stambolidan mcxeTas moasvenes da misi saxelovani mamis, luarsabis gverdiT dakrZales.
ìyo saqarTvelo uvno mterTagan~

Tu Cven vityviT, rom saqarTvelo XV saukunesa da XVI saukunis erT periodSi ZiriTadad warmoadgenda mterTagan damSvidebul-dawynarebul, farTod gadaSlil da ucxoTagan mosvenebul qveyanas, vfiqrobT, did Secdomas ar davuSvebT. `sultanni stambolisani... brZodnen umetes frangTa da amis gamo iyo saqarTvelo uvnod mterTagan, aramed TvisTagan esreT vnebulni~, _ wers vaxuSti.28
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Temur-lengis Semosevebis Semdeg gareSe mtrebma Semotevebi Seaneles, qveyanam amoisunTqa, dawynarda, damdorda, mxolod mmarTveli fenebi ver poulobdnen mosvenebas. isini saqarTvelos TaTrul-mahmadianur rkalSi moqcevis gamo raRac saSinelsa da avs winaTgrZnobdnen, mudam eomebodnen erTmaneTs. mSvidi da wynari, magram alyaSi moqceuli saqarTvelo mowyda mofusfuse msoflios (ara marto renesanss, aramed mudam axlis maZiebel, gonier, mzard, Zlier, ekonomikur-sulieri gafurCqvnis piras misul evropas). saqarTvelo msoflio provinciad iqca. evropis gonebrivi duRili XVIXVIII saukuneebis aRmoCenebi, axali mimarTulebebi mecnierebisa da cxovrebisa, msoflios sasicocxlo siaxleebi ucnobi iyo Cveni qveynisaTvis. xmali, guTani da sarwmunoeba Zveleburadve abrunebda Cvenebur kacs, magram didi idealebi ukve aRar iyo. qveyanaSi aRar trialebda idea, amitomac aRar iyvnen didi inteleqtualebi, mamoZravebelni azrisa, fiqrisa. aRarc moTxovna iyo maTze. qveyana sulierad daifuya, moeSva, moiTenTa. aRarc erovnuli idea, aRarc sarwmunoebrivi, yvelaferi ukve miRweulia, ganvlilia, warsulia. yvelaferi ukve iyo. magram iqneb es moSveba imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom eZies da gamosavali ver ipoves, TaTrul-mahmadianur alyas Tavi ver daaRwies. mogvianebiT, roca samefo-samTavroebad daSlil saqarTvelos axladSeqmnili mtruli saxelmwifoebi Semoesivnen, Cveni mematiane ityvis: ìqiT urumni arbevdes da aqeT yizilbaSebi da amisTana ors dids xelmwifis SuaSi bevrs ecades, aqeT iqnies xmali, iqiT iqnies da mravali navnebic qnes, magram ar iqna da vercara Tavs gauvides~.29 am mematianis, f. gorgijaniZis SexedulebiT, mtrebma saqarTvelos daZabuneba amiT SeZles, rom `saqarTvelo Tavad cota iyo, da mere mravlad gayofili da erTmaneTis urCi, qiSpni, mterni, erTmaneTis marbevni da mawyinari~.29 saqarTvelo qarTlis, kaxeTis, imereTis samefoebad, dadianis, gurielis, aTabagis samTavroebadaa daSlili. axal-axali, naxevrad damoukidebeli samTavroebic iqmneba, swored es daSlili, danakuwebuli saqarTvelos nawilebi eurCebian, eqiSpebian, mtroben, arbeven da àwyenen~ erTmaneTs. zogadad, saqarTvelo _ vrcladaa gadaWimuli Zveleburadve. aRmosavleTi (e.i. kaxeTis samefos aRmosavleTi) sazRvari kaspiis zRvidan sul 200-mde kilometriTaa daSorebuli da Saqs esazRvreba. samxreTiT qarTlis sazRvari sevanis tbasTan gadis, aTabagebis samTavrosi ki valaSkertsa da arzrumTan, guriac WaneTs moicavs, xolo dasavleTiT imereTsa da sadadianos Savi zRva da jiqebis qveyana esazRvreba. XV-XVI saukuneebSi saqarTvelo gansakuTrebiT kaxeTi, zogadad mSieri qveyana ki ar iyo, aramed savse da maZRari, laRi, Tavmomwone SvilebiT.
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ùCemod vin imRereTao~, _ kiTxulobdnen qveynierebas axlad movlenili Tavadebi (aqamde saqarTveloSi arc batonymoba yofila da arc Tavadoba). ai, rogor aRwers Cveni mematiane imdroindeli saqarTvelos cxovrebas. sruliad saqarTvelos mefe aleqsandre XV saukunis I naxevarSi mSvidobiTa da myudroebiT acxovrebda Tavis xalxs: `yovelni qristianeni friadsa mSvidobasa da myudroebasa Sina amyofina~,30 xolo meore mematiane masze wers: ìmefa keTilad da mSvidobiT~.31 mesame mematiane daaxloebiT 1454 wlis aRwerisas wers saqarTvelos Sesaxeb: àraodes darbeuli iyo qarTli didisa Temuris ukanis, iyo Seneba da gansveneba. amas Jamsa Sina ara iyo xaraja da arca mali qarTlsa Sina, aramed ganTavisufldes yovelni samefoni da areni qarTlisani monebisagan TurqTasa~..32 am dros saqarTvelo kvlav erTiania. mis mefes `hqonda qarTli, somxiTi da monebdes loris pitiaxSni, kaxeTisa, Sarvanisa da samcxisa. da hyves imerelni, odiSarni, guriulni, afxazni, svanni, jiqni da mTiulni kavkasianni~.33 1463 wels uzun-hasanis Semosevis sapasuxod qarTvelTa mefe sparseTSi SeWrila da Tavrizic ki daulaSqravs. `qronikonisa rna: qarTvelTa mefeman Tavrizs, gilaqma da Temura aaoxra~.34 1478 wlisaTvis Turme qveyana mosvenebiT da dawynarebiT cxovrobda. àrRara iyo wyena TaTarTagan, moimorCilna imerelni, odiSarni da afxazni, msaxurebda aTabagi da morCilebdes kaxnica, ara sadaT iyo wyena qristianeTa, iyo mosveneba da dawynareba~.35 mtris Semosevebisas qarTvelebs Tuki erTmaneTSi mSvidoba hqondaT, yovelTvis imarjvebdnen: èse gaemarjvaT, rome erTisa qarTvelisagan asi da orasi moikla. daxoces, amowyvites da cota rame gardmoexvewa cxen-keTili~.36 `daesxnes WandarTa mdgomTa monapireTa TaTarTa, gaaqcivnes asre rome Tu ar macne wavida same, verca erTi wauvida~.37 `davarda xma da mohmarTes asre, viTa vefxvTa... ase xoca dauwyes, viTa qaTamTa marTveTa. xolo mosca RmerTman Zleva qristianeTa da daxoces uricxvi... erTisa tyvisa dedakacisagan sami da oTxi musulmani moiyvaneboda, yel-dolbandiani... mas ukanis TaTarTa Zali verRara ukadrebia da arcaRa rbeva, gatydes da SeSindes SewevniTa RmrTisaTa~.38 `mxned ibrZodes spani qarTvelTani, viTarca lomni da moswyvidnes uricxvi TaTarni, midrkes igini da otebulni ivltodes, viTarca jogi kanjrisa lomTagan danqreuli~.39 1546 wlisaTvis `SeiTqvnes mefe qarTlisa luarsab, mpyrobeli kaxeTisa leon da aTabagi qaixosro. amaT Sehkres piroba da dauwyes rbeva da oxreba qveyanasa yizilbaSisasa ardabaganisa~.40 TaTarma `vera-ra avno mefesa luarsabs, rameTu Jamsa mefobisa misisasa ara morCil eqmna yizilbaSoba, arca osmalTa da mravali Wiri SeaCvena orTave da ara daamona saqarTvelo usjuloTa saxarkod~.41
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`ra movides yizilbaSni, maSin mieteva maT svimoni da spani saqarTvelosni, viTarca lomi ganZvinebuli da iqmna brZola Zlieri. maSin moeca RmerTisa mier Zleva qarTvelTa, da moswyvidnes uricxvni spani TaTarTani da wariqcivnes igini da ivltodes~.42 `sdevnida sulTansa ganZisasa Saverdis da svrides spaTa viTarca mxalTa mdelosaTa~.43 rogorc zemoT moyvanili amonawerebidan Cans, qarTvelebTan omi da, miT umetes, maTi damorCileba arc ise advili iyo, piriqiT, qarTvelebs erTi piri rom hqonodaT da erTiani saxelmwifo, verc TurqeTi da verc sparseTi saqarTvelos verafers daaklebdnen, Tumca arc daSlil saqarTvelosTan uadvildebodaT omi. TurqeTma, romelmac evropis, aziis da afrikis qveynebis damorCileba SeZlo, araTu sruli saqarTvelo, aramed dasavleTi saqarTveloc ki ver daipyro. òsmaleTma Tavisi Zlierebis zenits XV saukuneSi miaRwia. misi uzarmazari imperia evropis, aziis da afrikis kontinentebze iyo gadaWimuli. mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda garda mcire aziisa _ saberZneTi, bulgareTi. serbia, albaneTi, bosnia, hercogovina, Mmesopotamia, siria, hijazi, egvipte, alJiri da sxva. moldaveTi, valaxeTi da yirimis saxano osmaleTis vasalebi iyvnen~.44 uTuod unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos am mezobelma imperiam ver gaauqma qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba. imereTis samefo, guriisa da samegrelos samTavroebi mudam arsebobdnen osmaleTis yvelaze didi siZlieris drosac. `swored XVI saukunis ganmavlobaSi sulTanma suleiman II-m da misma mermindelma sulTanebma, Tu zRviT da Tu xmeleTiT xSirad iwyes galaSqreba evropaze, mTeli dasavleTis mTavrobani SeaZrwunes, evropas erTianad gaveraneba, anu gamahmadianeba daupires da gadawyvites, romis wminda petres eklesia boslad gadaeqciaT~.45 TviT Turquli nacionaluri sulis gamomxatvel `dede qorquTis wignSi~, romelSic aRwerilia saqarTvelos sazRvrebTan rogor uswordebodnen muslimi gmirebi `giaurebs~, rogor ipyrobdnen qalaqebsa da cixeebs, rogor arbevdnen eklesiebs da maT nacvlad agebdnen meCeTebs, isicaa aRwerili, Tu rogori SiSi aqvT qarTvelebisa. yara derbendis xeobaSi (erzrumis mxareSi) mdebare èvnuqis cixe~ _ qristianebisaa. erTxel mecixovneni osmalo sovdagrebs Tavs daesxmian da qonebas waarTmeven. maT erTi begis Ze daexmareba. `Seni vaJi rom ar yofiliyo, mTels Cvens qonebas waiRebdnen saqarTveloSi, Cvenc yvelas tyved wagviyvandnen~, _ SesCivian isini begs.46 XV saukunis Sua wlebSi samcxis aTabagi ambobda osmalTa Sesaxeb: `mamis Cemis sikvdilis Semdgom xSirad momixda maTTan omi da, RvTis madliT, bevrjer gavimarjve maTze da bevri maTi qalaqic davi pyari~.47 Tu ra suliskveTebiTa da Tavganwiruli energiiT ibrZodnen qarTvelebi TurqTa winaaRmdeg, kargad Cans mefe svimonis werilSi papisadmi: `vauwyeb
917
Tqvens siwmidesa, rom netarma mama Cemma, wmida mefe luarsabma, rogorc Seityobda Tqveni siwmideca, sarwmunoebisaTvis gvirgvini miiRo RvTisagan, vinaidan ieso qristes siyvarulis gamo moikla brZolaSi usjuloTa agarianTagan. man irCia Tavisi sisxlis daRvra da wameba, vidre maTi boroti nebis asruleba. amis Semdgom RvTis SewevniT, Cven miviReT taxti Cvenis mamisa da mas Semdeg dRe da Rame ar mogvisvenia araodes omisagan TviT avdrebSiac ki. ra brZola, Sewuxeba da gaWirveba ar gamoviareT qristes siyvarulisaTvis, davwyluldiT omSi, tyved dagviWires sparselebma da Cagvagdes sapyrobileSi. garna RvTis nebiT da SemweobiT, egreTve Tqvenis locviTa, gavTavisufldiT tyveobisagan da kvalad aRvediT Cvens taxtze da xelaxlav daviwyeT omi. mravalgzis SevebiT oTomanebs, vgonebT Tqvenc SeityobdiT, raodeni Sewuxeba da tanjva gamoviareT, magram mainc guli ar gavitexeT. Cem Tavs gavwirav erTianad da egreTve Cems qorfa Svilsac, davRvri Cems sisxlsa vidre ukanasknel wveTamde jvarcmulis ieso qristes da RvTis siyvarulisaTvis, vidre pirSi suli midgmia, xels ar aviReb osmalebis winaaRmdeg omze, araodes uqmad vyof im daufasebel sisxlisa, romelic ieso qristem daRvara CemTvis...~.48 aqedan, am werilSi gamomJRavnebuli suliskveTebidan, kargad Cans, ratom ver gaauqma evropaSi gaWrilma TurqeTma araTu sruliad saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrioba, dasavleT saqarTvelosic ki, Tumca ki erTi mesamedi nawili saaTabago moglija qarTul miwa-wyals da gaaTaTra. marTalia, saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebi erTmaneTTan brZoliT Zlier sustdebodnen, magram im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini erT pirs Sekravdnen, zogadqarTuli samxedro Zala sakmaod Zlieri iyo, amiT sargeblobac ki unebebia TurqeTis sulTans. qarTul wyaroTa Tanaxmad, mas saqarTvelos mefeebi gaugzavnia ierusalimis asaRebad. `...warmoevlina sultanis suleimanis samTa amaT mefeTa Tana despani: giorgis qarTvelTa, bagrat imerTa da levan kaxTa, `rameTu adgili sjulisa Tqvenisa ierusalimi daipyres usjuloTa, aw minebebies Tqvenda, movediT da ganasxeniT igini da daipyreniT Tqvenda~.49 àmisni msmenni mefeni sixaruliT Sekrbnen spiTa TvisiTa, vinaiTgan iyvnes siyvarulsa mtkicesa zeda da aTabagi yvaryvare moerTo mefesa giorgisa da warvidnen msasoebelni RmrTisani~.50 qarTvelebma ierusalimi aiRes: `scna ese yovelni xonTqarman, mianiWa niWni didZalni da wmidani adgilni, saflavi qristesi, golgoTa, beTlemi da jvris monasteri, xolo ganaTavisuflnes igini da warmovidnen gamarjvebulni~.51 T. Jordanias mier moZiebul wyaroTa Tanaxmad, es momxdara 1527 wels. oRond qarTvelebs ierusalimidan gauZevebiaT ara sparselni, aramed egviptis sulTani.52 èseni da sxvani mravalni mwvrilni sabuTni mowmoben, rom XVI saukuneSi qarTvelT ierusalimSi magra fexi moukidebiaT da gabatonebulan, raica
918
advili gamosacnobi Seiqmneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxeSi viqonieT ierusalimis qarTvel-osmalTagan xmliT aReba da uflebani, romelnic amis gamo mieniWa qarTvelT osmalTagan. uamisod rogor SeeZlo beena ColoyaSvils (romelic ierusalimSi iyo 1512 wlidan) ise gakadnierebuliyo, rom somxebs da laTinebs eklesiebs arTmevs, nivTebs karSi uyris da qarTvelebs ayenebs, axal eklesiebs aSenebs anu aaxlebs, rogorc amaze TviTonve mogviTxrobs jvris monastris xelnawerTa arSiebze.53 marTalia, XVI s-Si qarTvelebis ierusalimSi laSqroba l. menabdes54 dafiqsirebul zepir gadmocemad miaCnia, qarTvelTa mimarT jer kidev SeiZleba gameoreba episkopos Jak de vitriusis sityvebisa: `cxovrobs aRmosavleTSi qristiani xalxi omis moyvaruli da brZolaSi gamocdili. mas hyavs uamravi mebrZoli. metad daSinebuli hyavs sarkinozni da Tavdasxmebis dros did zarals ayenebs sparselebs, midielebs da asurelebs, romelTa mosazRvredac cxovrobs, vinaidan garSemortymulia urjuloebiT. maT ewodebaT qarTvelebi... rodesac isini midian qristes saflavis Tayvanissacemad, wmida qalaqSi Sedian gaSlili droSebiT, baJis gadaxdis gareSe, rac Seexeba sarkinozebs, isini ver bedaven maT Sewuxebas, raTa ukan dabrunebisas qarTvelebma javri ar iyaron maT mezoblad mcxovreb sarkinozebze~.55 msgavsad TurqTa qveynisa, iranic uzarmazari imperia iyo, swored erTiani saqarTvelos samefos daSlisas warmoiqmna is. mas `sefianebis~ saxelmwifo ewodeboda. mis CamoyalibebaSi qarTvelTa samxedro Zalebsac miuRia monawileoba. `sefianebis saxelmwifos CamoyalibebaSi saqarTvelos politikurma mesveurebmac garkveuli wvlili Seitanes. magram ismail Sahma dapireba ar Seasrula da TanmimdevrobiT atarebda qarTuli samefoebis damorCilebis politikas~.56 `1510 wlisaTvis Sah ismailis xelSi iyo uzarmazari teritoria amudariidan vidre evfratamde~.57 Tu ra rols TamaSobdnen iranis politikur cxovrebaSi qarTvelebi da, saerTod, saqarTvelo, es sayovelTaod aris cnobili. imdroindeli avtorebisaTvis, damkvirveblebisa Tu istorikosebisaTvis naTeli iyo, rom qarTvelebi did winaaRmdegobas gauwevdnen iranelebs, Sinagani erToba rom hqonodaT, magram swored es akldaT mamac qarTvelebs. `qarTvelebi arian mamacni, magram moqmedebaSi naklebad erTianni, cdiloben SigniT SuRlis CamogdebiT erTmaneTi daRupon... saerTod wynari, gamgoni, keTili gulis da ubraloni arian; molaparakebis dros ar arian jiutni, matyuarani, orpirni. maTTan yoveli saqmis mogvareba SeiZleba~, _ werda pietro dela vale. sabolood ra unda iTqvas? marTalia, qarTvelebi mamaci mebrZolebi iyvnen da xmali uWridaT, magram gonierebaze win emociebs ayenebdnen, pativmoyvareobas da pirad meobas arasodes iviwyebdnen, Tundac saerTo saqmis sazianod.
919
erTic unda iTqvas, rom ase iyo Tu ise, qarTvelma erma xmliT SeinarCuna saxelmwifoebrioba, erovnuli eklesia, qristianoba, mamuli. Cvenma mezobelma somexma erma erovnuli gadarCenis sxva gzas mimarTa. man erovneba araTu SeinarCuna, erovnuli kultura aayvava kidec, Tumca ki saxelmwifoebrioba dakarga. somxeTSi erovnuli saxelmwifo gansaxilveli droisaTvis aRar arsebobda. somxebi ganibnen mTel msoflioSi. albaT amitomac mReroda somexi xalxi qarTvelTa Sesaxeb:
`gmiri iyo xalxi, brZeni hyavda mmarTveli, amitomac SerCa am qveyanas qarTveli~. 58
marTalia, `... ~59, magram mainc musulmanTagan daculi, musulmanur garemoSi mcxovrebi somexi qristianebi _ qarTveli eriT amayobdnen. somexni ùsjuloebTan yovelTvis qarTvelebiT iwonebdnen Tavs~60
Temobriobis aRorZineba erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos daSlis Sedegad

1490 wels saqarTvelos mefis karze mowveulma saxelmwifo darbazis krebam iuridiulad aRiara ukve arsebuli faqti erTiani saxelmwifos ramdenime samefod daSlisa. warmoiqmna erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebi _ qarTlis, kaxeTis, imereTis samefoebi, guriis, samegrelos, samcxis, svanTa samTavroebi. am process Tan sdevda erTian qarTvel xalxSi kuTxurobis aRorZinebis procesi. ismis kiTxva, Seuwyobda Tu ara xels erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos daSla qarTveli eris erovnuli TviTSemecnebis dakninebasa da axal saxelmwifoebriv erTeulebSi Sesabamisi viwro kuTxuri eTnikuri TviTSemecnebis aRorZinebas? Cveni azriT, qarTveli eris eTnojgufebi _ imerloba, qarTleloba, kaxeloba, megreloba, guruloba, mesxoba da sxva, gansakuTrebiT aRorZinda da saboloo saxiT Camoyalibda erTiani saxelmwifos daSlis Semdeg. maT male daemata sxva wvrili eTnojgufebi, samefo-samTavroTa kidev ufro daSladanawevrebis Sedegad. `qarTlis cxovrebidan~ SeiZleba davinaxoT, Tu rogor Seuwyo xeli viwro kuTxuri eTnikuri gansxvavebulobis Camoyalibebas mudmivma brZolebma axlad Camoyalibebul qarTul saxelmwifoebriv erTeulTa Soris.
920
qarTuli eTnosi erTiani warmoSobisa iyo, imiT, rom qarTvelTa eTnojgufebs erTi mamamTavari hyavdaT, anu mTeli qarTveli xalxi erTi kacis Svilebis gamravlebis Sedegad warmoqmnilad miiCneoda. erTiani qarTuli erovnuli TviTSemecnebis Camoyalibebas uTuod Seuwyo xeli erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis arsebobam saukuneTa manZilze. swored amitom, erTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwifos `mTlianobis mospobisa da dayofis Semdgomac sruliadi saqarTvelos dedaazri ar gamqrala, aramed mainc arsebobda: mas mxurvale momxre-mebrZolnic hyavda. winandeli saxelmwifoebrivi mdgomareobis aRsadgenadac mcdeloba ara erTxel da sxvadasxva gziT yofila mowyobili~.61 ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, daSlis Semdeg samefo-samTavroTa sazRvrebi Tan emTxveoda saTemo sazRvrebs.62 SeiZleba Temebi _ eTnojgufebi _ daSlamdec arsebobdnen, magram safiqrebelia, rom eTnojgufebs Camoyalibebuli, dasrulebuli saxe mieca swored daSlis Semdeg. saqarTvelos erTiani saxelmwifos daSla mimdinareobda saukuneTa manZilze, monRolTa Semosevebis Semdgom XV s-is bolomde. ukve XIII s-Si Caeyara safuZveli imereTis samefos, aman uTuod Seuwyo xeli, ukve XIII s-danve ìmerelTa~ eTnojgufis Camoyalibebas, xolo imis Semdeg, rac XV s-is bolos Seqmnil ìmereTis samefos~ Camoscildnen dadianisa da gurielis samTavroebi, ìmerlebis~ jgufis eTnikuri vinaoba `dazustdeboda~. cnobilia, rom Zveli qarTuli matianeebi aqamde ar icnobdnen eTnojgufs ìmerlebis~ saxelwodebiT. ìmereli~ _ ara eTnikur vinaobas, aramed sadaurobas aRniSnavda. aqamde dasavleT saqarTvelos Sesabamis raionSi cxovrobdnen ara ìmerlebi~, aramed qarTvelebi yovelgvari viwro eTnosaxelwodebis gareSe. ìmerelis~, rogorc eTnosaxelwodebis Seqmna, ganapiroba ìmereTis samefos~ _ saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulis arsebobam. es magaliTi miuTiTebs, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifos daSlam sxvadasxva politikur erTeulebad, xeli Seuwyo am erTeulebSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis adgilobrivi eTnofsiqologiis Camoyalibebas, qarTveli eris Temebad daSlas. XIII s-Sive daiwyo mesxeTis, rogorc politikur-administraciuli erTeuli, gankerZoebisaTvis brZola. amas xeli monRolebmac Seuwyes, amis Sedegi unda iyos is, rom male gaCnda termini `naTesaviT mesxi~, e.i. gvartomobiT, CamomavlobiT mesxi. aqamde ki, rogorc sxva TavebSi vwerdiT, qarTvelTa maRali erovnuli TviTSemecnebis gamo, arasodes ar ixmareboda terminebi `naTesaviT mesxi~, `naTesaviT dvali~ (miT umetes `naTesaviT imereli~, `naTesaviT kaxeli~, `naTesaviT guruli~ da a.S.). XI s-Si da ufro adre, saqarTvelos yvela kuTxis Svils, saidanac ar unda yofiliyo is, erTi termini _ `naTesaviT qarTveli~ miemarTeboda (wmida ilarions, warmoSobiT kaxels, daviT da konstantines _ argveTelebs (das. saqarTvelodan), wmida mamebs mesxeTidan _ yvelas mxolod da mxolod `naTesaviT qarTvelebi~ ewodebodaT).
921
XIII saukunis Semdeg ukve iwyeba da XV saukuneSi erTiani saxelmwifos sabolood daSlis Semdgom Rrmavdeba udidesi krizisi, warmoqmnili qarTveli adamianis eTnoTviTSemecnebaSi. qarTveli adamianis arsebaSi erovnuli meoba da erovnuli saxelmwifo _ erTmaneTis momcveli cnebebi iyo. mas aTaswlovani tradicia hqonda. erovnuli saxelmwifos gareSe qarTveli adamiani xSirad erovnebas kargavda, xolo viwro adgilobriv saxelmwifoebriv erTeulSi _ viwro, Temuri, kuTxuri TviTSemecneba uCndeboda. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom amierkavkasiis im teritoriaze, romelsac amJamad moicavs saqarTvelo, mudam, uZvelesi droidanve arsebobda adgilobrivi saxelmwifoebi. kolxeTis Zveli samefoebisa Tu diaoxis, Zvel lursmul warwerebSi moxsenebuli adgilobrivi mravalricxovani `mefeebisa~ Tu Semdegdroindeli qarTlis (anu iveriis) samefoebis saukuneTa manZilze arsebobis faqti uTuod moaxdenda zegavlenas saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxovrebi xalxis eTnoSemecnebaze. uTuod am xalxis erovnuli raoba da saxelmwifoebriobis grZnoba urTierTkavSirSi iqnebodnen. albaT aseTi saxelmwifoebrivi tradiciis mqone xalxs usaxelmwifod erovnuli meobis SenarCuneba gauWirdeboda. isic cnobilia, rom qarTveli xalxi ZvelTaganve cxovrobda swored aRniSnuli saxelmwifoebis momcvel miwa-wyalze da maT ekuTvnodaT kidec isini. zemoT aRniSnulis gamo, qarTveli kacis erovnuli TviTSemecneba qarTuli saxelmwifos gareSe niadags kargavda. sakmarisi iyo qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli romelime kuTxe raime mizezis gamo CamoSorebuliyo erovnul saxelmwifos, Sesuliyo sxva eris saxelmwifos (anda politikur-administraciuli erTeulis) SemadgenlobaSi, rom qarTveli adamianis erovnul Segnebas niadagi ecleboda da misi erovnuli gadagvareba xdeboda. Tanamedrove evropuli erebis mowyobis saxe iseTia, rom yvela ers _ Tavisi saxelmwifo gaaCnia, amitomac eri _ usaxelmwifod warmoudgenelia. roca ityvian ers, gulisxmoben mis saxelmwifos mTeli Tavisi struqturebiT. amitomac, romelime saxelmwifos moqalaqeoba Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs am qveynis erisSvilobas, xolo Tu erTi saxelmwifodan meoreSi gadava adamiani, miiRebs mis moqalaqeobas da gaxdeba meore qveynis mkvidri, is TandaTan axali qveynis eris Svili xdeba. daaxloebiT aseTi, evropulis msgavsi saxiT iyo mowyobili eTnikuri TviTSemecneba qarTveli adamianisa. mas Tavisi erovnuli saxelmwifos farglebs gareT ar SeeZlo Tavisi erovnebis (qarTvelobis) SenarCuneba ramdenime Taobis manZilze (cxadia, arsebobda gamonaklisebic). Cvens axlo mezobel erebs ZiriTadad arcki gaaCndaT erovnuli TviTSemecnebis grZnoba. yvela mahmadiani _ `musulmani~ iyo (monRolTa gaTurqebis Semdeg, Cvens TiTqmis yvela musulman mezobels `TaTrad~ miiCnevdnen). Tumca ki, am musulman-TaTrebSi tomobrioba arsebobda.
922
aRniSnulis gamo, erovnuli saxelmwifos gareSe myofi qarTveli, romelic isedac denacionalizacias ganicdida usaxelmwifod, musulmanobis miRebisas `TaTrad~ miiCneoda da TaTrobda kidec, Tu sxva kavkasiur toms Seereoda _ am tomis Svili xdeboda, Tu grigorianul-monofizitur Tems miekedleboda, am Temis Svilad iqceoda da a.S. magram, amis garda xdeboda sxvac. erTiani erovnuli saxelmwifos daSlis Semdgom kuTxur-qarTul saxelmwifoebSi mcxovreb qarTvelobas kuTxurTemuri TviTSemecneba uCndeboda. kuTxur-Temuri siamayisa da sxva grZnoba, is am kuTxis Svilad iqceoda: guriis samTavroSi _ gurulad, imereTis samefoSi _ imerlad, mesxeTis samTavroSi _ mesxad da a.S. axla ukve am gurulobas, imerlobas Tu mesxobas kuTxuri saxelmwifoebrioba aZlierebda. erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos daSlam ara marto qarTvelebis sxva xalxebSi asimilacias Seuwyo xeli, aramed aaRorZina kuTxur-Temuri tomobrioba. iSleba saxelmwifo _ iSleba eri. erTis dayofa-danawileba, meoris dayofa-danawilebas iwvevda. erTiani saxelmwifos daSlam safuZveli gamoacala eris mTlianobas, erTis dayofa-danawilebam xeli Seuwyo gamoyofil kuTxeebSi eTnografiuli TavisTavadobis warmoqmnas, dialeqtebis ganviTarebasa da Camoyalibebas. faqtobrivad erTi saxelmwifos daSlam erovnuli mTlianobis Sesusteba, eris danawileba gamoiwvia.
eklesia Temobriobis aRorZinebis dros

farnavaz mefis mier erTiani saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba uTuod erovnul TviTSemecnebaze zegavlenas iqoniebda. am saxelmwifos yovel kuTxeSi mcxovreb mosaxleobas _ qarTvelebs uwodebdnen Cveni mematianeni, rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. isini imasac xazgasmiT aRniSnaven, rom farnavazis mier daarsebulma dasavleT-aRmosavleT saqarTvelos momcvelma saxelmwifom TiTqmis uwyvetad iarseba VIII saukunis I naxevramde. maTi azriT, am saxelmwifos, romelsac isini `qarTlis samefos~ uwodeben, 1000-ze meti weli uarsebia qristemde IV-III saukuneebidan VIII saukunemde. amas dabejiTebiT amtkiceben Cveni mematianeni da dabejiTebiTve erTiani qarTveli xalxiT dasaxlebulad miiCneven am aTaswlovan `qarTlis samefos~. Cveni awindeli istoriografia Tvlis, rom qarTlis samefo VI saukunisaTvis gauqmda. mematianeni ki am samefos gauqmebas wmida mefe arCilis (VIII s.) epoqaSi debdnen. maSasadame, qarTvel xalxs (dasavleT-aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi) hqonda erT erovnul saxelmwifoSi cxovrebis uxangrZlivesi istoriuli epoqa, rac sruliad sakmarisi iyo maTSi erovnuli TviTSemecnebis gaRviveba-dafiqsirebisaTvis. qarTveli xalxi warmoadgenda erTian eTno-kulturul mTlianobas, erTiani teritoriisa da saxelmwifos mqone ers. amitomac, am xalxma uwyveti mecadineobiT SeZlo kvlav gaerTianeba da X-XI saukuneebSi erTiani erovnuli saxelmwifos aRdgena.
923
XV saukunis Semdeg erTiani saqarTvelos daSlil erTeulebs `saqarTveloebi~ ewodebodaT, e.i. mTliani eTnopolitikuri erTeuli saqarTvelo, patara `saqarTveloebad~ daiSala. es imis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs, rom qarTvelma xalxma am tragikul epoqaSic, XVI-XVIII saukuneebSic SeinarCuna erovnuli erTianobis grZnoba. rogorc iTqva, saqarTvelos garSemo arsebul musulmanur okeaneSi sarwmunoebrivi Temebi arsebobdnen, Temobrioba da tomobrioba misTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo. qarTuli eTnikuri jgufebis Temobrioba sarwmunoebrivi ar iyo. es eTnojgufebi ara sarwmunoebriv Tems warmoadgendnen, aramed saxelmwifoebriv erTeulSi yalibdebodnen. saqarTvelo daiSala Tavisi socialur-politikuri mizezebis gamo. daSlis Semdeg saocrad dakninda saerTo qarTuli interesebis Segneba, dakninda erovnuli TviTSemecneba, dakninda naTesaobis Segneba. mTaSi es procesi ufro adre daiwyo. `XIII saukunis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi xalxis kulturulad daqveiTebis gamo, erovnuli TviTSemecnebisa da naTesaobis grZnoba ise dakninda, rom TemTa da tomTa Soris SuRlisa da mtrobis Camosagdebad zogjer maTi Tavmoyvareobis mcireodeni Selaxvac ki sakmarisi iyo xolme~.63 rogorc aRiniSna, erovnuli TviTSemecneba ise dakninda, rom awyuris cnobili saswaulTmoqmedi RvTismSoblis xati, romelsac mociqulTa droidan mTeli qarTveli eri scemda Tayvans, XIV saukunisaTvis mesxeTis mkvidr qarTvelobas tomobriv `mesxTa~ mfarvel xatadac ki warmoedgina. am drois qarTlelebs `qarTvelebs~ uwodebdnen, xolo mesxeTis mkvidrT _ `mesxebs~. mematiane 1483 wlis SebrZolebis aRwerisas uneblieT gadmoscems, Tu ra rigad dacemula misi droisaTvis saerTo qarTuli erovnuli SegrZneba: `Tvesa agvistosa 13-s, aTabags da mesxT gaemarjva. da eseviTari Zleva aRadgines mesxTa qarTvelTa zeda, romlisa msgavsi ara sadaT smenil ars. mosrnes mravalni warCinebulni mefisani _ mesxni ukumoiqces ZlevaSemosili mSvidobiT da madidebelni yovlad-wmidisa RvTismSoblisani da movides samcxes~.64 mematianesac ki, romelsac sazogadod, gacilebiT maRali inteleqti hqonda, vidre garemomcvel masas, ise aqvs dakninebuli erovnuli erTianobis grZnoba, rom gaxarebulia `mesxebis~ `qarTvelebze~ gamarjvebiT, madlobs RmerTs. is `mesxebs~ uwodebs aTabagis sapatrono mosaxleobas, xolo `qarTvelebs~ _ qarTlis mefis sapatronos. erovnuli naTesaobis Segnebis dakninebas hqonda Tavisi socialur-ekonomikuri (obieqturi) safuZvlebi. `saqarTvelos erTian centralur xelisuflebas gamoecala ekonomikur-socialuri safuZvlebi. qveynis gamaerTianebeli Zalebis _ qalaqebis, vaWroba-aReb-micemobis dacemam gaaZliera provinciul-Temobrivi gankerZoebuloba~.65 warmoiqmna centraluri xelisuflebisagan damoukidebeli samTavroebi, samTavroebSi _ saTavadoebi.
924
Tu adre aznaurebi mefis xelisuflebis dasayrdenni iyvnen adgilebze, gaRaribebis Semdeg ekonomiurad miejaWvnen Zlier seniors, aznauri Seegua piradi Tavisuflebis Selaxvas, Zlieri patronis gareSe arsebobac ar SeuZlia, anu sxva sityviT rom iTqvas, mTavari _ Tavisufal fenas Tavis garSemo ikrebs. zogadqarTuli ideis matarebeli aRaravin rCeba. politikuri Temi yalibdeba. aseT situaciaSi zogadqarTuli ideis matarebels saqarTvelos sxvadasxva samefo-samTavroebi, eklesiis wevrebi warmoadgendnen. `ramdenadme Taviseburi iyo saeklesio aznauri (`mcxeTis Svili~, èklesiis Svili~), romlis mimarT, ise rogorc eklesiis sxva saqonelzec, samefo xelisuflebam moaxerxa realurad SeenarCunebina umaRlesi senioraluri ufleba. ...amrigad, gansaxilvel periodSi ramdenadac eklesia warmoadgenda mefis xeldebul dawesebulebas, `saydris Svilni~ (èklesiis Svilni~) mefis uSualo dasayrden samxedro da socialur Zalas qmnidnen~.66 saerTo, qarTuli ideis matarebeli _ eklesiaa. èklesiasTan praqtikul damokidebulebaSi centraluri xelisufleba inarCunebs uzenaesi patroni-senioris realur uflebebs. es udidesi Zala iyo mefis sasargeblod~.67 saeklesio TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelo mTlian organizms warmoadgenda. qarTul eklesias hqonda ori centri: mcxeTa da biWvinTa. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ganagebda qarTlis kaTalikosi. marTalia, politikurad aRmosavleT saqarTvelo sam damoukidebel saxelmwifoebriv erTeulad iyo dayofili, magram eklesiurad mTeli aRmosavleT saqarTvelo mTlian organizms _ qarTlis sakaTalikosos warmoadgenda. mas mTel am qveyanaSi hyavda Tavisi warmomadgenlebi, saeklesio aznaurebi, saepiskoposoebi, mouravebi _ matarebelni zogadqarTuli erTianobis ideisa. magaliTad, kaxeTis samefoSi saeklesio aznauri, romelic ar emorCileboda kaxeTis mefes, faqtobrivad zogadqarTuli ideis matarebeli iyo. aseve iyo dasavleT saqarTveloSic. aq ufro meti politikuri saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebi iyvnen, magram eklesia erTi iyo _ àfxazeTis~, anu imereTis sakaTalikoso. aqac èklesiis Svilebi~, zogadqarTuli ideis realur matareblebs warmoadgendnen. eklesias Tavisi laSqari gaaCnda. faqtobrivad, isic zogadqarTuli ideis matarebeli iyo. `mcxeTis eklesia~ calke samxedro erTeuli iyo, romlis droSis qveS Tavs iyrida yvela saepiskoposos laSqari episkoposebiT saTaveSi. dasavleT saqarTveloSi episkoposebs laSqari gamohyavdaT mefisa da mTavrebis moTxovnilebisamebr~.68 `kaxeTis sadroSoebis saTaveSi Tavadebi ki ar Caayenes, rogorc es qarTlsa da imereTSi moxda, aramed episkoposebi. episkoposoba ki memkvidreobiTi
925
Tanamdeboba ar iyo. amitom verc sardloba gadavidoda memkvidreobiT. am RonisZiebis mizans centraluri xelisuflebis gaZliereba warmoadgenda~.69 qarTl-kaxeTis samefoebi xSirad erTiandebodnen. aseve dasavleT saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebi. am faqtSi Tavis rols albaT aRmosavleT saqarTvelosa (qarTlis erTiani sakaTalikososa) da dasavleT saqarTvelos (afxazeTis erTiani sakaTalikosos) arseboba ganapirobebda. eklesia xels uSlida qarTveli eris tomobriv danawilebas. is erovnuli makonsolidirebeli iyo. arsebul sagareo viTarebisas saqarTvelom saerTod SeZlo erovnuli saxis SenarCuneba, rac udidesi gmiroba iyo. `TaTar-nomadebTan~ brZolaSi saqarTvelom didi zarali ganicada, magram man gamoamJRavna uzomo sicocxlisunarianobac, gadarCa, rogorc eri da saxelmwifo~,70 maSin, roca imave pirobebis dros somxeTsa da azerbaijanSi TaTar-nomadebma Secvales mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenloba. qarTveli eris gasaocari sicocxlisunarianoba qarTuli eklesiis arsebobamac ganapiroba.
926
Tavi XV
qarTuli eklesia XVII saukuneSi
`m x o l o d d i d b u n e b i a n T a k a c T a T v i s e b a a e r T x e l rwm e n i l i d a a R i a r e b u l i ga i x a d o n T a v i s s i c o c x l i s s a g n a d d a m a s q v eS d a u go n T a v i s c x o v r e b a d a , T u s a W i r o e b a m o i T x o v s , S e swi r o n T a v i T v i s i c a~.

ilia marTali

wmida didmowame qeTevani - mnaTobi saqarTvelosi
927
XVII saukune, SeiZleba iTqvas, umZimesi saukune iyo qarTveli eris istoriaSi. Tu wina saukuneebSi mtrebi saqarTvelos dapyrobiT, anda daxarkviT kmayofildebodnen, am dros sparseTisa da osmaleTis imperiebma yvelaferi iRones qarTveli eris gasanadgureblad da miwis pirisagan aRsagvelad: aseul aTasobiT qarTveli saqarTveloSive daxoces, ufro meti sparseTSi gadaasaxles. kaxeTi gaaukacrieles da momTabare Turqmanuli tomebi Camoasaxles. mesxeTSi mkvidri qarTveloba iZulebiT gaamahmadianes (gaaTaTres), mowinaaRmdegeni mospes, anda aiZules gadasaxlebuliyvnen. dasavleT saqarTvelo ki uCveulo da eniT uTqmelma anarqiam moicva, daiwyo tyveTa syidva, qarTvelebi, Tu araqarTvelebi, masobrivad atyvevebdnen qarTvelebs da monebad hyiddnen. im dros, roca evropaSi mecniereba ayvavda da sazogadoebrivi cxovreba pirovnebis Tavisuflebas daefuZna, qarTvelebi afrikelTa msgavsad, monaTa bazrebSi iyidebodnen. Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom osmaleT-sparseTis saxelmwifoebs monaTa bazarze qarTvelebTan erTad bosnielebi, albanelebi da evropaSi dapyrobili sxva xalxebic gahyavda, kavkasielebze rom araferi vTqvaT. yovelive amas Tan daerTo Crdilokavkasieli tomebis Camosaxleba dasustebul da gaukacrielebul saqarTveloSi. aRmosavleT kaxeTSi (e.w. saingiloSi) daRestnelebi ara marto Casaxldnen, aramed isini imonebdnen, arbevdnen, Zarcvavdnen da tyveebad hyiddnen mkvidr qarTvelobas, Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi _ gaosebuli dvalebi Camovidnen Crdilo kavkasiidan, adgilobriv qarTvelobasa da SemosulTa Soris winaaRmdegoba qarTvelTa damarcxebiT da Semosul warmarTul tomTan maTi asimilaciiT damTavrda, Sida qarTlis mTianeTi gaucxovda, analogiuri viTareba Seiqmna egrisafxazeTSi, aqac Crdilo kavkasielebi _ adiReelebi (abazebi, afsarebi, Cerqezebi) damkvidrdnen. rogorc saqarTvelos barSi, ise mTaSi, qarTvelad yofna gausaZlisi gaxda. erovnebiT qarTveloba uSiSroebis araviTar garantias ar iZleoda. spars-osmalos misi xocva, ayra da gadasaxleba, xolo Semosul mTielebs Zarcva, mokvla, ojaxis amowyveta xelewifeboda. cxadia, aseT dros gadarCenis instinqti amoqmedda _ qarTvelobis erTi nawili erovnebis uaryofis gzas daadga. gaTaTreba gadarCenis erT-erT mTavar saSualebad iqca (gansakuTrebiT mesxeTSi), qarTvelebi somxdebodnen (grigorianuli sarwmunoebis mimdevar qristianebs sparseT-osmaleTi ar sdevnida), qarTvelebi `frangdebodnen~ (kaTolikeebic naklebad idevnebodnen), amasTanave, qarTvelebi lekdebodnen, osdebodnen, afxazdebodnen1. XVII s-is miwurulsa da XVIII s-is dasawyisSi iseTi momentic ki dadga, rom mTeli kaxeTis mosaxleoba galekebisaken miiswrafoda, rac kargad Cans daviT II imamyuli-xanis mravalricxovani werilebidan vaxtang VI-sadmi2.
928
sabednierod, denacionalizaciisa da erovnuli gadagvarebis safrTxes qarTvelebis didi nawili mtkiced aRudga win. qarTuli saxelmwifo da qarTuli eklesia rwmenisa da erovnebis SenarCunebisaTvis TavdadebiTa da Tavdauzogavad iRvwodnen. saqme is iyo, rom am droisaTvis erovneba da sarwmunoeba gaerTmniSvnelovnda. rogorc ilia WavWavaZe ambobs _ `qristianoba, qristes moZRvrebis garda, CvenSi niSnavda mTels saqarTvelos miwawyals, niSnavda qarTvelobas~. aqedan gamomdinare, qristianobis dacva da SenarCuneba _ ukve TavisTavad qarTvelobis dacva-SenarCunebasac niSnavda. amitomac erTaSorisi omi faqtobrivad religiaTa Soris omad gadaiqca. mahmadianuri sparseT-osmaleTi da kavkasiis mTianeTi saqarTveloSi qristianobis mospoba-aRmofxvras eswrafodnen. Tavis mxriv, saqarTvelos saukeTeso Svilebi qristianobis dacva-SenarCunebas cdilobdnen da amisaTvis sicocxles ar zogavdnen. isic unda iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos saukeTeso Svilebi qristianobas ara marto erovnuli mosazrebis, aramed pirvel rigSi gulmxurvale rwmenisa da Cveni macxovris, ieso qristes, siyvarulis gamo icavdnen. isini sicocxlis fasad ambobdnen uars macxovris uaryofaze, misTvis ewamebodnen da saSineli tanjviT kvdebodnen. samagierod, didi iyo sazRauric RvTisagan. rwmenisaTvis TavdadebulTa locviT iesom daifara da gadaarCina misi moyvaruli qarTveli eri. unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTveli eris gadarCenaSi udidesi Rvawli miuZRvis saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesias. saqme isaa, rom erovnebas mxolod is inarCunebda, vinc Tavs mSobliuri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis Svilad Tvlida. magaliTad, grigoriani qarTvelebi TiTqos qristianuli sarwmunoebis aRmsarebelni iyvnen, magram dedaeklesiisagan mowyvetis gamo TandaTan gasomxdnen. igive iTqmis kaTolike qarTvelebzec. rogorc TamaraSvilma da sxva moRvaweebma gamoarkvies, denacionalizacias verc kaTolike qarTvelebi ascdnen, Tumca ki, maTi erTi, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi nawili, am safrTxes gadaurCa. radgan qarTveloba faqtobrivad mxolod saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis wevrebma SeinarCunes, amitomac `marTlmadidebeli~ da `qarTveli~ sinonimebad iqcnen. qarTveli eris am saSineli gansacdelis Jams sarwmunoebis dacvisaTvis gaafTrebul brZolaSi udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeboda magaliTis Zalas. imdroindel sazogadoebaSi maRali fenebi, mefe-dedoflebi, mTavrebi, Tavadaznauroba da maTi ojaxis wevrebi samagaliToni iyvnen mosaxleobis dabali, mravalricxovani fenebisaTvis, Tu maRali fenebi qristianobas icavdnen, dabali fenebic ase iqceodnen. maRali fenebis gamahmadianebas Cveulebriv dabali fenebis gamahmadianebac mohyveboda xolme Sedegad. vaxuSti bagrationi Tavis ìstoriaSi~ wers: `Tumca warCinebulni (igulisxmeba mesxeTis maRali fena XVII s. 50-ian wlebSi) mahmadianni iyvnen, aramed colni maTni da mxevalni iyvnen yovelni qristianeni. xolo Jamsa rostom faSisasa
929
miuvlina xonTqarman brZaneba, raTa iyvnen colnica maTni, romelni mahmadian arian, mahmadianad. ese uTxres colsa rostom faSisasa... aiZulebdnen yofad mahmadianad... amis mizezisaTvis ityoda: ùkeTu daatevebinoT yovelTa warCinebulTa colTa uwina Cemsa qriste, merme dauteo meca, ukeTu ara, arca me~. maSin SeuTqves ra warCinebulTa colTa mas yovelTa SiSisaTvis tanjvisa dauteves qriste da gamahmadiandnen yovelni sruliad da uRono qmnili gamahmadianda igica. aramed iqmna risxva RvTisa codvaTa CvenTaTvis, rameTu aw umetes mooxrdebodnen eklesiani didSvenierni da iqmnebodnen pirutyvTa sadgurni... moispobodnen episkopozni, Tu sadme iyo, da monazonni da mwyemsni... da Seiqmna sruliad mahmadianoba wesiTa da rjuliTa maTiTa~3. ai ase, magaliTis ZaliT, warCinebulTa gamahmadianebis Semdeg mesxeTi TiTqmis sruliad gamahmadianda. male sarwmunoebadakargulma mosaxleobam erovneba _ qarTvelobac dakarga. aseTi viTarebis dros gansakuTrebiTaa dasafasebeli kaxeTis dedoflis, qeTevanis Tavdadeba sarwmunoebisaTvis. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom wmida qeTevanis, wmida mefis luarsab II-isa da sxva warCinebulTa, saeklesio moRvaweTa Tu eriskacTa qristesadmi Tavdadebam gadaarCina mamuli da qarTveli eri sulian-xorcianad mospobas da sxva xalxebTan asimilacias. XVII saukunis magaliTi uCvenebs, rom rac ufro metad utevdnen saqarTvelos mtrebi qristianobasa da qarTvelobas, miT ufro winaaRmdegobas uwevda maT Cveni xalxi. XVII saukune swored qristes mowameTa simravliTaa gamorCeuli. mravalricxovan wamebulTagan qarTulma eklesiam wmindanTa ricxvSi mxolod zogierTi maTganis Seyvana SeZlo, imdenad didi iyo maTi ricxvi. kanonizebulia 1616 wels daviT garejis udabnoSi amowyvetili 6 000 wmida mowame, saqarTvelos didebuli mefe luarsabi, qristesaTvis wamebuli 1622 wels, didmowame, saqarTvelos mnaTobi, kaxeTis dedofali qeTevani, nawamebi 1624 wels, cxra Zma xerxeuliZe, dediTa da diT da maTTan erTad marabdis brZolis velze 1625 wels amowyvetili 9 000 qarTveli; saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis meTauri, wmida mama evdemoz kaTalikosi, wamebuli 1624 wels, biZina, elizbari da Salva, wamebiT aRsrulebulni 1661 wels, 1696-1700 wlebSi garejis monasterSi lekTagan amowyvetili Rirsi mamebi: Sio axali, daviTi da gabrieli, amaT garda kidev ramdenma dasdo Tavi qristesaTvis da samSoblosaTvis, maT Sorisaa Cveni wmida mama _ mRvdeli Tevdore, wamebuli 1609 wels, wmida qeTevanis Tanmxlebi mRvdeli, romelic `Rirs iqmna mowamisa RvawlTasa, rameTu manca qristesTvis miiRo aRsasruli cecxlisa mier. xolo saxeli wmidisa mis mRvdlisa da qristes mowamisa iyo vasili~, - wers anton kaTalikosi wmida qeTevanis svinaqsarSi4. da kidev sxva mravali wmida mowame, romelTa Rvawlmac qarTuli eklesia ganabrwyina. naTqvamia, xalxi ubedurebisas gamoicnobao, qarTvelma erma da qarTulma eklesiam ubedurebisas didi simtkice gamoamJRavnes.
930
wmida didmowame qeTevans `saqarTvelos mnaTobi~ ewoda, radgan qveynisaTvis umZimes XVII-XVIII ss-Si misi Rvawli da mowameoba mTeli qarTveli xalxisaTvis sulis cxonebisa da mamulis gadarCenis gzis maCveneblad iqca. Znelia sityvebiT gadmoices is udidesi mniSvneloba, romelic dedoflis mier gamoCenil simtkices hqonda misi mSobeli xalxisaTvis. mahmadianobis miRebas man qristes mowamis gvirgvini amjobina. wmida qeTevani qarTuli eklesiisa da qristianobis moyvarul morwmuneTa ojaxSi daibada. qarTleli bagrationi, aSoTan muxran-batoni, mama qeTevanisa, saberZneTSi (im droisaTvis osmalTa imperiaSi moqceuli) ivironis monastrisaTvis zrunavda (ivironis berebma daadastures, rom ivironis portaitisas (karis RvTismSoblis) saswaulTmoqmedi xatis mcire taZari aSoTan muxran-batonis mieraa agebuli). aTonis monastrebisaTvis qeTevanis meuRlis - kaxeTis mefis ojaxic didad zrunavda. ivironTan axlos, filoTeos monastris satrapezoSi, gamoxatulni arian kaxTa mefe levani da Ze misi aleqsandre (kaxTa mefe aleqsandre - mamamTili iyo wmida qeTevanisa). qeTevani iyo meuRle kaxeTis samefo taxtis memkvidrisa - daviTisa. aleqsandres dros kaxeTis samefo saqarTvelos sxva samefo-samTavroebTan SedarebiT mdidari qveyana iyo. XVI saukuneSi kaxeTis mefeebma TavianTi moqnili politikiT SeZles samefosaTvis ucxoelTa Semosevebi aeridebinaT. amitomac, `kaxeTi me-16 saukuneSi sakmaod moSenebuli feodaluri samefo iyo... xelsayrel pirobebSi kaxeTi me-16 saukuneSi dawinaurda, moSenda da am saukunis dasasrulisaTvis sxva qarTul samefo-samTavroTa Soris is yvelaze mdidar da keTilmowyobil feodalur samefod iqca. gansakuTrebiT farTod misdevdnen kaxeTSi am dros meabreSumeobas, romliTac ucxoelebTan did vaWrobas awarmoebdnen. mevenaxeoba ar Camouvardeboda meabreSumeobas, Rvino uxvad gahqondaT axlobel Tu Soreul qveynebSi. kaxeTi xelosnoba-xelsaqmobiTac dawinaurebuli iyo... kaxeTi dayofil iqna oTx samxedro teritoriul erTeulad _ sadroSod. magram sadroSoebis sardloba kaxeTis mefem TavadTa gvarebs ki ar Caabara, rogorc es qarTlSi moxda, aramed episkoposebs. episkoposoba ki samemkvidro Tanamdeboba ar yofila. episkoposebi mefis mier iniSnebodnen da saeklesio ymebisa da miwebis gamoyenebis saqmeSi mefis mfarvelobas didad saWiroebdnen, amis gamo episkoposebi mefis ufro erTgulni iyvnen, vidre saero didbatonebi. Tavisi mamis politikas warmatebiT ganagrZobda aleqsandre levanis Ze,
931
kaxTa mefe (1574-1605). aleqsandre mdidari da Zlieri mefe iyo, misi vaWrebi kaxuri saqonliT aziasa da evropaSi dadiodnen. mefes SeZleba hqonda didi TanxebiT Sesweoda qristianul salocavebs ierusalimsa da sxva adgilebSi. aleqsandres ganzraxva hqonda, mTlianad aRedgina kaxeTSi saqarTvelos ayvaveba-Zlierebisdroindeli materialuri naSTebi: cixe-qalaqebi, eklesia-monastrebi, mefe cdilobda moeyvana ucxoeTidan ostat-xelosnebi, xuroTmoZRvrebi, mxatvrebi, swavluli mwignobrebi~5. kaxeTi sakmaod mtkice da gamagrebuli samefo iyo, rac mouTmeneli iyo mtrebisaTvis, amitomac Sah-abasma mas kak-eniseli (saingilo) Camoacila da uSualod daimorCila. amiT kaxeTs aRmosavleTis kedeli moerRva. daaxloebiT am droisaTvis saSamxlos (Crdilo kavkasiaSi mdebare samTavros) ukve mierTebuli hqonda piraqeTa daRestani, romelic am dromde TiTqmis yovelTvis an erTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sazRvrebs SigniT, an kidev kaxeTis samefos sazRvrebSi iyo moqceuli. piraqeTa daRestnisa da kakeniselis dakargvis Semdgom kaxeTis samefo daucveli, aRmosavleTis sazRvrebmoSlili aRmoCnda. Crdiloel (daRestnel) da aRmosavlel Turqmanul tomebs mdidari qveynisaken gza gaexsnaT. XVII saukuneSi Sah-abasis mmarTvelobis Sedegad sparseTi didad gaZlierda. `XVII saukunis dasawyisisaTvis saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc mTel amierkavkasiaSi, osmaleTi batonobda, miuxedavad amisa, osmaleTis damokidebuleba saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebisadmi ar iyo erTgvari~6. dasavleT saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebi saSinao politikaSi damoukideblobas inarCunebdnen, qarTlis mTavar cixeebSi osmalTa garnizonebi idgnen, magram qarTli qeds ar idrekda, medgrad ibrZoda osmalo dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg6. kaxeTis samefo mterTagan Tavisufali iyo, Tumca ki erTdroulad sami didi saxelmwifos _ iranis, sparseTisa da ruseTis vasali gaxda. àmasobaSi amierkavkasiaSi viTareba sagrZnoblad Seicvala. 1603 wels Sah-abasma (15781629) omi gamoucxada osmaleTs... iranis saxelmwifos centralizaciisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda Sah-abasis mier Catarebul samxedro reformas... Seqmna TofebiTa da zarbaznebiT SeiaraRebuli da kargad gawvrTnili mudmivi jari, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda RulamTa aTiaTasiani cxenosani korpusi. es korpusi Sahis gvardia iyo. igi iranSi aRzrdili da ZaliT gamahmadianebuli qarTveli da somexi axalgazrdebisagan daakompleqtes~7. 1604 wels, erevnis alyis dros Sahma saSvelad aleqsandre kaxTa da giorgi qarTlis mefeebi ixmo. marTalia, erevnis aRebis Semdeg maT Sahma yovelwliuri jamagiri dauniSna, samagierod, giorgi mefes lores provincia da debedas xeoba gamosTxova. debedas xeobaSi man Turqmanuli tomi `borCalu~ Camoasaxla: àmiT Sahma qarTls samxreTi kedeli mourRvia da mis Tavdacvisunarianobas gamousworebeli ziani miayena~7.
932
Sah-abass Zalze afrTxobda da aRizianebda kaxeTis samefos kavSiri ruseTsa da osmaleTTan, amitomac gadawyvita es urCi qveyana iaraRis gamouyeneblad, samefo ojaxSi gadatrialebis meoxebiT, sabolood daemorCilebina. am miznis gansaxorcieleblad man Tavisi aRzrdili gamahmadianebul-gasparsebuli aleqsandre mefis Ze, konstantine gamoiyena. beri egnataSvili wers: `xolo amas Sah-abazs swadoda dapyroba saqarTveloisa da mravali Rone da xerxi ixmara da cdilobda, raTamca daepyra saqarTvelo da ver SeuZlo. moi pova Rone eseviTari: romeli mieca kax-batonsa aleqsandres Ze Tavisi konstantine. ese gaezarda Sah-abazs da gaewuarTa sjulsa zeda mahmadisasa. da ama konstantines xeliT gaugzavna xalaTi mamasa missa aleqsandres, da gaatana Tana jari da Sirvaneli. da esreT daabara konstantines: daviT xom momkvdara da sxva aRaravin darComila mamis Senis meti, wadi da mohkal mama-Seni da Zma-Seni, da kaxeTic Sen daiWire... dResa erTsa awvia Tvissa karavsa mamaca da Zmaca Tvisi da uTxra esreT, viTarme: yaenis saqme maqvs da daiTxova kaxni da warvidnen karavad Tvisad, da darCa mas Sina rusTveli da Zma misi. da raJams esreT daaxela, maSin dapirebuli hyvanda yizilbaSis jari, da Semocvivdnen karavSia da uRalata da daxoces. maSin mokla mama da Zmac Tvisi da rusTveli, yorCibaSica Zma misi~8. Sahis gegma aRsrulda _ kaxeTis mironcxebuli mefe da misi Ze mokles, rusTveli episkoposi, misi Zma abel andronikaSvili da sxva xuTi Tavadi, romelTac aleqsandres dasacavad xeli gamoiRes, iqve daxoces. kaxeTi mahmadian konstantines darCa, romelmac mamisa da Zmis moWrili Tavebi Sahs gaugzavna. Sahma laSqrobisa da omis gareSe SeZlo kaxeTis iranis saxelmwifos nawilad qceva, radganac konstantines gamefeba swored imaze metyvelebda, rom kaxeTi ukve iranis saxano iyo. Sahi zeimobda, magram mas sixaruli kaxeTis dedofalma qeTevanma CauSxama. is ajanyda da sruliad kaxeTi miimxro. ajanyebulebma konstantine daamarcxes da mokles. Cans, swored am dros gadaemtera Sahi wmida qeTevans, radganac misi mzakvruli gegmebi saqarTvelos mimarT swored qeTevanma CaSala. Sahi iZulebuli gaxda kaxeTis ufliswuli Teimurazi samSobloSi daebrunebina. ramdenime wliT adre, 1602 wels, qeTevani iZulebuli iyo Tavisi Ze Teimurazi iranSi gaegzavna. saqme is iyo, rom 1601 wels aleqsandre mefis avadmyofobisas taxtze qeTevanis meuRle daviTi avida, romelic mefobis kanonieri pretendenti iyo, magram mas samefo taxtisaTvis Zma, giorgi, SeebrZola. giorgi batoniSvilma Semdegac moawyo daviT mefis winaaRmdeg SeTqmuleba, risTvisac misi momxreni sastikad dasajes, xolo TviTon giorgi mcxeTaSi gaiqca da kaTalikoss Seafara Tavi. aleqsandre mefes, romelic am dros monazvnad iyo aRkvecili, sastikad dauwyevlia daviT mefe. 1602 wels daviT mefe gardaicvala, taxtze kvlav aleqsandre avida. Tavisi sayvareli Ze, giorgi batoniSvili, gverdiT amoiyena. radganac giorgi taxt-
933
is memkvidred iTvleboda, amitomac masTan ruseTis elCoba molaparakebebsac awarmoebda xolme, rac SahisaTvis cnobili iyo. rogorc varaudoben, swored mas gaugzavnia Teimurazi da misi da elene iranSi9. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad ki, Teimurazi SahTan qeTevans gaugzavnia, qmris sikvdilisa da giorgi batoniSvilis aRzevebis Semdeg _ `qeTevans hyavda Ze erTi daviTTan, Teimuraz, da SeeSina qeTevans: axsovda, odes daiWira daviT Zma misi giorgi da daatyveva cixesa Sigan, eSinoda qeTevans Zmisa misa misTvis da wargzavna yrma Tvisi yaenTan SiSisaTvis giorgisa...~10. mefe aleqsandres mokvlis Semdeg konstantines gabatonebam kaxeTi gayizilbaSebis anu gaTaTrebis safrTxis winaSe daayena. dedofali qeTevani saTaveSi Caudga kaxel didebulebs, romelnic ajanyebisaTvis farulad emzadebodnen. male konstantinem kaxeTis aTiaTasiani laSqriT (yizilbaSebTan erTad) SirvanSi ilaSqra da Saqis provincia osmalTagan gaaTavisufla. swored aq daapires ajanyebulma qarTvelebma konstantines mokvla, magram man gaaswro, jari Seagrova da kaxeTSi SeiWra. am gasaWiris Jams, kaxeTis qarTvelobas qarTlelebi mieSvelnen papuna amilaxvris sardlobiT. belaqnis wyalTan brZolaSi qarTvelebma gaimarjves da moRalate konstantine mokles. anton kaTalikosis Tanaxmad, qarTvelebis, da gansakuTrebiT dedoflis, aRSfoTeba imas gamouwvevia, rom konstantines sparsuli wesis momizezebiT qeTevanis, Zmis qvrivis colad SerTva mousurvebia: ùqvemoes eSmakTa Tana mdgomareman konstantine moigona sxvaAca usjuloebaA... viTarmed awvia wmidasa qeTevansa, Zmis colsa Tvissa, colad Tvisad moyvanebaA... qalman brZenman da wmidaTa ganhsjaTa meqoneman moisibrZna mowodebaA mTavarTa kaxeTisaTa da evedra, raTa SewevnaA hyonca ara miSvebad misda nebisamebr Tvisisa ukeTuri igi da moagonebda mkvlelobasa mamisa da Zmisisa borotisa misgan da awyvedasa maT Soris mefobiTisa memkvidreobisasa. kaxTa ukue msmenelTa arwmunes wmida igi, viTarmed: `garda mefobisa Senisa ara vissame davemorCilneT brZanebasa~ da ese ficiTare didiTa daamtkices...~11. konstantines mokvlis Semdeg kaxeTis samefos dedofali qeTevani Caudga saTaveSi. àmas Sina didsulman da yovlisa sibrZniT gangebisa... qeTevan moisibrZna ganzraxva da warugzavna ZRveni mefesa Sah-abas da miuweriao, viTarmed: `mefeo, momec Zei Cemi Teimuraz, rameTu saxmar ars mefobisa Senisa mkvidri gangebad mefobisa, romelica damorCilebul ars Senda, Tu ara samefo ese ganudges nebasa mefobisa Senisasa da erCdes sulTansa saberZneTisa da aRmosavleTisasa~. msmenelman dedoflisa wmidisa SeTvlilTa mefeman sparsTagan myis niWTa didiTa da saboZvriTa warmogzavna Teimuraz Zei misi~12. 1606 wels `Sah-abass qeTevan dedoflis elCebi mouvidnen, erTguleba gamoucxades da kaxeTis mefed Teimurazi sTxoves. Sahi mixvda, rom kaxeTi ubrZolvelad Tavisuflebas ar daTmobda. misi ZaliT gatexa ki
934
osmaleTTan omis pirobebSi advili saqme rodi iyo da man droebiT ukan daixia, kaxeTis mefed qristiani Teimurazi daamtkica. Teimurazi mefed Sahis karze daloces: `guluxvad~ daasaCuqres da kaxeTSi gamoistumres~13. Sahs Teimurazi ukan im mizezis gamoc gamouSvia, rom eSinoda qarTlis samefos umkvidrod darCenili kaxeTis samefo ar SeeerTebina, qarTl-kaxeTis gaerTianeba xom Sahs gansakuTrebiT afrTxobda. misi survili iyo es ori qarTuli samefo erTmaneTis mtrebad darCeniliyo. am droisaTvis kaxeTis samefo mdidari qveyana iyo, Sah-Tamazis Semdeg iq mters fexi ar daedga _ `friadi ukue dawynarebuloba iyo maSin saqarTveloisa, viTarmed sikvdilisagan Sah-Tamaz pirvelisa, romeli iyo papa Sahabas pirvelisa, arRarasadme iyo sparsTagan oxreba qarTvelTa~, _ wers anton kaTalikosi. rogorc iranuli warmoSobis istorikosi gvamcnobs, Teimurazis qristianuli wesiT mefed kurTxevas TviT Sahi daswrebia. ìm dros konstantines winaaRmdeg aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi dawyebulma ajanyebam da kaxeTis samefosa da ruseTs Soris axali kavSiris damyarebam aiZula Sahi droebiT daTmobaze wasuliyo da 1606 wels aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi daeniSna qristiani mefeebi: Teimuraz pirveli kaxeTSi, xolo luarsab meore - qarTlSi. Sah-abasis miTiTebiT kaxeTSi Teimurazis mefed kurTxeva moxda qristianuli wesiT, romelsac TviT Sahi eswreboda.~ Sah-abas qabiris (Sahabas didi) istoriaSi es ambavi asea gadmocemuli: àbasabadidan mosvlis Semdeg Sah-abasi pirdapir wavida saqarTveloSi, sadac Teimuraz xani mefed dainiSna. Sahi daTanxmda, rom mefed kurTxevis ceremonia qristianuli wesiT Catarebuliyo da igi TviTon daeswro mas~14... vaxuSti wers _ `dajda mefed batoni Teimuraz, maSin iyo wlisa 16 da ganagebda kaxeTsa. mere moiyvana coli asuli mamia gurielisa anna...~15, romelTanac eyola Zeebi, levani da aleqsandre. 1610 wels anna gardaicvala. Sahis daJinebuli rCeviT, rac Zaldatanebasac niSnavda, Teimurazma colad qarTlis mefis, luarsabis da, xoreSani SeirTo, romelic Soreul naTesavadac ki moxvdeboda mas. qarTvel avtorTa azriT, naTesavis moyvana Sahma Teimurazs gangeb aiZula, raTa amiT qristianuli wes-Cveuleba SeebRala, romelic Semdgom mis gamahmadianebas gaaadvilebda. ùwyoda mzakvarma man, viTarmed uxvedr iyo colad eklesiebriTa hsjuliTa... miugo Teimuraz: `SeuZlebel arso, mefeo ese, rameTu ara Semindobs me eklesiai qmnad amisa~, _ wers antoni16. Sahisagan SerCeuli meuRlis SerTvis Semdeg Sahma Tavisi dafaruli guliswyromis gamomJRavnebis mizezi ipova _ TiTqosda am qalis colad SerTva TviT mas surda _ `romelica dai vhTxove luarsabs, igi wamarTva me Teimuraz da mZvinvared mborgali Semkrebeli spaTa iqmna da warmovida saqarTvelosa zeda da Tana warmoiyvana nugzarica da saakaZis Ze giorgi, orgulni memkvidrisa mefisa Tvisisa da mamulisani, mosrulman Sah-abas
935
alvaniad qalaqsa, zedwodebulsa ganZad, hkiTxa giorgis saakasZes (romelsa uyofda wyalobasa da pativsa etikobisaTvis saqarTvelosa da kaxeTis aoxrebisa), viTarmed Tqven Soris kacsa col-wagvrilsa raime Tana aZs? miugo giorgi saakaZesman Sah abass: ègeviTari kaci wamgvrelsa colisasa aRuoxrebs mamulsa, Tu sadamde ZaluZs morevna da warmohstyvenavs yovelsave missa da mohklavsca~. xolo rqva eseni giorgi amisaTvis, icoda, viTarmed TeimurazisaTvis hkiTxavs igi, kaxTa mefesa. miugo Sah-abas: `me varo, romelsa wamgvara col Teimuraz~16. cxadia, Teimurazis meuRle mxolod sababi iyo SahisaTvis, sinamdvileSi man 1612 wlis Semdeg, rac osmaleTTan omi gamarjvebiT daamTavra da zavi dado, saqarTvelosaTvis moicala: `mas ar akmayofilebda qarTl-kaxeTis samefoebis vasaluri damokidebuleba, miT umetes, rom aseTi èrTguleba~ metad saeWvo Canda, gansakuTrebiT ki Teimurazis mxriv. Sahi xedavda, rom osmaleTma mxolod droebiT aiRo xeli aRmosavleT saqarTveloze. amierkavkasiis saqmeebSi ruseTis xelaxali Carevac gamoricxuli ar yofila. amitom Sahi Tavis gadaudebel amocanad saxavda qarTl-kaxeTis samefoebis mospobas. iq musulmanuri mosaxleobis Casaxlebas da saxanoebis Seqmnas. 1612 wels zafxulSi Sahma Teimurazi da luarsabi nadirobis sababiT mazandarans daibara. mefeebi ar endvnen mas, arc wavidnen. luarsabisa da Teimurazis saqcieli ajanyebas udrida _ amiT isini iranis Sahis vasalobaze uars ambobdnen. 1613 wlis 16 oqtombers Sah-abasi didi laSqriT iranidan saqarTvelosaken daiZra... Sahma zamTari ganjaSi gaatara da kaxeTSi mxolod 1614 wlis gazafxulze SeiWra. ganjidan Sah-abasma Teimurazs kaci gaugzavna da mZevlad Svilebi mosTxova. Teimurazs ar undoda mZevlis micema, kaxeTis mesveurebma mxari ar dauWires da igi iZulebuli gaxda jer umcrosi aleqsandre da qeTevan dedofali gaegzavna SahTan, mere ki ufrosi Svili _ levanic. amis Semdeg Sahma Teimurazic daibara TavisTan, magram Teimurazi ar wavida. kaxi moRvaweebic mixvdnen, rom Sahabass bagrationebis amowyveta da kaxeTSi SeWra hqonda gadawyvetili. axla datrialdnen kaxelebi da saswrafod Seudgnen jebirebis mSeneblobas, magram ukve gvian iyo~17. SahTan SebrZolebis Semdeg Teimurazma ukan daixia, alyas Tavi daaRwia da qarTlSi gadavida. `muxranSi Teimurazs amaliTa da mcire jariT elodeboda qarTlis mefe luarsabi, gamoirkva, rom arc qarTls SeeZlo winaaRmdegobis gaweva. mefeebi aqaurobas gaecalnen da Tavi imereTs Seafares~18. Sahma xelT igdo Teimurazis mTeli qoneba _ TorRvas cixeSi Senaxuli kaxeTis samefo ganZeuloba. Seesivnen mTel kaxeTs, mxolod erwo-TianeTidan 30 000 tyve gaiyvanes, qveyanas 50 dRis ganmavlobaSi aoxrebdnen. amis Semdeg Sahi qarTlSi gadavida da gors dadga, aqedan imerTa mefes daukavSirda da masTan myofi Teimurazisa da luarsabis gadacema mosTxova.
936
imerTa mefem Tavis Zvirfas stumrebs ar uRalata. luarsab mefem Tavisi nebiT ineba SahTan misvla, xolo Teimurazi Sahs ar endo da ar mivida. 1615 wlis 15 seqtembers alaverdobis sadResaswaulo wirvis Semdeg kaxelebi ajanydnen. alaverdis wmida eklesia da misi galavani iranelebs cixesimagred hqondaT gadakeTebuli da iq yizilbaSebi idgnen. 15 seqtembers, am eklesiis dResaswaulis dRes, yizilbaSebma daviT jandieris (im dros kaxeTis mmarTvelis moadgilis) xaTriT qarTvelebi eklesiaSi salocavad SeuSves. wirvis damTavrebis Semdeg daTqmul niSanze qarTvelebma damaluli iaraRi gamoaCines da yizilbaSebs musri gaavles. male imereTidan mefe Teimurazi Camovida, ajanyebas saTaveSi Caudga da kaxeTis sparsTagan gawmendas Seudga. ajanyda Sirvanic, romlis meTaurmac Teimurazs erTguleba ganucxada. ajanyebulebma kaxeTi da Sirvani yizilbaSTagan gaaTavisufles. sapasuxod Sahma rCeuli meomrebisagan 15 000-iani armia Seadgina da kaxeTSi gaistumra. Teimurazma TviTon usardla qarTvelTa jars, wiwamurTan Seeba mters da ramdenime saaTSi musri gaavlo. qarTvelebma brwyinvale gamarjveba izeimes. àramed ltolvili yizilbaSebi mividnen winaSe Sah-abazisa... xolo igi ganZvinda, viTarca veSapi da warmovida mswraflad~. Sahma Tbilisidan SeuTvala daRestnelebs: `mnebavs mowyveda kaxeTisa da romelni Semovidnen Tqven kerZTa mTaTa Sina, Tqven mosreniT da tyve yveniT igini da aRgavsne meca niWiTa~. msmenelTa maT sixaruliT aRuTqves. maSin Sah-abaz warmoavlina tfilisidam spani didni xerksa da erwo-TianeTsa zeda. xolo TviT Camovida kaxeTs, mosrna, mostyvevna, ahyarna, da moaoxrna eklesiani, xatni da jvarni Semusrna da samkaulni maTni da hyo xarWaTa TvisTa aRsamkoblad~19. `kaxelebi ubrZolvelad ar tovebdnen arc erT qalaqs, cixe-simagres, sofels, sasaxles, eklesias da qoxsac ki~20. Sahis saqarTvelodan gasvlisTanave isini kvlav ajanydnen, Sahma ajanyeba didZali laSqriT kvlav sastikad CaaxSo da kaxeTi aaoxra, rasac qarTvelebma isev ajanyebiT upasuxes. 1617 wels Sahi kvlav SemoiWra saqarTveloSi, rasac qarTvelTa daundobeli Jleta da tyveebad wasxma mohyva. àRniSnuli oTxi Semosevis dros (1614-1617) kaxeTma udidesi da gamousworebeli zarali naxa. TiTqmis mTlianad dangreuli da gadamwvari iyo mTeli kaxeTi... kaxeTma Tavisi mosaxleobis ori mesamedi dakarga, asi aTasamde mters Seakvda, orasi aTasamde ki tyved iqna wayvanili, romelnic iranis Sida provinciebSi daasaxles~21. `vinme ukue aRracxnes gansacdelni maSindelni kaxeTisani, anu sisxlisa mefeTasani anu mooxrebani da ganryvnani wmidaTa eklesiaTasani da monasterTani, anu gardasaxlebani kninRa yovelTa sofelTa kaxeTisaTa, da sikvdili da kldeTa da xvrelTa Sina qveyanisaTa dafarulTa siymili, anu maxvili, anu tyveoba, romelica winaZRomiTa da etikobiTa giorgi saakaisZisaTa moiwia kaxeTsa zeda...~22.
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Teimurazi araTu Sedrka, aramed yizilbaSTa winaaRmdeg did brZolas saTaveSi Caudga da Seecada osmalTa jaris daxmarebiT mieRwia Tavisi miznisaTvis. osmalTa jari iranSi SeiWra, raTa saqarTvelodan yizilbaSebi ganedevna da taxtze Teimurazi aeyvana. osmalTa armiis mewinave razmSi mefe Teimurazic ibrZoda Tavisi qarTvelebiT, magram osmalebma warmatebas ver miaRwies. Teimurazma 1618 wels daxmareba ruseTsac sTxova. ruseTi di plomatiuri gzebiT Seecada zegavlena moexdina Sah-abasze, raTa mas Teimurazi da luarsabi TavianT samefoebSi daebrunebina. Teimurazis kavSirma ruseTsa da osmaleTTan Sah-abasi sastikad gaanawyena... `...osmaleTTan da ruseTTan kavSiriT gacofebulma Sah-abasma Suri misi ojaxis wevrebze iZia. 1620 wels Teimurazis vaJebi _ levani da aleqsandre daasaWurisebina, ris Sedegadac umcrosi vaJi gardaicvala, ufrosi ki Wkuidan SeiSala~23. saerTod, rogorc osmaleTi, ise irani verafriT urigdeboda qarTvel mefeTa kavSirs ruseTTan. ruseTs isini TavianTi saxelmwifoebisaTvis did safrTxed miiCnevdnen da misi amierkavkasiaSi Semosvla sakuTari saxelmwifoebriobis aRsasrulis dasawyisad esaxebodaT. aseve mouTmeneli iyo kaxeTis mefeTa kavSiri ruseTTan mahmadiani mTis kavkasiuri samTavroebisaTvisac. isini sastikad sjidnen qarTvelebs ruseTTan daaxloebis mcdelobisaTvis. ivane javaxiSvili wers: `ruseTTan kavSiris daWeram kaxTa mefe aleqsandre ukidures gansacdelSi Caagdo imitom, rom yvela araqristiani mezobeli amis gamo saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg aamxedra da moskovis siZulvilma CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTiulni gaaerTiana~24. Samxalma kaxeTis ruseTTan kavSiris Sesaxeb rom Seityo, osmaleTis sulTans miswera _ `...rusTa jaris gamolaSqrebis momlodine var. Tavis mxriv aleqsandrec oms mipirebs... xolo Cems miwa-wyals xelSi Caigdeben Tu ara, maSin Sens xelSi myofi darubandi, Samaxia, Sirvani, ganja da sxva qalaqebi... moskovis xelmwifes Cauvardeba xelSi da mahmadianebs iq amowyveten. am qveynis dapyrobis Semdeg rusTa mefis jari... yizilbaSTa laSqars da qarTl-kaxeTis samxedro Zalas SeuerTdeba da maSin am SeerTebul mxedrobas Sen stambolamdis ver SeaCereb. amas rom Seityoben, axla frangebi da espaneTis mefe Tavis mxriT mogvadgebian~25. es swori politikuri Sefaseba iyo. ruseT-kaxeTis kavSirma stambolsa da ispahanSi xelisuflebas mZime safiqrali gauCina. maT yvelaze metad swored es kavSiri aSinebdaT, radgan saqarTvelo erTmorwmuneobis gamo mzardi da Zlieri ruseTis imperiis bunebriv mokavSired miaCndaT. sparseT-osmaleTi mzad iyo amoegdo saqarTvelo, amoewyvita, moespo qarTveli marTlmadideblebi, gadaesaxlebina, gaemahmadianebina isini, rasac kidevac asrulebdnen. aseT dros erTmorwmune rusi samRvdeloeba, romelsac ruseTis mTavroba
938
saqarTveloSi uaRresad saWiro damxmare jarisa da zarbaznis Camomsxmeli ostatebis nacvlad agzavnida, saqarTveloSi amreziT iqceoda. `Sesdges Tu ara fexi rusma samRvdelo pirebma kaxeTSi, maSinve qarTvelebsa da rusebs Soris sruli gaugebroba da usiamovnebac ki Camovarda. TavianT samSobloSi mwvaleblobas miCveulni, isini qarTuli saeklesio mRvdelmsaxurebis yovel Taviseburebasa da wvrilman gansxvavebasac ki eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen da codvad da mwvaleblobad miaCndaT... kaxT batoni moskovis patriarqs mis mier gamogzavnil rus samRvdeloebaze uCioda. Cven eseni angelozebiviT miviReT da yovelnairad pativi veciT. magram maT Cvens eklesiebSi wirva ar moisurves. 1262 weli sruldeba, rac Cven berZnebisagan qristianoba miviReT. aq CvenTan patriarqebica da mitropolitebic yofilan, mTawmidelnic, sinelnic da ierusalimelnic. yvelas CvenTan wirvac uwiriaT, da rogorc erTmorwmuneT Seefereba, CvenTan ise eWiraT Tavi~26. es striqonebi Sah-abasis Semosevamde sul ramdenime wliT adre daiwera. am werilebis daweridan 20-ode wlis Semdeg, ruseTTan da osmaleTTan Teimurazis kavSiriT gajavrebulma Sahma Teimurazis Svilebi daasaWurisa, rac anton kaTalikosis Tanaxmad, 1618 wels momxdara. es bavSvebi 1613 wlidan bebiasTan, qeTevanTan erTad hyavda Sahs datyvevebuli _ `xolo Semdgomad xuTisa wlisa mistaca wmidasa mas ymanica igi da moiyvana ispaanad da mun dakveTiTa saWuris hyvna wels 1618~27. 1623 wels Teimurazma kvlav iTxova daxmareba ruseTisagan, SeiZleba amis sapasuxodac _ deda Teimurazisa, wmida qeTevani, 1624 wels sastikad awames da mokles. `qeTevan dedofalma sparseTis tyveobaSi daaxloebiT 12 weli gaatara, magram es 12 weli man, rogorc zogierT avtors hgonia, marto SirazSi ki ar gaatara. aq igi 1617 wlis seqtemberSi CamouyvaniaT~28. `gamahmadianebulma qarTvelma, Sirazis xanma pativiT miiRo dedofali, moumzada mas saxli, romelSic moaTavsa igi Tavisi amaliT. aqve SearCies erTi oTaxi eklesiisaTvis. qeTevan dedofali ara marto dRisiT, aramed RamiTac dgeboda da Tanmxleb qalebTan erTad loculobda. mas Tan axlda qarTveli mRvdeli, romelic am oTax-eklesiaSi xSirad wirvas ayenebda. amasTanave, igi dedofals ukiTxavda saxarebas, mociqulTa epistoleebs, sxvadasxva locvebs, qadagebebs da wmidanTa cxovrebis ambebs... dedofali iSviaTad gamodioda saxlidan~28. Tu miiwvevdnen xanis sasaxleSi anda `TviTon wavidoda xanis haramxanaSi, sadac midioda imisaTvis, raTa ènaxa qarTveli qalebi, romlebic aseve tyveobaSi iyvnen da, raTa didis gulmowyalebiT daemSvidebina isini, mouwodebda ra maT SeenarCunebinaT qristianuli sarwmunoeba, romelSic isini aRizardnen~. sxva SemTxvevaSi, dedofali Cveulebrivad Tavis binaSi imyofebodao, wers ambrosio duS anJuSi. qeTevan dedofali ìyo wynari da keTilgonieri pirovneba, mamakacebs ar xvdeboda.
939
loculobda RmerTze da swamda, rom mxolod igi daexmareboda mas Tavisi saqmeebis brwyinvaled dasrulebaSi. swored amiT daimsaxura man keTili adamianis saxeli mTels qalaqSi, sadac yvela laparakobda mxolod mis Cafiqrebulobasa da saTnoebaze. qeTevan dedoflis 50-mde (sxva cnobiT, 40-mde) Tanmxlebi piri, iseve rogorc TviTon dedofali, metad xelmokled cxovrobdnen~29. `wmidaman tyveman patimarman aT wel yovelni raica aqvnda xelTa mterTa misad mimcemelman ganCinebiTa RmrTisaTa, raTa usrules iqmnes mhsgavsad iobisa...~30, _ wers anton kaTalikosi. `qeTevanis amalaSi iyo mRvdeli, _ wers pietro dela vale _ soliduri pirovneba, romelic sulierad amxnevebda mas da mis Tanmxleb pirebs, iqve iyo meore mRvdelic~31. mRvdlebis saxelebi yofila giorgi da mose. qeTevanis wamebamde sparselebs mRvdeli mose mouklavT, dasjis win qristianuli sarwmunoebis uaryofa da mahmadianobis miReba SesTavazes. man amaze uari Tqva da igi saSineli wamebiT mokles. `qeTevan dedoflis mRvdlis moses mokvlis mizezi iyo is, rom sparselebis azriT, igi dedofals ganumtkicebda qristianul sarwmunoebas da Tu mas dedofals moaSorebdnen, egonaT, rom dedofali daTmobda da gamahmadiandeboda~32. portugalieli elCis sityvebiT, qeTevan dedoflis msaxurTa Soris ìyo erTi mRvdeli, moRvawe wm. basilis wesisa, saxelad mose, romelic TavSekavebulobiTa da sityvieri zomierebiT hqmnida namdvili mRvdel-msaxuris sasoebas, raRac imis msgavss, rasac Zvelad eklesiis berebs miawerdnen. vinaidan garda imisa, rac garegnulad Canda, masSi amoikiTxavdiT cxovrebis wmida wess da wes-CveulebaTa simartives, xolo es xdida mas imis Rirsad, rom Cvens evropel mRvdlebs misTvis miebaZaT~33. es mRvdeli sparselebma awames, magram is `mtkice qristianad darCa im wuTamde, vidre qvebisa da daSnebis dartymiT gangmiruli nakuw-nakuwad ar aqcies~34. mokvlis mizezi isic yofila, rom is warmarTavda ori axalgazrda ufliswulis, Teimuraz mefis Svilebis, levanisa da aleqsandres cxovrebas. `zrdida maT, aswavlida qristianuli sarwmunoebis wesebs~, mRvdlis sikvdilis Semdeg, mkvlelTa azriT, advilad aiZulebdnen ufliswulebs qristianobis dagmobas. `moses sikvdiliT dasjis Semdeg qeTevan dedofalTan darCa meore mRvdeli - giorgi, romelic aseve Tavdadebulad emsaxureboda dedofals. igi sulierad amxnevebda qeTevansa da mis amalas~35. misionerebi weren _ `...dedofali Tavis natif suls marxviTa da locviT imtkicebda da sxeuls momavali wamebisaTvis amzadebda. tyve qristianebs, romlebic sparseTSi mravlad iyvnen, dedofali ieso qristes rwmenisa da erTgulebisaken mouwodebda. Tu gaigebda, rom vinmem rwmenas uRalata, am ambavs didad ganicdida. dedofals rac ki gaaCnda da rasac uwyalobebdnen Tavis sarCenad, qristianebs Soris anawilebda da TviTon didis TanagrZnobiT iziarebda maT Wirsa da gancdas~36.
940
`qeTevan dedofals TavisTan mTeli rigi saeklesio wigni qarTulad Targmnili hqonia~. erTi evropeli wers, rom `mas qeTevan dedoflis mRvdelma mosem moutana ori qarTuli xelnaweri mSvenieri, mooqroul ydaSi Casmuli wigni, romelTagan erTSi iyo Zveli aRTqma Tavisi fsalmuniT, xolo meoreSi - saxareba, samociqulo aqtebi da wmida pavles samociqulo werilebi, orive qarTul enaze. es wigni pietro dela valesac unaxavs qeTevan dedofalTan yofnis dros~37. aRsaniSnavia, rom iranSi ar arsebobda arc erTi qarTuli eklesia (maSin, roca mravlad iyo somxuri da kaTolikuri eklesiebi). amis gamo, eklesiaSi locvas monatrebuli qeTevani, marTalia monofizitur-somxur eklesiaSi ar Sedioda, magram `ganuwyvetliv loculobda, ayenebda ra amiT tanjvas Tavis naz sxeuls. gansakuTrebiT mowiwebiT igi loculobda RvTismSobelze...~38. dedofali Tavisi mwiri SesaZleblobidan eklesias xaliCebs, Sandlebs, xatebs da sxva Sesawirs swiravda. amiT is qristianul siyvaruls gamoxatavda, gansakuTrebiT Tanmxlebi mRvdlis sikvdilis Semdeg (meoresac aseTive safrTxe eloda). ramdenime dRis Semdeg, roca qeTevan dedofali SirazSi Caiyvanes, masTan mivida TviT imam yuli xani, jer esaubra mas, xolo Semdeg gadasca Sahabasis survili, rac mdgomareobda SemdegSi: `qeTevan dedofals qristianuli sarwmunoeba unda uareyo da mahmadianoba mieRo~... veragi Sah-abasis survili cxadi iyo: kaxeTis samefos kanonier dedofals mahmadianoba unda mieRo da Sahis erT-erTi coli gamxdariyo. Sah-abasis am moulodneli winadadebiT, _ wers ambrosio duS anJuSi _ qeTevan dedofali erT xans gaognebuli darCa, TiTqos RvTis Rirsebas Seexeno, romelsac igi gulSi atarebda. magram man goneba moikriba da imam yuli xans mokled da gabedulad upasuxa: `radgan dabadebuli var qristian ded-mamisagan da qristes sarwmunoebaSi var aRzrdili, amitom mzad var movkvde am rwmeniT...~39. beri egnataSvili amis Sesaxeb wers: Sah-abasma `qeTevanisaTvis gagzavna kaci da SeuTvala imamyulixans, viTarmed: `qeTevan dedofali Tu gaTaTrdes, nuras awyeno da, Tu ar gaTaTrdes, awame da sasjeliT mohkalio~. xolo imamyulixans ra esma ese, gamoubruna mociquli da moaxsena esreT viTarmed: `beri dedakaci ariso da axla es ar gaTaTrdebiso, da ras aqnevTo, amis gaTaTrebaso, daexseniT, TqvenTvis sircxvili ariso amis sikvdili~, xolo Sahabaz iwyina da gaugzavna kaci, viTarmed ar iqnebiso. maSin imamyulixan dauwyo laparaki qeTevan dedofals da auwya yaenis SemoTvlili da uTxra gaTaTrdio, xolo qeTevan ara usmina, maSin Seipyres da dauWires mxleblebi da wina gauTaTres, da axlda Tan mRvdeli vinme imereli da igica gauTaTres~40. evropeli misionerebis dakvirvebiT, Sah-abasis mier qeTevanisaTvis gamahmadianebis an sikvdilis sasjelis dadeba sagareo garemoebiTac yofila
941
gamowveuli: `moskovis mefem Sahs gaugzavna elCoba, raTa eTxova misTvis gaeTavisuflebina qeTevan dedofali da igi moskovSi gaegzavna am elCebTan erTad~41. Sahi moskovis elCis sapasuxod ase moiqca: iranSi arsebobda kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac gamahmadianebul qristians neba ar hqonda samSobloSi dabrunebisa; es kanoni mkacrad icveboda. qeTevani Tu gamahmadiandeboda, mas iranis kanonebis Tanaxmad iranidan wasvlis neba ar miecemoda, maSasadame, ruseTis mefis momlodine elCebi uaryofiT `damarwmunebel~ pasuxs miiRebdnen, yvelaferi es eSmakurad iyo Cafiqrebuli Sahis mier, raTa moskovis elCebisaTvis, TavisTvis sasurveli pasuxi gaeca: `Tu dedofali miiRebda mahmadianobas, mas ar SeeZlo igi gaeSva sparseTidan, vinaidan amas Sahs ukrZalavda Tavisi religiuri kanoni, rogorc zemoT iTqva, xolo, Tu qeTevan dedofals sikvdiliT dasjidnen, Sahi elCebs etyoda, rom igi gardaicvala~. àse Tu ise Sahi Tavis mizans miaRwevda: moatyuebda moskovis mefis elCebs da amave dros CaSlida Teimurazis gegmebsac~42. `pietro dela vales azriT, Sah abasma saboloo gadawyvetileba moskovis elCebis masTan Camosvlis Semdeg miiRo: qeTevan dedofali an unda gaemahmadianebina, an unda moekla~43. Sah abasis mier qeTevanTan sagangebod gagzavnili sami emisari da maTTan erTad imam yuli xani dedoflisagan daJinebiT moiTxovdnen gamahmadianebis Sesaxeb Sahis brZanebis Sesrulebas. pasuxisaTvis ramdenime dRe misces. `...daidva gulsa Tvissa, viTarmed `veravin ganmaSores Cven siyvarulsa mas qristessa: Wirman anu iwroebaman, devnam anu siymilman, SiSloebaman, anu urvaman anu maxvilman~ (rom. 8-35), rameTu ityoda wmida igi suli misi: `mrwams me, viTarmed arca sikvdilman, arca cxovrebaman, arca angelosTa, arca mTavrobaTa, arca ZalTa, arca aman sofelman, arca man sofelman, arca simaRleTa, arca siRrmeTa, arca sxvaman dabadebulman SemiZlos Cven ganSorebad siyvarulsa RmrTisasa, romel ars qriste iesus mier, uflis Cvenisasa~, _ wers qeTevanis Sesaxeb antoni da ganagrZobs _ `SevuqmnaT gvirgvini yvaviledi sityvaTa da Tu sadme vixiloT yovlad Svenieri igi Tavi misi barTa mier gancecxlebulTa da sajTa dafaruli, aRviRoT igini da davhsdvaT mis zeda gvirgvini yvavilTa da vhgalobdeT mis Tana Cvenca galobasa axalsa~44. `da ai, ukanaskneli dRec dadga, 1624 wlis 22 seqtembers qeTevan dedofals moaxsenes Sahis ukanaskneli brZaneba: àn igi miiRebs mahmadianobas, Tu arada moemzados sastiki wamebisaTvis, razedac brZaneba ukve gacemulia~. `grZnobda ra mTel saSiSroebas _ wers arqanjelo lamberti, _ rac mas emuqreboda, qeTevan dedofalma gadawyvita SeiaraRebuliyo yvela im sulieri iaraRiT, romlis saSualebiTac mas SeeZlo daecva Tavi am saSinel brZolaSi ara sicocxlisaTvis, aramed sikvdilisaTvis. amitom amieridan Cveulebrivze metad Tavi misca locvas da ziarebas xSirad Rebulobda~.
942
ramdenadac ufro Zalas atandnen, imdenad ufro mtkice xdeboda dedoflis gadawyvetileba. amitom Sahis brZanebiT igi Caamwyvdies erT bnel sakanSi, Seuwyvites momsaxureba, aukrZales mis Tanmxleb pirebTan Sexvedrebi da saubari... rodesac Sirazis xanma _ imam yuli xanma gaigo, rom qeTevan dedofali winandelze ufro mtkiced dgas Tavis gadawyvetilebaze, ubrZana: miekraT igi erT boZze da welamde gaSiSvlebuli sastikad ecemaT. es brZaneba maSinve Seasrules da boZze mikruls imdeni scemes, rom niaRvariviT sisxli sdioda. magram am dros dedoflisagan kvnesac ki ar ismoda. igi am dros gamaTraxebul qristeze fiqrobda. arqanjelo lamberti wers: `mas Tvalwin edga gamaTraxebuli qriste da ufro meti survili aReZra, rom monawile gamxdariyo misi tanjvisa... aseTi wamebis miuxedavad dedofali mzad iyo ara marto erTi, aramed aTasi sicocxle rom hqonoda, qristesaTvis daeTmo~. qeTevan dedoflis mtkice gadawyvetileba Sah abasis muqaram da mxecurma qmedebam ver Searyia~45. dedoflis wamebis Sesaxeb beri egnataSvili wers _ `gaubes xel-fexi da gaaSiSvles wmida qeTevan dedofali da ganxurvebulis gazebiT daglijes ZuZuebi da gaxurebuli sajebi naglejs xorczed Semoawyves da daglijes. gaaxures lursmnebi da dauyares qveSe da zed gaatares, daawvines da SiSvelzed zed Semoayares lursmani gaxurebuli. kualad ganxurvebuli Samfurebi gaavles mucelsa da ZuZu-mkerdSigan, ganxurvebuli qvabi daarqves Tavsa zedan. kualad ganxurvebuls qvabsa Sigan Sig Casves da Tavsac daxures da Semoawyves gaxurvebuli barebi Sublsa zeda da axeTqa Tavis kefa, da yves mravali satanjveli da esreT Sevedra wmida suli Tvisi ufalsa da Seiracxa wmidaTa qalwulTa mowameTa krebulTa Tana da movida samxileblad yovelTa da daadga naTeli. xolo mun daeswrnen frangni da aRiRes wmidani nawilni wmidisa qeTevanisani frangTa da wariRes TvisTa Tana nawilad, xolo xeli da mklavi batons Teimurazs gamougzavnes~46. wamebis wino, wers anton kaTalikosi, dedofalma mxurvaled iloca da miiRo wmida ziareba _ `dacxromilman locvisagan wmidaman miiRo uxrwneli da patiosani xorci da sisxli ukvdavisa sityvisa da ityoda: `meufeo qriste, sityvao RmrTisao, ara hSvenoda mxevlisa Senisad uaryofa Seni. nu mimcem eSmaksa mxevalsa Sensa~ da esera Tqva, gamoiwera Tvis zeda jvari wmida da gamovida da dajda uSiSrad, viTa lomi da brZana mowodebad mtarvalni~47. `man warmoTqva wmida maTes Semdegi sityvebi amis Sesaxeb: `da nu geSinian maTgan, romelTa mowyvidnen xorcni, xolo sulisa ver xelewifebis mokvlad, aramed geSinodes misa ufrois, romeli SemZlebeli ars sulisa da xorcTa warwymedad geheniasa Sina~... daamTavra locva, igi wamodga, Sexeda Tavis samlocvelos kedlebze ganlagebuli yvela wmidanis gamometyvelebas, imedi SesTxova maT, yofiliyvnen misi damcvelni uflis winaSe, raTa maT gamougzavnon mas Zala da suliskveTeba, raTa daasrulos amdenad
943
mniSvnelovani gansacdeli, romlis winaSe igi idga. amis Semdeg pirSi Caido nakurTxi puris natexi, swrafad gamovida samlocvelodan da wavida Sahis emisrebisaken, romlebic ukve elodebodnen~, _ wers evropeli misioneri48. aq kvlav Seecadnen sparselebi dedoflis dayoliebas mahmadianobis misaRebad, razedac mas upasuxnia, rom `verc dapireba, verc muqara, verc simdidre, verc wameba ver Seacvlevinebdnen mas rwmenas RmerTisadmi, romelsac igi ayenebda yvelaze ufro maRla~49. jalaTebma usastikesi wamebiT mokles dedofali. `mokvda didebuli dedofali da wamebuli qeTevani, romelic miwieri dedoflidan ciuri dedofali gaxda~, _ wers ambrosio duS anJuSi. wmida qeTevani qarTulma eklesiam imTaviTve wmidanad Seracxa. aRsaniSnavia, rom miuxedavad kaTolike misionerebis survilisa `qeTevan dedoflis wmidad aRiarebaze romis eklesiam Tavi Seikava~50. ismis kiTxva, ra mizezis gamo ar aRiara romis eklesiam qeTevani wmidanad, maSin rodesac ara erTi da ori misioneri oficialur romis xelisuflebas umtkicebda, qeTevanma `kaTolikuri~ aRmsarebloba miiRo, amitom SeiZleba misi wmidanad Seracxvao. qeTevanis mowameobis ambavi, sarwmunoebisaTvis Tavis dadeba, imdroindel saqristiano samyaroSi swrafad gavrcelda. amitomac roms didi survilic hqonda misi wmidanad aRiarebisa, magram rogorc TanamedroveTa naambobidan Cans, qeTevani mtkice marTlmadidebeli iyo da aseve gardaicvala. es TviT SahisTvisac cnobili iyo. roca Sah-abazs qeTevanis wamebiT sikvdilis ambavi moaxsenes, masTan im dros yofila gamahmadianebuli giorgi saakaZe. `rodesac Sahma moismina qeTevan dedoflis sulieri simtkicisa, sarwmunoebis SenarCunebisaTvis misi tanjvis Sesaxeb da imaze, rom man gamahmadianebas wamebiT sikvdili amjobina, Sahi aRSfoTda, miubrunda mis axlo mdgom mourav-begs da Sehyvira: diaR, is qalbatoni daiRupa Tavisi sarwmunoebisaTvis da ara ise rogorc Sen, da sila gaartya mouravs~51. qeTevans rwmena rom Seecvala da kaTolikoba mieRo, maSin Sahs mouravTan saTqmeli aRaraferi eqneboda, aRarc rusi elCebi iqnebodnen qeTevanis bediT dainteresebulni, romelTac surdaT kaxeTis dedofali moskovSi waeyvanaT. Sahi maT qeTevanis mier marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis uaryofis Sesaxeb acnobebda da rac mTavaria, evropelTa gavleniT kaTolike qeTevans aRarc awamebda (evropa misi politikuri mokavSire iyo osmaleTTan omSi). qeTevan dedoflis wmida nawilebi Teimurazs misionerebma qarTlSi miarTves - `romelica mefeman, keTilmsaxurebisaebr, viTarca mowamesa, dResaswauloiTa didiTa pativ-hsca sakmeveliT mier da sunnelTa kmeviTa mimgebebelman yovliTurT samRvdeloiT krebuliT qarTlisa da kaxeTisaT da Zeobisaebr siyvaruliTa viTa hSvenoda dedasa, dedofalsa da mefesa da dahsxna wmidani igi nawilni eklesias-mTavarmowamisa giorgissa alaverds, ityvian qveSe saRmrToisa trapezisasa~52.
944
wmida dedofalma qeTevanma Tavisi magaliTiT ixsna sruliad saqarTvelo gamahmadianeba-gaTaTrebisagan. rogorc Tavis `wyobilsityvaobaSi~ anton kaTalikosi wers, man wamebisas igema:
`...ZuZuTa-sajni naberwkal-mkrTolvareni, g ulsa-bari, welsa jaWvi gance cxlebuli muskulT-marwuxni, Samfurni mxurvaleni...~ 53
samagierod daadga naTeli, sasufeveli daimkvidra da ufleba miiRo meoxebisa winaSe RvTisa.
wmida mefe luarsab II

qarTlis bagrationTa samefo ojaxma gansakuTrebuli, eniT auwereli gmiruli Tavdadeba gamoiCina mamulisa da sarwmunoebisaTvis brZolisas osmal-yizilbaSTa winaaRmdeg. luarsab I (1530-1556) _ saarako simamaciT ebrZoda Sah-Tamazis urdoebs da warmatebiTac. Cveni mematianis azriT, Sah-abass gadmocemiT scodnia, Tu rogori simtkiciT, vaJkacobiT da qeduxrelobiT eomeboda papamiss, SahTamazs, luarsab I. luarsab I iyo `kaci RvTismoyvare, mterTa urjuloebaTa momsvreli da wyobaTa Sina uSiSi~, _ wers beri egnataSvili54. Sah-sefim, Sah-Tamazma da osmaleTis xonTqarma luarsab I ver modrikes _ `xolo luarsabs verara uyo, da eneba mtroba qarTlisa amisaTvis, rameTu mefeman luarsab Jamsa Tvissa arca hmona yaensa da arca xonTqarsa amisTvis, rome Tumca damorCileboda, sxvani yovelni monobdnen da, Tumca eseca damorCileboda, qveyana gaTaTrdeboda da saxarkod Seiqmneboda; amisTvis mravaljer amoswyvita xvanTqarisa da yaenis jari mefeman luarsab~55. am epoqaSi saqarTvelos moRalate SalikaSvilebis ojaxma oTar SalikaSvilis qali `nebayoflobiT~ misces colad Sah-Tamazs, amis gamo mesxeTis aTabagi Sahs damorCilda, rac qarTlis mefisaTvis mouTmeneli iyo, luarsabma mesxeTSi ilaSqra. sapasuxod Sah-Tamazi saqarTvelos Semoesia. marTalia, luarsabis `Cveuleba esreT iyvis: ukeTu hyvandis jari, pirdapir ar daridis, ragind didi jari iyvis, da ukeTu jari ara hyvandis, daacalis da uyurebdis da, sadac daaxelis TareSi, anu mcire rame jari, SemarTis da ewyvis Zlierad da amoswyvetda mciriTa kaciTa friadsa jarsa TaTarTasa~, magram Sah-Tamazma SeZlo atenis cixeSi luarsabis dedis da mravali Tavadis datyveveba~. xolo ra scna mefeman luarsab tyveoba dedisa misisa da TavadTa misTa, ganudga kvalsa missa, daewia ukana jarsa da mosrna mravalni yizilbaSni da waruRo mravalni bargni, xolo deda Tvisi veRar ixelTa~56. luarsabis dedam TaTrebTan tyveobas sikvdili arCia _ amiT man àra SeimTxvia upatioba Tavsa Tvissa~. amis Semdeg kidev ufro medgrad
945
Seutia mefem momxvdur mters da mravaljer daamarcxa. Cvens mematianeTa Tanaxmad (vaxuSti, beri egnataSvili) luarsab mefe sikvdilis Semdgom mowameTa Tana Seiracxa. Tu ara is, saqarTvelo gamusulmandeboda da saqarTvelos saxeli misi xmlis Zlierebam gadaarCinao. beri egnataSvili, mas vaxtang gorgasalis msgavs mowamed miiCnevs: `miicvala mefe luarsab mowame, msgavsi vaxtang gorgasalisa. ukeTumca mefe luarsabs esodeni brZola ara eqmna, axlamca saqarTvelo qmniliyo srul sarkinoz da raodenica dRes saxelni arian saqarTvelosani, yovelnive xrmlisa misisagan arian, rameTu ese luarsab iyo kaci brZeni da gonieri, moSiSi RmrTisa da morwmune sjulierad, Rvawl-mravali da brZolasa Sina mxne da axovani da mbrZoli, lomebr Zlieri da sardali keTili~57. amave azrisaa luarsab pirvelze vaxuSti bagrationic _ èse mefe brZoda dReTa TvisTa mahmadianTa, raTa ar dauteon qriste qarTvelTa~, amisTvis _ iqna `Seracxili mowameTa Tana viTarca gorgasal~. luarsabis Zem, mxne da Zlierma mebrZolma svimon mefem sparsTagan datyvevebis Jams mtkiced daicva qristes sarwmunoeba da kategoriulad uaryo mahmadianobis miReba, risTvisac Sahma alamuTis cixeSi Caamwyvdia. 1576 wels igi cixidan gamouSves da male qarTlSi daabrunes osmalTa Semosevebis gamo. Tu rogor afasebdnen yizilbaSebi svimonsa da mis Zes giorgis, kargad Cans Sah-abasis sityvebidan da moqmedebidan. Sah-abasi cremliT tiroda da cbierobda luarsab II-is xelSi Casagdebad: `me mefes luarsabs rogor wavaxdeno, mefis svimonis SviliSvilsa da mefis giorgis Svilsa me avsa da urigos rodis vkadrebo... da itira bevri~58. 1614 wels Sah-abasis Semosevisas qarTlis mefe luarsab II-m da kaxeTis mefe Teimurazma imereTis mefes Seafares Tavi, radganac Sahis uzarmazar armiasTan oms moeridnen. `mefe luarsab iyo kaci Svenieri da kekluci da sanaxavad satrfialo, da arsad gamosula amisTana Svenieri da Semkobili kaci, yovlisa saRmrTo-sakacoboT zneobiT gaTavebuli da uklebi~59, _ wers beri egnataSvili. 1603 wels mamis _ mefe giorgis gardacvalebis Semdeg _ `dahSTa ukue mamisagan oblad luarsab yrmaTa orTa Tana daTa TvisTa, romelTa saxelebi xuaraSan da elene. maSin luarsab daRaTu yrmai droiTa weliwadisaTa, magram gonierebiTa da sibrZniTa sxva Wabuki, mefe solomon, sxva daviT simxniTa da ucxo TeslTa mimarT, anu sxva gedeon... _ wers anton kaTalikosi, _ ...Semdgomad raodenTame welTa me-16 weliwads
946
mefe cxireTs myofi ara laSqriTa da ganmzadebiTa brZolad, aramed palatisa Tvisisa Sina TanxlebiTa myofoda...~60, am dros `mouvidaT ambavi, rom TaTarxani TrialeTzed movidao~61. TaTarTa moTareSe brboebma qarTvelTa razmi amoxoces da manglis-cxireTisaken gaiWrnen. `moiwivnes xevsa manglisisasa msmenelni, viTarmed ars mefe qarTlisa yrmai da ver SemZlebeli ars brZolisa da hgonebdes viTarmed yovelsave iqmnen nebisaebr maTisa, ityvis besarion mamamTavari Cveni: `gangebiTao zegardamoiTa ver ixiles didebuli igi eklesiai manglisisa RvTismSobelisa, rameTu eseviTarman Rrubelman zrqelman da nislman dahfara igi, vidreRa pirispir misa STavlo eseodenman simravleman mxedrobaTaman da eklesiai igi sofliTurT ver ixiles~62. TaTrebma `kvelTas Sei pyres mRvdeli erTi, saxeliT Tevdore, patiosani da moSiSi RmrTisa da erTguli mefisa Tvisisa da ra movidnen gostibis Tavsa, dauwyes mRvdels Tevdores laxtiTa cema da etyodnen, viTarmed: `migviZeR mefezeda~ da swaddaT sikvdili mefisa. da mRvdelman gulSi ase Tqva: `Cemis oris dRis sicocxlisaTvis amas ratom viq, aw movuZRve da mefe movakvlevino da qarTlic aaoxron, me raRa meSvelebao da an Cems sulsao. maSin mRvdeli warmouZRva da qvenadiris gzazed CamouZRva, erTawmidisa da cxireTzed diaR Sors darCnen: maSin scnes yirimTa rom mefezed Sors iyvnen da gaagdebines Tavi mRvdels Tevdores. da Seiracxa wmidaTa mowameTa Tana~63. `sanatreli igi mRvdeli, mxmeveli keTilgonierTa da wmidaTa gansjaTa, ufrosRa aRirCevda sikvdilsa, vidreRa Sinagacemasa mefisa da mamulisa~, wers antoni. amasobaSi mefes Tavisi laSqari mouvida, mteri aiZules omi mieRo qarTvelTaTvis sasurvel adgilas _ àm omsa Sina friad gamoCndnen mefe luarsab da umetes mouravi. moscaT RmerTman Zleva, moswyvidnes uricxvni da ivltodnen TaTarxanni~64... `da misca RmerTman Zleva mefesa luarsabs, viTarca pirvel abramsa da gedeons da aRsrulda winaswarmetyvelisa moses mier Tqmuli levitelTaTvis brZaneba uflisa, viTarmed: `xuTman Tqvenganmano waraqcioso asi da asman TqvenTaganman bevreuli~ da mociqulisa pavles mier Tqmuli: `Zmano, RvTismoyvareTa yovelive ganemarjvebis keTilad~65. mtris 60-aTasiani laSqridan mxolod 14 aTasi gadarCenila. male mefe luarsabs da mourav giorgi saakaZes Soris mtroba Camovarda. giorgi saakaZe Sah-abass Seekedla. anton kaTalikosis, vaxuStisa da beri egnataSvilis mtkicebiT, Sahma `birebiTa uRmrToisa mis monisa mzakvrisaTa~ saqarTvelos dalaSqvra gadawyvita66. saqarTvelosTan moaxloebisas èaxla mouravi da euwya yeenisaTvis: Sesvla qarTls umjobes ars zamTars, vinaiTgan ver wavlen xizanni mTaTa Sina da xelT igdeb yovelTa~67.
947
qarTveli mefeebi luarsabi da Teimurazi imereTs Seexiznen. `warvidnen mefeni imereTs 1615, moegeba mefe imerTa giorgi da istumrna keTilad~. qarTlSi mdgar Sahs `warmouvlina giorgi mefeman kaTalikozi malaqia da abaSiZe levan ZRveniTa, metyvelman: `gevedrebiT, raTa pativs-gvce da misce mefeTa samefoni Tvisni da imsaxuron maT, viTarca pirvel mamaTa SenTa da Tqven warxvideT~. ixila ese Sah-abaz, rameTu ZaliTa arRara egebis Sovna maTi, aw ixmiva xvanji da mcbieroba~68. Sahma maT ganucxada _ `me mefe luarsabTana arca ra saqme maqvso da arca ras vemdurvio da arca magis warsaxdenad movsulvaro. batoni Teimurazi Cemi mteri ariso, magas arc Sevirigeb da arc minda. mefe luarsabs kidec Sevirigeb da Tu mova da Semirigdeba, wyalobasac uzam~69. mefe luarsabi sityvas endo da Sahs eaxla, romelmac is pativiTa da didebiT jer TbilisSi Caiyvana (TiTqosda dedaqalaqSi unda daetovebina Tavis samefo taxtze), Semdeg gaityua saqarTvelos farglebs gareT (TiTqosda sanadirod) _ `Sah-abaz ineba warsvla tfilisad, uTxra mefesa luarsabs: `warvideT tfilissao da vilxinoT muncao da SeveqceTo. Sen mun dagagdeb da me wavalo~ da ra Cavidnen tfiliss, mun rqua: `warvideT yaraiazed, da vinadiroT da SeveqceT nadirobiTa da lxiniTao, Sen dagabruneb da me waval~... moinadires yaraia... kvalad uTxra: `gilan-mazandara da misi garemoni qveynebica kargi sanadiro ariso, warvideT muncao da SeveqceTo~. da ra miiyvana aSrafs, maSin dahpatiJa sjuli, xolo man ara usmina da arca uaryo sjuli Tvisi. maSin ganrisxna Sah-abaz da igonebda borotsa mefisa luarsabisaTvis: da aRuTqmida mravalsa niWsa da sityviTa liqnisaTa zakviT hgonebda cdunebaT da miqcevad sjulisa missa zeda, racaTu daarwmunos veragobiTa TvisiTa da ver mZle eqmna, aramed amao iqmna sicbili misi da ver ewifa nebasa gulisa Tvisisa. umetesad aRivso SuriTa, viTarca ityvis daviT: ùmzirn codvili marTalsa da iRrWinis maszeda kbilni misni, xolo ufali ecinin mas, rameTu winaswar xedavs mas~ da Semdgomni amisni. maSin esmnes sityvani ese moZRvrisa mier mefesa luarsabs, ara Seracxa mZlavrisa, aramed ego viTarca andamati. da SeuZvrel viTarca klde, da uSiS iyo viTarca lomi sayofelsa Tvissa. da ara igonebda warmavalsa qveynierisa zrunvasa, aramed zecad mimarT aRifrenda gulsa da gonebasa Tvissa, viTarca orbi zeaRmfrinvale eTerisa mimarT egreT ganaxlebad iswrafvoda da Semosad sulierisa samoselisa da gangdebad misa amis mokvdavisa da Semosad ukvdavisa mis, romelni mosies wmidaTa mxneTa mowameTa da warmoTqmuli sityvisa mociqulisa, viTarmed `guli miTqvamso, gansvlad da yofad qristes Tana~, ganicdida simxnesa da Rvawlsa mowameTa da gvirgvinsa da mosagebelsa maTsa da ufrosad mobaZav da samRrTod moSurne qmniliyo mefeTa Soris warCinebulisa da mowamisa mefisa arCilisa da vaxtangisa da ityoda mociqulisa mier Tqmulsa mas: ùkeTu movkvde qristesTvis, mrwams rameTu
948
mas Tana vscxondeo~ da, ukeTu man saxierman sikvdiliTa TvisiTa gvixsna jojoxeTisagan qvesknelisa, Cvenca Tana-gvac raTamca davsTxineT sisxli misTvis da ara vridoT TavTa CvenTa misTvis. netar Tumca Rirs myos saxierman man, raTamca ara erTgzis da orgzis mivsce Tavi Cemi sikvdilsa, aramed mravalgzis, romelman mibrZana xmiTa miT saufloTa: `nu geSinin, romelTa mowyviden xorcni, xolo sulsa ver xel-ewifebis mowyvedad~, da kvalad: `romelman aRmiaros me winaSe kacTa, meca aRviaro igi winaSe mamisa Cemisa zecaTasa~, vinaidan igi esreT aRmiTqvams gvirgvinsa mas dauWknobelsa da mosagebebelsa, romeli Tvalman ara ixila da yursa ara esma, xolo gulsa kacisasa ara mouxda, da eseca uwyi viTarmed sikvdilisa Tanamdeb varT da uneblieT Tanamac gansvla sulisa da ganSoreba xorcTagan, megulebis gardacvaleba TixoanTa amiT TbeTa da daxsnad nasxamTa amaT da anaqusTa CemTa; namdvilad keTil ars Cemda, raTa moswrafed vrbiodi asparezsa mas zeda Zlevisasa da movakvdino asoni qveynisani da Sevimoso ukvdavi, vinaidgan ueWvelad ese yofad ars. raRa yeneba ars Cemda da ara viswrafi Sesvlad qorwilsa siZisa mis Svenierisa da ukvdavisa? mza ars Cemda mocemad xeliTa TvisiTa gvirgvinisa mas uxrwnelebisaca, aha, Jami Sewynarebuli da dRe saTno uflisa~70. vaxuSti wers _ `Semdgomad mravalTa liqniTa da niWiTa da SinebiTaca uTqmida, aramed mefe daadgra simtkicesa zeda. amisaTvis patimar-hyo mefe. maSin eziara patiosansa sisxlsa da xorcsa uflisas da atirna mTavarni Tvisni wesiTa qarTuliTa, viTarca mkvdarsa zeda, da mefe Sesxmisa wil ityoda: àgre Cemman sulman~. Semdgomad waravlina Sah-abaz mefe gulamyalas Sirazs da patimar-hyo mun, merme kvalad ara dascxra mZvinvared, waravlines Sah-abaz da moaSTves mun cixesa Sina mefe luarsab mSvildis sabliT 1622 da Seiracxa wmidaTa mowameTa Tana~71. ilia WavWavaZe wers _ `...mefem iTxova, macaleT sikvdilis win vilocoo. neba misces. daisvena win xati RvTismSoblisa, romelica Tana hqonda. da ese Seevedra: `hoi, dedofalo RvTismSobelo, Sendami damiZs sasoeba Cemi, Sen xar nugeSismcemeli Cemi. Sen momec Sewevna wamebisa Cemisa amis da SemrTe wmidaTa mowameTa SenTa Tana, raTa meca vadidebde mamasa, Zesa da wmidasa sulsa...~ mxolod did-bunebaTa kacTa Tvisebaa erTxel rwmenili da aRiarebuli gaixadon Tavis sicocxlis sagnad da qveS daugon Tvisi cxovreba da Tu saWiroeba moiTxovs, Seswiron Tavi Tvisica niSnad imisa, rom WeSmariteba metad uRirs, vidre sakuTari Tavi da sakuTari sicocxle... dRes erTi saqarTvelos gmirTagani gavixsenoT, igi gmiri, romelmac Tqva: ra madlia Tavi gadavirCino da Cemi qveyana mters avaoxrebino _ wavida da wamebulis gvirgviniT Seimosa saxelovani Tavi qveynisa da qristes saxeliTa. da dRes Cven sxva ara dagvrCenia ra garda imisa, rom besarion kaTalikozTan
949
erTad qeba-didebiT warmovTqvaT: `yofadTa mcnobi, brZeni axovani mefe luarsab dRes ididebodnen~72. mefe mSvildis sabliT moaSTves, wmindanis sxeuls naTeli daadga `...sxeuli misi, romelic hsCanda yovlad brwyinvaled viTarca Tovli da mravalni movidodes xilvad wmidisa mis, romelsa zeda naTlisa brwyinvalisa mxilvelni gankvirdes da dResa meoresa dahfles misave cixesa Sina yovlad patiosani igi sxeuli misi, da romelnica Sepyrobil arian sneulebiTa da saflavsa missa mieaxlebian, kurnebasa miiReben~73, _ wers antoni. wmida luarsabis suli qristes winaSe dgas mTeli msoflios, qarTveli erisa da saqarTvelos meoxad _ `wamebisaca gvirgvinosan qmnili qristesa Zesa RmrTisasa eziara da yovlisa soflisa meoxad dadga winaSe missa saqaduloblad naTesavTa TvisTa da yovlisa soflisa da samefoisa misisa~74.
Teimuraz mefis brZola `qarTvelobisaTvis~

mefe Teimurazi qarTveli erisaTvis erT-erT yvelaze mZime saukuneSi, msgavsad Tavisi wmida dedis qeTevanisa, farad da darajad edga erovnul sarwmunoebasa da qarTvelobas. Teimurazi RirsebiTa da, SeiZleba iTqvas, warmatebiTac ebrZoda qristianobis usastikes mtrebs, uzarmazari imperiis mmarTvelebs _ Sah-abaz I-s, Sah-sefisa da Sah-abas II-s. 1606 wlidan 1663 wlamde, TiTqmis 60 weli misgan mosveneba ar hqondaT saqarTvelos mtrebs. Teimurazi gansakuTrebuli, Rrmad morwmune qristiani iyo, erTguli moyvaruli saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiisa. kargad esmoda misi mniSvneloba da Rirseba. 1661 wels Teimurazi berad aRikveca75. am dros is moxuci iyo, `friad upovari~ da sparseTSi gamgzavrebamde skandis cixesTan mwirobda, magram mas beruli Tavmdabloba da Tavisi Tavis qristianobrivi gansja axalgazrdobis wlebSic axasiaTebda. `mefe Teimurazi Tavis Tavis Sesaxeb TavmdablobiTa da dakninebiT aRsavse sityvebsa xmarobs. aseTnairad Tavis pirovnebis damcireba mefeTa sigelebSi ar gvxvdeba da mxolod Teimurazs aqvs naxmari: `me yovelTa mefeTa unarCevesman ara saqmeTa mier keTilTa, aramed mowyalebiTa RvTisaTa gvirgvinosanman~-o, ambobs is 1631 wlis mcxeTis sigelSi; an kidev: `me yovelTa usrulman cnobiTa, qceviTa yovlad naklulevanman... sasoebiT da ZrwoliT bralTagan yovlad gankrTomilman, mefed dadginebulman Zisa Senisagan araTu gamorCeviT, aramed unarCevesman msasoebelman Senman da monaman mdabalman, undoman Teimuraz~ (1637 wlis sabuTi). es ber-monazonis kilo da enaa da ara qveynis mmarTvelis mefisa da meomris~76, _ wers ivane javaxiSvili. mefe Teimurazi qristes erTguli meomari iyo, igi ara marto sparseTosmaleTis mmarTvelebs ebrZoda, aramed maTi politikis gamtarebel gadarjulebul qarTvelebsac, romelnic aranaklebi ubedurebis momtanni iyvnen
950
saqarTvelosaTvis. erT-erTi aseTi iyo mefed wodebuli rostom-xani (16321658), romelsac Sahma Teimurazis gaZevebis Semdeg qarTl-kaxeTis mmarTveloba Caabara. sikvdilis Semdgom migebuli pativiTac ki kargad Cans, Tu vin iyo qarTvelTaTvis mefe Teimurazi da ras warmoadgenda sparselebisaTvis rostom-xani. Teimuraz mefe 74 wlis asakSi gardaicvala sparsTa mier qristes erTgulebisa da mahmadis uaryofisaTvis astarabadis cixeSi gamomwyvdeuli. igi saqarTveloSi Camoasvenes da alaverdis taZarSi qristian mefeTa gverdiT dakrZales, xolo rostom-xani did pativsa da didebaSi myofi TbilisSi gardaicvala, TaTrebma glova-tiriliT sparseTSi waasvenes da qalaq yumSi damarxes. yumi sparselTaTvis iseTive wmida adgili iyo, rogorc qarTvelebisaTvis mcxeTa, alaverdi Tu gelaTi. Tu ratom ebrZoda Teimuraz mefe rostoms da ra mniSvneloba hqonda qarTvelobis SenarCunebisaTvis Teimurazis daumorCileblobas, es kargad Cans rostomis daxasiaTebidan. iv. javaxiSvili wers - `diaR, rostomi qarTlSi gabatonda da mefed iqca, magram rogor? ucxo Zalis saSualebiT, mxolod sparsTa samxedro ZaliT, da Tumca arCil mefe ambobs, `qarTli rostom daiWira da kaxeTsa dasves salim~, namdvilad ki qveyana mTlianad sparseTs Cauvarda xelSi... amgvarad brmisaTvisac cxadi unda gamxdariyo, rom Teimuraz mefis batonoba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos damoukideblobasa da maincdamainc damoukideblobisaTvis Tavganwiruls brZolas moaswavebda, rostomis mefoba ki Cveni qveynis monobasa da sparsTa batonobis momavlinebeli iyo~77. `rostom mefe Tavisi aRzrdiT da zneCveulebiT ufro sparseli iyo, vidre qarTveli, politikuradac sparseTis saxelmwifos yurmoWrili yma da misi politikis erTguli ganmxorcielebeli iyo...~78. beri egnataSvili wers _ `....maSin iyvnen qarTvelni gulwrfelni da gamoucdelni yizilbaSis xerxisa da tyuilisagan, da ese rostom mefe iyo kaci xerxiani da ilaTiani da mcdeli saqmisa da mas Jamsa vinca vin qarTvelni iyvnen yizilbaSSi datyvevebulni da gaTaTrebulni, yovelnive warmoiyvana qarTlSi da swadodaT gaTaTreba qarTlisa. da iyo wessa zeda yizilbaSisasa da gaariga rigi saxlisa Tvisisa yizilbaSurad da ganawesa moxeleni gamrigeni TaTarni da arca moSala qarTveli moxele da iqceoda didebulad... da mas Jamsa iwyo qarTlis wesman da rigman gardacvaleba da yovelTave Seiyvares angareba da simdidris-moyvareba, jamagiri da soflis micema yaenisagan, da ganmravlda tanT-cma yizilbaSurad... da TviT rostom mefis wadili da neba ese iyo, rom uyoymanod aravis ra miscemoda... iyo mefe rostom morCili yaenisa da moyvare sjulisa mahmadisa. aman aRaSena saxli yizilbaSuri... SemoiRo mofeniloba, sma-Wama, gamoCveneba da kekelaoba da miiqcen sruliad wessa zeda yizilbaSisasa, da ganmravlda saxlsa Sina missa siZva da ara-wmindeba, codva igi sodom-gomoruli da meZaoba da
951
dedaTa Tana aRreva... ganZlierdnen TaTarni da kadnierebdnen qarTvelTa zeda da romelnica iyvnen qarTvelni moyvareni wesisa maTisa, meZavni da bilwebisa moqmedni, didad pativs cemda mefe rostom da hkiTxvida da usmenda maTsa, da romelnica iyvnen simarTlismoqmedni da wrfelni guliTa da codvis moridalni, maT aras pativscemda da cuds kacs eZaxdnen da SeuZlebelsa. da iyvnen dRiTi da dRe smasa da gancxromasa Sina, xolo sulisaTvis ara zrunavdnen... da qarTvelTaca iswaves sma da Wama yizilbaSuri... ganyides mama-papaTgan dagdebuli mamuli da agarakebi da icvamdnen tanTa da sWamdnen da smidnen da araras zrunavdnen SvilTaTvis~79. es xdeboda XVII saukuneSi. aseTive istoria ganmeorda mogvianebiT, XIX saukuneSic, roca qarTvelebma rusis xelisufalTa gavleniT iwyes gayidva mamapapaTagan datovebuli mamulebisa gamosaCeni Cacma-daxurvisa da cxovrebisaTvis. sainteresoa vin yidulobda XVII s-Si qarTvelTa mamulebs? Cans isinive, romelnic XIX saukuneSi. beri egnataSvili ganagrZobs rostomis epoqis daxasiaTebas _ àmieridan Semovida zog-zogTagan tyvis syidva Tavadebisagan da romelnica iyvnen obolni da qvrivni, gamoiyvanebdnen da gahyidnen da ganmravlda codva... da iyo smisa da Wamis moyvare da gascemda aramciredsa smasa zeda. da amis Jamsa ara iyo zrunva sulieri eriskacTa Soris, aramed iyvnes fufuneul da xorcT-moyvare, rameTu TviT samRvdelonica da mRvdel-mTavarnica midrkes keTilisagan da aRerivnes erTa Tana, godebisaebr ieremiasa, rameTu iyvnes moyvare Rvinisa da zmisa da Svebisa da gancxromisa, umRerdnen urTierTas siZva-mruSebasa da meZaobas. amas Sina mouZlurda sjuli da ganiryvna wesi saeklesio, rameTu arRara eZiebdnen suliers saqmesa, aramed xorcTaTvis zrunvides yovelnive~80. qarTul eklesias, cxadia, ar SeeZlo mSvidad eyurebina qarTvelTa sulieri gadagvarebisaTvis. uTuod amitomac mouwyo ajanyeba rostoms qarTlis kaTalikozma evdemoz diasamiZem, romelsac surda qarTlis samefo taxtze qarTvelebisaTvis Tavdadebuli mebrZoli Teimurazi exila. rostomma qarTlis kaTalikozi sastiki sikvdiliT moakvlevina, xolo gvami Seuracxyo, samagierod `samRvdeloni episkoposni amiT daierTgulna, rome yovelTaTvis jamagiri ganuwesa, Tavdablad da tkbilad eqceoda, amisaTvis zrunviden samRvdeloni krebulni, xolo aRaSena kaTolike eklesia mcxeTis gumbaTi da sxvanica romelime mooxrebulni eklesiani aRaSena da kvalad gatexili xidi~81. gansakuTrebiT sastiki iyo rostom mefis dros damkvidrebuli wesi sparseTSi tyveebis gagzavnisa. Tuki rostomis wina mahmadiani mmarTvelebi araqristianebs agrovebdnen sparseTSi gasagzavnad, rostomma swored qarTvelTa tyved gagzavnis wesi SemoiRo `saCuqrad~ sparsel-TaTari mmarTvelebisaTvis. àman rostom mata yovelsa feSqaSsa da metadre tyvisasa raJams daidva svimon mefeman, am wesiT imoqmeda: anu Zisa uriisasa, anu nasyidsa, da anu
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osTasa gagzavnida, xolo man gamoiyvana qarTvelTa glexTa, aznaurTa, didebulTa asulni da Zeni, da mas gaugzavnida, amieridan daidva ese da yovelni mefeni saqarTvelosani esreT hyofdnen, vidre modReindelad dRemde~82. swored am pirovnebas, saqarTvelos wes-CveulebaTa SemSlelsa da qarTvelobisaTvis Ziris gamomTxrels, ebrZoda qristiani mefe Teimurazi. rostom mefes zogierTi kargi saqmec gaukeTebia qveynisaTvis, raTa qarTuli mosaxleoba qristian mefes ar mimxroboda. sabolood Teimurazi damarcxda, rac `qarTvelobis~ damarcxebasac niSnavda. rogorc aRiniSna, am epoqisaTvis `qarTveli~ ewodeboda ara yvelas, vinc Tavs qristianad sTvlida, aramed eTnikuri warmoSobiT qarTvels, romelic imavdroulad saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis wevric iyo. eTnikuri warmomavlobiT qarTveli SeiZleba sarwmunoebis gamo TaTari yofiliyo, an `frangi~ da `somexi~, `qarTveli~ mxolod qarTuli eklesiis qristian mrevls ewodeboda. imdroisaTvis qarTvelma erma mravali `gaTaTrebul~-`gafrangebul~`gasomxebuli~ Svili dakarga. sarwmunoebis gamocvliT maTi erovnuli TviTSemecneba icvleboda da swored im erebs ematebodnen, romeli eris sarwmunoebrivi aRmsareblobis mimdevradac Tvlidnen sakuTar Tavs. sarwmunoeba da erovneba erTmaneTSi aiTqvifa. mahmadianuri saxelmwifoebi yvelgan sdevnidnen qarTul eklesias, rogorc imdroisaTvis erTaderT burjs qarTuli erovnebisas, `qarTvelobisas~. qarTul eklesias arseboba mxolod da mxolod qarTul-erovnul saxelmwifoSi SeeZlo, sxvagan yvelgan is akrZaluli iyo. amitomac `qarTvelobis~ SenarCunebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda qarTul-erovnul saxelmwifos. qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmeba TavisTavad qarTuli eklesiis dakninebas, da maSasadame, `qarTvelobis~ degradaciasac moaswavebda. qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmeba sparseT-osmaleTma ver SeZlo, es TviT Sah-abas I-mac ki ver moaxerxa. saerTod, mefe Teimurazi mcvelad edga qarTul saxelmwifoebriobas, is TiTqosda pirovnulad iyo misi matarebel-ganmaxorcielebeli. qristianobis mtkiced dacva, mudmivi ajanyebani, gansakuTrebiT 1623 wlis qarTlis ajanyeba, romlis drosac sparseTis saukeTeso armia damarcxda, 1659 wlis kaxeTis da sxva ajanyebani xels uwyobda qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis ase Tu ise SenarCunebas. maSasadame, qarTul eklesiasac (anu `qarTvelobas~) arsebobis saSualeba hqonda, Tumca, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi 1632 wlidan 1744 wlamde arsebul qarTul saxelmwifoebs erovnuli xasiaTi ar gaaCndaT. qarTl-kaxeTSi axali tipis saxelmwifos rostom mefem daudo safuZveli. erTis mxriv, SinaurTa da adgilobrivTaTvis, rostomi qarTveli mefe iyo, romelmac ZvelqarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi struqturebi da saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi ZvelTaganve arsebuli qarTuli saxelo-Tanamdebobebi ar moSala. Tavis Tavsac `mefes~ uwodebda, magram, meores mxriv, man gza
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gauxsna `yizilbaSur rigs~, xelisufalTa dasaxeleba sparsulis mibaZviT Secvala, SemoiRo yizilbaSuri Tanamdebobebi. rostomma Tavis mmarTvelobas orsaxa xasiaTi misca, sparselebisaTvis is `valia~ (anu Sahis moxele) iyo, qarTvelebisaTvis _ `mefe~. sparselebis TvalsazrisiT, mmarTvelobis struqturebiT qarTli sparseTisagan (sparsuli provinciisagan) ar ganirCeoda. qarTvelebis TvalsazrisiT ki, igi kvlav qarTuli rigiT imarTeboda. miuxedavad amisa, am SemTxvevaSi wagebuli mainc qarTuli mxare rCeboda, radganac qveyana iryvneboda da mosaxleoba mahmadianur wessa da rigs eCveoda, mahmadianur Cveulebebs iTvisebda, aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom, marTalia, sulieri danakargis fasad, magram qveyanam erTgvarad mainc amoisunTqa, Tu adre sparseTTan uSualo brZolisas qarTvelebi maRal sulierebas, qarTvelobasa da erovnuli kulturis siwmindes inarCunebdnen, magram Zlier zaraldebodnen materialurad, axla materialurad aRar zaraldebodnen, ris fasadac qarTuli kultura da suliereba knindeboda, qveyana erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi gadagvarebis gzas daadga. `...maRal Tanamdebobebze qarTl-kaxeTis feodalTa damtkiceba, iranis Sahis mier mahmadianobis miRebis aucilebeli pirobiT sruldeboda~83. rostomma yaenisadmi usazRvro morCilebiTa da eSmakuri midgomiT qarTlSi sparsofiluri ganwyobilebis gaRviveba SeZlo, miT umetes, rom `...rostom mefis mier Catarebuli yoveli RonisZieba, iranis Sahis mudmivi kontrolis qveS imyofeboda~84. rostomis sayrdens saqarTvelos sxvadasxva qalaqSi Cayenebuli yizilbaSi mecixovneebi warmoadgendnen, maTi erideboda da eSinoda qarTlis mmarTvels. ZvelqarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis adgilas warmoSobili araerovnuli qarTul-yizilbaSuri saxe qarTl-kaxeTis mmarTvelobisa, rogorc iTqva, mTeli 112 wlis manZilze _ 1632-1744 wlebSi arsebobda. ramdenadac, ase Tu ise, am dros qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba mainc arsebobda, maSasadame, arsebobda qarTuli eklesiac Tavisi struqturebiT. rogorc iTqva, mahmadianTa mier Seqmnili pirobebis gamo im epoqaSi qarTul eklesias arseboba mxolod qarTul saxelmwifoSi SeeZlo, sxvagan, yvelgan qarTul saeklesio organoebs mahmadianebi auqmebdnen da spobdnen (magaliTad, dapyrobil mesxeTSi, lore-taSirSi, kak-eniselSi, Saq-yarabaRSi, did somxeTSi (anisis, yarsis, valaSkertis saepiskoposoebi), TorTomsa da arzrumSi. arc erTi qarTuli eklesia ar arsebobda uvrceles sparseTsa da osmaleTSi, maSin roca orive am qveyanaSi uTvalavi somxuri, franguli, berZnuli, da saerTod, qristianuli eklesiebi iyo; maTve mospes qarTuli eklesiebi Crdilo kavkasiaSi). qarTul eklesiebs yvela mahmadianur qveyanaSi safuZveli ecleboda. mizezi is iyo, rom mahmadiani mmarTvelebi iq mcxovreb Tu Casul qarTvelebs aiZulebdnen uareyoT qarTuli qristianoba (marTlmadidebloba) da sarwmunoebis an saeklesio mimarTulebis Secvlas aiZulebdnen. Tu qarTveli
954
gaTaTrebas ar isurvebda, maSin igi berZnul-marTlmadideblur, kaTolikur an grigorianul eklesiaTa mrevlad unda qceuliyo. ase rom (pirdapiri brZanebiTa Tu socialur-ekonomikurad gausaZlisi pirobebis SeqmniT), qarTuli eklesiis wevroba akrZaluli iyo. ratom? pirveli mizezi is iyo, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebi mahmadianebTan mebrZoli qveynebi iyvnen. mahmadianebma SeZles moespoT berZnuli saxelmwifo (amis gamo berZnuli eklesia maTTvis saSiSi aRar iyo), mahmadianebma SeZles moespoT somxuri saxelmwifo (amis gamo somxuri eklesia maTTvis saSiSi aRar iyo), magram ver SeZles qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis mospoba, romlis sulsa da guls, mamoZravebel Zalas qarTuli erovnuli eklesia warmoadgenda, amitomac ebrZodnen isini qarTul eklesias. garda amisa, maT SeZles rogorc berZnuli, ise somxuri eklesiebi TavianTi zedamxedvelobis sferoSi moeqciaT. orive am eklesias mahmadianur qveynebSi didZali mrevli eqvemdebareboda, mahmadiani mmarTvelebi orive eklesias marTva-gamgeobis saqmeSic iyenebdnen (aseve iTqmis kaTolikur eklesiazec), sxvaTa Soris, somxur eklesias mahmadianTa mxriv upiratesobani eniWeboda laTinur-kaTolikur eklesiasTan SedarebiT da mxars uWerdnen somxurkaTolikur rits85. qarTuli eklesia erTaderTi erovnuli burji iyo qarTvelobisa - mahmadianur imperiebTan mebrZoli xalxisa, amitomac miuRebeli, meore mxriv, àm dros Turqebs, iseve rogorc sparselebs, mosvenebas ukargavda marTlmadidebluri ruseTis warmatebani, romelic sul ufro samxreTisaken moiwevda da kavkasiis uReltexils ebjineboda~... marTlmadidebluri ruseTis warmatebebi TurqeTs yvelaze metad afiqrebda da yoveli RoniT cdilobda ar daeSva marTlmadidebel xalxTa urTierTkontaqti da rac mTavaria, maTi kavSiri erTmorwmune ruseTis saxelmwifosTan86. aseve fiqrobda sparseTic. Teimurazis kavSiri ruseTTan sparseTs mosvenebas ukargavda. rogori damokidebuleba hqonda rostom-xans qarTuli eklesiis mimarT? radganac mis politikas kompromisuli xasiaTi hqonda (erTi mxriv, qarTvelTa mefe iyo, meore mxriv, sparseTis moxele), amitomac is Cveni eklesiis mimarT garkveul loialobas iCenda, magram aq aRsaniSnavia sxva momenti. Tu aqamde, ZvelqarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi sistemis arsebobisas, qarTuli eklesia saxelmwifoSi upirvelesi da upiratesi sarwmunoebrivi organizacia iyo, rostomis dros man upiratesoba sxva qristianul mimdinareobebTan SedarebiT dakarga da igi sxvebs gauTanabres. es imas niSnavs, rom rostomi da misi Semdgomi mahmadiani mmarTvelebi qarTul eklesias saqarTveloSive ayenebdnen kaTolikur, anda somxur eklesiebTan Tanabar pirobebSi, ar uqmnidnen sxva religiebTan SedarebiT raime gansakuTrebul pirobebs da sxvebTan aTanabrebdnen. meore mxriv, rostomi sparsi moxele, valdebuli iyo gansakuTrebuli yuradReba da mzrunveloba gamoeCina somxuri eklesiisadmi, radganac sparseT-
955
Si somxur eklesias yovelgvari privilegia eniWeboda87, xolo sparsTa TvalsazrisiT, qarTl-kaxeTi sparseTis vasalur qveyanas, provincias warmoadgenda. Sahis mkacri kontroliTa da sameTvalyureo aparatiT daTrgunul rostoms uflebac ar eqneboda ar gamoeCina yuradReba somxuri eklesiisadmi. sxvaTa Soris, aseve iyo mesxeTSic. axalcixis faSebs, romlebic sastikad ebrZodnen qarTul eklesias88, eSinodaT somex-kaTolike mRvdlebisa (uniTorebisa). rogorc S. lomsaZe wers, evropeli misionerebi faSam `dabezRebis SiSiT~ axalcixeSi ver Seiyvana da ori Tvis ganmavlobaSi awyverSi hyavda damwyvdeuli, mere ki isev ukan gamouSva. rogorc Cans, faSas eSinoda ianiCarebisa da uniTorebisa. ianiCarebs faSas makontrolebeli uflebebi hqondaT miniWebuli, uniTorebi ki, am SemTxvevaSi, mzveravis rolSi gamodiodnen, romelTa vali iyo ar daeSvaT `religiuri mantiiT Semosili evropeli Spionebi~ TurqeTis teritoriaze. sulTanis karis Sexeduleba uniTorebis miznebs emTxveoda. am gziT maT Camocilebuli hyavdaT konkurentebi89. rogorc es misi `qristianuli wesiT~ daqorwinebisas gamoCnda, rostomsac aseve eSinoda yizilbaSi mecixovneebisa. rostomi iseT moqnil sarwmunoebriv politikas awarmoebda, rom kaTolikebs is kaToliked miaCndaT, somxebs - somxad, xolo TaTrebisTvis is morwmune mahmadiani iyo. yovelive es TviT rostomis Tanamedrove kaTolikeTa da somexTa Canawerebidan Cans: `rostomma kaTolike misionerebs yovelgvari upiratesoba mianiWa, amave avtoris mowmobiT, qarTlis mahmadiani mefe kaTolikeebis RvTismsaxurebasa da saeklesio sxva ceremonials xSirad TviT eswreboda... kaTolike misionerebisadmi rostomis keTilganwyobam avitabiles survilic ki aRuZra kaTolikobaSi mefis moqcevisa. italieli misioneris sityvebiT rom vTqvaT: `saamiso niSnebi~ man (rostom mefem) araerTxel gamoamJRavna~90. `qristianuli jvrisweris win rostom mefem `monaTvla~ ara qarTul, aramed TeatinelTa (kaTolikeTa) eklesiaSi ineba. rogorc iTqva, rostoms Tavisi makontrolebeli yizilbaSebisa eSinoda, amitomac `...qristian mariamze daqorwinebis qristianuli rituali (miuxedavad imisa, rom igi SahTan winaswar `gasinjuli~ iyo) ise Caatara, rom igi `TvalSi sacemi ar yofiliyo~ gorSi myofi yizilbaSTa garnizonisaTvis. avitabiles cnobiT, aRniSnuli jvriswera, iseve rogorc mefis monaTvlac (`Tavis dabanva~) gorSi TeatinelTa eklesiaSi saRamo Jams (5 saaTze) Catarda, mas Semdeg, rac mefesTan gorSi mosuli yizilbaSTa garnizoni goris cixeSi dabanakda~91. àRsaniSnavia, rom goris qarTuli eklesia, romelic cixeSi idga, yizilbaSebs meCeTad hqondaT gadakeTebuli, xolo kaTolikur eklesias mefe pativs debs Tavisi stumrobiT - italieli avitabile aRniSnavs goris cixesimagreSi yizilbaSebis mier qarTuli eklesiis meCeTad gadakeTebis faqts~92. rac Seexeba monofizitebs, maTdami rostomis gulmowyaleba imdenad usazRvro iyo, rom igi TviT somxebsave miuCneviaT _ Zveli somexi dinastiebis,
956
aniseli bagratidebis STamomavlad. vaxuStis istoriis 1808 wlis nusxaSi vrceli SeniSvna CaurTavT, romlis Tanaxmadac rostomi ara qarTveli bagrationi, aramed aniseli somexi mefeebis STamomavali (wyarod iyeneben `somex meistorie zaqarias~) iyo. amis Tqmis uflebas, Cans, somxebs is damokidebuleba aZlevda, romelsac igi somexTa mimarT iCenda. rogorc iTqva, aqamde Tbilisi saukuneTa manZilze saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi iyo, am sityvis WeSmariti mniSvnelobiT _ qarTuli mosaxleobiT, qarTuli eniT, tradiciebiTa da wes-CveulebebiT. xolo imis Semdeg, rac Tbiliss, qvemo qarTls, mahmadiani bagrationi mmarTvelebi daepatronnen (daud-xani, bagratxani, simon-xani), Tbilisi da qvemo qarTli sparsuli saxelmwifos vasalur qveynad iqca. cxadia, aq somexTa mimarT is SeRavaTebi da xelSewyobani gavrcelda, rac saerTod sparseTSi arsebobda. rostom xanis dros Tbilisis ekonomikurma aRmavlobam grigorianTa raodenoba TbilisSi kidev ufro gazarda. grigorianebis (anu `somxebis~) siWarbem sammarTvelo da sxva sferoebSi qarTvelTa Seviwroeba gamoiwvia. swored am socialur niadagze warmoSobil konfliqtzea saubari aRniSnul SeniSvnaSi: rostomis `Svilis~ mkvlelobas `somxebi~ qarTvelebs abralebdnen, qarTvelebi _ somxebs; iniSneba `qarTveli SioS baraTaSvilisa~ da `somexi baadur TumanianTis~ dueli, romelSic ratomRac sasikvdilod daWrilma baadurma gaimarjva. qarTvelTa siamaye dacxra, xolo gaxarebulma iranis Sahma Tbilis-qalaqis mmarTveloba gamarjvebul `somexs~ misca. rostomma `raica aqvnda SioSs msaxurni, mxevalni, sofeli, venaxi, pirutyvni da sxvani, brZana raTa yovelive miscen weriliT baadurs... amJamad qarTvelni mcired radme damdabldnen amayobisagan ra, somexTa leqsi gaeleqsaT eniTa maTiTa da muxlTa dasasruli iyo ese (SioS gaiqe, baadur modis), odes imRerebdnen amas ymani mimdgomTa misTa hrscxvenodaT. esma ese xelmwifesa eranisasa sanibas (romel ars mcire Sah-abaz), uxmo baadurs. misca mas mTavroba didi tfilis qalaqisa, iqmna ricxvsa somxursa 1099 (1650 w.)~93. Tbilis-qalaqi samarTavad somxebs gadaecaT, xolo `qarTlis mefe~, maTi azriT, eTnikurad somexi iyo. Tu vin iyvnen eTnikurad es `somxebi~, iqidan Cans, rom ymawvilebma zemoT moyvanili leqsi somxur enaze ki ar gamoTqves, aramed qarTul enaze. ratom? somxuri ar icodnen da arc xmarobdnen, isini eTnikurad socialur-politikuri viTarebis gamo somxuri eklesiis mrevlad qceuli da gasomxebuli qarTvelebi iyvnen. maT erovnuli TviTSegneba ukve Seryeuli hqondaT. qveyanasa da dedaqalaqSi grigorianTa poziciebi dRiTi dRe mtkicdeboda. aRsaniSnavia, rom imdroindeli qarTveli sazogadoebis maRali nawilic somxofiluri tendenciebis matareblad iqca. Cans, msgavsi tendenciebis dadgena somxuri savaWro kapitalis saerTaSoriso arenaze gasvlam, somxuri sasuliero da samecniero kulturis gafurCqvnam, xolo Zveli qarTu-
957
li kulturul-sulieri monapovris daviwyebam dabada. rostomis istorikosi, mis karze aRzrdili da sparseTSi moRvawe farsadan gorgijaniZe, romelic iskander munSis Tanaxmad `qarTveli begia~94, saerTod ar icnobda Zvel qarTul istoriografias, samagierod icnobda somxurs da saqarTvelos istoria dawera somxofiluri tendenciebiT. aseTi iyo epoqis suli. qarTvelTa denacionalizacia dawyebulia, qarTvelebs qarTuli ar akmayofilebT, anda aRar surT misiT dakmayofileba, maTi gasomxeba Tu gaTaTreba ukve aris ara fizikuri (ganaTvla Tu windacveTa), aramed sulier gadafasebaTa fsiqologiuri procesi. SeiZleba amiTac iyo gamowveuli is, rom rostomis winaaRmdeg qarTlis kaTalikosis ajanyebis Jams fici gatexa da SeTqmuleba gasca `somxeTis meliqma, romelic `saxalifo sasaxlis erTgulTa ricxvs ekuTvnoda~, `Sahis SiSiT fici gatexa, maTi (SeTqmulTa _ g. J.) sawadeli da minaweri wignebi mefes miarTva~95. rostomis mmarTvelobis xanaSi somexTa raodenoba qarTlSi mcire iyo. mosaxleobis did umravlesobas qarTvelebi Seadgendnen, magram somexTa ricxvis gazrdiT ara marto rostomi da misi sparsul-qarTuli saxelmwifo iyo dainteresebuli, aramed sazogadoebac. saqme is iyo, rom damSvidebuli qveyana ekonomikuri momZlavrebisaTvis emzadeboda, im droisaTvis ki yvela Cvens mezobel mahmadianur qveyanaSi ekonomikuri aRmavloba somxuri mosaxleobis raodenobis zrdasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, vaWroba, xelosnoba, aReb-micemoba somxuri eklesiisa da misi mrevlis xelT moeqca. aseTi iyo obieqturi mdgomareoba sparseTsa (mis vasalur qveynebsa) da osmaleTSi. saqarTveloSi somexTa simcireze XVII s-is Sua wlebSi farsadan gorgijaniZec wers: `qarTlSi qarTvelebi mravalni da Zlierni arian da somexni cotani da uRononi...~96. qveynis ganviTarebis obieqturi pirobebi somxuri mosaxleobis gazrdis aucileblobas iTxovda. Tu ra gziT gaizrdeboda es mosaxleoba, saqarTveloSi somexTa gadmosaxlebiT, Tu adgilobrivi qarTuli mosaxleobis gagrigorianebiT, es mmarTveli fenebisaTvis sul erTi iyo. Tu sparseTsa da osmaleTSi somxuri mosaxleoba SesaniSnavad cxovrobda, mudmivi ajanyebebisa da omebis qarcecxlSi gaxveul qarTlSi, cxadia, somxuri mosaxleoba Tavisi nebiT ar Camovidoda. amitomac somexTa raodenobis gazrdis yvelaze ioli gza saqarTveloSi arsebuli somxuri eklesiisaTvis xelis Sewyoba, SeRavaTebisa da upiratesobis miniWeba da am gziT misi mrevlis gazrda iyo. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi (am mosaxleobis gareSe) ekonomikisa, vaWrobisa da xelosnobis ganviTareba ara marto didad Seferxdeboda, aramed SeuZlebelic ki gaxdeboda. `1639 wels iransa da TurqeTs Soris dadebuli zavi, romelic 90 wlis manZilze ar darRveula, erT-erT xelSemwyob faqtors warmoadgenda aRmosavleTis (TurqeTi, irani) da saqarTvelos qalaqebis ekonomikuri winsvli-
958
saTvis, sagareo vaWrobis ganviTarebisaTvis. qveynis SigniT mSvidobiani mdgomareoba saSualebas aZlevda qarTlis qalaqebs sagareo vaWroba ewarmoebinaT TurqeTis, iranis, ruseTisa da dasavleT evropis qveynebTan. aseTi iyo obieqturi mizezebi, romlebmac ganapirobes saqarTvelos samefos saqalaqo cxovrebis, xelosnuri warmoebisa da vaWrobis mniSvnelovani zrda-ganviTareba XVII saukunis 30-iani wlebidan. centraluri xelisufleba gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevda xelosnuri warmoebis zrda-ganviTarebas, saSinao da sagareo vaWrobis gafarToebas, yovelive amis Sedegad qarTlis qalaqebSi viTareba mkveTrad Seicvala da Tbilismac daibruna aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ara mxolod politikuri, aramed ekonomikuri centris mniSvneloba... Tbilisi dawinaurda... rostomma pirvel rigSi qalaqis ganaSenianebas miaqcia yuradReba, ramac SemdegSi Tbilisis mosaxleobis momravleba da saerTod saqalaqo cxovrebis winsvla gansazRvra~97. `...qarTlSi arsebobda oTxi qalaqi: Tbilisi, gori, ali da surami... vaWroba-xelosnobisa da qalaqebis gamococxlebam rostomis mier md. TeZamze axali qalaqis, `mefis qalaqis~, daarseba ganapiroba. rostomma es qalaqi vaWrebiT daasaxla~98. ramdenadac saqalaqo cxovreba somxuri mosaxleobis gareSe saerTod warmoudgeneli iyo, amitom surda Tu ara xelisuflebas, somxuri mosaxleobis gazrdisaTvis mainc unda ezruna. qarTul qalaqebSi ZiriTadad xelosnebi, vaWrebi da ekonomikur dargebSi mosaqmeni cxovrobdnen. isini, rogorc wesi, grigorianuli sarwmunoebis aRmsarebelni iyvnen; amasTan, radganac am sferoSi monopolia somxuri eklesiis xelSi iyo, am wreSi sxva sarwmunoebis mimdevar kacs ar iRebdnen. Seqmnili obieqturi viTarebis gamo TviT qarTuli eklesiis ierarqebic ki somxuri sarwmunoebis gavrcelebas xels ar uSlidnen. magaliTad, qarTuli eklesiis ierarqebi _ alaverdeli Tu Tbileli ruseTSi gzavnidnen saqonels gasayidad, Semosuli Tanxa maT qarTul eklesiaTa mSenebloba-gamSvenebisaTvis esaWiroebodaT, magram vaWari, albaT, rogorc wesi, grigoriani iyo (SeiZleba kaTolikec, magram am SemTxvevaSi amas mniSvneloba ar hqonda, saerTod, vaWrebi qarTul eklesias sWirdeboda, radganac maT, miuxedavad maTi sarwmunoebisa, iyenebdnen). Cveni eklesiis ierarqebs Tbiliseli vaWris, ioseb zurabovisaTvis (zurabaSvilisaTvis) ruseTSi gasayidad saqoneli gautanebiaT. mis sarekomendacio baraTSi vkiTxulobT _ `...alaverdelma SenTan gamomatana sxvadasxva saqoneli da mibrZana gavyido eklesiebis asaSeneblad... mcxeTis patriarqisagan gamotanebuli maqvs saqoneli... monastris saWiroebisaTvis, sionis eklesiidan gamotanebuli maqvs sxvadasxva saqoneli da nabrZanebi maqvs gavyido eklesiis asaSeneblad. saqarTvelos episkoposisagan gamotanebuli maqvs...~99. sxva mRvdelmTavrebsac da berebsac miuciaT saqoneli gasayidad èklesiebis asaSeneblad~100. aqedan Cans, rom vaWrebis simravle (da aRebmicemoba saerTod) qarTuli eklesiis ierarqebsac esaWiroebodaT, magram,
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radganac am dros vaWrobis monopolia somexTa xelSi iyo, isinic eguebodnen maTTan urTierTobas da am gziT Semosavlis wyaros iCendnen. qarTlis kaTalikossa da episkoposebs yma vaWrebi _ grigorianebi hyavdaT, romelTac xelisuflebac mfarvelobda _ `...rostomi `baJis amokveTis~ wigns aZlevs qarTlis kaTalikosis yma vaWrebs, grigorianebs, farsadans, xizanas da Saverdas~101, ara mgonia, isini saqarTveloSi sparseTidan (an somxeTidan) Camosuli somxebi yofiliyvnen, albaT _ gagrigorianebuli qarTvelebi iyvnen. aseTebi unda yofiliyvnen yorRanaSvilebi (rostomis karis mdivanmwignobars, merab yorRanaSvils, ramdenime sofeli aRudgenia), soloRaSvilebi (biZina soloRaSvils qvemo qarTlis nasoflari aRudgenia) da sxva mravalni. rogorc vnaxeT, rostomma politikuri mosazrebebis gamo qarTul eklesias (anu qarTul marTlmadideblobas) saxelmwifoebrivi sarwmunoebisa da saxelmwifoebrivi eklesiis statusi ar misca. man qarTul marTlmadideblobas uflebrivad grigorianoba da kaTolikoba gauTanabra. rogorc sparseTis moxeles, mas evaleboda mzrunveloba gaewia somxuri eklesiisaTvis politikuri mizezebis gamo da Tavazianad mopyroboda kaTolikeebs. amave dros is, rogorc qarTveli mefe, valdebuli iyo gamoemJRavnebina mzrunveloba qarTuli eklesiis mimarTac (mcxeTis taZris gumbaTis ageba, sionis restavracia da sxva). rostomis dros qarTulma eklesiam saxelmwifoSi dakarga is adgili, romelic mas IV saukunidan moyolebuli eWira, misi mmarTvelobis Semdeg qarTuli eklesia qveyanaSi aRar iyo umTavresi da upirvelesi eklesia. misi uflebebi Seilaxa da sxva araqarTul eklesiebs gauTanabrda. garda amisa, misi mrevli (saxelmwifos mier Seqmnili Tu obieqturi pirobebis gamo) sxvadasxva araqarTul eklesias, kerZod, somxursa da kaTolikurs gadaunawilda, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, gamahmadianebul qarTvelTa Sesaxeb. swored amitom ambobda nikoloz ColoyaSvili: _ `yoveldRe Cvenis TvaliT vxedavT, rom mravalni somxdebian, da ufro mometebuli maTgani mahmadis sarwmunoebasac Rebuloben~102. kaTolikur da somxur eklesiebs erTmaneTTan omic ki hqondaT qarTveli mrevlis gadanawilebisas103. aseT mdgomareobaSi Caayena qarTuli eklesia rostomis `kompromisulma~ qarTul-sparsulma saxelmwifom. sruliad sxvagvari iqneboda misi mdgomareoba Teimurazis saxelmwifoSi, mas rom qveynis marTva dascloda, radganac Teimurazi ZvelqarTul-erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis damkvidrebisa da misi bunebrivi mdinarebis gangrZobisaTvis ibrZoda. Teimurazs qarTl-kaxeTis mosaxleobis udidesi nawili emxroboda. misi mefoba qarTvelTa survili iyo, rostomi Teimurazs metoqeobas ver gauwevda ucxoelTa samxedro Zalis gareSe. `qarTlSi mosvlisTanave qarTvelebis erTi nawili mahmadiani mefis mmarTvelobas ar daemorCila, maT qristianobis rjulisaTvis `batoni Teimuraz erCivnaT~104. àraTu qveynis mkvid-
960
ri mosaxleoba, TviT rostom mefis laSqarSi Teimurazis sasargeblo ganwyobileba sufevda~105... (faqtobrivad es jaric eTnikurad qarTvelebisagan, oRond gamahmadianebulTagan Sedgeboda). Teimurazma qarTvelobas Seswira deda, Svilebi, SviliSvilebi, piradi cxovreba da bedniereba. sparseTis Seudrekeli mowinaaRmdege (iv. javaxiSvili) da sparsel dampyrobelTa winaaRmdeg ormocdaaTwliani brZolis mesaWe (n. berZeniSvili) yvela mis qveSevrdoms uyvarda, revaz saxlTuxucesi ColoyaSvili, `romeli iyo kaci keTili da rCeuli sardali~, yizilbaSebTan erTi mniSvnelovani brZolisas sasikvdilod daiWra _ àra aSala jari da mun dauteva Zeni Tvisni... mivida batons TeimurazTana. maSin daloca batoni Teimurazi esreT, viTarmed `me momkvdarvar Senis samsaxurisa da erTgulebisaTvis, Cemi Tavi Tqvenis Wiris sanacvlo iyos~, gamoesalma da akoca xelsa da itires orTave mravali...~106. aseve werdnen misionerebic _ `don justi prato miuTiTebs: `Teimurazma xom sxva dros samjer dahkarga taxti da isev aRidgina igi. saqme is iyo, rom Teimurazi Tavisi mamacobisa da qcevis gamo uyvars Tavis yvela qveSevrdoms. axlac samefo taxti man dahkarga mxolod Tavisi gulkeTilobiT, vinaidan ar isurva maSinve daesaja isini, vinc pirvelad uari Tqva mxari daeWira misTvis sparselebis winaaRmdeg. Teimurazs rom SeZleboda Seegrovebina armia, yovelgvar eWvs gareSea, sparselebi ver gabedavdnen Cabmuliyvnen gaSlil omSi, vinaidan yvela maTgans eSinoda mxolod TviT Teimurazis xmlisa~. don justi prato miuTiTebs im did SiSze, romelic rostom mefes hqonda Teimurazis mimarT. igi yovelTvis elodeboda Teimurazis mosvlas Tavisi ZalebiT. rostomis es SiSi ufro gaizarda mas Semdeg, rac man gauSva Tavisi laSqris didi nawili da daitova mxolod mcire... man ubrZana Tavis xalxs, rom dRe-Rame fxizlad yofiliyvnen...~107. Sah-abasis mier kaxeTis mooxrebis Semdeg 1616 wlidan vidre 1623 wlamde Teimurazi dasavleT saqarTvelosa da osmaleTSi imyofeboda da didad iRvwoda sparsTa SeviwroebisaTvis. mis ojaxs sparselebi osmaleTSic ar asvenebdnen, sparseTSi mZevlad gagzavnili deda-Svilebi ki uwames. Sahma kaxeTSi feiqar-xani gaabatona, romelic elis TaTarTa tomis kaxeTSi CasaxlebisaTvis zrunavda. qarTlis batonad Sahma jer bagrat-xani daniSna, romelsac qarTveloba ar emorCileboda, xolo Semdeg svimon-xani, mcirewlovani mahmadiani bagrationi, romelic sparseTSi izrdeboda. Sahis karze imyofeboda im droisaTvis mouravi giorgi saakaZe. beri egnataSvili mogviTxrobs _ Sahma ùbrZana mouravs: `mnebavs warsvla Seni saqarTveloSi da Tana wargatan yorCixa-xans spiTa mravliTa da Zesa bagratisasa patara svimon-xans, warved da mived pirvelad da moaoxre sruliad kaxeTi da iavar-hyav da mosar piriTa maxvilisaTa qarTli, ahyare da Camoasxi aqa~. aRuTqva niWi didi da saboZvari mravali~108. Sahis uzarmazari armia mouravisa
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da yorCixa-xanis meTaurobiT saqarTveloSi Semovida. maT davalebuli hqondaT, rom qarTlis mosaxleoba sruliad aeyaraT sacxovrebeli adgilidan da sparseTSi CaeyvanaT, sadac daasaxlebdnen, anda tyveebad gayiddnen. swored ase moeqca ramdenime wliT adre Sah-abasi kaxeTis mosaxleobas _ asiaTasobiT adamiani kaxeTidan sparseTSi gadaasaxla. axla sparsuli armiis meTaurebs ara marto qarTlis mosaxleobis sparseTSi gadasaxleba daevalaT, aramed kaxeTis im mosaxleobis amowyvetac, romelic kidev gadarCeniliyo. sparsuli armia qarTlSi Semovida `...iyvnen mzadebaSi, rameTu swaddaT ayra qarTlisa. hqonda mouravs Cveuleba, warvidoda da moutevda qorsa. dRes erTsa kvalad ganvida qoris mosatevad xevsa loWinisasa da naxa, rome erTi SaTiri modioda da icna yaenis SaTirobazed... miewia da Sei pyra, iZulebiT gaCxrika da unaxa wigni. waikiTxa da esreT ewera yarCixa-xanTana yaenisagan, viTarmed `raJams mosraT kaxni, ahyareT qarTli da wamoasxiT. xolo mouravs uRalate, mosWer Tavi da gamomigzavne~109. es werili mouravma qarTlis erT-erT mZlavr feodals, zurab erisTavs gaacno da SeiTanxma ajanyebuliyvnen sparsTa winaaRmdeg _ `maSin mouravman uTxra rCeviT zurabs, rome `modi qarTls nu amovwyvetTo, Torem sulic dagvekargoso da arc Cven dagvindobeno...~110, `maSin gagzavnes kacni da ixmes sruliad qarTvelni da viTarca movidnen qarTvelni, maSin zurab erisTavman idumal moixmo qarTvelni da uTxra ra esreT, viTarmed ... qveynis gaoxreba swadiaT yizilbaSTa, da modi SevificneT, mivideT da amovwyvitoT yizilbaSni da nu wavaxdenT saqarTvelosa...~111. `da maSin Seiyarnen qarTvelni da zurab erisTavi, acnobes didsa da movidnen gaTenebis xansa, daesxnen yizilbaSTa, xolo mouravi didad saxelovan iyo mas Ramesa. movida mouravi da mokla TviT SubiTa yorCixa-xan da Svilman misman avTandil mokla yorCibaSis Svili. da dauSines, amowyvites qarTvelTa sruliad yizilbaSni. esreT misca Zleva RmerTman qarTvelTa da gaemarjvaT: amoswyvites, gaaqcies da iqmna gamarjveba didi. da ra gaiqcnen isini, maSin gamarjvebulni qarTvelni warvidnen feiqar-xanzed, romeli ijda kaxeTs da... ra warvidnen, maSin igrZna feiqar-xan da warvida gaqceuli, gamoudgnen, sdives bardamdi, verRara miewivnen, maSin moarbies qarTvelTa barda da ganZa da iavar-yves da iSoves mravali da warmovidnen da warmoiRes. da gaugzavnes batons Teimurazs kaci gonias da ixmes Teimuraz. moiyvanes da kaxeTs gaabatones~. qarTveli eris istoriaSi am erT-erT udides gamarjvebas, romelic 1623 wels moxda, RvTisagan boZebul did wyalobad miiCnevdnen Cveni winaprebi: ìxsna RmerTman eri Tvisi esreTo~112, _ wers vaxuSti. `dResa masve sityviTa mouravisaTa warvidnen spani qarTlisani axalcixes, meore zurabiT kaxeTs da mouravi mouxda tfiliss, aRiRo qalaqi, xolo
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cixesa ver avno, egreve yves axalcixesaca~113. rogorc iTqva, feiqar-xani kaxeTidan gaiqca, romelsac qarTuli laSqari bardamde miyva. `yorCixa-xanis uzarmazari armiis erTianma gawyvetam Tavzari dasca Sahabass. iranis samxedro Zliereba ki, romelic am dros Tavis zenitSi iyo, safuZvelamde Searyia~114. isqander munSs dauweria `... udidesi Sedegi mohyva mas da didi zarali da vneba Sexvda da xvdeba axlac xalxs~. imdroindeli Turqi istorikosis, ibrahim feCevis azriT, òrmoci wlis ganmavlobaSi aseTi didi zarali Sahs ar mosvlia~. saakaZis ajanyebam Sah-abasis imperiis sxva dapyrobili xalxebic aamoZrava da `yvelgan SfoTi gaCnda~115. Sah-abasma isa-xan yorCibaSis sardlobiT saqarTveloSi axali armia gamogzavna. samSoblosaTvis sasikvdilod Tavdadebuli qarTuli jaris ziarebis Semdeg `qarTvelTa mTeli sardloba, eri Tu beri, TviT episkoposebic - piradad monawileobda brZolaSi~116. qarTvelebs mxarSi amoudga Tavisi jariT mesxeTidan mosuli manuCar aTabagi `...iqmna brZola Zlieri. da moisra yizilbaSni ToTxmeti aTasi, qarTvelni da kaxni 9 aTasi... TavTagan mokvda aRaTang xerxeuliZe, misi saxliskacni Svidni da baadur ciciSvili da kaxi daviT. ColoyaSvili Svidi mokvda da cxra maCabeli da sxva aznauriSvili da msaxuri da glexi mravali amowyda da gaemarjva qarTvelTa da gaiqcnen yizilbaSni da sdies gatexil-xidamde, daxoces uricxv~117. brZolis velze daecnen episkoposebi: rusTveli da xarWaSneli118. `brZolis velze sparselebma 60 000-mde meomari dakarges (rac iranis armiis naxevars Seadgenda). Sah-abasi faqtobrivad damarcxda da iZulebuli gaxda xeli aeRo saqarTvelos mimarT Tavisi agresiuli gegmebis ganxorcielebaze. martyofTan da marabdasTan Teimuraz I-isa da giorgi saakaZis xelmZRvanelobiT yizilbaSTa jaris ganadgurebam Sah-abasis gavlena da avtoriteti maxlobel aRmosavleTSi Searyia. Seqmnili garemoebiT osmaleTma isargebla da erayi daibruna. 1625 wlis noemberSi irans qurTistani aujanyda. imave wels osmaleTma samcxe-saaTabagos aRmosavleT nawili (axalcixiTurT) daikava da igi axalcixis safaSod gadaaqcia. Seqmnil situaciaSi ùZlevelma~ Sahma TeimurazTan Serigeba gadawyvita. osmaleTis sulTanTan saomar mdgomareobaSi myofi iranis mbrZanebeli Teimurazis Tanadgomas did mniSvnelobas aniWebda.
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1626 wels Sah-abas I-ma ganjis beglarbegisa da Tbilisis cixisTavis daviT undilaZis SuamdgomlobiT Teimurazs wyaloba da Serigeba SesTavaza. am SeTanxmebis ZaliT Sahi qristian Teimurazis qarTl-kaxeTis mefed scnobda, xolo Tbilisisa da somxeT-sabaraTianos mefed mahmadian simon IIs (simon-xans) tovebda. faqtobrivad, qarTlis taxtze ori mefis cnobiT Sahi Teimurazsa da simon II-is mkveTr dapirispirebas cdilobda. Sahisa da Teimurazis es SeTanxmeba giorgi saakaZis winaaRmdegac iyo mimarTuli... osmaleTis sulTani mas `qarTlis mpyrobel mourav-xans~ uwodebda da elCebsac mas ugzavnida. amgvarad, erTi mxriv, Teimuraz I da iranis Sahi, xolo meore mxriv, giorgi saakaZe da osmaleTis sulTani...~119. saqarTvelos or sastik mters Soris sparsuli orientacia osmalurs sjobda, radganac osmaleTi saqarTvelos inkorporacias eweoda, xolo irans saqarTvelo esaWiroeboda rogorc vasaluri qveyana, osmaleTTan omSi damxmared. 1626 wels bazaleTis tbasTan Teimurazma saakaZe daamarcxa. `n. berZeniSvilis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT: òsmaleTi da sparseTi erTmaneTs ebrZodnen saakaZisa da Teimurazis saxiT~120. male `Tbilisis mefe~ simon-xani zurab erisTavma RalatiT mokla. Sahma `Teimurazi gaerTianebuli qarTl-kaxeTis mefed aRiara~ 1631 wels121. Teimuraz mefe, rogorc iTqva, SiSis zars scemda mahmadian mmarTvelebs, sparseTisa da osmaleTis samefo kars seriozulad aSfoTebda Teimurazis saqmianoba da misi farTo gegmebi, urTierToba evropisa da ruseTis mefeebTan. Teimurazis mier gagzavnil elCobasTan dakavSirebiT espaneTis saxelmwifo sabWos Seugrovebia cnobebi qarTvelTa mefis samxedro Zalebis Sesaxeb _ `cnobebis avtori wers: àmJamad iberTa qarTvelTa mefes aqvs Semdegi samxedro Zala: mZime kavaleria Tavidan fexebamde abjarSi da javSanSi Cacmuli da SeiaraRebuli TofebiT, SubebiT, xmlebiTa da isrebiT. aseve asea SeiaraRebuli 60 aTasi mxedari, fexosani da msubuqi kavaleria iTvlis 40 aTas kacs... saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi mefes SeuZlia gamoiyvanos asiaTasiani jari~... radganac Turqebi qristianobis saerTo mtrebi iyvnen da `cnobebis~ avtoris azriT, isini imdenad dasustebulni iyvnen, rom arc Zala da arc SesaZlebloba aRar hqondaT Tundac mcire ZalasTan dasapirispireblad, swored amitom ìberTa mefem unda ganaxorcielos laSqroba konstantinepolze da piradad Caudges mas saTaveSi saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg, gamoiyenos amisaTvis yvela Zala~... iberiis mefe darwmunebulia, rom espaneTis mefe miiRebs monawileobas am laSqarSi... laSqrobis dawyeba SeiZleba momavali 1628 wlis gazafxulze~122. marTalia, espaneTidan araviTari Zala ar mosula da Teimurazi ver Caudga saTaveSi konstantinepolisaken daZrul laSqars, magram samagierod sruliad saqarTvelos laSqriT 1631 wels man sparseTis mxareebs Seutia da sparsTa dedaqalaqidan arcTu daSorebuli (arezamde mdebare) vrceli qveynebi dalaSqra.
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TeimurazTan erTad laSqrobda daudxan undilaZe, sparseTis gamoCenili qarTveli moxele, romelic Sahs ajanyeboda. aRsaniSnavia, rom osmaleTis dedaqalaqisaken galaSqrebas Teimurazi osmaleTis sulTanis winaaRmdeg ajanyebuli arzrumis qarTveli mmarTvelis abas faSas daxmarebiT apirebda123. axla, sparseTis winaaRmdeg laSqrobisas Teimurazs `...winaswari samzadisi hqonia da raki albaT marto sakuTari samxedro Zalis imediT Zneli da saxifaTo iyo am saqmis asruleba, TiTqmis yvela qarTveli, samefo samTavroebic monawiled gauxdia da TavianTi jariTurT salaSqrod miuwvevia. f. gorgijaniZes Tu davujerebT, yarabaRis dasapyrobad `levan dadiani odiSis laSqriT, mefe aleqsandre imereTis laSqriT, mesxT Tavadni da aznaurni da, TavisTavad cxadia, qarTl-kaxeTis jaric srul Seiyarnes da ganja-yarabaRi arezamdisin daarbies da aaoxres~124. am dros, bardaSi, TeimurazTan `ganZasaris somexTa kaTalikosi~ misula `didis jariTa da feSqaSiT~. somexi ierarqi Turme Teimurazs dabejiTebiT urCevda elaSqra sparseTis dedaqalaq Tavrizze125. `Teimuraz mefis mxriv yarabaRis darbevac TavisTavad metismetad gabeduli da windauxedavi nabiji iyo, xolo is rasac aRmosavleT saqarTvelos baton-patrons somexTa kaTalikosi urCevda, srulebiT ugunuri, TavzexelaRebuli saqcieli iqneboda... somexTa kaTalikozs aviwydeboda, rom sparseTis Sahi miT umetes Surs iZiebda da qarTvelebze javrs amoiyrida, Tuki Teimurazi Tavrizamdis misi qveynis darbevas gabedavda~126. sabednierod Teimurazma Sewyvita laSqroba da ukan dabrunda. ìranis Sahi Teimurazis laSqrobam didad gaacofa~127. man undilaZeebis sparseTisaTvis didad namsaxuri da saxelovani ojaxi sruliad amoxoca, saqarTvelosaken ki uzarmazari 130 000-iani armia gamogzavna, romelsac Teimurazis gaZeveba da `gurjistanis valad~ rostom-xanis dasma evaleboda. sparsul armias meore kondotieri - rostom-xan saakaZe sardlobda. 1632 wlidan gaZevebuli Teimurazis nacvlad qarTlSi 67 wlis rostomi, bagrationTa saxlisSvili `gamefda~. didi winaaRmdegobis gawevisa da qarTvelTa mravali ajanyebis miuxedavad Teimurazma ver SeZlo rostomis damarcxeba, radganac is umTavresad ucxo, yizilbaSTa Zalas eyrdnoboda. Teimurazma datova qarTli da kaxeTSi gadavida: `selim-xani, romelsac mosabrunSi (yaraRajis axlos, Waris pirdapir, lagodexis raionSi) sasaxle aego da iq damdgariyo, gaaZeva da 1634 ws kaxeTi daikava~128. amis Semdeg rostomma di plomatiuri xerxi ixmara da Teimurazis SahTan Serigeba arCia. gaxarebulma Sahma kvlav oficialurad cno qristiani Teimurazi kaxeTis mefed. Teimurazma gadawyvita qristianoba aRedgina daRestnis im mxareSi, romelsac didoeTs uwodebdnen da romelic adre kaxeTSi Sedioda: `Seiyara jari, warvida didoeTzed, eneba moqceva didoeTisa da miuxda didoeTs da aiRo romelime koSkebi... moeSvelnen
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lekni didoTa da Semwe eyvnen... gamoaqcives batoni Teimuraz da romelnica hyvanda gamoCenili episkoposni, darbaiselni, yovelnive mun amowyvites da Camovida kaxeTs da itira: _ vai episkopoz - darbaisel-amowyvetilsa~129. sparsTa batonoba (rostom-xanis mmarTveloba) qarTveli xalxisaTvis damRupveli gamodga. erovnuli gadagvarebis safrTxe Zlierdeboda, amitomac sanam Teimurazi kaxeTSi iyo, dasasruli ar uCanda misi iniciativiT mowyobil SeTqmuleba-ajanyebebs. qarTlis kaTalikosi evdemon diasamiZec kargad xedavda erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi gadagvarebis saSinelebas, amitomac misi meTaurobiT momzadda ajanyeba rostomis winaaRmdeg da qarTlis taxtze Teimurazis aRsadgenad. 1642 wels rostomis winaaRmdeg didi SeTqmuleba moewyo. SeTqmulebaSi zaal erisTavi, ioTam amilaxvari, nodar ciciSvili, kaTalikosi evdemon diasamiZe da sxvani monawileobdnen. SeTqmuleba somxeTis meliqma gasca. amis Semdeg kaTalikosi ar gatyda da SeTqmulebs rostomis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad mouwoda, magram rostomma isini daamarcxa. `xolo Seipyra kaTalikozi evdemon rostom mefeman da waravlina qalaqis cixeSia da tyve-yo da xansa raodensadme ukana, munve cixeSi moaSTobina...~130. `Semdgomad gardmoagdo ganjis karis koSkidam~131. ase awames saqarTvelos wmida kaTalikosi. rostomi qarTuli eklesiis suls, azrsa da ideas ebrZoda, man ori kaTalikosi wahgvara sapatriarqo taxts, kerZod, kaTalikosi zaqaria qarTlSi SemosvlisTanave gaaZeva, xolo kaTalikosi evdemoni _ mokla. saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqs, zaqarias, saqarTvelos farglebs gareTac icnobdnen, rogorc qristianobisa da qarTuli eklesiisaTvis Tavdadebul moRvawes, mas mraval werils werdnen romis umaRlesi sasuliero xelisufalni. moRweulia zaqarias mier gagzavnili sapasuxo werilebic. zaqaria Tavis werilebSi mudam aRniSnavda, rom qarTuli eklesia mudam swori, marTali sarwmunoebisa iyo da masSi eressa da sarwmunoebriv gadaxrebs adgili ar hqonda. kerZod, qarTveli patriarqi romis paps urban VIII-s swerda: `madlobeli varT ufali RmerTis, rom imperatori konstantine didis droidan dRemde RmerTisa da misi didebuli ciuri samflobelos wyalobiT gvaqvs madli da siyvaruli namdvili sarwmunoebisadmi, qristes rwmena mtkiced, ucvlelad, da Seuryevlad, Rrmad da guliTadad zis Cvens organizmSi da ganmtkicebulia Cvens gulSi~132. am werilSi moyvanili sityvebiT, SefarviT naTqvamia, rom qarTvelebs ar esaWiroebaT sarwmunoebis araviTari Secvla (e. i. kaTolikobis miReba). ar esaWiroebaT, radgan maTi rwmena _ wmida ninos mier qadagebuli _ Seuryvneli darCa. kaTalikosi zaqaria sxvaganac wers urban VIII-s: `Cvens samefoSi uflis siyvaruli yovelTvis gvepyra xelT da es rjuli Cvens gulebSi mtkiced
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aris gamjdari. TumcaRa dro iyo, roca Cvens qveyanaSi Zarcvasa da TareSs hqonda adgili, magram miuxedavad amisa, Cven Cvens rjulze mtkiced videqiT da araviTari Secdoma ar dagviSvia~133. aqac msgavsi azria gatarebuli: qarTveloba kaTolikobis miRebas ar saWiroebs, radganac swor rjuls icavs. sxva werilSi zaqaria urban VIII-s eqimsa da eklesiebis aRsadgenad kargi xelosnis gagzavnas sTxovs da wers: `bevrma ubedurebam gaanadgura Cveni qveyana, magram Cven darwmunebuli varT, rom uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristes ZaliTa da SemweobiT isev gakeTilSobildeba da gaswordeba igi~134. rostom-xanma qarTlSi Semosvlisas kaTalikos zaqarias taxti waarTva (kaTalikosi imereTSi gadavida) da mis magier taxtze axali kaTalikosi aiyvana, romelic, rogorc ambobdnen, naklebad sulieri yofila da Turme ufro meomars hgavda, vidre bers. Cans, rostoms am gziT sasuliero saqmianobis CaSla surda, magram axal kaTalikoss qveynisa da sarwmunoebisadmi didi siyvaruli gamoumJRavnebia da maTTvis daudvia kidec Tavi. `rostom mefes dauniSnia axali kaTalikosi (albaT, evdemon diasamiZe), `romelic ufro jariskacs hgavs, _ wers don justi _ vidre mRvdelmsaxurs~135. SeiZleba es marTlac ase iyo, magram mTavari mainc isaa, rom qarTuli eklesiis mesaWisaTvis rostomis damRupveli politika miuRebeli yofila da mis winaaRmdeg gaulaSqria. rostomma jarebi kaxeTs Seusia, Teimurazi daamarcxa da qarTl-kaxeTidan imereTSi gaxizvnis saSualeba misca. ìmereTs gaxiznuli damarcxebuli Teimurazi farxmals mainc ar yrida, qarTlis valis, rostomis winaaRmdeg da iranis batonobis dasamxobad kvlav energiulad ganagrZobda zomebis miRebas. am mizniT Teimurazma, upirveles yovlisa, dasavleT saqarTvelos mefe-mTavarTa Serigeba da gaerTianeba scada. odiSis mTavarTan imereTis mefis Serigebaze Teimurazi did imedebs amyarebda. qarTl-kaxeTis yizilbaSTagan gamoxsnas igi odiSisa da imereTis laSqarze dayrdnobiT fiqrobda~136. arc es gamovida. rostomi _ qarTl-kaxeTis mefed iqca, qveyana ekonomikurad moRonierda, magram `...arRara iyo zrunva sulieri da ara zrunvida mefe sufevisa da qveynisaTvis~137, _ wers vaxuSti. berad aRkvecili Teimurazi 1663 wels 74 wlisa gardaicvala, ufro adre 1658 wels gardaicvala rostomi, mis adgilze bagration-muxran batoni, gamahmadianebuli vaxtangi (Sah-navazi) dasves. Teimurazis berad aRkvecamde mahmadian mpyrobelTa winaaRmdeg kaxeTi ajanyda, sadac mravlad iyvnen Teimurazis erTgulni, gansakuTrebiT TuSfSav-xevsurni erTgulobdnen qristian mefes. am dros `TaTarTa epyra monasteri alaverdi cixed da iyvnen Siga da sxvaca mravali adgili kaxeTisa, baxtrioni cixed hqondaT da mravali eli colSviliT Camosaxldnen kaxeTSia da mravalsa borotsa uyofdnen mkvidrTa kaxeTisaTa, rameTu enebaT sruliad kaxeTi gasaTaTreblad da elis dasaxleba~138.
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`...moaoxres da ganryvnes wmidani eklesiani. maSin mgzavri vinme erTi kaxi xucesi marto mividoda gzasa Tvissa kaxeTSi, xolo damTxveviT SeemTxvivnes gzazeda mRvdelsa mas TaTarni raodenime da Sei pyres usjuloTa maT xucesi igi mterTa maT da moSurneTa qristes sjulisaTa. Sekres xucesi igi mZlavrobiT da SeamTxvives saqme sibilwisa, romel ars codva sodomuri da ganuteves. xolo warvida xucesi igi da mivida duSeTs. zogad isxdnen zaal erisTavi da coli misi. mas Jamsa epyra kaxeTi murTuzal yulixans da zaal erisTavsa... rameTu rostom mefes daedgina igi kaxeTis gamgeblad da epyra zaal erisTavsa erwo-TianeTi~. dauCoqa xucesman da SesCivla: `Sen zaal erisTavi xaro, da kaxeTis gamgebeli, gaaoxres sruliad kaxeTi usjuloTa agarianTa da me gzazed Semi pyres da SemamTxvies saqme uSuveri da xelSekruli gamxrwnes... da aw amisi magieri pasuxi RmerTs Sen miec da Sen unda gasce, vinaidgan Senda rwmunebul ars kaxeTi~. xolo ra esma saqme ese zaal erisTavsa, didad mwuxare iqmna da iyo mas Jamad zaal erisTavi yaenis momduravi. maSin Semoifica qsnis erisTavi Salva da elizbar da kaxi sufraji biZina ColoyaSvili da Semoificnes mTis kacni-TuSni... warvidnen Ramesa erTsa, daesxnen Tavsa sultansa baxtrionsa da amowyvites, da mosrnes baxtrionis cixeSi mdgomni elni da rac iyven, mohyvnen iqidanme xociTa, Cavidnen alaverds, da romelnica mun iyvenen TaTarni da eli, rac esaxla, yoveli mosres piriTa maxvilisaTa da amoswyvites deda-wuliTurT... sadac kaxeTs TaTari da eli esaxla, yovelive amoswyvites da ara sada daSTa, rome yovelive ar mokles da romelnime ivltodes. warvides da ganaZes, kaxeTSi TaTarni aRarsad ipoebodnen, Tvinier yaraRajis... da ganaTavisufles kaxeTi TaTarTagan da ara sada ipoveboda TaTari~139. sparselebma amis Semdeg kaxeTis TaTrebiT dasaxlebis gegma uaryves, magram ajanyebis meTaurebi awames. zaal aragvis erisTavi, ajanyebis meTauri, qarTlis mefem (misma mterma vaxtangma) moakvlevina, xolo sxvebi sparseTSi gaagzavnes. `maSin ColoyaSvili biZina sufraji, Salva da elizbar, eseni misces mkvdris patronTa, viTarc wesi da Cveuleba ars TaTarTa, rameTu mkvlels xelSi miscemen mosisxarsa, da yves samarTali Cveulebisamebr maTisa, xolo dahpatiJes sjuli mahmadisa biZinasa sufrajs ColoyaSvils, Salvas da elizbars, maSin didad mxned gamoCndes samnive ese mowameni da umetes biZina ColoyaSvili sufraji wadierad iRuwoda wamebisaTvis: ganbasres maT da ginebul hyves sjuli mahmadisa. maSin biZina ColoyaSvili ganamxnobda Salvas da elizbars da etyoda: `nu movmedgrdebiT da nu SeuSindebiT, aramed mivsceT Tavi Cveni qristesaTvis sikvdilsa, rameTu sikvdili uneblied Tanagvac da veravin winaaRudgebis sikvdilsa, aha, Jami ese ars Sesvlad sasufevelsa Sina~, erTxmobiT samTave aRiares qristes sarwmunoeba da uaryves sjuli mahmadisa. xolo maT maxvilebiT
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daWres igini asoeulad da daxvrites romelime TofiTa da romelTame maxviliTa daWrnes. da aRsasruli sarbieli wamebisa miiRes da iqmnes viTarca sxvani pirvelni mowameni, gvirgvinosan da aw ixareben zecisa sasufevelsa Sina~140. Teimurazisa da saqarTvelos sxva erTgul SvilTa Tavdadebam qristes sarwmunoebisadmi im dros qveyana sruli gadagvarebisagan ixsna. qarTvelTa mTavari orientiri kvlav sarwmunoeba da mamuli iyo. saubedurod, mahmadianur saxelmwifoebTan omSi Teimurazi damarcxda. qarTulma saxelmwifoebriobam Tvisobrivad sxva saxe miiRo. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi sparsTa vasalurma qarTulma saxelmwifom (qarTulma samefom sparsuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi) 1744 wlamde iarseba, mas aRar SeeZlo aSkarad gamoxatuli erovnuli saxe hqonoda, rac imiTac gamoixata, rom `qarTvelobas~ anu `qarTul qristianobas~ Tavissave samSobloSi araTu araviTari upiratesoba ar hqonda, aramed qristianobis sxva seqtebTan gaTanabrebuli da damcirebulic ki iyo. Teimurazis cxovrebis bolo dReebis qronika, Tanaxmad vaxuStisa, aseTi yofila: mas Tavisi amqveyniuri cxovreba dautovebia rogorc sqemosan bers, Sahis mier dapatimrebuls qristianobis dacvisaTvis, amitomac misi cxovrebis dasasruli wmidamowamebrivia. imereTis skandis cixidan Teimurazi vaxtang V Sahnavazma iranSi gagzavna, sadac Sahi garkveul dromde kargad epyroboda: `misruli Teimuraz pativiT Seiwynara yeenman Sah-abaz, anadimebda da anadirebda TvisTa Tana da niWvida mravalsa. dResa erTsa etyoda Teimurazs Sah-abaz, raTa dauteos qriste. xolo Teimuraz arcaRaTu ismina. kvlavad nadimobasa Sina etyoda Wamasa xorcisasa, rameTu iyo marxva, arc ese ineba Teimuraz, ganrisxna Sah-abaz da Seaqcia TasiTa Rvino pirsa zeda xeliTa TvisiTa Teimurazs. iwyina kadniereba ese Teimuraz... meore dRes warvida Sah-abaz da Teimuraz waravlina astarabads patimrad... xolo misruli astarabads batoni Teimuraz masve zamTarsa gardaicvala, Semonazonebuli da sqemosani 1663. Semdgomad evedrnen kaxni mun myofni, raTa warmoiRon gvami Teimurazisa kaxeTs... warmoiRes da moiRes alaverdsa. maSin Sekribnen kaTalikos-episkoposni qarTl-kaxeTisaTa brZanebiTa mefisa vaxtangisaTa da dafles alaverds 1664~141.
tyveTa syidva
XVII saukunisaTvis saqarTveloSi tyveTa syidva gavrcelda. es saSineli da sazogado codva manamde Cveni xalxisaTvis ucxo iyo. `formebi, romlebic am movlenam miiRo CvenSi, gacilebiT ufro mZime da amoraluria, vidre tyveebiT-monebiT vaWrobis is formebi, romlebsac adgili hqonda
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rogorc Sua saukuneebamde, ise Semdeg _ axal saukuneebSi, msoflios romeli kuTxec ar unda aviRoT~142. tyveTa syidvis gavrceleba uCvenebs, rom am droisaTvis Cveni xalxi moralurad dacemula, Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, rom tyveTa syidva ufro gareSe ZalTagan iZulebis Sedegad xdeboda da ara Tavisufali nebiT. sparseTma da osmaleTma aRniSnuli periodisaTvis yvela Tavisi mezobeli qveyana daipyres da uzarmazari imperiebi Seqmnes, mxolod qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebis urCobas ver mouxerxes veraferi. amasobaSi moskovis ruseTis saxelmwifoc gafarTovda da Crdilo kavkasiis gamahmadianebul sparseT-osmalTagan xeldebul qveynebs moadga. ruseTis erTmorwmune daumarcxebel-daumorCilebeli qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba mahmadianuri imperiebis seriozul SeSfoTebas iwvevda. saqarTvelo, qarTveli xalxi sparseT-osmaleTTan mudmiv saomar mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda, swored amitom gangeb Tu qvecnobierad gadawyvites daumorCilebel, faqtobrivad ekonomikur blokadaSi moqceul saqarTveloSi (dasavleT saqarTvelos marils, rkinasa da sxva nawarms garkveul periodSi ar awvdidnen) qarTuli mosaxleobis janmrTeli nawili fuliT SeesyidaT da qveyana mosaxleobisagan daecalaT. amasve gvidasturebs misionerTa aRwerilobac. sparsel-osmalebi saqarTveloSi mxolod qristians, e. i. qarTvels yidulobdnen. sxva sarwmunoebis mqoneni (e. i. araqarTvelni) maTTvis saintereso ar iyo, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom TaTrebi winaswar SemuSavebuli gegmiT moqmedebdnen. ìmis dasadastureblad, rom sparselebs da Turqebs swored qristiani ymawvilebi ainteresebdaT da ara sxva, don justi pratos moaqvs erTi magaliTi: `gasul wels mefe Teimurazs madloba unda gadaexada erT-erTi sparseli batonisaTvis, misgan miRebuli erT-erTi samsaxurisaTvis. am mizniT Teimurazma iyida saqarTvelos mezobel mxareSi mcxovreb kerpTayvanismcemelTagan oTxi ymawvili da saCuqrad gaugzavna im sparsels, miiRo ra isini sparselma, Tumca biWebi iyvnen TavisTavad lamazni, man maSinve SeniSna, rom isini kerpTayvanismcemlebi iyvnen da wamoiZaxa: àra, aba mxolod erTi SexedeT, vin gamomigzavnes, me mindoda mimeRo vinme qristiani da ara kerpTayvanismcemeli, romelic me TviTon bevri myavs~143. rostom mefe-xanma, romelic sparselTa nebis uerTgulesi aRmsrulebeli iyo, saswrafod moSala manamde arsebuli wesi TaTrebisaTvis saqarTvelodan araqristiani monebis gagzavnisa da SemoiRo axali _ sparselebTan monebad qarTvelebis gagzavnisa. rostom-xanamde sparselebma qarTlis mefe svimons daades xarkad tyveebis monebad gagzavna. marTalia, svimoni iZulebuli iyo rom xarki eZlia, magram sparseTSi igi qarTvelebis nacvlad brZolebis dros xelSi Cagdebul tyveebs da sxva qveynebSi nayid monebs agzavnida. svimoni `...am wesiT iqmoda: anu Zes uriisasa, anu nasyidsa anu osTasa gagzavnida, xolo aman (e. i. rostomma) gamoiyvana qarTvel glexTa, aznaurTa, didebulTa asulni da
970
vaJni da mas gaugzavna, amieriTgan daidva ese da yovelni mefeni saqarTvelosani esreT hyofdnen, vidre modReindel dRemde~144, _ wers beri egnataSvili. `da amieriTgan Semovida zog-zogan tyvis syidva Tavadebisagan da romelnica iyvnen obolni da qvrivni, gamoiyvanebdnen da gahyidnen da gamravlda codva~145. amasve imeorebs vaxuStic: àramed kvalad SesZina rostom, rameTu svimon moyidulTa tyveTa waruvlenda yeensa, xolo ese gamoiyvanda mTavarTa da aznaurTa SvilTa, vaJTa da qalTa, da warugzavnida. amisTa mxilvelTa qarTvelTa iwyes idumal tyvis syidva, qvrivTa da obolTa, rameTu gamravlda siborote, vinaidgan arRara iyo zrunva sulieri da ara zrunavda mefe sufevisa da qveyanisaTvis, garna gancxromisaTvis, viTarca wesi ars mahmadianTa, amisaTvis miitaces mTavarTa TvisT Tvisni mxareni, qveyana-cixesimagreni, samefoni da dabnebi~146. `rogorc don justi prato da aseve sxva kaTolike misionerebi aRniSnavdnen, sparselebi da Turqebi yvela saSualebas mimarTavdnen, raTa saqarTvelodan waeyvanaT axalgazrdebi. isini maT iyenebdnen pirvel rigSi TavianTi laSqris gasaZliereblad da aseve amiT did zians ayenebdnen saqarTvelos. aq xom aTeul da aseul ymawvilze araa laparaki, aramed aTasobiT axalgazrdaze, romlisagan saqarTvelo ganuwyvetliv icleboda da qveyana nadgurdeboda. warmodgenac ki Znelia, _ wers don justi prato _ Tu ramdenad didia sparseTisa da konstantinopoleli Turqebis sixarbe ymawvili qristianebisadmi. am mxareebSi veravin bedavs gadaiyvanos biWebi erTi adgilidan meoreSi, maSinac ki, rodesac mas mihyveba sakuTari mama. mcire mowyalebis fasad (sparselebi da Turqebi) arTmeven maT bavSvebs, ara marto imitom, rom iyolion bavSvebi, aramed im mizniT, rom aiZulon isini uari Tqvan qristianul sarwmunoebaze, romelic metad sZulT~147. misionerebis dakvirvebiTac Cans, rom sparselebsa da Turqebs saqarTvelodan tyveTa syidva qristianobisa da qarTvelobis aRmofxvrisaTvis nebavdaT. qarTvelebi masobrivad gahyavdaT tyve-monebis saxiT. ara marto sparseTisa da TurqeTis centraluri olqebi, aramed provinciebic (egvi pte, erayi da sxva) savse iyo qarTveli monebiT. evlia Celebs qarTveli tyveebi SeuZenia TavrizSi, axalcixeSi, yarsSi, arzrumSi, baqoSi, erevanSi da sxvagan. `Tavrizis xans evlias simRera moewona da èrTi qarTveli biWi~ uboZa. evlia Celebi aRniSnavs, rom mas aCuqes: axalcixis ganmgebelma safar-faSam òri qarTveli biWi~, yarsis faSam _ òri qarTveli biWi~, arzrumis faSam _ ori `qarTveli mona~, seili faSam _ òri qarTveli biWi~, vardar alifaSam _ erTi `qarTveli biWi~, murTaz faSam _ `qarTveli mona~, baqoSi _ `qarTveli biWi~... erevnis xanma arzrumis faSas misi xeliT saCuqrebTan erTad eqvsi `qarTveli biWi~ gaugzavna, Tavrizis xanma arzrumis faSas ori `qarTveli biWi~ gaugzavna...~148. qarTveli monebi ara marto mahmadianTa,
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aramed iudevelTa da grigorianTa ojaxebSic hyavdaT. giudenSdedti aRniSnavs, rom qarTvelebi, romlebsac ènasTan erTad sarwmunoebac daukargavT~, mravlad yofilan kavkasiel araqarTvel mTielTa Sorisac. ismis Zalze mniSvnelovani kiTxva, romelsac ratomRac yuradReba ar eqceva, tyveebad gayidulni, anu aramarTlmadideblur garemoSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi erovnebas hkargavdnen Tu inarCunebdnen? qarTvelebi hkargavdnen erovnebas da sxva xalxebTan srul asimilacias ganicdidnen. sparseTSi sparselebi xdebodnen, osmaleTSi _ Turqebi, egviptesa da eraySi _ arabebi, grigorianul ojaxebSi _ somxebi, iudevelTa Soris _ ebraelebi, xolo kaTolikeTa Soris _ `frangebi~. 1628 wels gorSi mosulma avgustinelma berma patri ambrozim, 1640 wels romSi gagzavna moxseneba, romelSic kerZod wers: àm qristianebis qveyanaSi kvalad SeiZleba bevri keTilis qmna ramdenime mamul-soflebis yidviT, rogoradac Svrebian somxebi, romlebisac Tumca didi simZulvare aqvT qarTvelebs sarwmunoebis saqmeSi, magram raki maTi xelqveiTi gaxdebian, bevri maTgani gadadis somxebis weszed. amazed uaresic vnaxeT _ zogierTma saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma mdidarma uriebma gaauriaves ramdenime TavianTi yma da mosamsaxure~149. rogorc evropeli misionerebis dakvirveba uCvenebs, qarTvelebi (am SemTxvevaSi yma (mona) - mosamsaxureni) TviT saqarTveloSive hkargavdnen erovnebas, miT umetes ucxoeTSi, maTTvis marTlmadideblobis dakargva erovnebis dakargvas udrida, ris fasadac xSirad did Tanamdebobebsac iRebdnen. `gansakuTrebiT sparseTSi bevri iyo qarTveli: `dRes mTeli sparseTi savsea qarTvelebiT _ rjulgandgomilebiT, wers don justi prato, _ maT xelSia yvela didi Tanamdebobac ki saxelmwifoSi~150. `sparselTa sisxli gakeTilSobilebulia ori erovnebis _ qarTvelebis da Cerqezebis sisxliT, romlebic yvela sxva xalxze lamazebi arian. sparseTSi TiTqmis ar aris arc erTi warCinebuli, romlis deda qarTvelebis an Cerqezebis STamomavalni ar iyos~151. tyveTa syidva, romelSic adgilobrivi Tavad-aznaurebi aqtiurad monawileobdnen, Cveulebrivi movlena gaxda. frangi mogzauris Jan Sardenis cnobiT, XVII s-Si yovelwliurad marto samegrelodan 3 000 tyve gahyavdaT osmaleTSi, sadac axalgazrda vaJebs ianiCarTa razmSi ricxavdnen, axalgazrda qalebs sulTnisa da misi faSebis haramxanebSi agzavnidnen. xolo xanSi Sesulebs monebad hyiddnen. osmalebis warCinebulTa sasaxleebSi im droisaTvis mravlad iyvnen gayiduli qarTvelebi, tyveebiT vaWrobam dasavleT saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebiT mZime xasiaTi XVII s-dan miiRo. ìmereTis mefeebs, Tu guriisa da odiSis mTavrebs dampyrobeli qveynebisaTvis (TurqeTi, irani) perioduli Tu erTdrouli xarki xSirad adamianTa (qal-vaJTa) gansazRvruli raodenobiT unda gadaexadaT. amave dros mTavrebsa da didebulebs TavianTi moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad, saWiro ucxo saqonelic tyveebze gadacvliT unda SeeZinaT~152.
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rogorc iTqva, sparseTma da osmaleTma sagangebo politikuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri pirobebi Seqmnes, romelic qarTvelebs aiZulebda sagareo vaWrobis ZiriTad formad qarTvelebis monaTa bazarze gayidva eqciaT. `...rize, gonia da trapizonidan modis mravali Turqi vaWari. maT moaqvT blomad fuli da tanisamosi, rac friad eWirveba aqaur xalxs. Turqebi ki samagierod mxolod tyveebs Txouloben. amitomac aq mohyavT Turqebze tyved gasayidad qarTvelebic da afxazebic. yvelani ise arian daxelovnebuli am xelobaSi, rom advilad iparaven, rogorc mamakacebs, ise dedakacebs, didebsac da patarebsac. zogjer aseTi avazakebi Rame Tavs daesxmian mezoblis saxls, Setexen ZaliT saxlis kars, SeboWaven, visac ki Sig ipovian da pirdapir qobuleTSi gaaqaneben Turqebze gasayidad~153, `tyvis aseT vaWrobas dabali fenis warmomadgenelni awarmoebdnen~154. Jan Sardenis cnobiT, `tyveTa syidvam~ samegrelos 40 000-iani mosaxleoba 1640-iani wlebidan moyolebuli sul raRac 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi 20 000-mde Seamcira155. qarTveloba Zalze mwared ganicdida tyved gayidvas, rasac, rogorc wesi, Tan erTvoda qristianobis daTmoba, es ki ojaxsa da saxl-karis dakargvaze metad amwarebda da sasowarkveTaSi agdebda adamianebs. `patri ioseb romaeli 1675 wels romSi gagzavnil werilSi wers: `...umanko bavSvebs, Tu vaJebs da qalebs, savaWro moedanze hyidian oxer fasad, raTa miT daakmayofilon osmalebis uwminduri mada, gvesmis da vxedavT maT JRavils da tirils. am dros zogi mdinareSi Tavs igdebs, zogi Tvalebs iTxris da zogic cxvirs iWris, raTa urwmunoebma aRar iyidon da wmida sarwmunoeba ar daatovebinon~156. kidev ufro metic, sasowarkveTilebaSi Cavardnili xalxis erTi nawili, darwmunebuli Svilebis tyveebad wayvanasa da gaTaTrebaSi, mzad iyo maT dasaxocad, oRond maTi gaTaTreba Tavidan aecilebina. `yvela TaTris xelT aris da TaTrdeba. ase Seiqmna odiSi. kacebi asre SeWirvebaSi arian, rom Svili rom eyolebaT, moarCoben Tavis xeliTa _ TaTars miscemeno, imis gulisaTvis Cven movklavTo Cveni xeliTao~, _ werda XVII s-Si erTi ruseTSi gadaxvewili qarTveli157. n. berZeniSvili aRniSnavs: àrc erT oms, arc erT ucxoel dampyrobels xmliT imdeni zarali ar miuyenebia saqarTvelosaTvis, ramdenic am `mSvidobian~ tyveTa syidvam miayena mas~158. magram saqarTvelos azaralebda ara marto `mSvidobiani tyveTa syidva, aramed omis drosac datyvevebuli qarTvelebis gadasaxlebac sparseTosmaleTsa da sxva qveynebSi. Sah-abas I-ma aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi zedized sami laSqrobis dros (1613-1617 w.w.), don justo pratos cnobiT, 60 aTasi ojaxi waiyvana saqarTvelodan, TiTo ojaxi aranakleb oTx suls gulisxmobs. aqedan, misive cnobiT, 1633 wlisaTvis am ricxvidan darCenili iyo mxolod 20 aTasi ojaxi, danarCeni daixoca. amrigad, ganagrZobs don justi prato, `qarTvelebis SemweobiT sparseTi gamdidrda...~159.
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kaxeTidan `...1614 wels sparselebma tyved waiyvanes 30 aTasi kaci... xolo 1616 wels daxoces 70 aTasi da tyved Caigdes 130 aTasi kaci (isqander-beg munSi, abasis istoria, Teirani, 1971, gv. 875, 900)... 1625 wlis ajanyebis Caqrobis Semdeg kaxeTidan 100 aTasamde kaci iqna gadasaxlebuli iranSi~160. mravali mkvidri qarTveli saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxareSi _ saingiloSi (aRmosavleT kaxeTSi), dvaleTSi, afxazeTSi - Crdilo kavkasiidan Semosuli tomebis tyveebad, mona-Sinaymebad gadaiqca. TviT saqarTvelos SuagulSic qarTvelebi aramarTlmadidebeli batonebis (mahmadianebis, grigorianebis) monebi da Sinaymebi xdebodnen, yvela SemTxvevaSi qarTvelebi erovnebas kargavdnen. àm mxriv saintereso Cans makari antioqielis cnoba, romelic XVII s-is 60-iani wlebis dasavleT saqarTveloSi arsebul mdgomareobas agvisaxavs: `mTeli vaWroba qarTvelTa xelqveiTi somxebis, ebraelebis da zogierTi berZnis xelTaa. es vaWrebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom ama Tu im nivTs qarTvelebTan yidian orjer da samjer ufro Zvirad, sargebloben maTi pativiscemiT, es somxebi da ebraelebi warmoadgenen mdidarTa klass saqarTveloSi, da maT winaSe yvela qarTveli davalebulia ganurCevlad warCinebulobisa da mmarTvelobisa. yovel am vaWarTagans ojaxSi yavs qarTveli gogo-biWi msaxurad, romelsac rogorc unda ise eqcevian~161. aseve iyo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic. cnobilia, rom rostom-xanis mefobisas Tbilisis mmarTveloba somxuri (grigorianuli) sarwmunoebis mqone moqalaqeebma Caigdes xelSi (Tumca, rogorc Cans, warmoSobiT qarTvelebi iyvnen). somex moqalaqeTa ojaxebSi, Cveulebriv, mravali qarTveli yma _ Sinamosamsaxure da yma xelosani (feiqrebi, mesanTle, mequdeebi, xeliTmovaWreni, mxerxavni, mebaReni da sxva) hyavdaT. `marTlac, moqalaqeebi Tu msxvili vaWrebi saqarTvelos qalaqebSi mniSvnelovan qonebas iZendnen... yaloianT giorgis Tbilisis marto erT ubanSi 6 duqani hqonda, duqnebis garda igi qalaqSi ymebsac iZenda, mag., 1742 wels man daviT TarxniSvilisagan iyida yma erTawmindeli xuciSvili papuna... Tbilisis vaWari qalaqSi iZenda duqnebs, baRebsa da ymebsac... xelosnebsac da amasTan marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebisas~162. rogorc cnobilia, grigoriani mebatonis yma-Sinamosamsaxureni, Tu ymaxelosnebi grigorianobas iRebdnen, ris Sedegadac qarTvelobas kargavdnen da somxdebodnen. Cans, aseTive iyo sxva erovnebis mebatoneTa xelqveiTi qarTvelebis bedi. rogorc zemoT, misioneris werilSi iyo aRniSnuli, iudeuri sarwmunoebis mebatonis xelqveiTi qarTvelebi _ ebraeldebodnen. misionerebsac hyavdaT qarTveli tyve _ Sinamosamsaxureni, romlebsac kaTolikur sarwmunoebas aRebinebdnen. ase `gafrangebuli~ qarTvelebi `Tavisufldebodnen~ da warmatebiTac ki moRvaweobdnen kaTolikuri sarwmunoebis gavrcelebisaTvis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi.
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Cans, aseve yofila afxazeTSi. Crdilo kavkasiidan Camosuli mTieli tomebi, romlebsac ucxoelebi xSirad àbazebs~, xolo qarTvelebi inerciiT àfxazebs~ uwodebdnen, Tavs esxmodnen odiSs. mravali datyvevebuli qarTveli afxazeTSi mihyavdaT. àrqanjelo lambertis cnobiT: ìm dros, roca dadiani (levan II) garTuli iyo Tavisi Zmisagan dawyebuli amboxis dacxromiT, afxazebi sul Tavs esxmodnen samegrelos sazRvrebs, romelic TiTqmis sruliad gaaoxres, macxovreblebi daatyveves da afxazeTSi gadaasaxles~163. àfxazTa Tavdasxmebi odiSze gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda XVII s-is bolos. XVII s-is 60-iani wlebidan TandaTan gaZlierebas iwyeben afxazeTis mTavrebi _ ServaSiZeebi, romlebic osmaleTis moxarkeebad iTvlebodnen. afxazeTis mTavrebma TandaTan daikaves teritoria mdinare kodoridan enguramde. am teritoriaze mTlad mospes adgilobrivi mosaxleoba. vinc SimSils, maxvils da avadmyofobas gadaurCa, osmaleTSi gahyides tyveebad, xolo am teritoriaze afxazebi dasaxldnen~164. rogorc aRiniSna, afxazeTSi Camosaxlebuli adiReuri tomebi, romelTac istoriul-geografiul provincia afxazeTSi damkvidrebis gamo qarTvelebi _ àfxazebs~ uwodebdnen, mravlad itacebdnen saqarTvelos sxva provinciebidan tyveebs. garda amisa, ZvelqarTul provincia afxazeTSi SeuZlebelia sruliad amowyvetiliyo mkvidri qarTveli mosaxleoba. mecnieris gancxadeba àm teritoriaze mTlad mospes adgilobrivi mosaxleoba~ (igulisxmeba odiSi, enguris marjvena sanapiro kodoramde), SeiZleba ar iyo sruli WeSmariteba. ufro sagulisxmoa, rom momxvdurma gabatonebulma mTielebma mkvidri qarTuli mosaxleobis gadarCenili nawili daimones da Sinaymebad da Sinamosamsaxureebad aqcies, amas unda miuTiTebdes is, rom afxazeTis mosaxleobis sakmaod did damonebul nawils àxoiu~ _ qarTvelebi, àgirua~ _ megreli da àguri~ _ guruli Seadgenda. qarTuli mosaxleobis dabali fena (glexoba) afxazeTSi gadaiqca Camosaxlebuli da gabatonebuli mTielebis monebad, Sinaymebad. amitomac uwodebdnen maT àgirua~ àgurs~ (es sityvebi rogorc aRiniSna, `megrels~ da `guruls~ afxazurad niSnavda, magram isic unda aRiniSnos, rom am sityvebis fuZe `gr~ (`gir~, `gur~) `qarTvelis~ aRmniSvnelad amave dros mravali eris metyvelebaSi gamoiyeneboda (`gur-ji~, `geo-rgien~). amasTanave dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis udidesi nawilis TviT saxelwodebaSi `margveli~, guruli, megreli, aRniSnuli fuZe `rg~ _ figurirebs, rac fuZe `gr~-s variantia. aRniSnul periodSi imereTis mefe Tavisi qveynis mosaxleobas uwodebda ara ìmerlebs~, aramed `margvelebs~. magaliTad, imereTis mefe giorgi erT momentTan dakavSirebiT ambobs _ `...waldni aqvT mravalT CvenTa margvelTaca~165. e. i. najaxebi (waldebi) Cemi samefos mosaxleobas anu margvelebsac aqvTo. `gr~-`rg~ qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodebis eTnofuZea166. zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT afxazuri àgiriua~ da àguri~ ara marto megrels da guruls, aramed saerTod qarTvels _ gurjs unda
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aRniSnavdes. ase uwodebdnen qarTvelebs Turqebi, amitomac afxazebis Sinaymebi `muSebi~, `mzareulebi~, `saWmlis mommzadeblebi~ (mosamsaxureni) da sxva, erovnebiT qarTvelebs (mkvidr-damonebul anda moyvanil datyvevebulT) warmoadgenen. maT aseve àxoiu~ ewodebodaT. saerTod àxoiu~ afxazeTis glexobis erT-erT kategorias warmoadgenda, afxazeTis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgenda. `termini axoiu niSnavs `saWmlis mommzadebels~ (mosamsaxures). am termins Targmnian agreTve `muSis~ an `mzareulis~ mniSvnelobiT. samurzayanoSi àxoiu~ `dolmaxoredac~ iwodeboda (dolmaxore àxlos, maxloblad mcxovrebs~ niSnavs). termin axoiuSi asaxulia misi Tavdapirveli da mTavari movaleoba, romelic Semdeg mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. axoius zogjer uwodeben àgiruas~ (megreli) an kidev àgurs~ (guruli)~167. axoiu begaris gadamxdeli glexia, mebegarea. àxoiu mebegares piradi Tavisufleba dakarguli aqvs da ufro mZime uReli adevs, vidre amacurazkus, maTi rigebis Sevseba xdeboda tyve an nayidi glexebis miwaze mimagrebiT~168. ase Tu ise, qarTvelebi mTieli tomebis `monebi~ xdebodnen. ase iyo ara marto afxazeTSi, aramed saingiloSic, sadac daRestnelebma aRmosavleT kaxeTis qarTveli glexoba daimorCiles. aseve iyo Sida qarTlis mTianeTSic, romelsac SemdgomSi dvaleT _ òseTi~ ewoda. rogorc iTqva, tyveTa syidvis codvam saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebuli saxe XVII saukuneSi miiRo. qarTveli mematianeebi miiCnevdnen, rom am ubedurebis fuZemdebelni aRmosavleTSi rostom mefe-xani169, xolo dasavleT saqarTveloSi levan dadiani iyvnen. àmas Jamsa SemoiRo levan dadianma tyvis syidva da Tavis daxsna, rameTu ara iyo manamde syidva tyvisa~170. qarTveli mematianeebi dabejiTebiT miuTiTebdnen, rom levan dadianamde da rostom-xanamde qarTvelebi tyveebad ar iyidebodnen. levan dadianis Sesaxeb beri egnataSvili ambobs _ àha, risxva RmrTisa ulxineli moqmedTa amis borotisaTa, rameTu man ganawesa borotisa mis mterisa mier warmoTxeuli gesli igi iudaebrivi, romelmac ganyida vercxlad Semoqmedi da moZRvari Tvisi. mieriTgan ganeTesa gansyidva usjuloTa zeda tyveTa qristes _ naTlisRebisaTa da winaaRmdegobaTa RmrTisaTa kacTa myofTa sanaxebTa imerTa, odiSarTa da gurielTasa, romeli nu yos RmerTman saqme qarTlsa zeda boroti igi. xolo mun ufrosad da umetesad ganmravlda da gardaemeta codva igi vidre dReisadmi, hoi Cemda, rameTu TviT mun _ myofni, mRvdelmTavarnica da samRvdeloTaganni Seirinnes borotiTa miT seniTa, rameTu ara iyo pirvel levan dadianisa da aleqsandresa, amaTTa JamTa Sina Semovida warsawymedelad sulTa maTTa rameTu esreT iqmna...~171. rogorc zemoT moyvanilidan Cans, mematiane tyveTa syidvis dawyebas aleqsandre imerTa mefis da levan dadianis droisaTvis miuTiTebs. es mematiane imasac aRniSnavs, rom aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi naTelRebuli (monaTluli) qristianebis (e. i. qarTvelebis) monebad gayidva Tu gacema
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rostomma SemoiRo. yvela SemTxvevaSi XVII saukunis I naxevari igulisxmeba. amitomac cnobili saeklesio kreba, romelzedac tyveTa syidva iqna akrZaluli, safiqrebelia, rom swored XVII saukunis dasawyisSi Sedga, rogorc es miaCnia vaxuSti batoniSvils, xolo Tu es kreba, romelmac `kaTalikozTa samarTlis~ saxelwodebiT cnobili kanonebi gamosca, XVI saukunis Sua wlebSi Sedga, unda vigulisxmoT, rom Cvens wmida dedaeklesias am usaSinlesi codvis niSnebis aRmoCenisTanave gangaSi autexavs da cdila ZirSive aRmoefxvra igi. dasavleT saqarTveloSi mowveul saeklesio krebaSi qarTlis kaTalikosi, afxazeTis kaTalikosi da imer-odiSis yvela episkoposi monawileobda. saqarTvelos kaTalikosi krebas, rogorc qarTuli eklesiis mamamTavari, eswreboda. `krebis mowveva da kanonTa dasxma, e.i. sjulis dadeba, misi TanxmobiTa da sanqciiT moxda~172. `kaTalikozTa samarTali mTel saqarTveloSi moqmedi saeklesio sjuli iyo... aRniSnuli araa krebis mowvevis adgili, mxolod naTqvamia, rom `SemovikribeniT yovelni episkoposni afxazeTisanio~. im dros sakaTalikoso taxti biWvinTaSi iyo. ufro gvian (1657 w.) osmalTa mZlavrobis gamo taxti biWvinTidan gadatanili iqna gelaTSi. gaurkveveli rCeba, sad Sedga kreba - biWvinTaSi Tu gelaTSi~173. Tu saeklesio kreba 1543-1549 wlebSi Sedga, rogorc k. kekeliZe fiqrobda174, maSin, cxadia, biWvinTaSi iqneboda mowveuli, kerZod, `samarTali kaTalikozTaSi~ naTqvamia: `q. saxeliTa RvTisaTa me qristes mier kurTxeulman yovlisa saqarTveloisa kaTalikozman patriarqman malaqia; me, qristes mier kurTxeulman afxazeTis kaTalikozman mamamTavarman evdemon, davsxediT da SevkribeniT yovelni episkoposni afxazeTisani. da didi siymili movida codvaTa CvenTagan, mravali uwesoba da ujero saqme Semovida: kacis kvla, kacis syidva, eklesiis krexva da uxvedroba... da sjulis kanonica brZanebs: kacis syidvisa ese gavaCineT: 1. q. raman kacman gayidos, anu didman, anu mcireman, anu Tavadman, anu aznaurman da an glexman, wmidaTa krebulTagan SeCvenebuli iyos da ganxdili. rasac kacs marTliT gankiTxviTa da gamoZiebiTa kacis syidva gamoaCndes, Tu is kaci daixsnas da moiyvanos missa saydarsa da episkoposs dauurvos, ra erTic Zal-edvas, damklebis ufalsaca dauurvos. da Tu ver moiyvanos, vin ginda vin iyos, TavadisSvili unda aznauriSvili, unda glexi, maSinac veram saqmem ver ixsnas, ukanonodca ars, Zelsa mieces. da vinc qrTami aiRos da ar CamoarCos, SeCvenebul iyos wmidaTa krebulTagan da kanonsamca qveSe aris wmidaTa mociqulTasa~175. krebis ganCinebas, aRniSnulis garda, aqvs Semdegi qveTavebi _ èklesiis mkrexvelTaTvis ese gangviwesebia~, èpiskoposis saqme ese gagviCenia~, `mefis Ralatsa asre iqmnas~, `kaTalikozisa da episkoposis ginebisaTvis~, ùRirsi mRvdlis kurTxevisaTvis~, `mrudad gamokvlevisa da gamarTlebisaTvis~, `say-
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dris mamulis gamoxumisaTvis~, `sjulis gamTavebelTa da gardamavalTaTvis~, `rZlis SerTvisaTvis~. kanonebs xels aweren _ afxazeTis kaTalikosi, quTaTeli mitropoliti, gaenaTeli mTavarepiskoposi, mama _ Wyondideli, bedieli mitropoliti, moqveli mTavarepiskoposi, drandeli mitropoliti, cagereli mamaT-mTavari, xoneli mTavarepiskoposi, nikorwmideli episkoposi, CiSeli (caiSvili) mamamTavari176. samwuxarod da savalalod, tyveTa syidvas saeklesio krebis akrZalvam veraferi uSvela. obieqturi pirobebis winaaRmdeg SeuZlebeli iyo raimes moqmedeba. qarTveli tyveebiT, rogorc aRiniSna, savse iyo sparseT-osmaleTi. `...pietro dela vales gadmocemiT, imdenad bevrni yofilan tyved wayvanili qarTvelebi, rom àra ipoveba arc erTi saxli mTel sparseTSi, romelic savse ar iyos qarTveli dedakacebiT da mamakacebiT~. `ra mdgomareoba mohyva am sazarel gadasaxlebas, gawyveta-Jleta, ramdeni sikvdili namdvili gaWirvebisagan, ra gaxrwna, ra Zaldataneba, ramdeni Cvili ymawvili TavianT mamebma daaxrCves an wyalSi gadaagdes sasowarkveTilebisagan, ramdeni sxva mohkles sparsel jariskacebma, imitom, rom sasicocxlo ar iyvnen, ramdeni Zalad moglijes dedis ZuZus da daagdes Saraze mxecebis saWmelad an mxedrobis cxenebisa da aqlemebis sasresad~177. `Sah-abasis mier winaswar SerCeul adgilze saqarTvelodan ayrili mosaxleobis Casaxlebis Semdeg, bunebrivia, dadga sakiTxi maTi gamahmadianebisa. sparseli istorikosis _ isqander munSis cnobebiT dasturdeba, rom 1621 wlamde fereidnis qarTvelebs qristianuli sarwmunoeba hqondaT... xelmwifis mizani iyo qristianTa mier aq agebuli taZrebi mizgiTebad eqcia da iqidan mueZinis xma gamosuliyo, rac didad Seuwyobda xels maT gabednierebaso. fereidanSi gansakuTrebiT didi winaaRmdegoba gauweviaT Sahis warmomadgenlebisaTvis qarTvel sasuliero pirebs, episkoposebs, ber-monazvnebs da mRvdlebs, bolos isini iZulebulni gamxdaran eRiarebinaT mahmadianuri sarwmunoeba. qristianebma, _ SeniSnavs isqander munSi, _ `zizRiT Sedges fexi musulmanobaSi~. episkoposebsa da mRvdlebs arTmevdnen saxarebas da sxva saRmrTo wignebs da aiZulebdnen maT gamahmadianebuli fereidnelebisaTvis eswavlebinaT yurani da SariaTis kanonebio~178. (safiqrebelia, rom fereidnelma qarTvelebma sxva gamahmadianebuli qarTvelebisagan gansxvavebiT qarTuli enis SenarCuneba imis gamo SeZles, rom maT, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, qarTveli samRvdelo pirebi, yofili qristianebi yuransa da SariaTs zizRiT aswavlidnen. maSin, roca sxva qveynebSi qarTvelebs fanatikosi molebi unergavdnen mahmadianobas). sabolood unda iTqvas, rom, rogorc aRiniSna, qarTvelTa masobrivad tyveebad gadaqcevas Sedegad maTi denacionalizacia, gansakuTrebiT ki gaTaTreba da gagrigorianeba-gasomxeba mosdevda.
978
Tavi XVI
qarTuli eklesia XVIII saukuneSi
` d e d a v R v T i s a o ! e s q v e y a n a S e n i x v e d r i a ... raca tanjula es qveyana, tanjvad eyofa, m o e c i Z a l i d a v r d o m i l s a k v l a v a R d go m i s a .~

ilia marTali

brZola `gamoxsnisa~ da àRdgomisaTvis~
979
XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi qarTvelTa Soris, romelTac ivane javaxiSvilis sityviT, erovnuli gansacdelis Tavidan asacileblad mTeli TavianTi sulieri Zalebis mokreba SeZles, popularuli gaxda devizi: àRdgoma da gamoxsna~. `qarTvelebi vaxtang VI-is meTaurobiT `gamoxsnaSi~ gulisxmobdnen mahmadiani qveynebisagan Tavis daRwevas, xolo àRdgomaSi~ saqarTvelos teritoriul gaerTianebas qristianuli qveynebis TanadgomiT~1. ra mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda saqarTvelo XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi? marTalia, arsebobda qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba, magram aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo iranis vasalur qveyanas warmoadgenda. qalaqebSi ZiriTadad iranuli garnizonebi idga (cixesimagreebSi), qveynis meTaurebs ar SeeZloT damoukidebeli politika ewarmoebinaT, sparselebi xSirad cvlidnen qarTlisa da kaxeTis `mefeebs~ da axlebs TavianTi Sexedulebis mixedviT niSnavdnen, Tanac uTuod gamahmadianebulebs. ekonomikurad qveyana TiTqos gamococxlda, magram amave dros qarTvel erSi sastiki denacionalizaciis procesi daiwyo, qveyanas gamahmadianebis anu erovnuli gadagvarebis realuri safrTxe emuqreboda, qarTvelTa erTi nawili umravles SemTxvevaSi iZulebiT `TaTrdeboda~ anu mahmadiandeboda. magram amasTan qarTvelTa nebayoflobiT gamahmadianebis saSiSroebac warmoiqmna. aRsaniSnavia, rom ekonomikur aRmavlobas, anu vaWrobisa da xelosnobis aRorZinebas, Tan sdevda gagrigorianebac, rac Sesabamisi ekonomikur-socialuri da politikuri mizezebiT iyo ganpirobebuli sparsTa vasalur qarTl-kaxeTSi. is saSineli mdgomareoba, romelSic mTeli saqarTvelo imyofeboda XVII saukuneSi, XVIII saukunis dasawyisSic gagrZelda: `Zlier samwuxaro suraTs warmogvidgens saqarTvelos am drois istoria, arc erTs saukuneSi ara yofila saqarTvelos mdgomareoba egreT awewili, gaWirvebuli da areul-dareuli, rogorc XVIII saukunis pirvel xanebSi iyo. vin CamoTvlis egoden aRuracxel oms, romelic gaumarTes Tu sparseTis uRmrTo da metad galaRebulma yeinebma, Tu osmaleTis ganZvinebulma faSebma, Tu saqarTvelos aTasnair Tavgasulma mtrebma; vin warmoidgens egoden SuRls, mtrobas, orgulobas, Zmis sisxlis Rvras, romlis asparezad gaxades mravalgzis es qveyana zogierTma misma uRirsma Svilebma? aseTma samwuxaro movlenam saSinlad dasca saqarTvelo da mouspo Rone Tavis Svelisa da patronobisa... meore mizezad vsaxavT, rom sparselebis gabatonebam saqarTveloSi metad samwuxaro kvali daaCnia qarTvelTa ersa ufro sarwmunoebisa da qristianobrivi zneobis mxriT. TavianTi gaxrwnilebiT da urwmunoebiT qarTvels Seuryies Zveli droidan gulSi Rrmad Canergili qristes sarwmunoeba, saqme im zomamde mivida, kacs rom qarTvelisaTvis sarwmunoeba daetovebina,
980
saWiro aRar iyo arc misi datyveveba, arc misi ojaxis akleba da arc sikvdiliT damuqreba, piriqiT, bevri qarTveli Tavisi nebiT hstovebda qristianobas da gadadioda mahmadianobaze, amas hyofdnen arc farulad da arc sparseTSi, aramed cxadad, aqve tfilisSi, yvelas winaSe~2. aseT samwuxaro epoqaSi ra gadaarCenda qarTvel xalxs denacionalizaciisa da erovnuli gadagvarebis saSineli saSiSroebisagan? erovnuli TviTmyofadoba, miuxedavad qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis arsebobisa, safrTxis winaSe dadga, Tumca qveyana ekonomikur aRmavlobas ganicdida da maRali wodeba sakmaod SeZlebulad cxovrobda. `qarTveli eri am dros marTlac uaRres gansacdelSi iyo Cavardnili, misi momavali saxeiros aras moaswavebda, Tu rom is mTels Tavis suliers Zalas ar moikrebda da erovnuli gansacdelis Tavidan acilebas ar ecdeboda. am saSinel gasaWirSi man marTlac mTeli Tavisi energia da SemoqmedebiTi niWi moikrifa da gamanadgurebel mimarTulebas win aRudga~3. upirveles yovlisa, erovnuli gadarCenisaTvis qristianuli sarwmunoebis dacva, ganmtkiceba da aRdgena iyo saWiro, rameTu imdroindel sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi qristianoba da qarTveloba sinonimuri cnebebi, tolfasi kategoriebi iyvnen da `qarTveloba~ qristianobis gareSe warmoudgeneli iyo. qristianobaze zrunva qarTvelobis SenarCunebaze zrunvas udrida. amave dros ki `qarTvels~ mxolod da mxolod marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis mqone eTnikuri warmoSobiT qarTvels _ saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis wevrs uwodebdnen. amitomac qarTvelobis dacvisaTvis saWiro iyo dacva da gaZliereba qarTuli eklesiisa. albaT am mizeziT vaxtang VI-m Tavisi saxelmwifoebrivi moRvaweobis dawyebisTanave 1705 wels saeklesio kreba moiwvia, `romelmac qarTlis kaTalikosad ruseTidan axladdabrunebuli vaxtang mefis Zma domenti airCia. domenti ganaTlebuli pirovneba iyo, Tavisi moRvaweobis pirvel etapze domenti vaxtangs energiulad Sveloda saxelmwifo saqmeTa mogvarebaSi~4. am droisaTvis erovnuli TviTSemecneba saocrad iyo dakninebuli, saWiro iyo misi gamoRviZeba da ganmtkiceba. kerZod, Seryvnili iyo qarTuli ena ise, rom qarTvelebi qarTul da sparsul sityvebs erTmaneTSi urevdnen, garda amisa, ibRaleboda qarTuli enis buneba da kanonebi (ar iyo gramatika). erovnuli TviTSemecnebis gaRvivebas xels uSlida is, rom dawerili ar iyo XIV-XVII saukuneTa istoria (e. i. saqarTvelos cxovrebis es epoqa qarTvelebs gaazrebuli ar hqondaT), xolo rac ki Zveli istoriebi, matianeebi da qronikebi arsebobda, yvela daviwyebas iyo micemuli. xelovnebaSic mwerlebi ara adgilobrivi, qarTul-erovnuli, aramed sparsuli motivebiT iyvnen dainteresebulni (gansakuTrebiT poeziaSi), mwerlobas erovnul simTa JRera ar etyoboda (gamonaklisi iyo mxolod Teimuraz I-is `qeTevan dedoflis wameba~). rostom xanis da erekle I nazaralixanis mefobis Sedegad
981
qarTuli saxelmwifo samarTlis kanonebi da tradiciebi uaryofili an SebRaluli iyo. samwuxarod, qristianulTan SedarebiT upiratesoba sparsul-mahmadianur samarTals hqonda, rac qristian xalxs abnevda. erovnuli TviTSemecnebis gamoRviZebisa da gaRvivebisaTvis didi warmatebiT iRvwoda bagrationebis umcrosi Sto - muxran-batonebi da maTTan daaxloebuli, maT garSemo Semokrebili Tavdadebuli qarTveli moRvaweebis pleada, vaxtang VI-is, muxran batonebis dinastiis warmomadgenlis, Rvawli am did saqmeSi ganuzomelia. pirvelma warmatebebma qarTvel patriotebs afiqrebina, daesaxaT ufro didi da vrceli programa: `saqarTvelos `gamoxsna da aRdgoma~. rogorc iTqva, `gamoxsnaSi~ mahmadianuri qveynebisagan Tavis daRweva igulisxmeboda, rac upirvelesad qarTul-erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenas niSnavda. marTalia, am epoqaSi ase Tu ise qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba arsebobda, magram es saxelmwifo ar iyo erovnuli, rogorc iTqva `qarTveloba~ da `qristianoba~ tolfasi kategoriebi iyvnen~5, xolo qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebs sparsTa nebiT ara qristiani, aramed mahmadiani `mefeebi~ marTavdnen; maSasadame, TviT am faqtidanac Cans, qarTuli saxelmwifo ar imarTeboda `qarTvelis~ (qristianis) mier da is àraqarTuli~ e.i. ara erovnuli iyo (amas sxva faqtebic adasturebs). zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, `gamoxsnaSi~ upirvelesad qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefo taxtebze qristiani mefis dasma, xolo Semdgom etapze ki qarTul-erovnuli saxelmwifos mahmadianTagan ganTavisufleba igulisxmeboda. àRdgoma~ _ saqarTvelos gaerTianebas, erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenas gulisxmobda. imdroindeli qarTveli moRvaweebi darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom mxolod TavianTi ZalebiT samSoblos àRdgomasa da gamoxsnas~ ver SeZlebdnen da udides imedebs Zlieri ucxo qristianuli saxelmwifos daxmarebaze amyarebdnen. maSasadame, àRdgomisa da gamoxsnisaTvis~ qristianuli saxelmwifoebis Tanadgoma iyo saWiro. am programas efuZneboda vaxtang VI-isa da qarTveli moRvaweebis sagareo politika. mainc romeli qristianuli qveynis daxmarebis imedze agebdnen qarTvelebi `gamoxsnisa da aRdgomis~ erovnul politikas? aq, upirvelesad yovlisa, evropuli kaTolikuri qveynebi da ruseTi, saqarTvelos uaxloesi Zlieri qristiani mezoblebi igulisxmebodnen. swored kaTolikuri qveynebi, jer espaneTi, xolo Semdeg safrangeTi, maTi sulieri meufis, romis papis, meTaurobiT iyvnen dainteresebulni sparseTosmaleTiTa da aseve saqarTveloTi. rogorc cnobilia, anglikanur ingliss, protestantul holandiasa da germanias es regioni naklebad ainteresebda. amitomac, qarTvelTa orientacia mipyrobili iyo swored kaTolikuri qveynebisaken (oRond ara sarwmunoebrivi, aramed politikuri mizezebis
982
gamo. qarTvelebisaTvis mTavari iyo qveyana qristianuli yofiliyo). amave mizezis gamo qarTvelTa yuradRebas, XVI saukunidan moyolebuli, marad ipyrobda qristianul-marTlmadidebluri ruseTi. ruseTis mzardi imperia gansakuTrebiT afrTxobda sparseTsa da TurqeTs. amitom masTan dakavSireba Zlier saxifaTo iyo saqarTvelosaTvis. miuxedavad amisa, qarTvelTa survili àRdgomisa da gamoxsnis~ programis Sesrulebisa imdenad didi iyo, rom evropuli orientaciis kraxis Semdeg, vaxtang VI-m ruseTi airCia. `ganutevna yovelni da aRirCa rusT mefe, rameTu hgonebda ganTavisuflebasa eklesiaTasa da Zalsa qristeanobisasa~, _ wers vaxuSti6. sagareo politikis gatarebisas qarTvelebisaTvis umTavresi sarwmunoebis, qristianobis SenarCuneba da aRorZineba iyo, rameTu mis dacvas erovnebis, anu `qarTvelobis~ da saerTod qarTveli eris gadarCenis sakiTxi ukavSirdeboda. aq isic unda iTqvas, rom rogorc evropulma, ise rusulma orientaciam kraxi ganicada da Zala àRdgomisa da gamoxsnisaTvis~ sabednierod TviT qarTvelTa Sorisve aRmoCnda. qarTvelma erma erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRorZineba qristiani qarTveli mefis kurTxevis wesis aRdgeniT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos gaerTianebiT Teimuraz II-isa da erekle II-is dros SeZlo. rac Seexeba vaxtang VI-s, mas am diadi miznis ganxorcielebisaTvis politikurma pirobebma ar Seuwyo xeli: `vaxtangs, rogorc saxelmwifo moRvawes, SesaniSnavad esmoda, rom saqarTvelos keTildReoba, garda Sinafeodaluri reaqciuli Zalebis daZlevisa, aucilebriv moiTxovda yizilbaSi da osmalo dampyroblebis batonobis mocilebas. am mxriv damaxasiaTebelia TviT vaxtangis sityvebi imis Sesaxeb, rom saqarTvelos mdgomareoba iranis batonobis qveS `focxveris WangSi~ yofnas udrida, xolo osmaleTis batonobis damyareba `babris WangSi~ moqcevas niSnavda~7. erTi SexedviT sparsTa vasalur qveynad qcevis Semdeg saqarTvelos centralur qveyanaSi _ qarTlSi politikuri viTareba stabiluri gaxda da mSvidobiani cxovrebis pirobebi Seiqmna, magram es iyo ùRliT gaqnili mSvidoba, romelsac omSi sikvdili sjobda~, rameTu qristianuli rwmenis SesustebasTan erTad qarTvelTa erovnuli wes-Cveulebebic moiSala. `XVII s-is 30-iani wlebidan, vidre XVIII s-is I meoTxedamde qarTlis irgvliv stabiluri politikuri viTareba damyarda, saqarTveloSi mSvidobiani cxovrebis pirobebi Seiqmna; qarTli iTvleboda sparseTis `valis~ - (moadgilis) qveynad da qarTveli `vali~ Sahis nebiT unda daniSnuliyo. qarTlis mbrZanebelni iranis Sahs unda xlebodnen, mieRoT mahmadis rjuli da amis sazRaurad sammarTvelod moi povebdnen Tavis qveyanas. qarTvel `valis~ jamagiri Sahisagan hqonda daniSnuli, xolo TviTon Tavisi qveynidan sparseTis saxelmwifos ugzavnida garkveul gadasaxads... qarTveli
983
`vali~ valdebuli iyo Sahis brZanebiTve gaeyvana jari, xolo Tbilisis cixeSi hyavda mudmivi sparsuli garnizoni... qarTlis mefeebi siuzerenvasaluri urTierTobis safuZvelze sparseTis Sahisagan iRebdnen saboZvars... es statusi TiTqmis saukunis manZilze, XVII saukunis 30-iani wlebidan XVIII s-is II meoTxedamde mkacrad xorcieldeboda~8. Cveni Zveli istorikosebi Tvlidnen, rom qveynis gaukuRmarTebas safuZveli rostom-xanis mefobisas daedo da qristianuli wesiT qarTvel mefeTa kurTxevis wesis aRdgenamde e. i. Teimuraz II-is taxtze asvlamde grZeldeboda. `...swavlulni kacni qveynis zneobriv dacemas, qarTuli wes-Cveulebebis moSlas qristianuli rwmenis SesustebiT xsnidnen... amis mizezad isini rostomis proiranul politikas miiCnevdnen~9. qarTvelebi da gansakuTrebiT ki muxraneli bagrationi vaxtang V, romelic rostomma Tavis memkvidred airCia, cdilobdnen rostomis mier qarTuli eklesiis sawinaaRmdegod Cadenili qmedebani TavianTi SesaZleblobis farglebSi gamoesworebinaT. 1654 wels vaxtangi iranSi gagzavnes, sadac gaamahmadianes da rostomis memkvidred daamtkices, qarTlis gamgeblad daniSnes da saqarTveloSi daabrunes. `vaxtang V-is anu Sah navaz-xanis (1658-1675) mefoba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi centraluri xelisuflebis ganmtkicebiTa da saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaken mimarTuli RonisZiebebiT aRiniSna10. mahmadianobis miuxedavad, man `mata rjulsa qristianobisasa da eklesiaTa, rameTu mcdelobda, raTa rostomis garyvnilni moego kvalad kvalsave Tvissa, vinaidgan Jamsa missa ziareba sisxlisa da xorcisa uflisa Cvenisa sircxvilad uCndaT, aman kaTalikoziT domentiT kualad Semoiyvana aRsaarebad da ziarebad~11. qristianobis ufro dacemis warmodgena Znelia, qarTvelobas wmida ziarebis miRebac ki esircxvileboda da es maSin, roca qristianoba da `qarTveloba~ tolfasi cnebebi iyvnen. maSasadame, rostomis dros Sesabamisad erovnulobasac fuZe gamoclia. marTalia, 1639 wlidan iran-osmaleTis zavis mixedviT aRmosavleT saqarTvelo iranis, xolo dasavleT saqarTvelo osmaleTis vasalad iyo aRiarebuli, magram dasavleT saqarTveloSi Seqmnilma politikurma situaciam vaxtang V-s saSualeba misca elaSqra iq da nawilobriv Tavisi gavlenis sferoSi moeqcia. 1661 wels vaxtangma quTaisSi imereTis mefed Tavisi pirmSo, 14 wlis arCili gamoacxada, magram zemoaRniSnuli zavis gamo iranis moTxovniT 1663 wels arCili ukanve waiyvana - qarTlSi. Sahis moTxovniT arCili sparseTSi Caiyvanes, iq gaamahmadianes, Sah-nazar-xani uwodes, kaxeTis mefobac uboZes da saqarTveloSi gamoistumres. arCili qarTul sazogadoebaSi TavdadebiT uwyobda xels patriotuli grZnobebis gaRvivebas. erovnuli mimarTulebis erTguleba, qarTuli enis siwmidis dacva, literaturis gaerovnuleba da sparsofilobis aRmofxvra niadag misi zrunvis sagani iyo. miuxedavad amisa, is iZulebuli gamxdara saxelm-
984
wifoebrivi TvalsazrisiT rostomis politikis gamgrZelebeli yofiliyo, swored aseTi iZuleba iyo tragedia imdroindeli qarTveli politikuri moRvaweebisa: `vaxtangi da arCili arsebiTad rostom mefis politikas agrZelebdnen, mxolod saSinao politikaSi ufro met damoukideblobas iCendnen. es aRniSnuli aqvs Sardensac...~12. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTvel mefeebs aSkarad araTu qarTul-erovnuli politikis gatareba ar SeeZloT, aramed misi gamomJRavnebisac ki eSinodaT; magaliTad, evropeli misionerebi vaxtang V-is, giorgi XI-is, vaxtang VI-isa da sxva erovnuli moRvaweebis misamarTiT mravalgzis aRniSnaven, rom isini kavSiris daWeras evropis monarqebTan Tu sasuliero da saero meTaurebTan farulad cdilobdnen: `me sparseTis morCili var da vaiTu misma didebulebam iwyinos, rom mis daukiTxavad ucxoelebTan miwer-mowera gavmarTo da saqme daviwyo~, _ ambobs vaxtang VI. ufro metic, saqarTveloSi da saerTod qarTvelTa mimarT sparseTSi, imdenad mZime da autaneli mdgomareoba sufevda, rom qarTvelTa warCinebuli nawilic ki mzad iyo saqarTvelo (Tu sparseTi) mietovebina da evropaSi (Tu ruseTSi) gadasuliyo sacxovreblad. es papisadmi gagzavnil werilebSic Cans, magaliTad, 1711 wels romis papi sapasuxo werilebs ugzavnis saqarTvelos patriarqs domentis, da qarTlis mefes. 1709 wels mokluli giorgi XI-is adgilze mjdom qaixosro levanis Zis pasuxidan Cans, rom rogorc patriarqs, ise mefes papisaTvis TavSesafari uTxoviaT. romi uxalisod daTanxmda maT survils. èsec uwyodeT, rom didi codva iqneba Tu dautovebT devnulobis SiSiT Tqvenze mondobil qristes samwysos...~ _ wers papi patriarqs13, xolo mefes wers _ `...papi didis gulSematkivrobiT da mamobrivis sibraluliT umzers yvela Tqvens gansacdels _ ...masTanave mzad aris didis siyvaruliT am qalaqSi migiRos...~14. aseTi saSineli, erovnulad autaneli mdgomareobis gamo qarTvelebi saqarTvelodan ucxo qveynebSi iltvodnen. am mizeziT miaSures arCilma, vaxtang VI-m da misma mravalricxovanma amalam, Tu sxva gamoCenilma qarTvelebma da maT Soris mRvdelmTavrebmac, ruseTs. miuxedavad arCilis patriotizmisa, saxelmwifoebrivi meqanizmi ise iyo mowyobili, rom isic qarTul-sparsul saxelmwifoebriv sabuTebs scemda, aseve realobad rCeboda orenovneba. male arCilma sparseTisadmi protestis niSnad kaxeTi datova da sparseTis mowinaaRmdege qveyanaSi gadavida, rac faqtobrivad vaxtang V-is politikuri kraxiT damTavrda. vaxtangi iranSi gaiwvies, sadac 1675 wels gardaicvala. aseve iranSi gaiwvies vaxtangis Ze giorgi, romelic iq gaamahmadianes, Sah-navazxani uwodes da 1677 wels qarTlSi gamoistumres. rac Seexeba kaxeTs, mas 1677 wlidan 1703 wlamde yizilbaSi xanebi marTavdnen. Sahma giorgis arCilis Sepyroba daavala, rac man ar isurva, amis gamo 1688 wels is gadaayenes da mis
985
magivrad Teimuraz I-is ruseTidan dabrunebuli SviliSvili, sparseTSi axal gamahmadianebuli erekle I, nazarali xani (1688-1703) daniSnes. giorgi da arCili qarTlisa da kaxeTis taxtebis daWerisaTvis ibrZodnen, magram uSedegod. 1695 wels giorgim Sahs morCileba gamoucxada da iranSi wavida, xolo arCili 1699 wels imereTidan ruseTSi gadasaxlda. ruseTSi aRzrdil qarTlis mefes, gamahmadianebul erekle I _ nazarali xans mematiane ase axasiaTebs _ ìyo qarTlisa da wesTa saqarTvelosaTa ucnobeli da mefobisa gamoucdeli, lirwTa da uSverTa moubari, smisa da Sveba-lxinTa moyvare...~ erekles daxasiaTebisas uneblieT gvagondeba giorgi rusis daxasiaTeba. isic `lirwTa da uSverTa moubari, smisa da Sveba-lxinis moyvare~ iyo, rac aserigad aocebdaT qarTvel didebulebsa da sasaxlis msaxurebs. àmis Jamamde ara icvlebodnen kaTalikozi da episkoposni saydarTa TvisTagan. aman Sescvalna da dasxna Tvisni, kaTalikozad diasamiZe ioane, mTavarepiskoposad nacvliSvili, tfilelad yaflanisSvili domenti, manglelad javaxiSvili ioseba...~15. manve àRazvavna tfilisis cixisani yizilbaSni, rameTu hklvidnen da warusxmiden kacTa colSvilTa, sxvaTa hyidnen da sxvaTa mahmadian hyofdnen da Wirisa amisaTvis gardaSendebodnen qarTlisa glexni da aznaurnica kaxeTs...~16. erekle I qarTlSi avtoritetiT ar sargeblobda. igi ar icnobda arc qarTls, arc qarTul zne-Cveulebas, _ werda m. brose, _ mefes mmarTvelobis araviTari gamocdileba ar hqonda. is binZuri da uxeSi sityvebiT saubrobda, uyvarda sma, kargi sufra da siamovneba. `gamahmadianebulma ereklem qarTlSi sparsuli zne-Cveulebebi gaavrcela. misi politikiT arc qarTlis Tavadebi iyvnen kmayofili da arc Sahis kari. amasTanave, Sahis karze giorgis pirovnebis mimarT sul ufro met dainteresebas iCendnen~17. erekle I iranSi gaiwvies da kaxeTis mefoba da iranis yulariRasoba uboZes. is iranSi datoves, xolo kaxeTSi mis moadgiled misi vaJi daviTi (imam-yulixani) gamoagzavnes (1703 w.). qarTlis mefoba ki kvlav giorgi XI-s uboZes, magram viTarca spasalari iranSi datoves da avRanTa winaaRmdeg omSi gagzavnes, xolo qarTlSi misive TxovniT 1703 wels levanis Ze vaxtang VI gamogzavnes. `sparseTis imperiaSi rogorc samoqalaqo, ise samxedro dargSi qarTvelebs maRali da sapatio Tanamdebobani ekavaT. sxvadasxva dros sparseTis jarebis mTavarsardlebi (evropuli wyaroebis mixedviT: generalisimusebi) iyvnen: giorgi XI, qaixosro da vaxtang VI... italieli pietro dela vale werda: `dRes sparseTis armiis Zala _ es qarTveli meomrebia, romlebic mis saukeTeso nawils Seadgenen~. diu sero miuTiTebda qarTvel mebrZolTa maRal reputaciaze ara marto sparseTSi, aramed mTel aziaSi. ingliseli Tomas herberti wers: `garegnuli SexedulebiT, nebisyofiTa da erTgulebiT
986
qarTveli jariskacebi sparselebSi iseTi kargi reputaciiT sargebloben, rom bevr maTgans meTauris Tanamdeboba ukavia...~ XVII s-is ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva dros qarTvelTa kavaleriis ricxvi sparseTis armiaSi 8 aTasidan 40 aTasamde aRwevda. `qarTvelebi iniSnebodnen, _ wers d. lengi _ sparseTis somxeTSi erevnis cixe-simagris ufrosebad~18. rusi despani a. volinski XVIII s-is dasawyisSi werda: `mTel iranSi saukeTeso samxedro Zalad qarTvelTa jari mimaCnia. qarTvelebi namdvili meomrebia. me gamigia, rom saqarTveloSi laSqris Sekreba 15-20 aTas kacamde SeiZleba. iranSi, rogorc wesi, spasalarebad qarTveli princebi iniSnebian... iranelebs TurqebTan, indoelebTan da sxva xalxebTan omSi yvela gamarjveba ZiriTadad qarTvelTa meSveobiT aqvT mopovebuli. me SemiZlia niZlavi davdo, rom Tu qarTveli princebi da maTi didebulebi da aznaurebi erTmaneTSi SeTanxmebas miaRweven, WeSmaritad SeZleben ara marto sparseTis uRlisagan ganTavisuflebas, aramed TviT sparseTis teritoriebis dakavebasac~19. sparselebs eSinodaT qarTvelebisa, maT kargad icodnen is, rasac ucxoelebic ki amCnevdnen _ qarTvelTa gaerTianebisa, erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebisa `...Sahis samefo karze arsebobda Zlieri antiqarTuli koalicia, romelSic qarTvelebis warmateba eWvsa da siZulvils iwvevda~, _ wers d. langi20. qarTvelTa mimarT sparselTa SiSiT kargad isargebles qarTlis mefis, giorgi XI-is, mtrebma, kerZod, avRanTa tomis beladi avRanTa dasamorCileblad mebrZol qarTvel mefes Sahis winaSe ase axasiaTebda: ìs, vinc erTdroulad saqarTvelos mefea da qirman-yandaharis gubernatori, ar SeiZleba Sahis karisaTvis saSiSi mowinaaRmdege ar iyos~. igi xSirad moagonebda Sahs da mis ministrebs sparseTis winaaRmdeg qarTvelebis ganuwyvetel brZolaze~21. `gana dagaviwyda qarTvelebis araerTgzisi cda, gadaegdoT sparseTis imperiis uReli amave gurgen-xanis meTaurobiT, romelic axla sparseTis sami provinciis gubernatoria? _ ambobda mir-veisi. igi miuTiTebda: gurgen xanis Zma ruseTSia da iq daxmarebas eZebs. ruseTis armias SeuZlia kavkasiis mTebi gadmolaxos da qarTvelebs daexmaros, bolo mouRos sparseTis imperias. gurgen-xani xom qristiania~22, `gurgen-xani~ _ giorgi XI-ea, `ruseTSi myofi misi Zma~ _ arCili. giorgi XI, romelic sparseTSi mniSvnelovani provinciebis gubernatori da avRanTa winaaRmdeg mebrZoli jaris mTavarsardali iyo, RalatiT mokles. `moklul mefes mir-veisma axsna mkerdze Camokidebuli jvari, romelsac muslimanobas naziarebi giorgi mudam Tan atarebda da Sahs gaugzavna rogorc `sabuTi~ guliT qristiani mefis òrgulobisa~23. Sahma giorgi mefis adgilze misi Zmis, levanis Ze qaixosro daniSna. axali mefe Sahma ixmo da iranis mxedarTmTavroba Caabara, qarTlSi ki
987
kvlav vaxtang batoniSvili darCa gamgeblad. 1709 wels qaixosrom damatebiT Tavrizi da barda miiRo sagamgeod. 1711 wels avRanebTan brZolas `qaixosro xanic Seewira, romelic iseve, rogorc misi winamorbedi giorgi XI guliT qristianobda~24. qarTlis mefis (gurjistanis valis) taxti kvlav gaTavisuflda, am droisaTvis gurjistanis vali, rogorc wesi, iranis mTavarsardladac iniSneboda da sxva maRali saxelebic eZleoda, amitomac sparselebi savaldebulod Tvlidnen am maRal Tanamdebobaze asuli piri mahmadiani yofiliyo. swored amitom qarTlis `janiSini vaxtang VI, romlis qarTlSi gamefebac gadawyvites, unda gamahmadianebuliyo. vaxtangi sparseTSi gaiwvies, raTa taxti miecaT da, rogorc wesi, gaemahmadianebinaT, magram vaxtangi qristianobis daTmobas ar apirebda. sparseTSi gamgzavrebis win man naTesauri kavSirebi Sehkra kaxeTisa da imereTis warCinebulebTan. `XVIII s-is iranis imperiaSi religiuri momenti TiTqos aRar gansazRvravda saxelmwifoebrivi urTierTobebis Sinaarss, magram qarTlis valis oficialur mahmadianobas Sahis saxelmwifo mainc seriozul mniSvnelobas aniWebda. qarTlis mmarTvelis mahmadianoba imas niSnavda, rom irani `gurjistans~ Tavis provinciad ganixilavda, Tumca qarTlis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi amas arsebiTi cvlilebebi ar moutania. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi aseTi politikiT irani aSkarad upirispirdeboda ruseTisa da osmaleTis miznebs am qveyanaSi. garda amisa, `gurjistanis~ `qristianizmi~, rasac irani saqarTveloSi rusuli orientaciis gamarjvebad miiCnevda, iranSi sxva qristianTa gamaTavisuflebel moZraobas gamoiwvevda. amitomac Sahi `gurjistanis valis~ winaSe bevr daTmobaze wavida, miumata titulebi, gaudida `jamagiri~, misca soflebi iranSi, oRondac iranis Sahisa da misi oficialuri sarwmunoebis erTguli yofiliyo~25. vaxtangma mahmadianoba ar miiRo da qristianoba daicva. Sahma mahmadianobis uarmyofeli vaxtangi daatyveva da erT-erT provinciaSi gaagzavna sacxovreblad, Tumca ki sakmao Tanxa dauniSna, raTa pativiT ecxovra. vaxtangis am Zalze mniSvnelovan nabijs ratomRac verc misi, verc Cveni Tanamemamuleebis nawili saTanadod ver afasebda, ufro metic, mas sayvedurobdnen kidec. ras niSnavda saqarTvelos mefis mahmadianoba da ras niSnavda qristianoba? mahmadianoba niSnavda imas, rom unda gagrZelebuliyo saqarTvelos sulierzneobrivi degradacia, romelic qarTlis pirveli mahmadiani mefis, rostomis Semdeg daiwyo, rac imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom qarTlis samefos iuridiul arsebobas ar cnobda sparseTis imperia da aRmosavleT saqarTvelo Tavis provinciad miaCnda da aq erovnul sarwmunoebas (marTlmadideblobas) anu `qarTvelobas~ xelgaxsnili ebrZoda.
988
xolo sparseTis Sahis mier qristiani bagrationis qarTlis mefed damtkiceba sparseTis imperiis mier qarTlis saxelmwifos iuridiulad cnobas niSnavda. Tumca, faqtobrivad, qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba arsebobda, magram mas iuridiulad sparseTi ar cnobda. ìranis politikuri batonobis miuxedavad arsebobas ganagrZobda qarTuli feodaluri sazogadoebis socialuri struqtura, agraruli sistema da saxelmwifoebrivi wyobileba~26. vaxtangis es gansakuTrebuli nabiji, anu saxelmwifos meTauris mier qristianobis dacva da mahmadianobis uaryofa `qarTvelobisaTvis~ misi Tavdadebuli brZolis erT monakveTs warmoadgenda. qristianoba da `qarTveloba~, rogorc aRiniSna, im dros sinonimebi iyvnen. `qristianobasTan da misadmi erTgulebasTan mWidrodaa gadaxlarTuli qarTvelobisaTvis brZola, patriotizmis cneba. qristianoba miCneulia qarTuli zneCveulebebis fuZed, keTili cxovrebis sawindrad da bednieri momavlis imedad~27. ase esaxebodaT qristianoba da amitom icavdnen mas qarTveli mowinave mamuliSvilni da vaxtang VI-c, garda amisa, `gamoxsnisa da aRdgomisaTvis~ mebrZolma vaxtangma kargad icoda, rom Tu mefe mahmadiani iqneboda, maSin saqarTvelos ucxo qristianuli qveynebi aRar mieSvelebodnen, risi didi imedic hqonda mas. gamoxsna da aRdgoma _ es iyo ocneba vaxtangisa, romelic samwuxarod, gaugebari darCenila qarTuli maRali wodebis erTi nawilisaTvis. `vaxtangis iranSi yofnis dros qarTlSi mZlavri brZola gaCaRda or dajgufebas Soris, qarTuli aristokratiis mowinave nawils, romelic politikur-kulturul asparezze vaxtangis erovnul politikas misdevda, saTaveSi edga vaxtangis umcrosi Zma simon levanis Ze. igi, rogorc Cans, iziarebda vaxtangis politikur programas. amiT aixsneboda, rom vaxtangma swored simoni datova qarTlis gamgeblad (1712-1714). aRniSnul progresul dass daupirispirda sakmaod Zlieri da gavleniani dajgufeba, romelic taxtisaTvis mebrZoli da gamahmadianebuli batoniSvilebisagan Sedgeboda. maT mxarSi edgnen `janiSinis~ politikiT ukmayofilo msxvili feodalebi~28. male vaxtangs simonic ganudga. `kaTalikosi domentic ki samefo taxtis dauflebis daucxromelma wyurvilma Sei pyro. mzad iyo anafora gaexada, daojaxebuliyo da mahmadianoba mieRo...~29. daujerebelia, magram Tu es marTlac ase moxda, miT umetes dasafasebelia vaxtangis Tavdadeba qristianobisaTvis, Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom simon ganmgebels kaTalikos domentis mimarT cudi damokidebuleba hqonda, `Seipyra svimonma kaTalikosi domenti zakviT da warmouvlina zaqars, raTa aRmoxadon Tvalni~30. aq vaxuSti `zakvaze~ laparakobs. vaxtangma qristianoba ar dahgmo, amiT qarTlis taxti dahkarga. mis nacvlad saqarTveloSi gamoagzavnes misi Zma - iese, mahmadiani, rostomis politikis gamgrZelebeli, ukan damwevi qveynisa da winaaRmdegi `qarTvelobisa~.
989
vaxtangs ase afasebdnen _ `vaxtangma ver gaiTvaliswina, rom dasustebul da dacemul iranTan kavSiri mas am SemTxvevaSi met sikeTes moutanda, vidre samSoblos mitoveba da Soreul qirmanSi gadasaxleba~31. `vaxtangis es gadawyvetileba misi qveynisaTvis saziano aRmoCnda~32. e.i. sjobda mahmadianoba mieRo da qristianoba droze daegmoo. vfiqrob, araswori Sefasebaa vaxtangis brZnuli gadawyvetilebisa. jer erTi, vaxtangma saqarTvelos uCvena Tavisi sagareo politikis axali gza, aseve qveynis Sinagani cxovrebis ZvelqarTulad, qristianulad gagrZelebis saWiroeba. unda vifiqroT, rom vaxtangis politika iranis saxelmwifos ukiduresi sisustidan gamomdinareobda. iranis saxelmwifo dacemis piras idga da marTlac am movlenidan ramdenime wlis Semdeg mmarTveli dinastia mir-veisis Zis meTaurobiT avRanelebma daamxes. Cans, politika, romelsac mir-veisi sparseTis Sahis karze awarmoebda, agulisxmebinebda vaxtangs, rom sparsi meqrTame didebulebi mis mimarTac msgavs damokidebulebas iqoniebdnen. kerZod, mir-veisi, sparseTis Sahis uborotesi da udidesi mteri, Tavis droze giorgi XI-m Sei pyro da ispahanSi gagzavna, mir-veisma Wkua ixmara da daaxloebiT 30 aTasi Tumnis (75 aTasi girvanqa sterlingis) saCuqari dauriga ispahanSi Sahis didebulebs. metad dasustebuli sparseTis Sahi, huseini, romelic qveynis mmarTvelobisaTvis sakmaod gamousadegari pirovneba iyo, moqrTamulma didebulebma mir-veisis mimarT dadebiTad ganawyves. `Sahma mir-veiss yvelaferi apatia da mfarvelobac ki aRuTqva~33, Semdeg ki didebiTa da pativiscemiT ukan, samSobloSi, daabruna (SemdgomSi man Sahi taxtidan Camoagdo). Tuki iranisa da misi dinastiis uborotesma mterma qrTamis meSveobiT araTu sikvdilisagan Tavis daRweva, aramed didebiT samSobloSi dabruneba da Zveli Tanamdebobis aRdgena SeZlo, vaxtangi ratom ver SeZlebda moesyida meqrTame didebulebi da rjulis Seucvlelad dabrunebuliyo qarTlis samefo taxtze, miT umetes, rom ramdenime xniT adre Sahi apirebda rjulis Seucvlelad daebrunebina igi saqarTveloSi, magram mas winaaRmdegoba didebulebma gauwies? vaxtangs gadauwyvetia eSova Sesabamisi Tanxa, magram sad? saqarTveloSi es SeuZlebeli iyo. mxolod saqarTvelos bediT dainteresebul evropas SeeZlo daxmareboda qristianul qveyanas da qristian mefed daebrunebina igi samSobloSi; Tavis mxriv, es faqti safuZveli gaxdeboda imisa, rom Sahs saqarTvelos arseboba iuridiulad ecno, rac mtkice saZirkvels Cauyrida saqarTvelos `gamoxsnasa da aRdgomas~.
990
evropuli ( kaTolikuri ) orientacia da misi kraxi
erTiani saqarTvelos daSlis Semdeg qarTveli eri daeca da dakninda. rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi ramdenime qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi erTeuli warmoiqmna, romelic erTmaneTs ebrZoda. Tavis mxriv, yovel saxelmwifoebriv erTeulSi (qarTlis, kaxeTis, imereTis samefoebsa da samTavroebSi) warCinebulebi separatizms amJRavnebdnen da erTmaneTsa Tu mefe-mTavrebs ebrZodnen. amas Tan daerTo isic, rom osmaleTma mTeli samxreTi saqarTvelo _ mesxeTi daipyro, sadac qarTvelTa gamalebuli denacionalizacia mimdinareobda. erovnuli sarwmunoeba _ qarTuli marTlmadidebloba osmalTa da sparsTa mier mTel saqarTveloSi idevneboda. magram yvelaze uaresi is iyo, rom saqarTvelosaken Crdilo kavkasieli tomebi daiZrnen. afxazebi (afsuebi), osebi, Tu daRestnelebi (lekebi) qarTvelTa uZveles samkvidrebel miwa-wyals ipyrobdnen da adgilobriv qarTvel mosaxleobas an imonebdnen an spobdnen. am procesis yvelaze mZime Sedegi qarTvelebis mTiel tomebTan asimilacia iyo. saqarTvelo mtrebis usastikes rkalSi momwyvdeuli aRmoCnda. magram is mainc arsebobda vasaluri qarTuli saxelmwifoebis saxiT, Tumca mospoba da mesxeTis bedis gaziareba iranisa da TurqeTis imperiebisagan yoveldRe emuqrebodaT. aqedan gamomdinare, qarTl-kaxeTis iranis vasalur qveynad darCena qarTvelobisaTvis saxifaTo iyo. sabednierod, XVIII s-is dasawyisisaTvis iranis imperiis Zliereba ukiduresad daeca. dasustda osmaleTic. moxda ise, rom iranis vasaluri qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebidan sparseTSi Casuli qarTveli didebulebi araTu aqtiurad monawileobdnen, aramed garkveulwilad warmarTavdnen kidec am qveynis cxovrebas. amasTan, qarTvelTa jari sparseTSi uZlieresi iyo. aseT viTarebaSi, Tuki qarTvelebi gaerTianebas SeZlebdnen, maT win veRaravin aRudgeboda (iseve, rogorc ajanyebul avRanelebs veravin aRudga win sparseTSi, imis Semdeg, rac vaxtang VI-m ar isurva miSveleboda gasaWirSi myof Sahs). magram samwuxarod, qarTvelebma Seqmnili politikuri viTareba ver gamoiyenes da ver gaerTiandnen. frangi misioneri wers: `Sahis politika qarTvelebis mimarT metad moxerxebulia. qarTvelebs SeeZloT bevri usiamovneba mieyenebinaT, Tu gaerTiandebodnen. Sahma icis, Tu rogor unda CaSalos maTi erTianoba ise, rom es mis interesebs moemsaxuros. is imnairad awinaurebs qarTvel Tavadebs, rom maT aviwydebaT TavianTi samSoblo, sarwmunoeba da Sahis erTgulni xdebian. yvelaze didi Tanamdebobebi imperiaSi ekuTvniT qarTvelebs... rac Seexeba sarwmunoebas, qarTvelebi rogorc ki sparseTis samsaxurSi dgebodnen, nominalurad unda gamahmadianebuliyvnen, magram ìsini islamis erTguli mimdevarni arasodes ar iyvnen~34.
991
saWiro iyo gaerTianeba. rogorc cnobilia, im epoqaSi, roca erovneba da sarwmunoeba gaigivebuli iyo da xSirad erovnebas sarwmunoebrivi aRmsareblobis mixedviT sazRvravdnen, erovnuli erTianobisaTvis sarwmunoebrivi erTianoba iyo saWiro. qarTuli mamapapeuli sarwmunoeba, marTlmadidebloba, ukve aRar warmoadgenda qarTvelTaTvis sayovelTao da erTaderT sarwmunoebas, moWarbdnen qarTveli mahmadianebi, qarTveli grigorianebi, kaTolikeebi. osmalTa da sparsTa mier qarTvelTa marTlmadidebloba ganixileboda ara rogorc ubralo sarwmunoebrivi aRmsarebloba, aramed rogorc maT sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli politikuri orientacia. qarTvelTa marTlmadidebloba maSin, roca marTlmadidebluri ruseTis imperia kavkasiis mTagrexils moadga, kidev ufro saSiSi gaxda mahmadianebisaTvis. gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac XVI saukunis bolos da XVII saukunis dasawyisSi qarTl-kaxeTis mefeebi marTlmadideblur ruseTs Sehpirdnen, rom kavkasiis kars gauxsnidnen, riTac ruseTis marSs stambolispahanisaken xels Seuwyobdnen. irani da osmaleTi qarTvelTa marTlmadideblur sarwmunoebas siZulviliT uyurebda da krZalavda. ruseTisa da evropis garkveul wreebSi saqarTvelos ganixilavdnen rogorc placdarms konstantinepolsa da ispahanze laSqrobisaTvis. ruseTis elCi volinski, romelmac sparseTSi arsebuli viTareba sagangebod Seiswavla, saqarTvelos swored ispahanze laSqrobasTan kavSirSi ganixilavda _ `man ruseTis samefo kars acnoba _ `vaxtangs SeuZlia gamoiyvanos brZolis velze 30-dan 40000-iani jari da amdenad irwmuneba, rom Tu Tqveni jari saqarTveloSi Semova, maSin igi Tavisi jariT da Tqveni jaris daxmarebiT ispahanamde Cava~35. xolo evropaSi saqarTvelos konstantinepolze ruseTis laSqrobasTan kavSirSi ixseniebdnen _ èvropeli di plomatebi amtkicebdnen, rom ruseTi apirebs iranis, somxeTisa da saqarTvelos dapyrobas, xolo amis Semdeg konstantinepolze galaSqrebas~36. is, rac cnobili iyo evropaSi, cxadia, cnobili iyo iransa da osmaleTSic. am qveynebSi qarTvelTa marTlmadideblobas da saqarTvelos, rogorc marTlmadideblur qveyanas, ruseTis mier iranisa da osmaleTis imperiebis dapyrobasTan aigivebdnen. qarTvelTa marTlmadidebloba mahmadianebisaTvis mouTmeneli iyo. am mizezis gamo mahmadianebi arc erT qristianul sarwmunoebriv mimarTulebas ise ar sdevnidnen kavkasiaSi, rogorc qarTvelTa marTlmadideblobas. dapyrobil mesxeTSi qarTvelebi iZulebulni gaxdnen marTlmadidebloba uareyoT da mis nacvlad mahmadianoba mieRoT. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi isini qristianebad darCenisaTvis an kaTolikuri, an grigorianuli sarwmunoebis mimdevarni xdebodnen, rac qarTvelTa denacionalizacias iwvevda. faqto-
992
brivad, amave mizezis gamo mahmadianoba qarTlsa da kaxeTSic vrceldeboda, mravali qarTveli `TaTrdeboda~ da `somxdeboda~. ar iyo SemTxveviTi nikoloz ColoyaSvilis cnobili gamonaTqvami XVII s-is Sua wlebSi _ `Cvenis TvaliT vxedavT, rom mravalni qarTvelni somxdebian, umetesi nawili ki TaTrdeba, maS gafrangeba raRad unda daeSaloTo~. Seqmnili viTarebis gamo qarTvelebs erTiani sarwmunoeba TiTqmis aRar hqondaT. ukve dawyebuli iyo procesi qarTvelTa denacionalizaciisa, Tumca is jer kidev ar iyo gaRrmavebuli da dasrulebuli da Tu yvela qarTveli erT sarwmunoebas miiRebda, erovnuli erTianobis miRweva jer kidev SeiZleboda. magram romlis? es usaTuod marTlmadidebluri qristianuli sarwmunoeba unda yofiliyo, magram iseTi formiT, romelic sparseTsa da osmaleTs ar gaaRizianebda, romelsac aRiarebdnen gamahmadianebuli Tu gamahmadianebis piras misuli mesxebi da qarTlel-kaxelebi (aRmosavleT kaxeTi War-belaqani), gagrigorianebuli Tu grigorianobis piras misuli qarTvelebi, da rac mTavaria, am sarwmunoebas miiRebdnen mTielebi (afxaz-Cerqezebi Tu sxva tomebi), rac maT laSqrobebs saqarTveloze Seaferxebda. es iyo ocneba qarTveli mowinave wreebis sakmaod didi nawilisa. maTi ocnebis Tanaxmad, yovelTa qarTvelTa gamaerTianebeli sarwmunoeba SeiZleba kaTolikoba yofiliyo. Tumca, am ocnebis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba ara qarTvelTa gaerTianebas, aramed kidev ufro dayofasa da daSlas gamoiwvevda, rameTu xalxis cnobierebaSi marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoeba `qarTvelobasTan~ ukve gaigivebuli iyo, maSin roca kaTolikur sarwmunoebas ubralo xalxi ara qarTvelobas, aramed `frangobas~ ukavSirebda. `XVIII s-is dasawyisSi qarTlis saxelmwifos mmarTveli zedafena TandaTan cvlida Tavis damokidebulebas romisadmi da kaTolicizmisaken ixreboda. saqarTveloSi evropuli orientacia warmoiSva. es ukanaskneli Rrmad mniSvnelovani movlena iyo. XVII s-is pirvel meoTxedSi kaxeTis tragedia, rogorc cnobilia, rusTa mefis mfarvelobis Ziebas mohyva. rodesac ruseTi uSualod moadga kavkasions, qarTvelTa `marTlmadidebloba~ iranisaTvis kidev ufro saSiSi gaxda. marTlmadidebluri `gurjistani~, rogorc xangrZlivma istoriulma praqtikam cxadyo, miuRebeli aRmoCnda da axla irani qarTlis gakaTolikebas naklebsaSiSad miiCnevda. rasakvirvelia, iranel da Turq asimilatorebs arc evropuli saxelmwifoebis gavlena awyobdaT saqarTveloSi, magram, maTi azriT, orientacia evropaze SeaCerebda ufro saxifaTo da realur saSiSroebas _ ruseTis damkvidrebas kavkasiaSi. `muslimani mefeebis~ epoqaSi gamravldnen kaTolikeTa misionerebi... gansakuTrebiT mfarvelobdnen kaTolike-misionerebs vaxtang V-is (Sah-navazis) memkvidreebi... safiqrebelia, rom qarTvelebs kaTolikuri evropa iranTan sakuTari urTierTobis normalizaciisaTvis undodaT. im mizniT, rom irans (da, albaT, TurqeTsac) aSkarad daenaxa qarTvelebis gamijvna ruseTisagan -
993
mzad iyvnen uari eTqvaT marTlmadideblobaze kaTolikuri tipikonis sasargeblod. qarTveli politikosebi, rogorc Cans, fiqrobdnen, rom evropaze orientacia ar `gaaRizianebda~ irans, radgan XVIII s-is dasawyisSi evropa maxlobeli aRmosavleTis qveynebisaTvis jer kidev Soreuli mezobeli iyo~37. aqedan Cans, rom qarTvelebi kaTolikobas ganixilavdnen ara rogorc marTlmadideblobaze ukeTes sarwmunoebas, aramed rogorc politikur niRabs, qarTvelebi kaTolikobdnen `mxolod sityviT da ara saqmiT~. amaze miuTiTebs is, rom TiTqosda kaTolikuri aRmsareblobis motrfiale vaxtang VI ruseTSi gadasvlis Semdeg Tavis Tavs marTlmadideblad Tvlida da marTlmadideblur eklesiaSi daikrZala. aseve sulxan-saba orbelianic, TiTqosda kaTolikuri sarwmunoebis mimdevari saqarTvelos marTlmadideblur eklesiaSi moRvaweobda, xolo ruseTSi gadasvlis Semdeg moskovis marTlmadideblur vsexsviatskoes eklesiaSi dakrZales. ruseTSi, sadac marTlmadideblobis formalur-garegnulad dacvasac ki did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen, kaTolikes marTlmadideblur eklesiaSi ver dakrZalavdnen. magram isic unda iTqvas, rom rogorc Cans, im epoqis qarTvelebi marTlmadideblobasa da kaTolikobas erTnair, anda uaRresad msgavs qristianul sarwmunoebad Tvlidnen da kaTolikes Cveulebrivi marTlmadidebluri aRmsareblobis mimdevarsac uwodebdnen, Tuki igi romis paps msoflio eklesiis meTaurad Tvlida. aseve esmis es sakiTxi patr miqael TamaraSvilsac. misi azriT, qarTul marTlmadideblobas da romis kaTolikobas Zvel dros `dogmatobrivi erTgvaroba~ axasiaTebda, amitomac qarTveli marTlmadidebeli kaToliked rom qceuliyo, mxolod da mxolod mis mier papis upiratesobis aRiareba iyo saWiro da es sruliad sakmarisi iyo: `saqarTvelos romTan SesaerTeblad sxva araferi moeTxoveboda imis garda, rom papi ecno msoflio eklesiis Tavad da misTvis morCileba gamoecxadebina, Semdeg ki yvela qarTvels SeeZlo kaTolike yofiliyo da Tavis wessa da eklesiaSive darCeniliyo. esreTi SeerTeba SeiZleba bevrisagan SeuniSvnelad da ucnobelic darCeniliyo~38. maSasadame, imJamindeli SexedulebiT `kaTolike~ qarTveli ar Tmobda arc erT marTlmadideblur wess, marTlmadidebluri eklesiis mrevlad, Zveleburadve marTlmadidebeli mRvdlisa da episkoposis sulier Svilad rCeboda da maT mier eziareboda marTlmadidebluri wirvis Semdeg. erTaderTi, riTac igi Tavis `kaTolikobas~ adasturebda, is iyo, rom papis upiratesobas àRiarebda~. cxadia, aseTi `kaTolikoba~, araa namdvili kaTolikoba. TamaraSvili am movlenis mizezs ase xsnis: `SevniSnoT aq esec, rom saqarTvelos eklesia ise daSorebuli ar aris romis eklesias, rogorc sxva tomebis eklesiebia, radgan mtkiced aqvs daculi msoflio krebaTa dadgenili yvela dogmebi, amitom romis eklesia mas ar uwodebs eretik-
994
mwvaleblad, rogorc sxva tomTa eklesiebs uwodebs, aramed uxmobs marto gayrilad... swored am dogmatobrivi erTgvarobis mizezia, rom dResac konstantinopolSi qarTvelT kaTolikis tipikonis berebi xmaroben Seucvlelad yvela im liturgiis qarTul wignebs, rac dabeWdilia ruseTsa da saqarTveloSi da rasac dRes saqarTvelos mTeli samRvdeloeba xmarobs~39. ra Tqma unda, Tvalsazrisi qarTuli marTlmadideblobisa da romis kaTolikobis dogmatobrivad erTgvarovnebis Taobaze mcdaria, miT umetes, rom saukuneTa manZilze qarTul eklesiaSi damkvidrebul dogmatikas Cveni winaprebi berZnulis mixedviT asworebdnen da azustebdnen. zemoaRniSnulis gamo, qarTvelobisaTvis, rogorc Cans, kaTolikobis aRiareba formaloba iyo da araviTar damatebiT sarwmunoebriv sirTules ar qmnida. maT rCebodaT Zveleburi liturgia, wirva-locva, Zveli marTlmadidebluri wignebi, ucvleli rCeboda qarTuli eklesiis struqtura, ierarqia da mTlianoba. Tumca, Znelia srulad aRadgino da ivaraudo, Tu rogori iyo realuri viTareba im dros, magram isic faqtia, rom WeSmaritad marTlmadidebeli mravali Tavadi, mefe da gamoCenili piri misionerTa winaSe, zogjer Tavis Tavs kaToliked aRiarebda. aq unda aRiniSnos isic, rom Tu qarTvelTa mier aseTi kaTolikobis miRebiT qarTuli eklesia rogorc organizaciuli sistema ar ziandeboda, sul sxva mdgomareobaSi vardeboda qarTuli eklesia qarTvelTa mier grigorianobis miRebiT, gagrigorianebuli qarTveli yovelgvar kavSirs wyvetda qarTul eklesiasTan. gagrigorianebuli ukve eCmiaZinis mrevlad iTvleboda. qarTuli regionebis gagrigorianebiT qarTul eklesias safuZveli ecleboda. qarTvelTa viTomda gakaTolikebiT ki qarTuli eklesia ar ziandeboda, radganac gakaTolikeba ZiriTadad mxolod formaluri mxare iyo aRniSnul periodSi. mesxeTSi, sadac qarTuli eklesia faqtobrivad mospo osmaleTma, gakaTolikebamac gansxvavebuli saxe miiRo. mesxeTSi kaTolikur eklesiaSi Tavidan qarTulenovani tipikoni ixmareboda (e.i. ZvelqarTuli, marTlmadidebluri tradiciebi, Cveulebebi iyo daculi), rac praqtikidan somxurenovani da laTinuri ti pikoniT gamoaZeves. somxurenovani ti pikonis mqone qarTveloba denacionalizacias ganicdida da qarTvel ers ekargeboda _ isini somxdebodnen40. am mizezis gamo qarTvelebi dainteresebulni iyvnen ara ubralod kaTolikobis miRebiT (isini, vinc am process emxroboda), aramed misi qarTulenovani tipikoniTac. m. TamaraSvilma, S. lomsaZem da sxva mecnierebma sruliad damajereblad gamoikvlies, rom osmalTa mier dapyrobil mesxeTSi qarTvelebisaTvis marTlmadidebluri aRmsareblobis SenarCuneba Seqmnili pirobebis gamo SeuZlebeli gaxda. qarTvels an mahmadianoba unda mieRo, an kidev grigorianoba da kaTolikoba, yizilbaSTa batonobisas marTlmadideblur mosaxleobas qarTlsa da kaxeTSic Zlier gauWirda. yizilbaSTa batonobisas qvey-
995
anas gamahmadianebis safrTxe daemuqra, rac qarTvelobis damxobis tolfasi iyo. swored am mdgomareobas SesCioda sulxan-saba orbeliani safrangeTis mefes _ `saqarTvelos mefe vaxtangi ispahanSia da saqarTvelos erTianad gamahmadianeba moelis da did gansacdelSia, Tu dabrunda Tavis samTavroSi, qarTvelebi ara marto qristianed darCebian, aramed kidec SeuerTdebian kaTolike eklesias TavianTi mefis magaliTisamebr, romelic saamisod mzad aris da romelmac aRmiTqva, rom mobrundeba Tavis samSobloSi Tu ara, kaTolikoba miiRos...~41. rogorc cnobilia, iranis Sahis kars vaxtang VI-is qarTlis mefed (gurjistanis valad) damtkiceba surda, magram amisaTvis rostomis Semdeg dadgenili wesiT gamahmadianeba moeTxoveboda, viTarca mefobis kandidats. vaxtangma qristianoba ar daTmo, ar miiRo mahmadianoba da mefedac aRar daamtkices. igi iranSi darCa. am dros warmoSobila friad saintereso idea saqarTvelos aRdgomisa da gamoxsnisa. Tuki vaxtangs, rogorc qristian mefes, iranis saxelmwifos mesveurebi qarTlSi daabrunebdnen, amiT isini qristianuli saqarTvelos saxelmwifos arsebobas cnobdnen. es ki qarTvelobis gamarjveba, misi aRorZineba iqneboda. qarTlis qristianuli saxelmwifos arsebobis aRiarebis Semdeg irani keTilmezoblur urTierTobas daamyarebda masTan, xolo, Tavis mxriv, es saxelmwifo Crdilokavkasieli tomebis Tavdasxmebs TviTonve moigeriebda. saqarTvelos amiT gamahmadianebisa da denacionalizaciis safrTxe aSordeboda, rac qarTvel politikur moRvaweTa saboloo mizans Seadgenda. 1713 wels qarTlSi momzadda kaTolikur qveynebSi gasagzavni elCoba sulxan-saba orbelianis meTaurobiT, romlis mizani iyo: 1. qarTuli qristianuli saxelmwifos arseboba iuridiulad ecno iranis saxelmwifos, rac im SemTxvevaSi moxdeboda, Tu iranidan vaxtang VI-s qarTlSi gamoistumrebdnen rogorc qristian mefes. 2. saqarTvelos gaerTianeba. memorandumSi, romelic delegaciam safrangeTSi samefo taxts warudgina, kerZod, àRniSnuli iyo, rom politikurad gaerTianebul saqarTvelos SeeZlo àsi aTasze meti cxenosani Tu qveiTi~ Seeyara mahmadianur samyaros dasapirispireblad~42. es naTqvami iyo evropuli qveynebis dasaintereseblad, rac Cafiqrebuli gegmis ganxorcielebisaTvis iyo saWiro. 3. Crdilokavkasieli tomebis Semosevebis Sewyveta saqarTveloze, risTvisac Crdilokavkasieli tomebis, kerZod, afxazTa da CerqezTa gaqristianeba iyo saWiro. Crdilo-kavkasielTa gaqristianeba safuZveli gaxdeboda maTTan megobruli urTierTobis damyarebisa da CrdilokavkasielTa Semotevebis Sewyvetisa. sulxan-sabas memorandumis pirvelive punqti swored kavkasiel tomTa Soris qristianobis gavrcelebas moiTxovda. 4. unda Sewyvetiliyo qarTvelTa denacionalizacia. yvelaze didi safrTxe qarTvelTa gaTaTreba, anu gamahmadianeba iyo. gamahmadianebis safrTxe
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gansakuTrebiT mesxeTis TurqTagan dapyrobis Semdeg dasavleT saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleT da Crdilo-dasavleT kuTxeebs, kerZod, qvemo gurias (qobuleT-baTomis mxare) da odiS-afxazeTis mxares daemuqra (odiSSi klisuridan _ enguramde ukve Crdiloelebi (afsuebi) apirebdnen Casaxlebas). am kuTxeebSi qristianobis im formiT gavrceleba, romelic misaRebi iyo osmaleTisaTvis, maTi gamahmadianebis process, anu denacionalizacias gaTaTrebas da gaafxazebas Seaferxebda. Tavisi gegmis misaRwevad qarTul elCobas miaCnda, rom vaxtang VI-is iranidan qristian mefed dabrunebisaTvis 300 000 ekiu iyo sakmarisi. am didi Tanxis miRebis pirobad qarTvelebi qarTlSi qristian mefed dabrunebis SemTxvevaSi vaxtangis mier kaTolikuri sarwmunoebis aRiarebas asaxelebdnen. amasTanave, qarTuli delegacia imasac iTvaliswinebda, rom kaTolikuri evropa da vatikani yovelTvis wina planze ayenebdnen da aRmosavleTSi yoveli didi saqmis gakeTebis pirobad kaTolikuri sarwmunoebis aRiarebas moiTxovdnen (iseve, rogorc mahmadianuri qveynebi moiTxovdnen mahmadianobis aRiarebas). qarTvelebma icodnen es. Cans, amitomac delegaciam memorandumis pirvelive punqtSi kaTolikuri sarwmunoebis gavrcelebis saWiroebas miapyro Tavisi yuradReba, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, mTavar saqmed vaxtangis gaTavisufleba anu 300 000 ekius miReba da Sahis karze frangi mefis daxmareba miaCndaT. evropelTa daintereseba kaTolikobis gavrcelebiT qarTvelebma erovnul interesebs daukavSires da ifiqres, rom am sarwmunoebis (anu qristianobis am mimdinareobis) gavrceleba Crdilo kavkasiasa da saqarTvelos mahmadianobis gzaze Semdgar mxareebSi, qveyanas gadaarCenda, gaaerTianebda da aRadgenda. amitomac pirveli punqti, rogorc aRiniSna, `moiTxovda qarTlis mezobel samTavroTa: guria-imereTis, afxazeT-samegrelos gakaTolikebaSi xelis Sewyobas. aseve Crdilo kavkasiis sxva qveynebSi kaTolikuri sarwmunoebis gavrcelebas~43. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, qarTvelebs kaTolikoba marTlmadideblobaze ukeTes sarwmunoebad ki ar miaCndaT da maTi erTi nawili sarwmunoebrivi mizezebis gamo ki ar iRebda kaTolikobas, aramed politikuri mizezebis gamo. amas adasturebs is, rom arsad saqarTvelos arc erT daupyrobel mxareSi (aq ar igulisxmeba TurqTagan dapyrobili mesxeTi) mosaxleobis farTo masebi nebayoflobiT anda Tavisi sarwmunoebrivi miswrafebebis gamo kaTolikobaze ar gadasula. saqarTveloSi kaTolikobas, rogorc wesi, saxelmwifo moRvaweni (da is saeklesio ierarqebi, romelTac politikasTan hqondaT saqme) iRebdnen. saxelmwifo moRvaweebad ki am dros iTvlebodnen Tavadebi, erisTavebi da samefo karze moRvawe pirebi. kaTolikuri sarwmunoeba politikis, sagareo orientaciis, qveynis ganTavisuflebis, saqarTvelos gaerTianebis, kavkasiis SekavSirebis da sxva politikur-saxelmwifoe-
997
brivi miznebis gansaxorcieleblad esaWiroebodaT qarTvel moRvaweebs. ubralo xalxi qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis wevri iyo. Tumca, arc `kaTolike~ qarTvelebs miaCndaT kaTolikoba gansxvavebul sarwmunoebad, mas marTlmadideblobis nawilad, mis evropul saxed miiCnevdnen. rogorc Cans, aseve esmoda es sakiTxi sulxan-saba orbeliansac. 1709 wliT daTariRebul papisadmi miweril werilSi, romelic m. TamaraSvils sulxan-sabas gagzavnilad miaCnia, vkiTxulobT: òRond es vincavin aq marTlmadidebelni arian, amaTzed Tqveni locva da saqmiTac moxmareba iyos. xiluli mtrebisagan dids WirSi arian. yovelT codvilT ucodvilesi orbelisSvili sulxan yofili monazoni saba. miwa ferxTa TqvenTa~44. am werilSi saba Tavisianebs `marTlmadideblebs~ uwodebs. is iseTi marTlmadidebelia, romelic paps pativs cems, petres mosaydresa da mwyemss uwodebs. papis primatobis maRiarebel marTlmadidebels ki, Tanaxmad m. TamaraSvilisa, im dros kaTolikes uwodebdnen. amitomac sulxan-saba, rogorc Cans, ara rwmeniT an dogmaturi sakiTxebis miRebiT iyo kaTolike, aramed politikuri orientaciiT, rameTu am epoqis moRvaweTa azriT (rogorc iTqva, amas imdroindeli Sexedulebebis analizi uCvenebs) miiCneoda, rom marTlmadideblobisa da kaTolikobis dogmatika da qristologia erTi da igive iyo, miT umetes, rom qarTveli kaTolikeebi yvela marTlmadideblur wigns Zveleburadve iyenebdnen da wirva-locvisa da liturgiis wessa da yovelgvars marTlmadideblur saeklesio Cveulebas icavdnen. kaTolikobis aRiarebiT maT qarTul eklesiaSi damatebiT araferi SehqondaT, arc arafers aklebdnen da mis arc erT struqturas ar cvlidnen. sulxan-sabas evropul wyaroebSi `wmida basilis wesis monazoni ewodeba~. miiCneva, rom wmida basilis samonazno ordeni kaTolikuri iyo. sinamdvileSi ki, evropelebi yvela marTlmadidebel bers `wmida basilis wesis monazons~ uwodeben, radganac cnobili iyo, rom Tu kaTolikur samyaroSi berobis (monaznobis) sxvadasxva ordeni arsebobda (karmelitebi, franciskanelebi da sxva), marTlmadideblebs mxolod erTi saxis, `wmida basilis wesis~ mqone berobis instituti hqondaT, romelsac ekuTvnoda kidec sulxan-saba, mas swored am ordenSi aRudgenia Tavisi Tavi 1714 wlisaTvis evropaSi. yovel SemTxvevaSi faqtia, rom sulxan-saba saerTod ar fiqrobda qarTuli eklesiisagan gandgomas, piriqiT, is misi uerTgulesi wevri, misi gaZlierebisa da amaRlebisaTvis Tavdadebuli mebrZoli, misi erT-erTi warmmarTveli, mrCeveli da saeklesio TavadTagani iyo. evropaSi gamgzavrebis win sulxan-saba 40 dRe imyofeboda dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikosTan, isini erTad saxavdnen gzebs afxaz-Cerqezebsa da sxva tomebSi qristianobis aRorZinebisaTvis (fiqrobdnen, rom aq qristianoba Zlevamosil evropel misionerebs unda gaevrcelebinaT). safrangeTis imperators sulxani dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikosis Sesaxeb atyobinebda _ àm partiarqis
998
azri es aris, rom SeuerTdes wmida saydarsa da misionerebTan erTad ecados afxazebis moqcevas~45. `wmida saydarTan SeerTebis~ formulis gareSe evropuli kaTolikuri qveynebi sabas werils arc ganixilavdnen, qarTvelobisaTvis ki umTavresi afxazebis (afsua-Cerqezebis) gamanadgurebeli Semosevebis Tavidan acileba iyo, rac maTi gaqristianebiT gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli. m. TamaraSvili wers _ `sabas kaTolikoba unda mieRo 1692 w-s, xolo Cven zemoT vnaxeT, rom igi gakaTolikebula 1687 w-s giorgi mefesTan erTad... saba monazvnad aRkveces. Semdgom igi wmida ioane naTlismcemlis monastris winamZRvari gamxdara. es sabuTi sakmaod gvimtkicebs, im dros xsenebuli monastris monazvnebic kaTolikeni unda yofiliyvnen, radgan warmoudgenelia erTi da imave alags ufrosi kaTolike iyos da misni qveSevrdomni ki ara~46. es sakmaod Zlieri sabuTi Cven gvarwmunebs, rom am dros saqarTveloSi qarTuli ritis viTomda kaTolikeni da marTlmadideblebi gansxvavebul sarwmunoebrivi mimarTulebis morwmuneebad rodi iTvlebodnen. daviT garejis ioane naTlismcemlis monasteri, rogorc wesi, tradiciulad marTlmadidebluri iyo da SeuZlebelia mis winamZRvrad aramarTlmadidebeli, anda gansxvavebuli sarwmunoebrivi aRmsareblobis piri yofiliyo. `kaTolike~ sulxan-saba ki mas winamZRvrobda, rac ara imaze migviTiTebs, rom monasteric kaTolikuri iyo, aramed imis Sesaxeb, rom im droisaTvis qarTvelebi sabas sarwmunoebrivad marTlmadideblad miiCnevdnen. rogorc aRiniSna, marTlmadideblis `kaToliked~ qcevisaTvis misi arc xelaxla monaTvla, arc gadanaTvla, arc mironcxeba, sarwmunoebrivi Sexedulebebis araviTari cvlileba ar iyo saWiro, garda papis primatobis aRiarebisa, rac politikasTan ufro iyo dakavSirebuli, vidre sarwmunoebasTan. sulxan-sabas elCobis Sedegi aseTi iyo: safrangeTis imperatori ar dainteresda kavkasielTa gakaTolikebiT, es man papis gadasaWrel saqmed miiCnia, aman qarTvelTa gegmebi CaSala. maT icodnen, rom paps Zalebi kavkasieli tomebis gasaqristianeblad ar Seswevda, xolo safrangeTis Zlieri saxelmwifo am saqmeSi ar Caeria. garda amisa, vaxtangis gasaTavisufleblad 300 000 ekiu, rasac qarTvelebi sTxovdnen, ar gamohyo. e.i. safrangeTi iranis mier qarTuli qristianuli saxelmwifos arsebobis iuridiuli cnobiT ar dainteresda. aRdgomisa da gamoxsnis evropuli orientacia CaiSala. evropa qarTuli saxelmwifos aRorZinebis gegmis mimarT gulgrili darCa. ufro metic, roca ramdenime wlis Semdeg Turqebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi SemoiWrnen, evropis zogierT kuTxeSi kmayofilnic ki darCenilan - `TurqeTis mier Tbilisis dapyrobam da qarTlis damorCilebam didi sixaruli mohgvara ingliss, romelic ruseTis marcxis mosurne iyo da yovelmxriv cdilobda, TurqeTs esargebla iranis saboloo dacemiT~47.
999
1715 wels sulxan-sabas xelcarieli dabruneba saqarTveloSi qarTveli mefis evropuli orientaciis kraxs niSnavda. evropam ar isurva xeli Seewyo misi gegmebisaTvis, romelic kavkasiis nawilebis SekavSirebas, saqarTvelos saSinao politikis mowesrigebas, mefe-mTavarTa Soris SeTanxmebis miRwevis gziT qveynis gaerTianebas da qristianuli rwmenis dacviT mahmadianobis gavrcelebis Seferxebas iTvaliswinebda. magram dro aRar icdida, saWiro iyo aqtiuri moqmedeba, vaxtangma sagareo orientacia Seicvala, amitom 1716 wels Seqmnili viTarebis gamo mahmadianoba miiRo. `mefis es nabiji moCvenebiTi iyo, vaxtangi gadavida mahmadis rjulze `mxolod sityviT da ara saqmiTac~48. aRsaniSnavia, rom m. TamaraSvilis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi dabrunebul sulxan-sabas sajarod devnidnen ara qarTvelebi, rogorc es azri miRebulia amJamad, aramed somxebi, Tu ra iyo imis mizezi, rom TviT saqarTveloSic ki (ara marto somxeTSi, aramed saqarTveloSic) somxebs ufleba hqondaT miniWebuli (iranelTa mier) edevnaT qarTveli sasuliero pirebi, amis Sesaxeb dabejiTebiTa da damajereblad wers m. TamaraSvili Tavis wignebSi. somexTa azriT, `qarTvelebs kaTolikoba ki ar unda eRiarebinaT, aramed grigorianoba (igulisxmeba is qarTvelebi, romlebic miuxedavad iZulebisa ki ar mahmadiandebodnen, aramed romelime aramarTlmadideblur sarwmunoebas aRiarebdnen xolme). somexTa azriT ki, rogorc TamaraSvili da sxva mecnierebi arkveven, Tu qarTvels gamahmadianeba ar surda, mas kaTolikoba ki ar unda eRiarebina Tavis sarwmunoebad, aramed grigorianoba. amitomac sastikad devnidnen ara marto evropel kaTolike misionerebs, aramed qarTvelebsac ki da maT Soris sulxan-sabas, romelic mTel saqarTvelos Tavis mamad miaCnda49.
vaxtang VI-is rusuli orientacia da misi kraxi

iranis saxelmwifos ukiduresma dasustebam, avRanTa mier misi mmarTveli dinastiis Camogdebam, qveynis ukiduresma Sinaganma krizisma, rogorc Cans, qarTvel politikosebs, kerZod ki, vaxtang VI-s afiqrebina, rom aRar iyo saWiro damalva qarTvelTa swrafvisa marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis aRorZinebisa da marTlmadidebluri ruseTisaken. 1722 w. p. butkovis cnobiTac, vaxtang VI-m sajarod miiRo qristianoba _ ` , ~. manamde vaxtangi umkacresad icavda qristianuli qveynebisaken Tavisi swrafvis saidumlos. magaliTad, 1714 wels safrangeTis ministrs `sifrTxilisaTvis vaxtangi arc qarTulad swers da arc Tavis xels awers pasuxze, raTa pasuxi mis mtrebs, sparselebs ar CavardnodaT xelSi da uaresad ar gadamterebodnen~50. TviT Tavis gamzrdels, sulxan-saba orbeliansac ki, vaxtangma italiur enaze dawerili werili gaugzavna, raTa qarTuli xelSi ar Caeg-
1000
doT da ar waekiTxaT. kerZod, igi werda: `ver vbedav da Cemis xeliT verafersa vwer, radgan meSinia Cemi Zmis artileriis generlis iesesi, romelic, rogorc mudam gandgomili mteri da eSmaki, ise damtrialebs gars, raTa CamTqas~51. sparseTis saxelmwifos dasustebisa da im didi imedebis gamo, romelsac ruseTis saxelmwifo da saxeldobr petre I iZleoda, vaxtangma saWirod aRar CaTvala dafarva Tavisi qristianul-marTlmadidebluri anu osmalsparsTa azriT, rusuli orientaciisa; man saqveynod gaamJRavna Tavisi gadawyvetileba ruseTTan samxedro kavSiris Sekvrisaken, kerZod, igi mzad iyo xeli Seewyo rusTa jaris SemosvlisaTvis amierkavkasiisa da iranis teritoriebze. aman Zalze SeaSfoTa mahmadianuri qveynebi da Crdilokavkasieli tomebi. samwuxarod, Cafiqrebuli gegma ver ganxorcielda. samagierod, TurqeTma mizezi iSova da saqarTveloSi Semovida, TareSs umates lekebmac, xolo bolos osmalobas qveyanaSi yizilbaSoba Seenacvla. `vfiqrobT, vaxtang VI-is gamoaSkaravebulma di plomatiurma rusulma orientaciam da lekTa TareSis gaZlierebam, Sinafeodalurma Seunelebelma brZolebma Seqmna winapiroba imisaTvis, rom aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi imdroindeli saxelmwifoebrivi (ekonomikuri, kulturuli da socialuri) wyoba ori aTeuli wliT moSliliyo. saqarTveloSi jer òsmaloba~ da mere `yizilbaSoba~ damkvidrda~52. ruseTs sparseTSi gansakuTrebuli ekonomikuri interesebi hqonda. `petre dids undoda, rom sparseTis vaWroba rus vaWrebs CaegdoT xelSi... sparseTis ekonomikurad xelSi CaWera rom ufro gaadvilebuliyo, petre Ima gadawyvita kaspiis zRvis midamoebi amierkavkasiaSi jer Tavisi mfarvelobis qveS moeqcia, Semdeg qveyana daepyro da Sig rusi jariskacebi Caesaxlebina... am idumali gegmis asasruleblad ruseTisaTvis saqarTvelos samefos samxedro daxmareba iyo saWiro. amitom petre didma gadawyvita saqarTvelo da mefe vaxtangi Caeria am saqmeSi da ruseTis sasargeblod gamoeyenebina~53. am misiiT petre I-s vaxtangTan sagangebo elCi gaugzavnia: `ruseTis elCma ise ostaturad moawyo da moaCvena saqme qarTvelebs, TiTqos petre I-s Seetyos vaxtang VI-is gaWirvebuli mdgomareoba, misi Svela da daxsna sdomodes spars-osmalTa klanWebisagan da swored amitom apirebdes igi sparseTis winaaRmdeg amxedrebas. mefe vaxtangma da qarTlis samefos gavlenianma wreebma es di plomatiuri xrikebi sinamdviled miiCnies, maT ver warmoedginaT, rom Zlier qristian xelmwifes gulSi sxva rame idumali zraxva eqneboda~54. vaxtangs, rogorc cnobilia, hqonda Tavisi gegma saqarTvelos `gamoxsnisa da aRdgomisa~. petre I-ma mas am gegmis ganxorcielebis imedi dausaxa, amitomac miendo mas. `qarTlis mefes vaxtang VI-s, Tavis mxriv, farTo zogadi gegmebi amoZravebda, rodesac ruseTis mokavSireobas upiratesobas aniWebda: saqarTvelo unda ganTavisuflebuliyo iranis Cagvrisagan, TurqTa mxridan Tavdasxmebi aecdina, moexerxebina qveynis politikuri gaerTianeba,
1001
Seenelebina dinastiuri SuRli, moespo qristianuli religiis devna da SedarebiT ukeTesi piroba Seeqmna erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis~55. amitomac, vaxtangi rusTa mefis winadadebam gaitaca, Tumca ki saxelmwifos darbaiselTa erTi jgufi mefes sifrTxiles urCevda. sparsTa da osmalTa iZulebiTi morCilebisas rusTa mefesTan aSkara kavSiris daWeris gamo qarTlis samefo karze moRvaweTagan zogierTni: `mefes sZraxavdnen, ityodnen ege viTarsa gmobasa, sams dids xelmwifes pirs aZlevs, samgan ikeTebs ymobasa, yeenis spasalaria, Tavs irqvams rayamobasa, rusT xelmwifesTan mamaobs, xvanTqarTan Cemobs Zmobasa~, _ werda daviT guramiSvili. rus xelmwifes vaxtangisaTvis miuweria _ `modi migiCnev mamado... gijobs me zurgi momyudo, gulzeda guli mamado~... rac vaxtangs sixaruliT daujerebia. amitomac uTqvamT: `mesame kidev moiba, ori sabeli Tavs eba, sami veSapi erT lomsa aw viTar moeTviseba~. vaxtangisa da ruseTis kavSirma SeaSfoTa, aaRelva da aamoZrava mTeli axlo aRmosavleTi, SeSfoTebis xmam TviT evropaSic miaRwia. evropeli di plomatebi amtkicebdnen, rom ruseTi vaxtangTan kavSiris SemweobiT apirebda jer iranis dapyrobas, xolo Semdeg konstantinepolze galaSqrebas56. amis gamo `konstantinepolSi ramdenjerme Seikriba saxelmwifo divani, sadac sakiTxi daisva petre I-sa da vaxtang VI-is saomar moqmedebaTa winaaRmdeg aqtiuri zomebis miRebis Sesaxeb~57. irani, osmaleTi da daRestani udidesma SeSfoTebam moicva, yoveli mxridan rusTa mogeriebisaTvis da qarTlis samagaliTod dasjisaTvis moemzadnen. m. qiqoZe wers: `Cveni varaudiT, vaxtangis diplomatiuri sisuste swored imaSi mdgomareobda, rom man Tavisi politikuri pozicia ar damala da ruseTis saimperatoro karisadmi ndoba iranisa da TurqeTisaTvis saaSkarao gaxda~58. petres mier daimedebuli vaxtangi Tavisi 30-40-aTasiani jariT sparseTis saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi Sevida, sadac misi azriT, rusTa jari meore mxridan unda Semosuliyo. cnobilia, rom ruseTis jari sparseTSi ar Sevida, vaxtangi marto aRmoCnda gaSmagebuli mtrebis winaSe. s. janaSia wers: àra vaxtangma mimarTa daxmarebisaTvis petre I-s, aramed petrem CaiTria vaxtangi sparseTis laSqrobaSi. ar aris swori mtkiceba, rom TiTqos saqarTvelos rusuli jaris daxmarebis miReba ver mouxerxda. petre I-ma umowyalod dastova Tavisi kavkasieli mokavSireebi bedis anabara~59. petres darubandSi miuvida ambavi, rom vaxtangi 40 000-iani jariT Sesuliyo sparseTis imperiis sazRvrebSi da petres eloda. ambis miRebis meore dResve 1723 wlis `7 enkenisTves, is daiZra da wavida, magram saqarTvelos jarTan SesaerTeblad ki ara, aramed Sin, astraxanisaken~60. `mefe vaxtangi 40 000-iani qarTuli jariTurT idga da ucdida `qristes moyvare~ xelmwifes da ver gaego, Tu ratom `Seiqmna dayovneba xelmwifisa~61. roca Seityo, rac moxda, `maSin ki darwmunda vaxtang mefe, rom
1002
laSqrobis mowinaaRmdege darbaiselni marTalni iyvnen. `Seeqmna mefes Wmunva didi~, magram raRa dros. saqme gacilebiT ufro cudad datrialda, vidre omis mowinaaRmdege darbaislebs gaTvaliswinebuli hqondaT, maT fiqradac ki ar mosvliaT, rom rusTa xelmwife Tavis sityvas ar aasrulebda da saqarTvelos ganrisxebuls mters umweod miutovebda. sanam petre I vaxtang mefes Seacdenda da sabediswero nabijs gadaadgmevinebda, osmaleTi arzrumis faSis piriT vaxtang VI-s mfarvelobas hpirdeboda, mas rom sparseTis winaaRmdeg ruseTis omSi monawileoba ar mieRo da ruseTs cxadad ar momxroboda. magram raki osmaleTma dainaxa, rom ruseTi sparseTis dapyrobas lamobda da qarTvelebic maTi mokavSireni iyvnen, ruseTis SiSiT daiZra da jer erevnidan Tavrizamdis mTeli qveyana daiWira, xolo Semdeg TviT saqarTvelos winaaRmdegac gailaSqra... meore mxriT, gana sparseTs ki SeeZlo saqarTvelosaTvis misi moqmedeba epatiebina? sparseTis Sahs vaxtang mefeze moaxsenes: is imdenad àris mteri Seni~, rom èymo xelmwifesa ruseTisasa~ da àmowyvita rjulisa Senisa mosavnio~, saqarTvelo ganmtkicebisa da gaZlierebis magier mtris saTareSod iqca: qarTli aoxrda da osmalebs Cauvarda xelSi, lekebma xalxs Zarcva-gleja dauwyes, vaxtang mefes, romelsac saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi, kulturuli da ekonomikuri aRorZinebisaTvis dauRalavi Sroma hqonda gaweuli da qveynis aRmSeneblobiTi muSaobiT iyo gatacebuli, petre I-sagan ase motyuebulsa da yovlad umweod mitovebuls, saqarTvelodan gaxizvnis meti aRaraferi darCenoda. qarTlSi osmalebi gabatondnen, magram saqme amiT ar damTavrebula. rodesac petre pirvelma dainaxa, rusTa samxedro moqmedebiT sparseTSi osmaleTi imdenad ganrisxda, rom ruseTisaTvis omis gamocxadebas apirebda, 1724 w-is 12 ivniss masTan swrafad Sekra zavi, romlis pirvel muxlSi rusTa xelmwifem mTeli aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo osmaleTs dauTmo, Tumca igi mas srulebiTac ar ekuTvnoda62. qarTli axali dampyroblis _ osmaleTis xelSi aRmoCnda. vaxtang VI uzarmazari amaliT ruseTSi gadavida, mas saqarTvelodan 1200 kaci gahyolia, xolo ruseTSi Sehmatebian iq adre Casuli qarTvelebi, sabolood amalaSi 1885 kaci aRmoCnda63. 1724 wlis ivlisSi mefem qarTlis sazRvrebi datova, erTi TviT adre domenti kaTalikosma oficialuri werili gaugzavna petre I-s, romelSic TurqTa gamo qveyanaSi Seqmnil savalalo mdgomareobas atyobinebda, kerZod, igi werda: `vin icis, gza viSovoT da mand giaxloT, raTa xelmwifem Segviwyalos...~ am werilidan kargad Cans, rom qarTlis kaTalikosis Txovna qveyanaSi darCenili Tavkacebis saerTo gadawyvetileba iyo; ver gaarTves ra Tavi Seqmnil situacias, erTi mxriv, lekebis Semosevebs da meore mxriv, osmalTa damkvidrebas, qarTlis Tavkacebma gadawyvites ruseTs Sekedlebodnen~64. iseTi viTareba Seiqmna, rom qarTvels saqarTveloSi aRar edgomeboda, visac SeZleba hqonda da marTlmadideblobis SenarCuneba surda,
1003
mzad iyo saqarTvelo mietovebina da ruseTSi gaxiznuliyo. sxva didebulebTan erTad TavianTi, gasaWirSi myofi, samwyso miatoves da gaixiznen àrqiepiskoposi qristefore, mitropoliti pavle Tbileli, episkoposebi: nikoloz mroveli, mangleli arseni...~65. amis gamo, albaT, Sesabamisi saepiskoposoebic gauqmda, magaliTad Teimuraz II-isa da erekle II-is mefobis dasawyisis erTi sabuTidan Cans, rom mrovelis kaTedra gauqmebuli iyo da maT aRdgena surdaT. miuxedavad Seqmnili viTarebisa, qarTul eklesias udidesi Zala da gavlena hqonda saqarTveloSi, rasac angariSs ruseTis saimperatoro karic uwevda. magaliTad, ruseTis mTavroba cdilobda vaxtang VI-s raime kavSiri ar daemyarebina kaTalikos domentisTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom TurqTagan Seviwroebuli kaTalikozi imaleboda kidec. `1725 w-is zafxulSi domenti kaTalikosi, romelic jer kidev qsnis xeobaSi imaleboda, Semdeg iZulebuli Seiqmna konstantinepolisaTvis Seefarebina Tavi. ruseTis mTavrobas mainc SiSi hqonda, rom vaxtangs da domentis raime saidumlo kavSiri ar gaebaT erTmaneTTan da amiT TurqeTi ar gaeRizianebinaT ruseTis winaaRmdeg~66. aqedan Cans, rom rogorc ruseTSi, ise TurqeTSi qarTvelTa kaTalikosi mTeli saqarTvelos ganpirovnebul saxed hyavdaT miCneuli, kaTalikosi saqarTvelos pirovnuli gamoxatulebaa. amitomac imis Semdeg, rac Turqebma kaTalikosi konstantinepolidan, viTarca patimari, erT kunZulze gagzavnes, `vaxtangi ruseTs sTxovda 1731 w-s exsna domenti kaTalikosi TurqTa tyveobisagan~67. male yvelasaTvis cxadi gaxda, rom ruseTis mTavroba Tavs ar iwuxebda saqarTvelosaTvis, xolo saqarTveloSi osmalobam da yizilbaSobam saSineli saxe miiRo. `...misi (vaxtangis) daufaravi damokidebuleba da erTguleba ruseTisadmi, yovelTvis ara marto yuradRebas aZabvinebda osmaleTs da irans, aramed aqtiuri brZolisaken ubiZgebda aRmosavlel dampyrobelT~68. vaxtangis imedi, rom ruseTis daxmarebiT iranis vasaluri damokidebulebisagan gaTavisufldeboda, kraxiT damTavrda. piriqiT, osmalebis, mere yizilbaSebis dros osebma jer qarTlis mTianeTi daiWires, Semdeg osebis tomebi qarTlis barisaken daiZrnen. Tuki aqamde vaxtangi (1711 wels) imorCilebda dvaleTs, romelic teritoriulad Crdilo kavkasiaSi mdebareobda, yizilbaSobis Semdeg Teimuraz II da erekle II 1740-ian wlebSi ukve saqarTvelos mTianeTSi Camowolil osebs ebrZvian. rac Seexeba lekebs, maT am periodSi sabolood daiWires aRmosavleT kaxeTi. osebisa da lekebis mier qarTlisa da kaxeTis miwebis mitaceba sxva marcxTan erTad didi marcxi iyo.
1004
vaxtang VI-isa da muxranel bagrationTa didi ojaxis mamuliSviloba
erTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwifos daSlisa da gansakuTrebiT qarTlSi rostom-xanis gamefebis Semdeg aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi qarTveli eris moRvaweobis yoveli sfero sparseTis wamlekavi gavlenis qveS moeqca, gaukuRmarTda, erovnul saxes ucxoelTa daRi daesva, Cveni qveyana sulier-kulturuli daRupvis gzas daadga. `qarTveli eri am dros marTlac uaRres gansacdelSi iyo Cavardnili. misi momavali saxeiros aras moaswavebda, Tu rom is mTels Tavis sulier Zalas ar moikrebda da erovnuli gansacdelis Tavidan acilebas ar ecdeboda. sabednierod, es SeZlo am saSinel gasaWirSi; man marTlac mTeli Tavisi energia da SemoqmedebiTi niWi moikriba da gamanadgurebel mimarTulebas win aRudga~69. qarTuli kulturis uaRresi dakninebis dros erovnuli TviTSemecnebis gaRviZebisa da gaRvivebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT iRvawa muxraneli bagrationebis im Stom, romelsac saTaveSi edga vaxtang V Sahnavazi. am ojaxis wevrebi da masTan daaxloebuli pirebi iyvnen is udidesi moRvaweni, romelTac intensiuri erovnul-patriotuli da kulturul-mecnieruli SemoqmedebiT SeZles RvTismetyvelebis, istoriuli mecnierebis, medicinis, qimiis, maTematika-astronomiis, filosofiis, pedagogikis, bunebismetyvelebis, geografiis, genealogiis, samxedro saqmis araTu aRorZineba, aramed erovnul niadagze gadayvanac. aRorZinda rusTvelologia, didaqtika, daibeWda wmida werilibiblia, wignebi saeklesio saWiroebisaTvis. ar iyo arc erTi dargi, arc erTi saxe erovnul-kulturuli mimarTulebisa, romelsac saTaveSi ar hyoloda muxran-batonTa aRniSnuli ojaxis romelime wevri anda maTTan daaxloebuli pirebi, arCil mefe, giorgi XI, vaxtang VI Tu vaxuSti, maTive ojaxis uaxloesi piri sulxan-saba orbeliani Tu sxvebi. safiqrebelia, rom muxranel bagrationTa ojaxisa da maT irgvliv Semokrebili moRvaweebis erovnul-patriotul suliskveTebas safuZveli daudo am ojaxis pirmSom (vaxtang V-is ufrosma vaJma) arCil II-m, magram mravalmxrivobiTa da nayofierebiT vaxtang VI-s veravin Seedreboda. arCili im dros cxovrobda da moRvaweobda, roca qarTvel ers gansakuTrebiT uWirda. saqarTveloSi mahmadianTa gavlena ara marto saxelmwifoebriv, aramed kulturul-sayofacxovrebo da sulier sferoSic igrZnoboda, qveyana sisxlisagan icleboda, qarTlSi qarTvelad yofna gausaZlisi gaxda; SeZlebuli da gavleniani didebulebic ki, visac qristianad darCena surda, saqarTvelodan ruseTSi midioda sacxovreblad. dabali fenebis nawili, SeWirvebuli mahmadianTa da lekTagan, Tavdacvis mizniT grigoriandeboda (somxebs Sah-abasis Semdeg iranSi araTu devnidnen, saxelmwifoebriv doneze SeRavaTebsa da upiratesobebs aniWebdnen, qarTul qalaqebSi
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ki iranis garnizonebi idga da mahmadiani mmarTvelebi batonobdnen, romelnic grigorianebs (`somxebs~) patronobdnen.
Teimurazi svimon Tamari
vaxtang V-is muxranel _ bagrationTa Stos genealogia aseTia:
vaxtang V (Sahnavazi)
solomon
anuka (Sahis coli)
levan aleqsandre mefe
qaixosro vaxtang VI mefe domenti mefe (husein yulixani) kaTalikosi
iese mefe (aliyulixan)
anton I kaTalikosi baqar mefe (Sah-navaz xani) vaxuSti istorikosi
dasavleT saqarTveloSi tyveTa syidva mZvinvarebda, xSirad tyved gasayidad gamzadebuli qalebi da kacebi Tavebs imaxinjebdnen da Tavs iklavdnen. iyo SemTxvevebi, roca dedebi tyveebad gamzadebul bavSvebs TavianTi xeliT klavdnen (icodnen, rom gaTaTreba ar ascdebodaT). am dros ki riT iyvnen dakavebulni Cveni eris inteleqtualebi, vTqvaT, poeziasa da mwerlobaSi? qarTul mwerlobasa da literaturaSi iseTi Temebi Warbobda, rom Tu ara evropeli misionerebis Canawerebi da Semdegdroindel qarTvel isto-
arCil mefe (Sahnazarxani)
giorgi XI mefe (Sahnavaz-xani)
luarsab
1006
rikosTa Sromebi, adamiani ifiqrebda, TiTqosda saqarTvelo umSvenieres saukuneSi cxovrobda. qarTuli istoriografia saerTod dumda da ar aRwerda arsebul viTarebas, qveyanaSi gabatonebuli iyo siyvaruli poeziisa, Zveli prozauli nawarmoebebic ki poemebad gadaakeTes. rac Seexeba Temebs, miRebuli iyo ara erovnul-patriotuli, anda istoriuli xasiaTis leqsebi da poemebi (proza saerTod ar uyvardaT am dros, rogorc iTqva), aramed msubuqi, gasarTobi, romantikul-ararealuri, sadevgmiro da msgavsi Temebi; yvavilebis, xilTa, anbanis da msgavsTa qeba imis gamo, rom sparsul literaturaSi swored es Temebi iyo gavrcelebuli, an kidev imis gamo, rom qarTvel didebulTa didma nawilma sparsuli ena icoda (urevdnen kidec sparsul da qarTul sityvebs erTmaneTSi), swored sparsuli poezia iyo sulieri sazrdo qarTvelobisa, imdenad, rom ara marto didebulebi, aramed dabali fenebic ki izepirebdnen `rostomianis~ (Sah-names) pasaJebs da misi gmirebis saxelebs TavianT bavSvebs arqmevdnen. eri ucxour (da Tanac dampyroblis) sulier kulturas daewafa, Tumca ki mSvenivrad Targmnilsa da galeqsils. `rostomiani~ gauleqsavs 16-marcvlovani SairiT XVI saukunis pirveli naxevris poets, imave saukuneSi misi Sroma meore poets gaugrZelebia. ìranul literaturaSi firdousis `Sah-names~ bevri mimbaZveli hyavda... am saxis naSromebi qarTuladac gadmoukeTebiaT, aseTebia ùTruTian-saamiani~, `zaaqiani~ da sxvebi70. marto sparsuli zRaprebiT ar kmayofildebodnen, qarTuli àmiran-darejanianic~ gauleqsavT, mose xonelisa (TavisTavad mSvenieri romani, magram am epoqis sulieri saWiroebisaTvis gamousadegari). `zRapruli prozis SesaniSnavi nawarmoebia `rusudaniani~, erTmaneTTan Sinaarsobrivad da ideurad dakavSirebuli 12 zRapris krebuli~71. Tumca, rogorc Cans, esenic saWironi iyvnen: `nawarmoebSi gamoxatulia optimisturi Sexeduleba cxovrebaze: dabrkolebebi, gasaWiri, gansacdeli, bolos da bolos daZleuli iqneba da Wiri lxiniT Seicvleba~72. Cans, gaWirvebuli xalxi raRaca imeds hpovebda amgvari TxzulebebiT. TviT Teimuraz I ki, romelmac saTave daudo qarTul mwerlobaSi erovnuli motivebis aRorZinebas Tavisi poemiT `wameba qeTevan dedoflisa~, sparsuli Tematikis wamlekav gavlenasaa ayolili, Targmnis `leilmejnunians~, ìosebzilixanians~, `vardbulbulians~, `Samifarvanians~, magram is mainc gansxvavdeba sxva moleqseebisagan imiT, rom ùcxour fabulaSi qarTul erovnul suliskveTebas aqsovs~73, Tumca ki amiT saerTo suraTi ar icvleba - sparsuli gavlena wamlekavia. TviT istoriebic ki ar iwereboda, aravin iyo ieremiasaebr mgloviare qarTlis mdinareTa napirebze maSin, roca saukune marTlac usaSinelesi iyo. àravis unda saxareba, arca wigni `mociqulTao~, _ werda Teimurazi. `saRmrTo wigni bevri waxda uydoTa da ubudobiTo~, _ wuxs arCili. am epoqis dabalsulierebasa da znedacemulobas swored is apirobebda, rom daviwyebuli iyo qarTvelTa erovnuli sarwmunoebis umTavresi saRmr-
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To wignebi, saxareba Tu samociqulo. TviT `vefxistyaosnis~ maRalsulierebis gagebac gaZnelebuliyo. is, rogorc Cans, sparsuli poeziis rangis nawarmoebad miaCndaT da rostomianisa Tu zaaqianis darad pativs scemdnen (Semdgom vaxtang VI-s sagangebo msjeloba dasWirda imis dasamtkiceblad, rom `vefxistyaosani~ sparsuli poeziis rkalSi moqceuli poema ki ara, aramed erovnul-qristianulia). sabednierod, pirvelad arCilma auRo alRo am ubedurebas (sulier dakninebas, uideobasa da sparsofilobas mwerlobaSi) da safuZveli daudo muxran-batonebis did ojaxTan erTad (samefo ojaxi magaliTis momcemi da orientiri iyo yovelTa qarTvelTaTvis) _ erovnulobas, ideurobasa da patriotul suliskveTebas sityvakazmul mwerlobasa da mecnierebaSi. `fizikur saSualebaTa gverdiT _ wers n. berZeniSvili, _ TandaTan SemuSavda agresiis winaaRmdeg ideuri brZolis saSualebani. TandaTan Camoyalibda ideur-politikur moRvaweTa Zlieri dasi: poet-literatorebi, mecnier-istorikosebi, saxelmwifo da saeklesio moRvaweni. saTanado mebrZoli motivebi gaCnda poeziaSi (arCili, ioseb Tbileli), saamisod `gaimarTa~ istoriac (àxali qarTlis cxovreba~), gaCaRda mahmadianobis winaaRmdeg propaganda (giorgi XI, iakob Semoqmedeli), daiwyo qristianobis aRdgenisaken mimarTuli energiuli moqmedeba (arCili, vaxtang VI)~74. `miCneulia, rom arCilma qarTul mwerlobaSi axali etapi daiwyo, mTeli `skolac~ Seqmna imxanad saqarTveloSi moZalebul sparsofilur tendenciaTa aRsakveTad. am `skolis~ umTavresi principebi Semdegnairad warmoisaxeba: mwerlobam unda asaxos drosa da sivrceSi realurad momxdari faqti, konkretuli istoriuli sinamdvile. rac istoriulad ar yofila, is monaWoria, zRaparia. asaxva unda moxdes `marTlis Tqmis~ principiT, avisa da kargis warmoCeniT da ara `sparsTa naWoriT~, e. i. mwerali unda asaxavdes saqarTvelos warsulsa Tu awmyos. ucxouri warmoSobis fabuliT gatacebas arCili upirispirebs èrovnul~ Tematikas. mwerali unda werdes gamarTuli qarTuli eniT~75. arCili erTmaneTTan akavSirebda erovnulsa da qritianuls: `Tavisi msoflmxedvelobiT igi uSualod dakavSirebulia qristianul religiasTan: `vinca mokvdes sjulisaTvis, daijere ese cxondes~76. amitomac `man dasabeWdad moamzada biblia, risTvisac erTmaneTs Seudara sxvadasxva nusxa da slavuri teqsti~77. 1705 wels manve moskovSi daaarsa qarTuli stamba, sadac saeklesio wigni _ daviTni dabeWda. aqve surda bibliis dabeWdva, rac Semdeg baqar batoniSvilma SeZlo. arCili imdenad iyo mowadinebuli qarTul literaturaSi erovnul-patriotuli mimarTulebis damkvidrebiTa da patriotuli grZnobebis gaRvivebiT, rom TviT rusTavelsa da Teimurazs ùsayvedurebs, rom isini TavianT nawarmoebebs safuZvlad udeben sparsul naWor da zRaprul ambebs. ucxouri fabulis uarmyofeli poeti moiTxovda qarTuli erovnuli Sinaarsis fabulis damuSavebas. arCilma pirvelma aimaRla xma enis siwmindis dasacavad~78. arCils, viTarca ufros vaJs, ekuTvnoda taxti qarTlisa, magram anti-
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iranuli orientaciis gamo, is araTu `gurjistanis valad~ daamtkica iranma, aramed eZebda, raTa Seepyro da daesaja, Tumca ki mamis sicocxleSi, vaxtang V-is dros, jer imereTSi gamefda da Semdeg kaxeTSi. imereTis taxtze is kidev oTxjer avida, Semdeg ki gaZevebuli ruseTSi gadasaxlda. arCilis Semdgom qarTlis taxtis memkvidre iyo misi momdevno Zma giorgi XI, romelic gamefda kidec. sulxan-saba orbeliani bagrationTa karze izrdeboda, aqve miuRia mas ara marto sasuliero da saero ganaTleba, aramed is ideur-politikuri gzneba, romelsac mTeli cxovrebis manZilze aRvivebda. amaSi udidesi wvlili Seutania giorgi XI-s, romelic yofila aRmzrdeli da `sulieri moZRvari~ sulxan-sabasi. Tavis mxriv sulxani iyo aRmzrdeli giorgis Zmiswulisa vaxtang VI-isa. `cnobilia mariam dedoflis Rvawli `qarTlis cxovrebis~ krebulis gavrcelebis saqmeSi, agreTve giorgi XI-is zrunva xelnawerTa dacva-gamravlebaze. ukanasknelis davalebiT daamzada 1680 wels mdivanma begTabeg TaniaSvilma `vefxistyaosnis~ Zvirfasi xelnaweri, misive davalebiT galeqsa iakob dumbaZem bagrat batoniSvilis polemikuri naSromi mahmadianTa winaaRmdeg. giorgi XI-m SeukveTa sulxan-saba orbelians qarTuli ganmartebiTi leqsikonis Sedgena~79. aseTive erovnul-patriotuli suliskveTebis mqone iyo giorgi XI-is momdevno Zma _ levani, romelic ìyo brZeni da mecnieri, Sors damnaxavi saqmisa da ganswavluli samecniero wigniTa~... levanma gazarda istorikosi sexnia CxeiZe, romelic Semdeg giorgis karze moRvaweobda da dawera `cxovreba mefeTa~. cnobili poeti ioseb Tbileli (saakaZe) giorgi XI-is erTguli mokavSire iyo. mas didi Rvawli miuZRvis Tbilisis wignsacavis daarsebis saqmeSi~80. erTi SexedviT SeiZleba sruliad bunebrivad mogveCvenos saqarTvelos saxelmwifos mmarTvelTa mamuliSviloba da gansakuTrebuli ram ar davinaxoT maT erovnul-qristianul RvawlSi, magram erekle I-is (kaxel bagrationTa Stodan) da iese-aliyuli xanis (muxranel bagrationTa ojaxis wevri, vaxtang VI-is da domenti kaTalikosis Zma) mefoba miuTiTebs, rom ara iranis ymobaSi myofi qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba apirobebda mmarTvelTa erovnulpatriotul midrekilebebs, aramed maTi piradi meoba, zneoba da xasiaTi. èrovnuli TviTSemecnebis gamoRviZebisa da gaRvivebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki ganmtkicebisaTvis warsulis codnas aqvs didi mniSvneloba: istoria adamianis msoflmxedvelobas da imave dros saWiro siRrmesa da safuZvlianobas aniWebs. es kargad esmoda saqarTvelos didebul mefes vaxtang VIs (1703, 1714, 1719-1724), romlis mravalmxrivi, dauRalavi moRvaweoba saqarTvelos sakeTildReod qarTuli istoriis erT-erT saukeTeso furcels Seadgens81. am droisaTvis `qarTlis cxovreba~ mxolod me-14 saukunemde yofila moyvanili. vaxtangma sagangebod Sedgenili swavlul istorikosTa komisia moiwvia, romelmac gaagrZela da dawera `qarTlis cxovrebis~ gagrZeleba me-14 saukunidan me-18 saukunis damdegamdis. àm garemoebam qarTuli saistorio mwerloba kvlav gamoaRviZa da gaacxovela~82. `qarTuli
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mowinave wreebi istoriuli TavgadasavlebiTa da TemebiT iyvnen gatacebulni... poetebma gansakuTrebiT saistorio poemebis weras mihyves xeli. qarTuli mxatvruli mwerlobis sxva dargebsac erovnul simTa JRera daetyo~83. vaxtangma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba qristianobis ganmtkicebas dauTmo. `qristianoba qarTvelobis tolfasi kategoria iyo da qristianobaze zrunva qarTvelobis SenarCunebaze zrunvas udrida. iranis urTierTobis xasiaTi aiZulebda qveynis meTaurs mahmadianoba mieRo; saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi mahmadianebi iranis mfarvelobiT sargeblobdnen. es zrdida gamahmadianebis safrTxes. kulturis yvela dargi iqna Cayenebuli qristianobis SenarCunebisa da gaZlierebis samsaxurSi. qarTuli stambis daarsebac am interesiT iyo nakarnaxevi. stambaSi umTavresad sasuliero wignebi ibeWdeboda (1709 wlidan 1722 wlamde daibeWda 17 dasaxelebis sasuliero wigni). `vefxistyaosnis dabeWdvis drosac ki vaxtangi sarwmunoebis interesebs iSveliebda da SoTas am ukvdav qmnilebas qristianul wignad aRiarebda. am xanebSi axldeba qristianobisaTvis wamebulTa cxovrebis aRwera. magaliTad, daiwera Sio axlisa da garejelTa martviloba. luarsab mefis martviloba (besarion kaTalikosisa) da sxva~84. `saqarTvelos istoriis wyaroTa wreSi Semotanil iqna `cxovrebani~, riTac es wre TvalsaCinod iqna gafarToebuli. àm saqmis iniciatori da pirveli aRmsrulebeli vaxtang VI da misi swavlul kacTa komisia iyo. es istoriografiuli faqti aixsneba saeklesio saqmis mZime mdgomareobiT vaxtang VI-is xanaSi. mahmadianuri iranis mesveurTa Semoteva, qristianobis SezRudva-Seviwroeba am xanaSi aiZulebda mefes, ezruna qarTvelTa erovnuli sarwmunoebis ganmtkicebaze, qristianobis dacvaze, saeklesio saqmeebis mowesrigebaze. am saerTo politikis erT-erTi rgoli iyo qarTvel saeklesio moRvaweTa damsaxurebis xazgasma, maT Sesaxeb cnobebis Setana qarTlis cxovrebis wignSi... maTSi yuradRebaa gamaxvilebuli qristianobis, qarTuli qristianuli eklesiisaTvis Tavdadebis faqtebze~85. vaxtangma didi samuSaoebi Caatara samarTlisa da saxelmwifo wes-wyobilebis mosawesrigeblad, Seqmna saxelmwifo kanonebis saxelmZRvanelo wigni dasturlamali, Seadgina samarTlis wigni, risTvisac jer qarTuli samarTlis yvela Zegli Seagrova, romelsac Tan daerTo sxva erebis kanonmdeblobidan gamorCeuli samarTlis wignebi. vaxtangis samarTali lmobierebiTa da humanurobiT gamoirCeva. `vaxtang VI-is intensiurma kulturul-mecnierulma moRvaweobam, istoriuli mecnierebis aRorZinebaSi misma wvlilma, sastambo saqmianobam, rusTvelologiuri xasiaTis kvlevam, maTematikur-astronomiuli traqtatebis Targmanebma, medicinisa da qimiis saxelmZRvaneloebis gavrceleba-SemuSavebam mniSvnelovani adgili daikaves qarTuli kulturis saganZurSi~86. muxranel bagrationTa Stos ekuTvnoda vaxuSti batoniSvili, romlis Rvawli sayovelTaodaa cnobili. vaxuStis kargad SeumCnevia, rom tradi-
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ciulad wmida ninos droidan yovelgvar erovnul-mamuliSvilur sulier saqmes saTaveSi erTiani qarTuli eklesia edga, ase iyo saukuneTa manZilze. saqarTvelos erTiani saxelmwifos daSlis Semdeg, roca mahmadianTa Semosevebs xalxma veRar gauZlo da saqarTvelo moeSva, kvlav qarTulma eklesiam ikisra gamxneveba erisa. is wers: àramed episkoposTa svla laSqarTa, nadirobaTa da brZolaTa Sina amis mier Cveuleba iqmna, raJams iwyes mahmadianTa Semdgomad daviT mefisa (daviT meaTe, 1505-1525 w.w.) daucxromeli brZola da kirTeba, da ixiles Rafloba-uRonoba qveynisa erTa episkoposTa, maSin etyodian episkoposni: `nu moRafldebiT da nu mouRonovdebiT brZolad maTda, da nu dautevebT sarwmunoebasa, rjulsa da Cveulebas Tqvensa, da Cven viqnebiT winambrZolni Tqvenni~87. qarTuli eklesiisa da misi episkoposebis zemoaRniSnul mowodebas erTgulad asrulebdnen muxranel bagrationTa didi ojaxis wevrebica da maTTan gaTanabrebuli moRvawenic. isini sarwmunoebas, rjulsa da qarTul erovnul Cveulebebs icavdnen. Tavis mxriv, Zveleburi moRvaweoba grZeldeboda qarTul saepiskoposoebsa da samrevloebSi. `kulturis mniSvnelovan centrebs warmoadgendnen saepiskoposo kaTedrebi _ sveticxoveli, wilkani, samTavisi, alaverdi, gelaTi, caiSi, bedia, Semoqmedi da sxva. XVI saukuneSi biWvinTidan dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis rezidenciis gadmotanis Semdeg gelaTi kulturis erT-erTi Zlieri centri gaxda. gansakuTrebiT nayofieri iyo kaTolikospatriarqebis _ evdemon CxetiZisa (1543-1578) da eqvTime sayvareliZis (15781616) moRvaweoba. swavla-aRzrdisa da kulturuli Semoqmedebis mniSvnelovan centrebs warmoadgendnen agreTve eklesia-monastrebi _ largvisi, ikorTa, kabeni, qvaTaxevi, gareja, jruWi, martvili, xobi da sxvebi... gansakuTrebuli roli am mxriv daviT garejelis monastrebs miuZRvis. miuxedavad mravaljer darbeva-aoxrebisa, es kulturuli centri sabolood ar moSlila da man gansakuTrebul ayvavebas XVII saukuneSi miaRwia~88.
eklesiis Sinauri yofa anton pirvelamde

XVII saukunesa da XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos politikurma daSlilobam ukiduresi saxe miiRo, rasac Tan sdevda Sinauri omebi. `sul 40 wlis manZilze (1660-1701) imereTSi Cvidmetjer gadaagdes taxtidan mefe. amaTgan oTxi mokles, xolo cameti gaaZeves, kerZod, Cveni saxelovani poeti arCil mefe xuTjer dasves da xuTjerve gadmoagdes imereTis taxtidan~89. imereTis mefisagan damoukidebel politikas, ara marto guriis, samegrelosa da afxazeTis mTavrebi adgnen, aramed Tavadebic ki naklebad emorCilebodnen mas. ZiriTadad aseTive viTareba iyo Seqmnili aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic, kerZod, qarTlSi, sadac arsebobdnen Zlieri saTavadoebi,
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romelnic zogjer mefes metismetad aviwroebdnen; `Tavadebma miitaces da gaisakuTres samefo yma-mamuli. erisTav-mouravebma xelmwifoba daiCemes. mTavrebi auqmebdnen saepiskoposoebs, sawinamZRvroebs da itacebdnen saeklesio mamulebs. saero feodalebma miiTvises sakaTalikoso samflobeloebi~90. dasavleT saqarTveloSi XVII s-is 60-ian wlebSi dawyebuli anarqia XVIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSic grZeldeboda. mefis xelisufleba Zlier dasustda. `Zlierdeboda osmalTa gavlena imereTSi... cixeebi tyvis msyidvelTa bunagebad gadaqceuliyo. cixisa da mis gareSemo soflebis mosaxleoba TandaTan mahmadiandeboda~91. vaxuSti wers, rom saqarTvelos samefos daSlis Semdeg erisTavebi aRar icvlebodnen, `mTavarnica arRara iwodebodnen mTavrad aramed Tavadad~92, vaxuSti CamoTvlis Tavadebis cnobil saxelebs qarTlSi: `pirveli muxranis batoni, aragvis erisTavi, qsnis erisTavi, amilaxori da yaflanisSvili, zemocicisSvili... da somxeTis meliqi. xolo aznaurni mravalni arian...~, kaxeTSi _ `ColoyaSvili da mayasSvili ityvian irufaqiZeobas, endronikasSvili... jorjaZe, WavWavaZe, vaCnaZe, vaxvaxisSvili, rusisSvili, jandierisSvili, avalisSvili da Cerqezi... guramisSvili da tusisSvili~, imereTSi àbaSiZe, mxeiZe, wereTeli da CxeiZe (amave CxeiZes gvari ars awindeli raWis erisTavi da spaspeti raWisa), lorTqifaniZe, niJaraZe da RoRoberiZe... xolo raWis _ wulukiZe, iaSvili, jafariZe, inasariZe da lasxiSvili, xolo svaneTs _ gelovani... kvalad vakesa Sina WilaZe, da miqelaZe da CijavaZe...~ samegreloSi anu odiSSi _ `...ars Ciqovani, romelman mowyvidna dadianni da mTavarni odiSisani... da iqmna dadianad... kvaladca arian mTavarni eseni: goSaZe, faRava, jaiani, CiCua...~, afxazeTSi _ SarvaSiZe da anCabaZe, guriaSi _ gurieli, TadgiriZe, amilaxori, SarvaSiZe, beriZe, kverRelisZe, bereJiani, nakaSiZe93. Tavadebi TavianT mamulSi srul xelmwifobas iCemebdnen. saxelmwifo xelisuflebis dasustebam moqmedebis Tavisufleba mianiWa uamrav didebuls, Tavads, aznaurs. yvelas gaaCnda sakuTari mamuli, miwa-wyali, romelzedac srul baton-patronebad grZnobdnen Tavs: erTi SexedviT, saqarTveloSi am dros damyarda iseTi sazogadoebrivi wyoba, romelic sruliad gansxvavdeboda mezobeli qveynebis totalitarizmisagan. kerZod, am dros ruseTSi (garkveulwilad sparseT-osmaleTSi) saxelmwifo mkacrad centralizebuli iyo da mefe TviTmpyrobel xelmwifed iqca, Semdeg ki imperatorad, amis gamo yoveli sazogadoebrivi fena umkacres totalitarul saxelmwifoebriv dawolas ganicdida. saqarTveloSi ase ar iyo, maRali wodeba Tavisuflad grZnobda Tavs. cnobilia, Tu rogori seriozuli safrTxis winaSe idga qarTveli eri aRniSnul dros, magram rogorc Cans, didebulebis did nawils araviTari kompleqsi uimedobisa da usasoobisa ar gasCeniaT, maT swored arsebuli viTareba moswondaT (Tavisufali baton-patronoba piradi mamulisa, romelsac icavdnen kidec. isini did winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen mefis yovel qmedebas qveyanaSi centraluri xelisuflebis ganmtkicebisaTvis).
1012
saqarTvelos erTianobis aRdgenisaTvis marad ibrZodnen gamoCenili moRvaweni, magram sparseT-osmaleTi TiTqmis yovel saukuneSi anaxlebda 1555 wlis amasiis zavs, romlis ZaliTac aRmosavleT saqarTvelo iranis, xolo dasavleT saqarTvelo osmaleTis vasalur mxareebad iTvleboda. marTalia, saqarTvelo orad iyo gaglejili spars-osmalTa mier, xolo Sinagani Zalebi misi gaerTianebisaTvis brZolaSi uZlurni iyvnen, magram gacilebiT ufro didi ubedureba iyo qarTveli eris daSla tomebad da Temebad. erTiani saxelmwifos darRvevam tomobrioba da Temobrioba aaRorZina. rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, XV saukunis II naxevridan Camoyalibebul _ axlad Seqmnil imereTis, qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebSi, romelTac TavianTi mkacrad dadgenili sazRvrebi, TavianTi jari da sxva saxelmwifoebrivi dawesebulebebi hqondaT, TandaTan yalibdeba axali eTnikuri (cxadia, qarTul CarCoebSi myofi) jgufebi _ qarTleloba (`qarTveloba~), kaxeloba, imerloba. saukuneTa manZilze (XVI_XVIII saukuneebSi) TandaTan, erTmaneTTan brZolis Sedegad, maT uyalibdebaT `tomobrivi Tavmoyvareoba~. kargad wers amis Taobaze ivane javaxiSvili: roca `kaxeTis mefe~ Teimuraz I-ma SeZlo qarTlis samefos taxtis daWera, qveynis gaerTianebisaTvis gadadgmul am nabijs sapirispiro Sedegi gamouRia, qarTlel didebulebs ar moswonebiaT qarTlis `daWera~ kaxelebis mier, `raki orisave taxtis gamaerTianeblad kaxT batoni Teimurazi iyo da qveynis marTva-gamgeobis saTaveSi, albaT, misi kaxeli TanamSromlebi sWarbobdnen~. f. gorgijaniZis sityviT, `kaxni qarTvelT (e.i. qarTlelT) zed amayobdes da xmliT daWiruls eZaxdnen, upatioTac epyrobodes~. am ugunuri da beci yofa-qcevisa da mediduri politikis wyalobiT `qarTvelT (e.i. qarTlelT) guli gaaveboda~94. `...kaxel xelisufalTa medidurma da windauxedavma qcevam qarTlSi tomobrivi Tavmoyvareobisa da gankerZoebis damRupveli grZnoba gamoaRviZa...~95. Tuki TviT saqarTvelos gulSi, qarTlSic ki, sadac qarTveli eris saukeTeso sulier-kulturuli Zalebi iyo Tavmoyrili da sadac qarTuli eklesiis centri mdebareobda, tomobrioba aRorZinebula, rogori mdgomareoba unda Seqmniliyo periferiebsa da gansakuTrebiT ki dasavleT saqarTveloSi, sadac imereTis samefos odiSis, guriis, afxazeTisa da svanTa samTavroebi gamoeyvnen. qveynis politikurma daSlam, kuTxuri saxelmwifoebrivi erTgulebis Camoyalibebam, maTSi saukuneTa manZilze (XVII-XVIII saukuneebi, XIX s-is dasawyisi) xeli Seuwyo tomobriv-Temobriobis aRorZinebas. svani, guruli, imereli, megreli _ viTarca qarTveli eris tomebi, Camoyalibebul saxes iRebs. levan II _ dadianis gamanadgurebelma mravalaTeulwlovanma Tavdasxmebma imereTze, Semdeg ki imereTis mefis sapasuxo laSqrobebma odiSSi imeruli da megruli tomobrioba aaRorZina. saerTod politikuradministraciuli danawevreba da amis Sedegad warmoqmnil saxelmwifoebriv erTeulebs Soris mudmivi brZolebi eris daSlasac iwvevda.
1013
sabednierod, TviT aseTi politikuri daqucmacebulobis drosac ki, Cven, xalxs rogorc aRmosavleTSi, ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi Zlieri erovnuli TviTSegneba aRmoaCnda. qarTvelTa erovnuli TviTSegnebis ganmtkicebisaTvis am sastik dros gansakuTrebiT qarTuli eklesia iRvwoda. amas amowmebs mravali saeklesio sigel-gujari, Sedgenilni saukuneTa manZilze. magaliTad, 1733 wels Sedgenil sabuTSi `Sewirulobis sigeli biWvintisadmi~ afxazeTis kaTalikosi Tavis samwysos, romelSic guriis, imereTis, odiSis, svaneTisa da afxazeTis mosaxleoba (anu biWvintis RvTismSoblis samwyso) Sedioda, `qarTvelebs~ uwodebs. es Tvalsazrisi gamoTqmulia dasavleT saqarTvelos usaSvelo daqucmacebulobis Jams, ufro metic, iqve naTqvamia, rom aTasrvaasi wlis win, I saukuneSi, Cveni uflisa da macxovris ieso qristes mociqulis, andria pirvelwodebulis dasavleT saqarTveloSi moRvaweobis Jams, mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas qarTvelebi Seadgendneno (e.i. XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi eklesia ar cnobs qarTveli eris tomobriv dayofas). dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikosi wers: _ `didad uRvawiaT mefeTa, mTavarTa da darbazis erTa gandideba caTa mobaZavisa kaTolike eklesiisa biWvintisa RvTismSobelisa da samociqulosa saydrisa da mas zeda mjdarisa kaTalikozisa amaRleba da aRmateba, raTa SekvriTa da gaxsniTa misiTa egen samefoni ese lixT-imeris, afxazeTisa da yovlisa CrdiloeTisa eklesiisani... pirvelwodebulisa andrias moeca CrdiloeTisa qveyana moqcevad CvenebiTa wmidisa RvTismSobelisaTa, rameTu Cven qarTvelni misni wil-xdomilni varT da viqadiT saxeliTa misiTa da netar varT, rameTu deda meufisa meoxad gvivis winaSe Zisa Tvisisa. amaT kaTolikozTa da saWeTmpyrobelTa biWvintisa RvTismSoblisaTa msaxureba saydrisa didad eRvawaT, romelTame sofelni da agarakni Seewirnes... raWas... okribas... argveTs... saCinos... samiqelaos... odiSs... ekis... Sxefs... saxarbedios... TeklaTs... wyaligzas... xobs... gurias~96. aqedan Cans, rom afxazeTis kaTalikosi `qarTvelebs~ sruliad dasavleT saqarTvelos imereT-odiS-guriisa da sxva kuTxeebis mosaxleobas uwodebs. qarTvelTa erovnul TviTSemecnebas eklesia myar safuZvels uqmnis, aRvivebs da amtkicebs mas. ufro metic, afxazeTis kaTalikosi Tavis Tavs sruliad saqarTvelos, rogorc erTiani qveynisa da erTiani samwysos kanonier saWeTmpyrobelad miiCnevs. magaliTad, 1712 wlis Sewirulebis wigns biWvinTis kaTalikosi adasturebs beWdiT, romelsac aqvs aseTi warwera _ `grigol mwyemsi qristes mier yovlisa saqarTveloisa kaTalikosi~97. aseve miaCnia mcxeTis eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelsac. magaliTad, XVII saukunis wyalobis wigns aseTi warweriT adasturebs _ `q. Cven sruliad saqarTvelos patriarqi mitropolit-alaverdeli mefis iraklis Ze antoni~98.
1014
aqedan Cans, rom rogorc biWvinTel (gelaTel), ise mcxeTel saWeTmpyroblebs, saqarTvelo _ erTian qveynad da erTian samwysod hyavT warmodgenili, isini yovel Rones xmarobdnen am Tvalsazrisis gavrcelebisa da ganmtkicebisaTvis. aRniSnul dros afxazeTis sakaTalikoso srul dasavleT saqarTvelos moicavda, amitomac es qveyana saeklesio _ sulieri TvalsazrisiT realurad warmoadgenda erTian, mTlian qveyanas da ara danawevrebuls. afxazeTis sakaTalikoso merve saukunis dasawyisSi Camoyalibda. VIII-X saukuneebSi am qarTulenovanma eklesiam SeZlo Tavis SemadgenlobaSi srulad Seeyvana dasavleT saqarTvelos berZnuli iurisdiqciis qveS myofi eparqiebi. amis gamo berZnulenovani wirva-locva da RvTismsaxureba qarTulenovaniT Seicvala. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos Seqmnis Semdeg, XI s-Si, afxazeTisa da qarTlis sakaTalikosoebi saqarTvelos sapatriarqos umTavres `saeklesio samTavroebs~ warmoadgendnen (sapatriarqo maT garda moicavda aseve Crdilokavkasiel qristianebs, `xunZeTis sakaTalikosos~ da somxeTis samitropolitos). sapatriarqos SemadgenlobaSi afxazeTis sakaTalikosos TavisTavadoba ar daukargavs da igi rogorc damoukidebeli saeklesio erTeuli, ise arsebobda, kerZod, afxazeTis sakaTalikosoSi Semavali episkoposebi uSualod eqvemdebarebodnen afxazTa kaTalikoss, romelic Tavis mxriv, ùmrwemes~ mamamTavrad iTvleboda saqarTvelos patriarqTan, anu qarTlis kaTalikosTan SedarebiT (iseve rogorc erTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi nominalurad arsebobda `Svidi samefo~, aseve saqarTvelos sapatriarqoSi arsebobda ori sakaTalikoso _ mcxeTisa da biWvinTisa, anu qarTlisa da afxazeTisa). qarTul sapatriarqoSi sakaTalikosoebs iseTive uflebebi hqondaT, rogorc ucxoeTis sapatriarqoebSi _ samitropolitoebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom afxazeTis sakaTalikosom avtokefalia VIII saukuneSi moipova, amitomac ucxoeli avtorebi xSirad weren saqarTveloSi (iveriaSi) arsebuli ori avtokefaluri eklesiis Sesaxeb, kerZod, balsamoni ìveriaSi arsebuli eklesiebis~ avtokefaliaze laparakobs (èklesiebs~ igi mravlobiT ricxvSi axsenebs, rac kargad Cans rusul TargmanSi). cxadia, aq qarTlisa (zemo iveriis) da afxazeTis (qvemo iveriis) eklesiebi igulisxmeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom TviT gvian xanaSic ki qarTlis kaTalikosi Tavis Tavs `zemo iveriis patriarqs~, xolo afxazeTis kaTalikosi `qvemo iveriis patriarqs~ uwodebda. 1790 wels Sedgenil e.w. erTobis traqtatSic `qvemo iveria~ dasavleTs, `zemo iveria~ ki aRmosavleTs ewodeba99. XIII saukuneSi saqarTveloSi Seqmnilma saxelmwifoebrivma krizisma sazogadoebriv asparezze kvlav warmoaCina erTian qarTul sapatriarqoSi aqamde CrdilSi myofi afxazeTis sakaTalikoso; xolo erTiani saxelmwifos daSlis droisaTvis erTiani sapatriarqoc damoukidebel afxazeTisa da qarTlis sakaTalikosoebad daiSala.
1015
XVI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi Sedgenili `biWvinTis iadgaridan Cans, rom afxazeTis sakaTalikosos iurisdiqciis sazRvrebSi Sedis teritoria - `lixsa da kafas Sua da ruseTis sazRvarsa da WaneTs Sua~100. lixi sasazRvro qedia qarTlisa da afxazeTis sakaTalikosos Soris, kafa mdebareobda xersonesis naxevarkunZulze, yirimTan, iq, sadac wydeboda kavkasiis qedi zRvasTan, WaneTi _ am droisaTvis berZnuli sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda, Tumca saxelmwifoebrivad osmaleTs ekuTvnoda, ruseTi kavkasiis qeds jer mxolod uaxlovdeboda. e.i. am droisaTvis afxazeTis sakaTalikosoSi is teritoriebic Sedioda, romlebic male gamahmadiandnen, kerZod, samxreTiT Woroxis mimdebare qveynebi da baTum-qobuleTis mxare, romelic aqamde guriis samTavroSi Sedioda. aRniSnulis gamo, afxazeTis sakaTalikosos samxreTi sazRvari araTu WaneTTan gadioda, aramed man qvemo guriac (baTum-qobuleTic) dakarga. aseve daikarga vrceli teritoriebi CrdiloeTiT mosaxleobis gamahmadianebisa da gawarmarTebis gamo. CrdiloeTiT, rogorc aRiniSna, am sakaTalikosoSi is zRvispira zoli Sedioda, romelic kavkasiis qeds mihyveboda. rogorc cnobilia, am teritorias jiqeTi ewodeboda, romlis mTavar punqts _ nikofsia erqva _ kafa nikofsiis CrdiloeTiT mdebareobda, arcTu didad iyo daSorebuli misgan. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom afxazeTis sakaTalikoso kavkasiis qedis gadaRmac (Crdilo kavkasiis dasavleT nawilSic) cdilobda Tavisi iurisdiqciis gavrcelebas. rogorc wesi, es teritoriebi erTiani saqarTvelos patriarqs eqvemdebareboda da uSualod mis samwysos warmoadgenda. XVII s-is dasawyisSi afxazeTis sakaTalikosos CrdiloeTSi osmaleTis agresia gaZlierda, ramac afxazeTis samTavros Camoyalibebas Seuwyo xeli. aqamde afxazeTi, romelic ramdenime wvrili feodaluri erTeulisagan Sedgeboda _ odiSSi Sedioda. SarvaSiZeTa mTavrobiT axlad Seqmnili samTavro odiSs gamoeyo. XVII s-is 90-ian wlebamde sazRvari odiSsa da afxazeTs Soris mdinare kodorze gadioda. am samTavroTa Soris Seurigebeli urTierTobis dros, afxazma feodalebma damxmare Zalad Crdilokavkasiuri tomebi, kerZod, jiqebi, adiRevelebi da saerTod im droisaTvis saerTo saxeliT `Cerqezebad~ cnobili xalxebi moiwvies. male isini ZiriTad saomar Zalad iqcnen afxazeTSi, Camosaxldnen da damkvidrdnen afxazeTis teritoriaze, romlis sazRvari, rogorc iTqva, kodorze gadioda. CrdiloeTidan Camosaxlebulebs Zvel saqarTveloSi àfsarebi~ ewodebodaT _ (afsarTa eniT, laSa ganmanaTlebels hqviao _ werda Cveni mematiane). afsarebi - eTnikurad didad gansxvavdebodnen mkvidri afxazebisagan, magram osmalTa mudmivi daxmarebiT maT afxazeTis dabali fenebis asimilacia moaxerxes. afxazTa maRal fenebs ar daukargavT eTnikuri TviTSemecneba da TavianT Tavs Zveleburadve qarTul kulturul wres miakuTvnebdnen.
1016
afsarebis mier afxazeTis daWera, Crdilokavkasieli lekebis mier aRmosavleT kaxeTis daWeras da maT mier mkvidri qarTvelebis asimilacias mogvagonebs. XVIII s-saTvis imave faqts hqonda adgili Sida qarTlSic. aq Crdilokavkasieli osebi Camosaxldnen. afxaz-afsarTa Soris erTi nawili kvlav qristiani iyo, xolo mTidan CamosaxlebulTa Soris warmarTni Warbobdnen. afxazTa samTavroebis Tavadebma dakarges Zveli gavlena xalxze, Tumca warCinebuli mdgomareoba ar daukargavT. maT aRar SeeZloT eTnikurad saxecvlili da rjulSecvlili Tanamemamuleebis Sekaveba, romelnic afxazeTis eklesia-monastrebis, saepiskoposoebisa da TviT sakaTalikoso centris _ biWvinTis qonebas itacebdnen. zedized gauqmda biWvinTis sakaTalikoso centri, moqvisa da bediis saepiskoposoebi. swored amitom ixsenebda afxazebis Semosevebis Jams afxazeTis sakaTalikoso qonebis dacvisaTvis moRvawe levan II dadiani Zveli iadgaris sityvebs _ `...mas Jamsa uRmrTod da usjuloebad miiqces afxaznio... afxazTa garyvnes sjuli da kaTalikozoba...~101. Tumca ki aRsaniSnavia, rom es sityvebi swored XVII saukuneSi Seqmnil viTarebas Seefereba da ara 200 wliT adre `mcnebaA sasjuloSi~ gamoTqmul Sexedulebas. saqarTvelos erTiani saxelmwifos rRvevis Jams, roca saqarTvelos erTiani sapatriarqos arsebobas politikuri safuZveli ecleboda da afxazeTis sakaTalikoso damoukideblobis mopovebas cdilobda, saqarTveloSi sakalmasod Camosulma antioqiel-ierusalimelma patriarqma miqaelma am situaciiT isargebla da qarTlisa da afxazeTis sakaTalikosoebis arsebuli avtokefalia usafuZvlod gamoacxada. man afxazeTis sakaTalikosos àxlad mianiWa~ damoukidebloba da qarTlis sakaTalikosos sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebidan `gaaTavisufla~. antioqia _ ierusalimisagan damoukidebeli arseboba TiTqosda `wesebis SeSlisa~ da sjulis garyvnis ùrCobis~ mizeziT moxdao _ ùrCqmnil iyvnen yovelni da viTa saTnoebani ugulebelseyvnes episkoposTa... afxazeTis qristianobisagan sruliad midrekil iyves, qristes mcnebaTagan ganSorebul iyvnes~102. 1470-1474 wlebSi daweril am dokumentSi àfxazeTSi~ ara XVII saukuneSi warmoqmnili afxazeTis samTavro, aramed mTeli dasavleTi saqarTvelo igulisxmeboda, xolo levan II dadianis mier naxseneb àfxazebSi~ afsarCerqezni, anu XVII s-Si Seqmnili samTavros mekobruli Zalebia nagulisxmebi. male isini Setevaze gadmovidnen da ara Tu gadmolaxes odiSis sazRvrebi md. kodorze, aramed masobrivi Casaxlebac ki daiwyes odiSis miwa-wyalze kodoridan enguramde. amis Semdeg mkvidri qarTuli mosaxleoba _ samwyso afxazeTis sakaTalikososi, nadgurdeboda. kerZod, maT an itacebdnen da tyveebad yiddnen, anda Sinaymebad da mosamsaxureebad aqcevdnen, rasac Tan sdevda maTi gawarmarTeba da erovnuli gadagvarebac. qarTulma eklesiam izruna maTTvis da kodorsa da engurs Sua mcxovrebi qarTveloba dasavleT saqarTvelos SedarebiT dacul kuTxeebSi gadmoasaxla, Tumca ki, qarTuli
1017
mosaxleobis udidesi nawili adgilze darCa. sabednierod, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTze afsar-afxazebi gabatondnen, maTma mniSvnelovanma nawilma erovnuli TviTSemecnebis SenarCuneba SeZlo, nawili ki gadagvarda. `XVIII s-is pirvel naxevarSi kodorsa da engurs Soris XVII s-is 80iani wlebidan Camosaxlebul afxazebs Soris mahmadianobis gavrceleba daiwyo. Turqebis Zaladobam adgilobrivi (megreli) feodalebi aiZula mietovebinaT yma-mamuli, romelsac gamahmadianebuli afxazi feodalebi ikavebdnen. Semonaxulia am mxaris feodalis, beJan jaianis pirobis wigni grigol kaTalikosisadmi. jaiani aRniSnavs, rom `Cveni qveyana TaTris xelad Seiqmna da... iq aRar gvedgomeboda~103. `rogorc mraval sxvas, ise jaiansac ekonomikuri daxmareba kaTalikosma aRmouCina... grigol kaTalikosma engursa da kodors Soris mdebare teritoriidan imereTsa da odiSSi gadmoasaxla is saeklesio ymebi, romlebic tyveTa mtaceblebs gadaurCnen (naJaneulis, xoiris da sxva soflebis mkvidrni) da amiT eklesias maTgan Semosavali SeunarCuna~104. aseve zrunavda qarTlis kaTalikosi Tavisi samwysosaTvis qristianobis SesanarCuneblad, kerZod, aqac, iseve rogorc afxazeTsa da qvemo guriaSi, mahmadianoba vrceldeboda, gansakuTrebiT, aRmosavleT kaxeTsa (War-belaqansa) da qvemo qarTlSi, lore, axtala, bolnis-dmanisis mxareSi, iseve, rogorc biWvinTis kaTalikosi, mcxeTis kaTalikosic cdilobda, ar ecno saqarTvelos daSla. am mizezis gamo is zogjer Tavis Tavs `yovlisa saqarTveloisa did mamamTavars~ uwodebda. ase ixsenieba igi ukiduresi daSlilobis Jams, 1649 wels Sedgenili sabuTis mixedviTac105. Cvenamde moaRwia rogorc afxazeTis, aseve qarTlis sakaTalikosoebis mier gamocemulma mravalricxovanma sabuTma, romlebic sxvadasxva saukunis ambebs Seicaven. Sewirulobebisa Tu wyalobebis `wignebSi~ qarTuli eklesiis mRvdelmTavrebs, ZiriTadad yuradReba ZvelqarTuli (e. i. qristianuli) adaT-wesebis SenarCunebaze aqvT gamaxvilebuli: `romelman kacman an xelmwifeman, didman, an mcireman, aznaurman an glexman, es Cemgan Semowiruli da garigebuli saqme CaSaloso _ wers, magaliTad, Wyondidel-cagerelbedieli mRvdelmTavari gabrieli, _ masac gaurisxdeba Tavad RmerTi da yovelni wmindani misnio~106. eklesia gansakuTrebiT zrunavda imisaTvis, rom qveynis aseTi sastiki areulobis Jams (samxreTidan mahmadianebisa da CrdiloeTidan warmarTi kavkasiuri tomebis Semosevebisas) xalxs sikeTe da qvelmoqmedeba ar daviwyeboda107. TviT aseT sastik drosac ki qarTuli eklesia cdilobda saeklesio miwa-wyali da qoneba araTu saqarTveloSi, aramed sazRvargareTac ki ar daekarga. 1675 wlis sabuTebidan Cans, rom ierusalimis jvris monastris mamulebi kvlav qarTuli eklesiis xelTaa, am monasterze qarTveli mefeebi da kaTalikosebi zrunavdnen da mis winamZRvarsac isini niSnavdnen108. erTi SexedviT qveyana sastikadaa areuli, magram sadavo sakiTxebs sasamarTlo wyvets. sasamarTlos mier irCeva dava TviT umaRles xelisufalsa
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da masze damokidebul pirs Sorisac ki. magaliTad, qveynis erT-erT xelisufalsa da gavlenian Tavadebs Soris mcire sayofacxovrebo dava 1671 wels sasamarTlom gadawyvita mowmeebis dakiTxvis Sedegad109. aRsaniSnavia, rom yma arc uufleboa da arc uqoneli. glexs aqvs Tavisi miwa, romlis dacviTac mebatonecaa dainteresebuli, magaliTad, mebatoneebs zaza da zaal ciciSvilebs saydris agebisas cici ciciSvili Seedava, rom `Cemi ymis miwaSi aSenebso~, magram Semdeg gairkva, rom aRniSnuli miwa ara cicis, aramed zazas ymisa iyo. es xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli dokumentSi, e.i. yma zazasia, magram aRniSnuli miwa, sadac saydari aigo, ara zazasi, aramed zazas ymisaa, amitomac wers mas kaTalikosi _ ìs miwa cicis ymis ar iyo, is saydari sadac daidga, Senis ymisa iyo~110. ymis mamuli, anu meurneoba isea mowyobili, rom TviT misi mepatrone ymis amowyvetis drosac ki mamuli mTeli da xelSeuxebeli rCeba Tavisi saxliT, sawnaxliT, qvevr-marniT, saxnaviT, uxnaviT, saTibiT da Tavis _ `SesavliT, gasavliT, yovlis misis gasadevriTa~111. amitomac am mamulSi Sesul axal mepatrones meurneobis mowyoba ar uWirs. mamuls eklesia da kanoni icavs112. mamulis mowyobis aseTi wesi nawilobriv scems pasuxs ilia WavWavaZis cnobil kiTxvas: `ra qonebam gauZlo amisTana yofasa, ra hkvebavda xalxsa, ra saxsrebiT uZRveboda amodena omebsa da sisxlis Rvrasa?~. glexs Tavisi adgil-mamuli aqvs, romelTanac erTad igi iyideba, e. i. ecvleba mebatone; aqedan Cans, rom glexis `Tavisis adgil-mamuliTa da miwa-wyliT~ gayidvisa Tu gasaCuqrebis dros iyideba ara glexi, aramed mas ecvleba mebatone, romelsac igi mkacrad gansazRvrulsa da mkacrad dadgenil gadasaxads uxdis, romlis Secvlis ufleba mebatones Zlier naklebad aqvs. magaliTad, quTaisis taZars episkoposma ori glexi Seswira `Tavisi adgil-mamuliT~113. aseve kaTalikosis mier 1582 wels daviT garejisadmi gaRebuli Sewirulobidan Cans, rom mas glexebi Sewira Tavisi `saxleuliT da momavaliT misiT, misiTa mamuliTa, veliTa, venaxiTa, saxnaviTa da uxnaviTa, nasyidiTa da usyidiTa, naxmariTa da uxmariTa~114. glexs aqvs Tavisi saxli, mamuli, veli, venaxi, saxnavi da uxnavi. 1588 wels kaTalikosma mcxeTisSvils (e.i. eklesiis wevrs) elioziSvils uboZa oTxi kaci, romelTagan erTs, arsaxelaSvils, hqonda Tavisi mamuli, sasaxle, Wur-marani, veli, venaxi, saxnavi, wyal-wisqvili, Wala da saTibi~115. rogorc mcxeTis, aseve biWvinTis sakaTalikosoebs sakuTari uZrav-moZravi qoneba aqvT, Tav-TavianTi samwyso qveynebis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi gafantuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom maT mravali e.w. `sasaxle~ hqoniaT. sasaxle vrcel meurneobas gulisxmobs, kerZod, sasaxles aqvs Tavisi `saydari~, `darbazi~ an `didi darbazi~, `taxti~, `jixuri~, an `didi jixuri~, `didi sefa saxli~, `sawoli saxli~, `saxl-kari~, beRlebi, marani da sxva saxlebi, aseve `WiSqari~,
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`sajvare~, `sajalabo~, `zvari~, `yana~, `saTibi~, `sayane~, `sakrefi mamuli~, `saTevzao~, sasaxles hyavs Roris kolti (magaliTad RaliZgas sasaxles), xaris, Zroxisa da cxenis jogebi (magaliTad, subieSis sasaxles), `kambeCis~ da Txis jogebi (magaliTad, xibulas sasaxles)116. sasaxles aqvs Tavisi meurneoba, zogjer hyavs Tavisi meTevzeebi da sxva. sasaxles hyavs Tavisi mosaxleebi, yma-glexebi, romelTac, Tavis mxriv, sakuTari miwa-wyali da adgil-mamuli aqvT. rogorc aRiniSna, glexis miwa-wylis mTlianoba imis Semdegac ki daculia, rac am mamulis mepatronis ojaxi amowydeba. glexis upatrono mamuls `partaxi~ erqva. partaxi yidva-gayidvis obieqti iyo _ èrTi partaxi gaiyida... erTi kvamli kaci damisaxlebia~117. eklesia cdilobda daesaxlebina glexebi gaukacrielebul mxareebSi, maT asaxlebdnen an `partaxebSi~, anda saeklesio mamulebSi, samagierod glexebi valdebulni iyvnen mcire gadasaxadi eZliaT eklesiisTvis. eklesia umaRlesi mflobeli organizacia iyo da mas araTu glexebis, aramed TviT didad gavleniani da maRali wodebis mqone pirebis `Sewyaleba~, anu maTTvis raime qonebis boZeba SeeZlo. magaliTad, kaTalikosi qristefore qarsiZeebs aZlevs sigels, romelSic wers _ `SegiwyaleT da giboZeT~. kerZod, kaTalikoss maTTvis oTxi komli kaci `maTis mamuliT, mTiT, bariT, wyliT, wisqviliT, veliT, venaxiT, sawylispiriT~ uboZebia118. eklesia gansakuTrebiT swyalobs Tavis èrTgulTa da TavdadebiT namsaxurTa ymaTa~119. uboZebs maT mamulebsa da glexebs. eklesiis glexs episkoposis samsaxuri moeTxoveba120. mas evaleba episkoposis `nadiroba, laSqroba da samsaxuri~, begara. ra Sedis begaraSi? cagerelma episkoposma is begara, romelic misTvis eklesiis ymas unda gadaexada, uboZa Tems (xalxs), amitomac am glexs daevala kuTvnili begara TemisaTvis moerTmia: erTi gasuqebuli taxi, erTi kargi cxvari, xuTi goro Rvino, erTi goro puri, erTi goro Romi, erTi TeTri sanTeli, erTi biSti sakmeli. igive iyo sazogadod saeklesio glexis wliuri begara (am SemTxvevaSi episkoposisagan pativnacemi Temi valdebuli iyo aRniSnuli pur-mariliT lxinis dros moexsenebina da daeloca es episkoposi, xolo xucess unda ewira misTvis)121. xucesi SeiZleboda yofiliyo glexi da hqonoda Tavisi viwro specialobac - magaliTad, meTevzeoba. amave dros, igi eklesiisadmi Sewiruli `ymac~ iyo121. mas, iseve rogorc sxva yma glexebs, Tavisi `saxlkari, Wur-marani, tyeveli, venaxi, mTa, bari, wyali, wisqvili saydari da saflavi~ hqonda122. sazogadod saeklesio begaraSi daaxloebiT ramdenime goro Rvino (1014-mde), ramdenime cali puri (3, 5), erTi Rori, erTi cxvari, erTi cali Tevzi, ramdenime qaTami (3-mde) da ormoci cali kvercxi Sedioda. garda amisa, `muSaoba, laSqroba da samsaxuri~123. rogorc aRiniSna, eklesia dainteresebuli iyo mamuli (damoukidebeli meurneoba) mTliani yofiliyo da ojaxis ufros vaJs dauqucmacebeli gadascemoda, magaliTad:L`mamuli ese da saxe-
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lo ar gaiyos, arca gaisyidos, romelic ufrosis kacis Svili da TviTon xniT ufrosi aris imisia~124 ... rogorc aRiniSna, eklesia mravlad iZleoda wyalobis sigelebs. ismis kiTxva: ra iyo im areul dros am sigelebis dacvis garanti? _ rwmena! magaliTad, `wyalobis wigns~, romelsac cocxali, imJamindeli kaTalikosi scems, boloSi miwerili aqvs am kaTalikosis Txovna momavali kaTalikosisadmi, rom ukeTu igi aRniSnuli wyalobis sigels daicavs, maSin gardacvalebis Jams mis suls im qveyanas miegebeba da warudgens ufals _ `raJams gamoxvide wuTisoflidan amier soflad nebiT qristesiT, mogegebo da ambors gcemde da migxadoT winaSe uflisa~125... kaTalikoss an eklesiis meTaurs, eklesias an saeklesio centrs, Tavisi `darbazis kari~ aqvs, sadac mas wyalobis saqmes eajebian (SesTxoven). kaTalikosi saqmes arCevs, àse rome mogvideqiT karsa darbazisa Cvenisasa da wyalobiT saqmesa gveajeniTo~, _ wers is126. sakaTalikoso centrebs, rogorc afxazeTisas ise qarTlisas, mTeli samwysodan SeeZloT gadasaxadis akreba. ase rom, maT sakuTari Semosavali hqondaT. aseve sakuTari Semosavlebi hqondaT saepiskoposoebsac. SesaZlebeli iyo, romelime didebulis ojaxs rogorc sakaTalikoso, aseve saepiskoposo gadasaxadi gaeRo _ magaliTad, muxran-batonebis ojaxi valdebuli iyo qarTlis kaTalikosisaTvis, aseve wilkneli episkoposisaTvisac saTanado gamosaRebi eZlia. sazogadod saepiskoposo Semosavlebi Zalze didi iyo. magaliTad, wilknel episkoposs, anu wilknis RvTismSoblis samwysos, samuxranbatonoSi Cvidmeti daba sofeli ekuTvnoda, aragvis saerisTavoSi 29 da mTeli mxare ànanurs zeviTi~, qsnis saerisTavoSi _ 8 daba-sofeli, yoveli soflidan saxuco drama Sesawirav ZRvens, Tu sakanonos iRebda, igi yovel ojaxs unda gadaexada _ `mRvdels~, `msaxurs~, `soflis kacs~, `sofels~. aRsaniSnavia, rom gadasaxadebi araTu didi, aramed zogjer simboluric ki iyo, magram erTad Sekrebili mniSvnelovan raodenobas qmnida. magaliTad, sofel dampaloSi Semdegi saxis wliuri gadasaxadebi marTebdaT: `mRvdels - erT dRes Cayeneba, naxevari xari da marCili. sofels _ erT dRes maspinZloba, komlzed drama _ kodi erTi, msaxurs _ sawiravi, cxeni Sekazmuli, agreTve msaxuris coli Tu mokvdes _ erTi sawiravi. sakanono, rogorc zemoT dagveweros, ise gamoarTvan~127. sakanono gadasaxads ojaxi romelime saeklesio, anda zneobriv-moraluri wesis darRvevisaTvis ixdida, magaliTad, Tu ojaxis romelime wevri uziareblad mokvdeboda _ xars, jvardauwerlad colis SerTvisaTvis or cxvars da or xars, kacis mokvlis SemTxvevaSi _ 5 xars. yovel SemTxvevaSi wesis damrRvevi Tuki Tavis codvas moinaniebda, eklesia aRsarebis Semdeg Seiwyalebda da avaldebulebda wirvasa da locvas aRar dakleboda128. SeZlebul mosaxleobas sakanonod evaleboda `daedoT~ da SeewiraT eklesiisaTvis mniSvnelovani qoneba, magaliTad, saydrebi TavianTi saxlebiT,
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tyiT, mamuliT, mTeli sofeli, an soflis saydari Tavisi sasaxleebiT da mamulebiT129. amas uCvenebs Semdegi magaliTi: guriis samTavro saxlis erTerTi wevri berad aRikveca, Semdeg ki beroba uaryo, `beroba daagdo~ da guriis mTavrad _ gurielad dajda. `berobis dagdebis~ sakanonod man sofel akeTis eklesia miuboZa biWvinTis RvTismSobels, anu dasavleT saqarTvelos sakaTalikosos. aqedan isic Cans, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos kuTxeebs erTmaneTTan cxoveli kavSiri hqoniaT eklesiis saSualebiT (guriis sofeli akeTi biWvinTas ekuTvnis). naberali gurieli wers kaTalikoss: `mefeman Segviwyala da gurieloba gviboZa da berad aRTqmuli viyaviT da Sendoba gTxoveT da gviboZeT, misda sakanonod mogarTviT akeTis sawinamZRvro misiTa mamuliTa~130... aseve 1616 wlis sabuTidan Cans, rom qarTlel erisTavebs, romlebsac raRac mizezis gamo biZaSvilebi daexocaT, eklesiam sakanonod 6 komli kaci daado Tavisi mamulebiT131. saeklesio gadasaxadebSi Sedioda: `gamosaRebi~, `baJi~, `kuluxi~, `Rala~, `niSani~, `begara~ da sxva. magaliTad, martvilis taZris ymas emarTa: `xatis aTi laRarikoni, sanTeli, erTi nagiri zeTi, erTi nalbaqi sakmeli. sxva amis meti amas araferi ar marTebs arc laSqroba, arc nadiroba, arc Sina _ ymoba, arc moaxleoba, arc sxva saqmianoba, araferi sxva udieroba xatis samsaxuris meti ara marTebs ra. sxva kacisagan xeli ar hqondes~, _ naTqvamia 1680 wlis sabuTSi. samagierod, zemoT aRniSnuli gadamxdeli ymis ojaxi eklesiam daasaxla Tavis mamulSi da misca mas saxl-kari, Wurmamuli, alagi, tye-veli, sayane, sasaflao da eklesiis kari132. rogorc mraval gzis aRiniSna, glexs hqonda Tavisi miwa-wyali, saxnav-saTesi, saxl-kari, ris sanacvlod is valdebuli iyo wliuri gadasaxadi exada. eklesiis qoneba izrdeboda agreTve SesawirebiT, uZrav-moZravi qonebiT, romelsac mas swiravdnen mefe da Tavadebi. magram aRsaniSnavia isic, rom zogjer glexebic ki swiravdnen eklesias mniSvnelovan qonebas. magaliTad, sofel okamSi mcxovrebi glexebi, gvarad meSvelianebi, didi adgil-mamulis mflobelni yofilan da maT ara ubralod glexebs, aramed did glexebsac uwodebdnen. isini Turme didad eweodnen Sio mRvimis monasters. meCvidmete saukunis bolos gamocemul erT-erT sigelSi naTqvamia am glexebis Sesaxeb _ `mefe giorgi, romelman miarTva ZRvnad wmidasa mamasa Sios sasosa Tvissa didiTa gujriTa saxaso sofeli okani, meSvelaani didni glexni didis mqonebelni mamulisani, moxeleni da moRvaweni da Semweni didisa monastrisa mRvimisani. gevedrebiT wmidano mRvdelmTavarno da winamZRvarno mefeTa amaT kurTxeviT moixseniebdeT da glexnica amaT pativiT SeitkbobdeT erTgulebisaTvis da moxeleobisaTa~133. eklesiisTvis iRvwoda yvela, rogorc glexi, ise mefe. am sabuTSic isini gverdi-gverd moixsenebian. glexi ekonomiurad damoukidebeli iyo, radgan mas Tavisi miwa-wyali da adgil-mamuli hqonda, rac kargad Cans sxvadasxva saukuneTa sabuTebSi134.
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saepiskoposoebSi, rogorc iTqva, didZali Tanxa da saqoneli Sedioda, mas rogorc uZravi, aseve moZravi qoneba hqonda, magram mas Semosavali ZiriTadad im qristianuli mosaxleobisagan Sedioda, romelic gadasaxads ixdida. eklesia amis gamoc iyo dainteresebuli qristianTa raodenobis gazrdiT. magaliTad, qristianoba Sesustebula saqarTvelos mTianeTSi ànanurs zeviT~, romelic ise wilknelis moqceulad iTvleboda da wilknis saepiskoposoSi Sedioda. rogorc sabuTebidan Cans, XVII saukunis bolosaTvis, am mxareSi mRvdlebis ricxvic Semcirebula, rasac Sedegad `saepiskoposo gamosaRebis~ Semcirebac mohyolia. episkoposi wers: ìqaurs mRvdels saxuco TiTo furi davadeviT. ori mRvdelia, ors furs moqvcemdnen, erTi-erTs. Cemobas ori xucesi iyo, iqaur xucess mamamTavrisa ara edvaT, arc eriskacze drama edvaT, arc episkoposis wirva. axali moqceulebi iyvnen, amitom vera saepiskoposo gamosaRebi vera davadeviT ra~135. aqedan Cans, rom im Temebsa da soflebSi, sadac normaluri viTareba iyo, saepiskoposo gamosaRebSi sul mcire _ eriskacze erTi drama Sedioda. eklesias, rogorc Zalze gavleniansa da mdidar organizacias, Tavis moxeleni hyavda: mouravi, ocisTavi136, qadagi137, saxlTuxucesi, amilbari, mestumre, meRvineTuxucesi138, nacvali139, omoforis molare140, rogorc Cans, `saxelos~ mflobelad iTvlebodnen agreTve kandelaki, dekanozi, mgalobeli da sxva. SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva, risTvis iyenebda eklesia Tavis did qonebas? am droisaTvis eklesiisaTvis upirvelesi mniSvnelobis saqme yofila brZola tyveTa syidvis winaaRmdeg, TaTrebis tyveobisagan qristianebis daxsna da maTi dasaxleba Tavis mamulebSi. igi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aZlevs agreTve glexebis dasaxlebas gaukacrielebul, anda mcired dasaxlebul teritoriebze (magaliTad, TrialeTSi). mas Tavis movaleobad miaCnia daxmareboda Raribs, obols, sacodavs, aResrulebina qveli saqme da Seewyalebina uqoneli; yuradRebas aqcevda aseve xelosnebis, wignis gadamwerebisa da mxatvrebis qonebriv uzrunvelyofas. grigol kaTalikosi Tavis xangrZlivi moRvaweobis manZilze (1696-1742) energiulad ibrZoda tyvis yidvisa da mahmadianobis gavrcelebis winaaRmdeg. XVIII s-is dasawyisSi, radganac imereTSi TaTrebisagan qristianoba Seviwroebuli iyo, man piroba daadebina imereTisa da odiSis Tavadebs: ìmereTis wasaxdenad da asaoxreblad Cven TaTars arc piri mivceT da Tu vin icis da TaTari laSqriT aq Camovides imereTis wasaxdenad, Cven arc mivideT masTan da uwinamZRvroT da arc maTi viwamoT ra~. ficis damdebma feodalebma kaTalikoss aRuTqves, rom yovel Rones ixmardnen Turqebisagan quTaisis cixisa da imereTis gasaTavisufleblad. 1701 w-s odiSis gamgebelma li partianma ficiT aRuTqva kaTalikoss tyvis syidvis `gadagdeba~. 1707-1710 wlebSi imereTis sakaTalikoso ymebs kaTalikosma fici daadebina, rom isini tyvis syidvis saqmeSi ar gaereodnen. 1709 w-s Tavadma CiCuebma
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kaTalikoss aRuTqves, rom maT mamulSi tyvis myidveli ar gaeCerebinaT. 1717 w-s kaTalikosi beJan dadians odiSSi mRvdelmsaxurebis SewyvetiT daemuqra da fici daadebina, rom mis samflobeloSi tyvis syidvas akrZalavda141. magram eklesia ara marto molaparakebebiT iRvwoda tyveTa syidvisa da gaTaTrebis winaaRmdeg, aramed ekonomikuri saSualebebiTac. magaliTad, 1713 wlis sabuTidan Cans, rom erT-erT didebul, iase maRalaSvils tyveebi gauyidia, risTvisac is Sesaferisad dasaja eklesiam. aiRo misgan erT-erTi mamuli, romelic eklesiisaTvis sasurvel pirs uwyaloba. rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, zneobrivi gadagvarebis sakompensaciod eklesia mniSvnelovan sakanonos adebda didebulis ojaxs. aRniSnuli mamulic sakanono sasjelad CamourTmevia mas. am dokumentSi naTqvamia: `maRalaSvilman iasem diax avi saqme qmna da tyveebi dayida... egeTsa Zviris moqmedsa zeda unametnavesad wes iyo rasaca oden gavswyromodeT anu TvalTagani, anu xelTagani, anu fexTagani, anu erTi asoTa misTagani moguekveTa, kninRa da vidre sikvdil mowevnuli gveqmna. aramed amis eseviTarisagan ganvaTavisufleT... da sakanonod dagvidva da davadebineT miwa Tavis ganayofis erastis iqiT xevamde zeviT gzamde qvemo erastis miwis sazRvramde. rac aris es sul davadebineT~142... aseve eklesiam 1696 wlisaTvis didi sakanono daado da mamulebi CamoarTva firam mxeiZes, romelmac oTxi yma gayida. am mamulSi Sedioda saxlkari, Wur-marani, mamuli, tye, veli, sayane Tavis gasavliT, Semosavali, saZebriTa da uZebriT. mTeli es mamuli saeklesio glexebs gadaeca143. TaTris tyveobisagan daxsnas Seexeba 1712 wlis dokumenti, romelSic kerZod, weria: `bibia bolqvaZe afxazs colSviliana waeyvana da nemsaZe kaTalikos daexsna da nojixevs daesaxlebina. axla Cven erTi misi ufrosi TaTrisagan as marCilad davixseniT~144. 1713 wlis dokumentSi naTqvamia: `...nadira axalcixels gaeyidna da Cven batoniSvilma kaTalikosma domentim davixseniT da gardamoviyvaneT~145; 1731 wlis dokumentSi: `gelaTis wminda giorgis zedamxedvelma gabriel TaTrisagan davixseni mosaxle kaci giorgi xanTaZe da SenTvis Semomiwiravs patiosano caTa umaRleso biWvinTisa RvTismSobelo~146; 1740 wlis dokumentiT patriarqi domenti Tavis xelqveiTs avalebs: `...rac ayrili kaci iyos moiyvane _ daasaxle~147; xolo daaxloebiT 1742 wlis dokumentiT afxazeTis kaTalikosi wers _ `zogi romelime ocisa da aTis wliTgan dakarguli yofiliyo da Cven amoviyvaneT da xelaxla Cven davasaxleT~148. 1687 wlis dokumentSi saubaria mravali glexis dasaxlebaze, rogorc Sida qarTlSi, ise mis gareT, magaliTad, `TrialeTze sofeli baraleTi JamTa viTarebisagan aoxrebuliyo da axlad Cven avaSeneT da kacni davasaxleT~149. rogorc aRiniSna, eklesia gansakuTrebiT zrunavda qveli saqmeebisaTvis, magaliTad, gaRaribebuls glexs yovelgvari gadasaxadisagan aTavisuflebda. is erT glexs wers: `...wyaloba giyaviT da gaTarxneT da
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gagaTavisufleT vinc oboli da oxeri iyav... ara Cveni gamosaRebi ar geTxovebodes ra: arc puri, arc Rvino, arc xvna, arc Tesva, ara sabalaxe, ara kodis puri, aras Cvens moxeles TqvenTan xeli ar hqondes~150. am gaTavisuflebul Rarib glexs mxolod mcireodeni formaluri gadasaxadi daakisres. eklesia Raribebs sxvaTa valisaganac aTavisuflebda: magaliTad, saydris yma bararaSvils emarTa dolmaza SanSiaSvilis vali: `yma valisagan diaR gatexili iyo, rom Rone ara daedeboda ra~151. am ymas vali eklesiam gadauxada. eklesia ara marto gaWirvebul yma glexs, aramed mTel sofelsac aTavisuflebda gadasaxadebisagan. ase gauTavisuflebiaT mangliselebi erTerTi gadasaxadisagan: àwe gavsinjeT da sargeblisagan da Sematebisagan sacodavi saqme ufro xdeboda da amogikveTeT~152. 1712 wlis dokumentSia: `...naymevi yofilan da bevri begara marTebdaT, yvelas Cven ar gamovekideT~153. 1713 wlis dokumentSia: `Ralis siTarxnes gveajeT, vismineT aja da moxseneba Tqveni da Rala amogikveTeT~154. rogorc aRiniSna, eklesia miwawyalsa da qonebas aZlevda mxatvars155, xelosans156, wignebis gadamwers157. eklesia dainteresebuli iyo da qonebrivad aZlierebda eklesiisaTvis momsaxure adamianebs, romelTac èrTgulebi~, `memkvidreni~ da `mcxeTisSvilebi~ ewodebodaT. maTTvis qonebis, miwa-wylisa da mamulis boZebas Seexeba mravali saeklesio sabuTi, uboZebden aseve ymebsac. Tu romelime maTgani eklesiis òrgulobas~ gamoiCenda, igi Sesabamisad isjeboda. mas saeklesio mamulebidan aZevebdnen, magaliTad, evdemon quTaTeli wers agiaSvils: `Cemi orguli kaci meZmariaSvili esaxla patrikets da is meZmariaSvili Sen agayrevine... mere im Cemis kacis meZmariaSviliseuli partaxi gvTxove... awe mogvicemia saxlkariTa, WurmaraniTa, tyiTa, veliTa, venaxiTa, sayaniTa, sasaflaoTa, saTibiTa...~158. eklesiis qonebis erTi nawili taZrebsa da monastrebs xmardeboda159. eklesias udidesi mniSvnelobis saqmed miaCnda mamulisa da saydris movla~160. aRsaniSnavia, rom eklesiis mRvdelmTavrebi da mamamTavrebi saeklesio qonebiT Sesyidul ymebs ara marto eklesiis uZrav qonebas swiravdnen, aramed TavianTi safasiT, anu piradi SemosavliT SeZenilsac. pirad qonebas `kondakiT~ mogebuli ewodeboda da is piradi SromiT, anu mRvdelmoqmedebiT iyo miRebuli161. aRniSnul periodSi mahmadianuri agresiis gamo mravali saepiskoposo gauqmda, magram isini, romlebic arsebobdnen, Tavs mtkiced grZnobdnen. 1701 wlis sabuTSi Semdegi saepiskoposo kaTedrebi ixsenieba: alaverdisa, xarWaSnisa162; 1702 wlis sabuTSi moxsenebulia bodbeli, Tbileli, mangleli, samebeli, mroveli, Weremeli, wilkneli, xarWaSneli, dmaneli, bovneli, walkeli, alaverdeli da ninowmindeli episkoposebi163. 1720 wlis sabuTSi alaverdeli, rusTaveli, xarWaSneli, Weremeli164; 1741 wlis sabuTSi _ urbneli da mroveli165; xolo 1746 wlis sabuTSi _ wilkneli, samebeli, Weremeli da xarWaSneli episkoposebi ixseniebian166.
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episkoposTa Soris saqmiani urTierToba arsebobda. imis gamo, rom maTi eparqiebi mniSvnelovani qonebis patronebi iyvnen, zogjer maT dava qonebriv sakiTxebzec uxdebodaT. kerZod, isini saeparqio sazRvrebisa da saeklesio daba-soflebisa da ymebisaTvis daobdnen. kaxeTSi arsebuli saepiskoposoebi qarTlis kaTalikoss eqvemdebarebodnen. Tumca ki, imis gamo, rom kaxeTis damoukidebeli samefo arsebobda, qarTlis samefoSi teritoriulad myofi qarTlis kaTalikosi zogjer zogierT kaxel episkoposs, gansakuTrebiT ki alaverdels, ficis wigns awerinebda: `vinca vin alaverdeli yofilan an iqnebis, meca da sxvani yvelani sveticxovlis karsa da vin saWeTmpyrobeli kaxi yofila kurTxeva misgan miuRia~, naTqvamia XVII saukunis erT dokumentSi167. Zalze xSirad episkoposTa Soris davas kaTalikosi arCevda. magaliTad, is manglels wers: `Tqven da dmanels samwysozed sarCeli SegqondaT da batoniSvils kaTalikoss ganesazRvra da gaerigebina~168; aseve sazRvravs qarTlis sakaTalikososa da Tbilels Soris samwysos169. episkoposs Zalze didi wona hqonia qveyanaSi. XVIII saukunis dasawyisis erT dokumentSi naTqvamia: _ `ra rom saaTabago sjulze midrka da episkoposni moiSalnen, mas aqeT Tqvens qveyanaSi episkoposi aRar Semosula da raRac adgilSi episkoposi ar Seva da imisi madli da kurTxeva ar miva, an imisi mamamTavari da moZRvari ar aswavlis da ar hmwysis, is qveyana da iq msaxlobelni qristianeni ar iqnebian da arc marTlmadidebelSi aRiracxvian~170. episkoposi damoukidebeli da gavleniani xelisufali iyo, amitomac saepiskopoSi mcxovrebni mebatoneni valdebulni iyvnen, mas Sesabamisi RirsebiT mopyrobodnen, rac garkveul `gamosaRebad~ iTvleboda. magaliTad, `raJams wilkneli muxranis batonis saxlSi mobrZandes, muxranis batoni da meuRle maT win wamoegebnen da suzansa da dorzed col-qmarT SuazeT daiwvion da didis pativiT daxvdnen~171. es imas niSnavs, rom episkoposis vizitisas muxran-batonebis ojaxSi mas win unda daxvedroda muxran-batonTa saxelganTqmuli saxlis meTauri (isini male qarTlis mefeebic xdebian) Tavis meuRlesTan erTad. arc erT meuRles ar SeeZlo episkoposis oficialuri stumroba Tavisi meore naxevris gareSe. migebebis Semdeg (anu ramdenime nabijis win gadadgmis Semdeg) maT episkoposi darbazSi Sua sapatio adgilas (`Suazed~) winaswar gamzadebul skamze (romelzec `suzani da dori~ (xaliCis magvari rbili gadasafarebeli) iyo dagebuli) unda daebrZanebinaT, amis Semdeg ki, `didis pativiT~ unda `daxvedrodnen~ _ e.i. Txovnas Tu sxva raime saqmes RirsebiT mopyrobodnen. sazogadod miiCneoda, rom èpiskoposis samsaxuri~ saeklesio glexebisa da `kacebis~ movaleobas Seadgenda. axal dadgenil episkoposs evaleboda saeklesio `kacebisaTvis~ èpiskoposis~ samsaxuri eswavlebina _ èklesiisa da episkoposis samsaxuri aswaved, Torem RmerTi episkoposis xelidan gamoiZiebs Tavisis samwysos saqmes~172.
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aRsaniSnavia, rom eklesias Tavisi `molaSqre kacebi~ hyavda, xolo am `molaSqre kacebs~ TavianTi `msaxurebi~ hyavdaT173. magaliTad, sofel xibulaSi molaSqre aznaurs ocdaaTi msaxuri (molaSqre) hyavda, jgalSi _ 38, sacaiSloSi _ 63, darCelSi _ 85174. eklesia (e.i. sakaTalikosoebi) aSenebda cixeebs da xalxs mis SemogarenSi asaxlebda: àrgveTi Zveli cixe iyo da aRSeneba dauwyeT da glexebs dasaxleba~, _ werda gaenaTel-nikorwmindeli episkoposi 1664 wels175. rogorc cnobilia, kaxeTis laSqars episkoposebi meTaurobdnen, kerZod ki, sadroSoebs. 1722 wels Sedgenili `sarusTvelo droSis ganwesebis~ Tanaxmad, rusTvel episkoposs Zalze didi, Zlieri da organizebuli jari emorCileboda. rusTvelis droSas valdebuli iyvnen damorCilebodnen miwerili Tavadebi, aznaurebi, episkoposebi, winamZRvrebi da glexebi. Tuki moxdeboda ise, rom rusTvelis droSaze miwerili Tavadi, mouravi an erisTavi Tavisi laSqriT sxva sadroSos daeqvemdebareboda (mefes anu batonis droSas, anda qiziyis sadroSos), am SemTxvevaSi rusTvel episkoposs neba hqonda urCisaTvis eCivla mefesTan anu batonTan, xolo mefe urCs mamuls waarTmevda. xolo rusTvels SeeZlo raime sxva zianis miyeneba misTvis176. rusTveli episkoposi valdebuli iyo kviraSi erTxel jari ricxobrivad Seemowmebina, vinc daakldeboda, imiT sjidnen, rom rusTveli episkoposis sasargeblod xars waarTmevdnen moxeleni, romelTac `rusTvlis mejoxeni~ ewodebodaT. aseve unda gadaexada jarima `marCili~, romelsac ìasaulebi~ gamoarTmevdnen, xolo imaT, romelTac SeZleba ar hqondaT, e.w. `nakleb Tavadebs~ mefis brZanebiT, an mamulis nawils waarTmevdnen, anda kverTxiT gvemdnen177. rusTvelis droSa Sesanaxad da sapatronod Cabarebuli hqondaT `droSis mtvirTvelebs~, norioel WiWinaZeebs, romelTa movaleobasac warmoadgenda: droSis `wasvenebis~ dros (e.i. salaSqrod gasvlisa da droSis adgilidan daZvris brZanebis SemTxvevaSi) droSis gadacema `Zlieri da umjobesi keTil-cxenosani kacisaTvis, romelsac is xelSi unda daeWira, xolo sxva WiWinaZeebi mas gars unda Semoxveodnen, rogorc omis, aseve mSvidobis dros droSis adgilze dasvenebamde. isini iyvnen droSis `qeSikebi da mcvelebi~178. sarusTvelo droSaze miwerilni iyvnen Semdegi Tavadebi, erisTavebi, episkoposebi da glexebi: pirvelad TviTon rusTveli episkoposi Tavisi ymiT da samouraoebiT, samebeli, avalisZeni, ior-samgoridan aragvispirelni, guramiSvilebi, gaRmakaxelni, TianeTelni, fSav-xevsurni, erwo-Jalelni, `maT Sina mosaxleni aznaurni da Tavadni~, ColoyaSvilebi, giRidaSvilebi, mayaSvilebi, jandieriSvilebi, zemoTelavelni, rusiSvilebi, jimiTis mouravni, saRinaSvilebi, qumsiSvilebi, pankisis xeobelni, èniselT mouravis saxlni, jorjaZeni, eniseliT da ymiT~, nekreseli, nekresis ymiT, `gavazi da yvareli~ da a.S.179.
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rusTvels emorCileboda aseve `RmrTaebis droSa~, romelzec miwerilni iyvnen aseve mravalricxovani Tavad-aznaurni, ymebi, `saxasoebi~ da sxva adgil-mamulebi. rogorc zemoT moyvanilidan Cans, rusTvelis jari organizebuli samxedro SenaerTia, romelsac Tavisi mtkice, mkacrad gansazRvruli ekonomikuri safuZveli aqvs, uTuod msgavs mizezTa gamo sparseTis imperiaSi qarTuli jari erT-erT yvelaze saukeTesod miiCneoda, rasac ucxoeli damkvirveblebic aRniSnavdnen. qarTveli meomrebi cnobilni iyvnen rogorc yvelaze disci plinirebulni sparseTis imperiis mravaltomovan laSqarSi, TviTon am rusTvelis sadroSos zemoT moyvanil dokumentsac imamyulixani amtkicebda _ sparseTis vasali da amave dros mefe kaxeTisa. eklesia, rogorc aRmosavleT, aseve dasavleT saqarTveloSi, mTeli Tavisi ZalebiT ibrZoda qarTvelebis galekebis, gaafxazebisa da gaTaTrebis winaaRmdeg. samwuxarod, aRmosavleT kaxeTSi sxvadasxva politikur-socialuri mizezebis gamo qarTvelebis nawili galekda. 1787 wlis dokumentSi alaverdeli episkoposi wers Tavis erT-erT dekanozs _ `kaxeTi rom lekisagan aiyara da galekdnen kaxeTis kacni, im gaWirvebaSi sawyali mamaSeni... mogvkvdomoda~180. daviT garejis monastrebi da aseve biWvinTis saeklesio centri mahmadianTa da CrdilokavkasielTa Semosevis dros qristianuli saqarTvelos sazRvrebze moeqcnen da sarwmunoebis damcvel burjebs warmoadgendnen. amitomac, pirvel rigSi lekebisa da afxaz-afsarebis Tavdasxmebs isini ganicdidnen, mravali beri amowyvites daviT-garejSi lekebma. 1696 wlis sabuTSi naTqvamia _ `Zveli gujarni da sigelni mterTa qristianeTas lekTa warexvna mas Jamsa odes wmida monasteri daviTisa wartyvevnes lekTa da wmidani monazonni mosres~181. 1712 wlis sabuTSi daviT garejis berebi weren, rom lekebs Tavdasxmis dros Zveli berebis naRvawi mouspiaT, xolo berebi amouxocavT. ìmaT micvalebas ukan Cvenc zed moveswreniT monastersa: imaTi naRvawica da am gujaris uwindeli Cveni naRvawica, urjuloni lekni dagvesxnen Tavsa. da monastris krebulnic daxoces da monastris saxmarni WurWelni da saeklesio iaraRi yvela wartyvenes, iavaryves da moaoxres~182. gansakuTrebiT gamanadgurebeli qristianebisaTvis afxaz-afsarTa Tavdasxmebi iyo, romelmac Tavisi asaxva saeklesio dokumentebSi hpova. magaliTad, 1706 wlis dokumentidan Cans, rom afxazeTSi mdebare sakaTalikoso sofel naJanevidan afxaz-afsarTa Semosevebis gamo glexebi ayrilan, darCe-
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nili mosaxleobis didi nawili afxazeTis mTavars, yvap SarvaSiZes gauyidia (Cans, tyveebad) da mTeli soflidan mxolod eqvsi kaciRa darCenila. isinic, afxazTa Semosevebis SiSiT kaTalikoss wauyvania da saqarTvelos sxva dacul kuTxeebSi dausaxlebia, kerZod xobSi, xibulaSi da sxvagan. magaliTad, eliSaxu nanaisSvili ènguris gaRmidan~ wamouyvaniaT da xibulaSi dausaxlebiaT. rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, afxazeTis Tavadaznaurobam odiSTan omebis dros damxmare Zalad Crdilo kavkasiidan mowveuli adiReurCerqezuli tomebi (afsarebi) gamoiyena, romlebic Semdeg dasaxldnen kidec afxazeTis miwa-wyalze. isini warmarTebi iyvnen, magram afxazeTis Zvelma Tavadaznaurobam Zveleburad SeinarCuna Tavisi mamapapeuli sjuli, qristianoba da Tavs qarTul eklesias akuTvnebda (gamahmadianebulebis garda). rogorc zemoT moyvanili dokumentidan Cans, am mizezis gamo saeklesio glexebis gamyidveli yvap SarvaSiZis gardacvalebis Semdeg misi ojaxidan eklesiam ojaxis meTauris Secodebis asanazRaurebeli `niSanis~ aReba SeZlo: `kidev naJanevs sofeli sakaTalikozo nemsaZe kaTalikozis xelSid afxazisagan ayriliyo. yvap SarvaSiZes sxva daeyida da eqvsi mosaxle kaci yavda. is kaTalikozic bevrs edaveboda da Cvenc, magram arc mas da arc Cven pasuxi mogvca, rom SarvaSiZe mokvda. mivediT Cven da niSanic marTebuli aviReT~183, 1712 wlis sabuTidan ki Cans, rom sofel naJanevidan afxazafsarebisagan ayrili mosaxle samoci saeklesio glexi afxazeTis kaTalikos nemsaZes `daekarga~ da man mxolod ramdenime ojaxis gadasaxleba SeZlo. saeklesio glexebi TviT Suagul saqarTveloSic TaTrdebodnen, 1694 wlis sabuTidan Cans, rom erTi saeklesio yma gaTaTrebula, Semdeg ki Tavisi sakuTari mamuli miutovebia da gadakargula. am gaTaTrebuli ymis mamuli eklesias èrTgulisa da TavdadebiT `namsaxurisTvis~ uboZebia: `badasSvilis mamuli am wesiT giboZeT, rom saydris yma iyo da bevris kacis kvlasa da tyvis gasyidvaSi gaeriva da gaTaTrda; da Cvenganac sawyeni iyo da saydris Semcodec iyo, aw wavida isi da daikarga da misi mamuli, rasac mqonebeli yofiliyo, sula ukafiTa, sakafiTa, sasaxliTa da sasaflaoTa, qvevriTa da marniTa misis samarTlianis RvriTa~184 gviboZebia. saqarTvelos samefo saxlebi, warCinebulebi da TviT glexebic ki, rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, didad zrunavdnen monastrebisa da berebisaTvis. aZlevdnen mas miwa-wyals, adgil-mamulebs, `sarCos da ulufas~, aTavisuflebdnen gadasaxadebisagan, udgendnen ti pikons. magaliTad, 1696 wlis sabuTidan Cans, rom daviT garejis monasters araviTari gadasaxadi ar edo: àrc sauri da arca rame sabegaro saqme~185. miuxedavad amisa, rogorc Cans, berebi Tavs nebas aZlevdnen, erTi romelime monasteri daetovebinaT da sxva monasterSi gadasuliyvnen, risi akrZalvac 1702 wels saeklesio krebam scada, romlis ganCinebis pirvel muxlSi naTqvamia: `romelic beri daviT garejas Tu naTlismcemels, Tu dodos, Tu berTubans mivides meta-
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niad da dasadgomad da aRTqma hyos mun monastersa Sina samyofad, mere kvalad ukan iqces da dautevos Tavisi monasteri da sxvad monastrad mivides, wyeuli iyos~186. amave wels kaTalikosi evdemoz diasamiZe daviT garejas monasters yovelwliur jamagirs uaxlebs, purs, Rvinos, sanTels, zeTs, Sulos, kerZod, puri kodi 20, Rvino sapalne 3, sanTeli litra 2, zeTi litra 5, Sulo Careqi 1187. eklesia did yuradRebas iCenda berebisadmi. igi imazec zrunavda, rom raime saqmeze Camosuli berebi ubinaod da uyuradRebod ar darCeniliyvnen. rogorc 1704 wlis sabuTidan Cans, am mizniT tfilelma episkopozma garejis mravalmTis naTlismcemlis berebsa da maT Soris `sulxan yofils saba monazons~ gamouyo adgili qalaq TbilisSi: `sabatonisSvilos sasaxlidan adgili mogiWres da TqvenTvis samyofad giboZe, romelic Tqveni monazoni an mRvdeli am qalaqs Camovides maTTvis sadgomad ganuCines~188. amave wlis erTi sabuTidan Cans, rom sagarejos mamulebis mTeli Semosavali daviT garejas sam monasters xmardeboda189. xolo alaverdelma episkoposma dodos monasters ulufa: 15 kodi puri, 2 marilis qva da uReli xari, zeTi ganuCina. `yovelTvis mogecemodes CvenTa Sesandoblada da sulis Cvenis mosaxseneblado~, _ wers episkopozi190. monastrebs, kerZod daviT garejs hqonda Tavisi `ganwesebuli rigi~, anu ti pikonis magvari wesi191. eklesia dainteresebuli iyo, rom berebs TavianTi monastris istoria scodnodaT. magaliTad, 1709 wels ninowmindis episkoposs dodos monastrisaTvis istoria dauweria192, sadac daviT garejelisa da wmida dodos Rvawlia moTxrobili. monasterSi dayudebuli beris qoneba sabolood monasters unda darCenoda. magaliTad: erTi beri kaxeTidan misula TbilisSi da mTawmindaze, wm. daviT garejelis samyofelSi dayudebula, da iqve gardacvlila. mas darCenia garkveuli qoneba, am qonebaze pretenzia ganacxades rogorc Weremelma episkoposma, aseve Tbilelma episkoposma. amis gamo kaTalikoss gamoucia ganweseba, romlis ZaliTac am beris qoneba Tbilel episkopozs darCenia, `radgan monasteri ese Tbilelisa iyo~, sabolood ki, ra Tqma unda, mTawmidis monasters. masSi kerZod naTqvamia: `da ara xolo amas monastersa ganvaweseT, aramed yovelsa saqarTvelosa eklesiaTa zeda: romelnica monazonni, romelsaca monastersa daemkvidrnen, raca saqoneli daSTes, mis monastersa aris, sxva nu vinme monawile eqmnebis~193. 1712 wlisaTvis, rogorc es am wlis erTi sabuTidan Cans, daviT garejaSi TerTmetamde beri yofila. kerZod: 1. winamZRvari, 2. barnabe, 3. Sio, 4. imereli grigori, 5. meore grigori, 6. gurieli nikolozi, 7. demetre, 8-9. pavle da silovani (erT senakSi cxovrobdnen), 10. germane da 11. barTlome. isini am dokumentSi imitomacaa CamoTvlili, rom maT senakebSi monastris garkveuli qoneba _ kerZod ki xatebi iyo dabinavebuli. SesaZlebelia, am monastrebSi sxva berebic iyvnen, romlebic monastris sainventaro aRricx-
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vis siaSi ar moxvdnen194. am siidan Cans, rom monasterSi Zalian mniSvnelovani qoneba inaxeboda, kerZod, farCis sirmiT sagangebod nakeri dibis moarSiebuli, Savi an wiTeli farCis, sarbabis, Sal zarbabis, yviTlis saiis, wiTeli atlasis, iisferi iezdis, wiTlis yabavaris, yviTeli atlabafTis, TeTri dibis, yirmizis da sxva qsoviliT Sekerili samRvdelo Sesamoslebi, bisonebi, filonebi da sxva. aseve msgavsi qsovilebisagan Sekerili mravalricxovani stixari, aseve oqros RilebiT, minanqriT daferili RilebiT, arSiani jvrebiT da oqromkediT naqsovi mravalricxovani olari, oqromkedis sakerebiT, romlebzec mTavarangelozebi iyvnen gamoyvanilni. wvrili margalitebiTa da TvlebiT Semkuli oqros da vercxlis Rilebiani, sirmiTa da oqromkediT nakeri uamravi enqeri, vercxlisjaWvebiani da vercxlisRilebiani sabuxarebi (samajurebi), romlebzec zogjer romelime xati iyo gamosaxuli. magaliTad, erTze xareba iyo amoqarguli. aq iyo vercxlis barZimi didi zomisa, oqroTi daferili, msgavsi masalis sami cali feSxumi, kamara, kovzi, minanqristariani laxvari, aq iyo agreTve vercxlis mravalricxovani `siwmindis iaraRi~, aseve Zvirfasi qsovilebiTa da msgavsi masaliT nakeri da naqargi dafarnebi da pereqelebi. aseve iyo mravalricxovani saeklesio wigni, magaliTad, vercxliT moWedili, oqroTi daferili saxarebebi, margalitissaniSniani da farCis `boxCiani~ kondakebi. aq iyo aseve mravalricxovani samociqulo, gulani, maTes Tavis Targmani, metafrasebi, klemaqsi, mamaTa cxovrebani, paraklitoni, kurTxevani, didi sjulis kanoni, daviTni, ti pikoni, Jamni, locvani, stodieri, balavariani, wmida ninos cxovreba, asurel mamaTa cxovrebani `yvela TavianT sagalobel-saxarebasamociquloTi~, swavlani, Zveli svinaqsari, zatiki, sadResaswaulo, marxvani da sxva wignebi. monasters hqonda aseve uamravi spilenZis qvabi, TuSfalangebi, langrebi, saflaveebi, lambaqebi, maTlafebi, taStebi, jamebi, CamCebi, qafqirebi, surebi, Tungebi, samarileebi, brolis sirCebi da sxva WurWleuloba. hqondaT aseve vercxlis WurWelic. sxva iyo is qoneba, romelic monasters sxvadasxva adgilas _ patarZeulSi da sxvagan hqonda. saerTod, am monastris uZrav-moZravi qoneba gacilebiT ufro mravalricxovani iyo. rogorc XIII saukunis dasawyisSi Sedgenil `vahanis qvabis gangebidan~ Cans, am monasterSi berebis ricxvi gansazRvruli yofila _ oci. garda am oci berisa, monasterSi yofila 24 mRvdel-monazoni da Svidi iero-diakoni, amaT garda, monasters hyolia agreTve àTi msaxuri~, romlebic `trapezisa, samzareuloisa da saxabazoisa samsaxursa aRasrulebdnen~195. berebs ar evalebodaT am monasterSi raime samuSaos Sesruleba, maT movaleobas Seadgenda `marxva, locva, moRvaweoba da saRmrTo werilisa kiTxva~, isini yovelmxriv uzrunvelyofilni iyvnen. trapezobis, anu puris Wamis dros morige kananarxs xmamaRla unda ekiTxa wigni ZmaTa gasagonad. trapezobis dros sastikad akrZaluli iyo saubari, wesis damrRvevs gareT gaagdebdnen.
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kerZi yvelas Tanabari raodenobisa eZleoda, rogorc ùxuces Zmas, aseve ùdaress~. stumris mosvlis dros saWmlis momateba SeiZleboda, vinme didi da sapatio piris, episkopozis, sapatio vinme monazonis stumrobisas monasteri valdebuli iyo mas `trapeziT~ gamaspinZleboda. Tu romelime beri avad gaxdeboda, erT, romelime RvTismoSiS bers `meyseulad~ ganawesebdnen da is valdebuli iyo, rogorc avadmyofs, aseve uZlurebaSi myof Zmas dReSi samjer momsaxureboda, unda moevlo, moexila da mierTmia dawesebuli kerZi. savaldebulo iyo, rom rac ki ram ipoveboda monasterSi, uZlurebs araferi daklebodaT. yovel monazons Tanxis garkveuli raodenoba eZleoda: winamZRvars _ eqvsi dukati, dekanozsa da ikonomoss _ oTx-oTxi dukati, mwirvel, mkiTxvel, kananarx berebs _ sam-sami dukati, meWurWles, metrapezes, kandelaks _ sam-sami dukati. amaT garda, iyo agreTve monazvnebis egreT wodebuli `meore dasi~, romelTac araviTari sxva samonastro saqmianoba ar evalebodaT, garda wirvisa. maT or-or dukats aZlevdnen. arsebobda berebis egreT wodebuli `mesame dasi~, anu `mwirni~, maT miecemodaT erTi botinati da erTi dukati. aseTive Tanxa eZleodaT agreTve msaxurebsac `satanissamosled~, berebs eZleodaT agreTve puri da Rvino monasterSi maTi saqmianobis Sesabamisad, kerZod, ùTavades Zmebs~ eqvs-eqvsi grivi. meore dass ufro mcire raodenobisa, xolo mwirebs: ufro mcire raodenobisa. sastikad akrZaluli iyo monasterSi vaWroba, SfoTis Camogdeba, Seuracxyofis miyeneba, memTvraleoba. vinc msgavs saqciels Caidenda, mas pirdapir, nebarTvis gareSe aZevebdnen, monastridan gasvla akrZaluli iyo. qalsa da uwverulo ymas monasterSi Sesvla ekrZalebodaT, did codvad iTvleboda vercxlismoyvareoba: `Ziri yovelTa borotTaA ars vercxlis moyvarebaA~. gansakuTrebiT fasdeboda morCileba da simdable. vaxSmobis an serobis Semdeg senakidan senakSi berebs gadasvla ekrZalebodaT. gansakuTrebuli wesiT nawildeboda Semosuli qoneba. Semomwirvels, rogorc wesi, Jams uwiravdnen. aseve nawildeboda gardacvlili Zmis, anu beris qoneba196. yovelive zemoT aRniSnulis gamo, eklesias didi gavlena da didi Zala hqonda. domenti kaTalikozis erTi gamocemuli sabuTidan Cans, rom igi sastiki sasjeliT emuqreboda wesis damrRvev qarTlis gamoCenil Tavads, giorgi amirejibs, Tuki is Tavis saeklesio movaleobas ar Seasrulebda. rogorc Cans, mas sisxlis samarTlis danaSauli Caudenia, amitomac `sisxli~ dadebia. am sisxlis gamo is valdebuli iyo garkveuli Tanxa an saqoneli mieca WirisufalTaTvis, xolo `sisxlis~ erTi mesamedi, rogorc wesi, eklesiisaTvis, anu kaTalikozisaTvis unda mieca, magram am amirejibs gadauwyvetia, rom Sesabamisi Tanxa sisxlisa ar mieca eklesiisaTvis. imis gamo, rom sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulisaTvis fuladi an qonebrivi sazRauris erTi mesamedi kaTalikozma ar miiRo, is wers urC amirejibs: _ `wigni mogewera sisxlis mesameds ar mogcemo... rac sisxli gagiCnda imisi mesame-
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di gamogvigzavne, Torem gavusevT Sens ymebs iasaulsa da suls aqeT ara SegarCenT, puri geTxovna da sanamde am sisxlis mesameds ar mogvcem purs ara sulsac amogxuTavT, tyveebi rac gyavs, eseni ar gayido Torem Sens ambavs maSin Seityob~197, aqedan Cans, jer erTi, ra Zlieri organizaciaa eklesia, Tu rogor ibrZvis is tyveTa syidvis winaaRmdeg da isic, rom mas aqvs puri maSinac ki, roca Seqmnili politikuri viTarebis gamo zemoT aRniSnul Tavadsac ki ar aqvs XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi. XIII saukuneSic, 1263 wlis saeklesio krebis dadgenilebiT, roca mefe ulu-daviTma ikadra da saeklesio mamulebi, `RvTisaTvis Sewiruli~ adgilebi, Tavisi saWiroebisaTvis gasca, krebam mas aseTi muqara SeuTvala: àrca mironsa gavxsniT, saqarTveloisa eklesiaTa davbeWdavT, xucesTa davayenebT, wirvisa, naTvlisa da samkvdroTa ziarebisagan~198. es kreba mefes swerda, rom, rogorc samefos saWurWleSi Sesvla, Tvalmargalitisa da oqro-vercxlis WurWlis aReba aris danaSauli, aseve ar SeiZleba saeklesio qonebis xelyofac; saqarTvelos eklesias ase ar moqcevia arc TbilisSi mjdomi arabTa amirebi da arc ulu-daviTamde saqarTvelos samefo taxtze mjdomi samocdaTormeti mefe... `wesi saxlisa da palatisa Tqvenisa ase yofila vinca vin dakrulvila raiTac mizeziTa da saqmiTa, Tqven mierca Serisxula. mamuli daWirvia da laSqarTa Sina ar SeSvebula~199. mefeebs didi ridi hqondaT eklesiisa. magaliTad, mefe aleqsandre Turme `warmoemarTis ra qarTlad anu aRmosavliT gina dasavliT fexSiSveli Cavlis, aRmovlis Tayvanismcemeli eklesiisa, xatisa, RmrTaebisa...~. e. i. mefe eklesiis win gavlisas (am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba samTavisi) fexze ixdida. masve àqvnda sasoeba didsa mRvdelmTavrisa samTavnelisa zosimesi, hyvarobda keTilsa qceulebasa da pativiscemasa eklesiaTasa200. mefes samTavneli episkopozisaTvis daumzadebia sawinamZRvro jvar-droSa, romelic winsaZRol samRvdelmTavro droSad iTvleboda. TviT gamahmadianebuli qarTveli mefeebic ki didi pativiT epyrobodnen qarTul eklesiebsa da mis siwmideebs. mefe erekle pirvels Tavisi winaprebis saflavebze Zvirfasi xatebi dauyenebia da sapatronod da sameTvalyureod alaverdeli episkoposisaTvis Caubarebia: `Cvenman xelmwifeman mefe ereklem Tavis mama-papaTa naSromi murasa oqroTi moWedili, TvaliT da margalitiT Semkobili xatebi wm. giorgis alaverdis xelmwifeT saflavebze daasvena da Cven mogvabara~, _ wers alaverdeli episkoposi201. rogorc Cans, xatebis wmindanTa saflavebze dasveneba im droisaTvis miRebuli Cveuleba yofila. daviT garejis monasterSic wm. mama daviTis saflavze xatebi iyo dasvenebuli: àsvenia wmidis daviTis saflavze xati moWedili macxovrisa erTi, arsebis xati moWedili erTi, xati yovladisa moWedili ori, xati yovladwmidisa kariani erTi, xati yovladwmidisa, gardamoxsnisa erTi, xati moWedili samebisa erTi, xati wmidis nikolozisa erTi~202. am SemTxvevaSi
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`saflavSi~ saflavze agebuli taZari iTvleboda. rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, suliT erTiani qarTuli eklesia biWvinTisa da mcxeTis sakaTalikosoebad iyo gayofili. orive sakaTalikosoSi erTaderT saRvTismetyvelo enas qarTuli ena warmoadgenda. arasodes, arc erT saukuneSi, wmida ninodan vidre mecxramete saukunemde, eklesiaSi sxva ena gamoyenebuli ar yofila. Cven xelT ara gvaqvs araviTari cnoba imis Taobaze, rom qarTul eklesiaSi rodesme gamoyenebuli yofiliyo laTinuri, berZnuli an sxva romelime im droisaTvis cnobili ena. miT umetes, arc afxazeTisa da arc qarTlis sakaTalikosoebis arc erT eparqiaSi arasodes ar yofila gamoyenebuli afxazuri da osuri enebi. rogorc Cans, es enebi im droisaTvis (Tuki isini saerTod arsebobdnen dRevandeli saxiT) Crdilo kavkasiaSi iyo gavrcelebuli da ara saqarTveloSi. qarTuli ena da mwerloba Tavidanve warmoadgenda qarTvelur tomTa erT-erT mTavar gamaerTianebel niSans... amasTan erTad udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs im garemoebas, rom Zveli samwerlobo qarTuli ena da saerTod qarTuli literatura arc enobrivstilisturad da arc ideur-politikurad tomobriv-geografiul gankerZoebasa da midrekilebas ar amJRavnebs, ar arsebobs aRmosavlur-qarTuli, samxreTul-qarTuli da dasavlur-qarTuli literaturuli mimarTulebani, aramed arsebiTad mTeli Cveni mwerloba erTiani qarTulia, miuxedavad imisa, esa Tu is nawarmoebi Cveni samSoblos romel mxareSia Seqmnili da romeli qarTuli tomis warmomadgenelia misi avtori. ès movlena, literaturis istoriaSi sayovelTao xasiaTisa ar aris, vinaidan msoflios bevri mowinave literaturis istoria tomobriv-kuTxuri mimarTulebiT viTardeboda da es mimarTulebani Rrma kvals tovebdnen saerTo-erovnuli literaturis ganviTarebaze~203. qarTuli ena qarTul eklesiaSi ara marto Tavs ifaravda, aramed viTardeboda, Rrmavdeboda da yvaoda. is faqtic, rom qarTuli samwerlo ena mraval saxelmwifoebriv erTeulad dayofil saqarTveloSic saerTo-saxalxo, gamaerTianebel funqcias inarCunebda, da agreTve isic, rom masSi tomobriv-geografiul-dialeqturi niSan-Tvisebebi ar ganviTarda, SeiZleba qarTuli eklesiis damsaxurebad da rac mTavaria, qarTveli eris Sinagani erTobis niSnad miviCnioT. qarTuli eklesia uRrmesi mowiwebiTa da pativiscemis grZnobiT iyo gamsWvaluli saeklesio centrebisadmi (im wmindanebis mimarT, romelTa saxelzec iyo agebuli sakaTalikoso-sapatriarqo taZrebi). afxazeTis sakaTalikosos centrs da yovlad wmida biWvinTis RvTismSobels, romlis saxelzec sapatriarqo saydari iyo agebuli, ase mimarTavdnen: èha asulo Sveniero, iovakimis nayofo, sitkboebiT aRsavseo, anas morCo, rto gardafenilo, solomonis venaxo, rqa mewamulo, daviTis yvavilo, dabadebulTa sulnelmyofelo, ieses kverTxo, didebiT aRyvavebulo, iudas SroSano, dabadebulTa samkaulo, iakobis kibeo, zecad mimarT aRmarTebao, isakis vardo,
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ubiwoebiT aRyvavebulo, abramis kvirto, didebiT aRmofurCvnilo, semis dasabamo, naTesavTa mSvidobao, noes sulisa samoselo daulpolvelo, evas naTelo da mwuxarebisa uCino myofelo, adamis didebao, samoTxeo pirmetyuelo, RmrTisa mamisa mxolosa winaTve gamorCeulo da Zisa mxolosa pirvel saukuneTa mamisagan Sobilsa dedad qalwulebiT uTeslod mSobelad ganwesebulo da sulisa wmidisa taZaro, romelman erTi samebisagani Seiwynare da uaRres yovelTa bunebiTa Sev Ze mxolod Sobili~204. msgavsadve mimarTavdnen mcxeTis sakaTalikoso-sapatriarqo centrsac. magaliTad, èse dawerili movaxsene da Sevswire yovelTave CrdiloeTisa kedarTa Soris uaRressa da uaRmatebules, udidebulessa wmidisa kaTolike samociqulosa saydarsa mcxeTisasa salocvelsa da RmrTisa didebisa da mas Sina RmrTiv-aRmarTulsa suetsa cxovelsa, kuarTsa sameufosa da mironsa RmerT-myofelsa da wmida myofelsa, Cven, qristes mier qarTlisa patriarqman malaqia mas Jamsa, odes uRirsi ese Rirs viqmen saWeT-pyrobad wmidisa amis taZrisa~205. XI saukunis dasawyisSi sveticxovlis sapatriarqo centrs ase mimarTavdnen: _ èse dawerili movaxsene da Sevswire yovelTave CrdiloeTisa kedarTa Soris uaRressa da uaRmatebules udidebulessa wmidasa da kaTolike da samociqulosa saydarsa mcxeTisasa, salocvelsa da saxlsa RmrTisa didebisasa, da mas Sina RmrTivaRmarTebulsa svetsa cxovelsa, kuarTsa sameufosa da mironsa RmerTmyofelsa da wmida-myofelsa, Cven, qristes mier kurTxeulman qarTlisa kaTalikoz-patriarqman melqizedek~206. Wyondidis saepiskoposo centrs (martvilis taZars) ase mimarTavdnen: `hoi caTa umaRleso, qerubinTa uwmideso, adamis bralTa damxsnelo da evas krulebaTa ganmaxeTqelo, sasoebao da taZaro siwmidisao da yovlisa soflisa ganmanaTlebelo; Sen, dido da saSinelT martvilisa RvTismSobelo da miso dido da patiosano axovano da mxneo da mxedaro, dido mTavarmowameo wmidao giorgi sujunisao!~207. xobis saepiskoposo centrs ase mimarTavdnen: (sakaTedro taZari RvTismSoblis saxelobisa iyo) _ `hoi, Sen mSobelo uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristes RvTismSobelo saydaro xobisao gansvenebulo, Cven Zisa Senisa mier kaTalikos patriarqma SemogwireT...~208. quTaisis taZars quTaTeli episkoposi ase mimarTavda: èha Sen yovelTa sityvierTa naTesavTa Soris ubrwyinvalesad aRmocenebulo sityvisa RvTisa mSobelo mariam, Cven Sensa caTa mobaZavisa wmindisa eklesiisa meurneman yovlad samRvdelom quTaTelman mitropolitman wereTelma dosiTeos... davsdev wmidasa eklesiasa Sensa...~209. msgavsadve pativiscemiTa da RirsebiT mimarTaven saqarTvelos sxva sapatriarqo taZrebsac. saqarTvelos daSlisa da mahmadian-warmarTebis mier qveynis umowyalo rbevis Semdgomac qarTulma eklesiam Tavisi ZvelTaganve arsebuli Sinag-
1035
ani sispetake, siwminde, erovnuli anu marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis mimarT erTguleba, misTvis Tavdadeba, Sinagani organizebuleba, simtkice da gautexloba SeinarCuna, magram, cxadia, rom aqtiuri zemoqmedebis moxdena arsebul politikur viTarebaze ar SeeZlo, Tumca yoveli patrioti Tu ara patrioti qarTveli kargad grZnobda, rom erovnebis SenarCunebisaTvis pirvel rigSi qarTuli eklesiis dacva iyo saWiro. amis Sesaxeb kargadaa naTqvami Tbileli mitropolitis gamocemul erT sabuTSi: `mas Jamsa, odes aRaoxres lekTa tfilis qalaqs sionTa RmrTismSobeli, Semdgomad maTsa daipyres qalaqi da qveyana qarTlisa urumTa, maSin patronobda veziri isay-faSa axalcixisa. brZaneba da farmani mosvloda xonTqrisagan, sionTa RmrTismSoblis taZris meCeTad Seqmna inebes, Cvenca wmidam RmrTismSobelman Tqveni Tavi gamogviCina damxsnelad da nugeSinismcemelad da movediT Cvenis krebuliT da didis mwuxarebiT Tavi gawyineT, Tqvenc vinca vin qarTvelni darbaiselni iyueniT, Tan SemoiyareniT da amis Sewevnasa da daxsnas gulmodgineT ecadeniT. mixvediT faSasTan, arza miarTviT da didad Tavi gardasdeviT, TiTqmis datyveveba da amowyveta arCieT da am saydris daunebleboba. imanac yuri mougdo Tqvens moxsenebasa, xeli aiRes, didad dagmadles da feSqaSic mravali gaiReviT da saydarsac SeswirevdiT. radgan amdeni sasyideli da Wirnaxuli dasdeviT Cvens monasterze, Cven sxvafriv veras gmsaxurebdiT da es piroba mogvixsenebia, rome: radgan axalkviris SabaTs iyo Cveni gansacdeli da saydris gamorTmevis ambavi, isev axalkviris wina dRe SabaTi ganvaweseT TqvenisaTvis mosaxseneblad. am dros iqiT yovlis wlisaTvis im SabaTs Cven da Cvenni krebulni erTobilni Jams giwirevdeT. Tqven da TqvenTa SviliSvilTa dauviwyeblad movixsenebdeT210. zemomoyvanili amonawerebidan Cans, rom TviT im sastik drosac ki, roca saqarTvelo Turqebma daipyres da osmaleTis xonTqarma TviT Tbilisis sionis taZris meCeTad gadakeTebis brZanebac ki gamosca, qarTvelma didebulebma Tavi dasdes, ojaxis amowyvetasac ki ar SeuSindnen, da wminda taZari mters ar daanebes. xolo Semdgom, stambulSi datyvevebul domenti kaTalikoss kvlav saqarTvelos eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelad Tvlidnen. cxra wels eqsoriaSi myof kaTalikoss zogierTi qarTveli Tan axlda da erTgulad emsaxureboda, erT-erT maTgans kaTalikosi swerda kidec - `yvelgan Cvens samsaxurSi iyavi, ar gagvSorebixar erTis wuTis xansa, mravali SiSi da gansacdeli gardaixade Cvens samsaxurzeda~211. cxadia, mterTa Semosevebma qarTuli eklesiac didad daazarala. mravali saepiskoposo da eparqia saerTod gauqmda, xolo saeklesio mamulebisa da ymebis mniSvnelovani nawili Sinaomebis periodSi saero feodalebma miitaces212, magram qarTulma eklesiam SeinarCuna is sulieri dvrita, romelic Semdeg 1744-45 wlebisaTvis qarTuli qristianuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRorZinebas daedo safuZvlad.
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mironcxebul mefeTa taxtis aRdgena _ `qarTvelobis~ gamarjveba
1744 weli ubednieresi TariRia qarTveli eris, qarTuli eklesiisa da saqarTvelos aTaswlovan istoriaSi _ aRdga qristian mefeTa taxti. àRdgomisa da gamoxsnis~ didi programis erTi nawili Sesrulda _ saqarTvelos samefo taxtze qristiani mefe dajda. moyolebuli rostom xanis `gamefebidan~, e.i. 1632 wlidan 1744 wlamde (ufro ki 1614 wlidan, luarsab II-is Semdeg), am dRisaTvis iRvwodnen, sicocxles swiravdnen da loculobdnen qarTvel moRvaweTa Taobebi. Teimuraz I natrobda qristianobiT daebrunebina taxti, magram ver moeswro, arCil mefesa da vaxtang VI-s am saqmeSi ucxo qveynebis daxmarebis imedi hqondaT da am daxmarebis ZebnaSi ucxoeTSive dalies suli, iseve rogorc amave miznisTvis damaSvralma sulxan-saba orbelianma. vin moTvlis im gasaWirsa da zarals, rac qarTulma eklesiam mahmadian `mefe-xanTa~ mmarTvelobisas gadaitana, magram uaresi is iyo, rom sparseT-osmaleTis wamlekavi gavlenis orbitaSi myofi qarTveli xalxi ara marto zneobriv, aramed erovnul degradaciasac ganicdida, mas sparsulmahmadianuri zne-Cveulebebis SeTviseba ar akmares da iseTi politikursocialuri pirobebi Seqmnes, rom qarTvelebi iZulebiT TaTrdebodnen (mesxeTsa da mTel saqarTveloSi), lekdebodnen (aRmosavleT kaxeTSi), somxdebodnen (aRmosavleT saqarTvelos savaWro centrebsa da qalaqebSi), Crdilokavkasiidan saqarTveloSi dasasaxleblad daZrul CrdilokavkasielebTanac asimilirdebodnen. esec ar akmares da maT masobrivad tyveebad hyiddnen. qarTvelebma kargad icodnen, rom mironcxebuli mefis taxtze asvla yvela am ubedurebas bolos mouRebda, qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba qarTvel ersa da qarTul eklesias darajad daudgeboda. qarTlis samefo taxtze qristian mefed dasmis bedniereba kaxel bagrationTa saxlis Svils _ Teimuraz II-s ergo. saqme is aris, rom vaxtang VIis prorusuli politikiT gaRizianebulma sparseTis Sahebma qarTlel bagrationebs taxtze asvlis neba araTu qristianuli wesiT, gamahmadianebis Semdegac aRar misces. qarTlis samefo taxtis kanonieri memkvidre anton I kaTalikosi iyo, qarTlis `mefis~ ieses Ze. gamahmadianebulma iesem òsmalobis~ dros Turquli orientacia gamoamJRavna. amitomac, osmalTa gandevnis Semdeg moRalated Seracxul muxranel bagrationebs yizilbaSebma taxti aRar misces. `yizilbaSobis~ dros kaxeli bagrationebi gonierebis, moqnili politikisa da aqtiurobis wyalobiT dawinaurdnen. mematiane Teimuraz II-s ase axasiaTebs: _ `mefe da mpyrobeli kaxeTisa, tomobiT daviTiani, mobaZavi solomonisa, znesruli da moyvare qristianobisa, msvreli ucxo TeslTa, sadguri keTilisa da saunje rjulisa, Ze maRali xelmwifisa ereklesi, patroni Teimuraz~213. da iqve umatebs, rom Teimuraz II àrasodes
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aras omSi ar damarcxdeboda, sarwmunoeba hqonda mtkice da goliaToba Seuryeveli~214. RmerTma ineba, rom saqarTvelos samefo taxti qristianuli wesiT daekavebina. rogorc cnobilia, am droisaTvis qarTli da kaxeTi iranis vasalur qveynebs warmoadgenda. irani, rogorc wesi, samefo taxts gamahmadianebis pirobiT Tavis erTgul qarTvel bagrationebs aZlevda, maT `valebs~ da `xanebs~ uwodebdnen. Seqmnili politikuri viTarebis gamo qarTlis taxti iranma Teimuraz IIs misca, xolo Semdgom neba darTo am taxtze qristianuli wesiT asuliyo - èbrZana mefis TeimurazisTvis xelmwifes (e.i. iranis Sahs): `viTac Tqveni mefobis rigi iyoso, egre kurTxeva miiReo~. _ esec rom Seetyo, qarTvelni mefeni gvirgviniT ekurTxebiano, es mefe Teimurazs wyalobad misca. viTac ityvis winaswarmetyveli: `mefeTa guli xelTa Sina RmrTisa ariano. es RmerTman mefes Teimurazi wyalobad mouvlina da scxo sacxebeli mefobisa, Torem ramdeni weliwadi gardasuliyo JamTa viTarebisagan da cxebuli mefe qarTlSi ara mjdariyo. madlobdeT RmerTsa, rameTu, viTa mose egvi ptes wyvdeulTa israelTa mouvlina xsnad, egre qarTvelTa agarianTagan tyved qmnilTa, mouvlina mefe Teimuraz~215. mematiane mefe Teimurazs moses adarebs, romelmac egviptelTa mier damonebuli ebraelebi ixsna. msgavsadve RmerTma `scxo sacxebeli mefobisa~ Teimurazs. qarTvelTa sixaruli usazRvro iyo. patriarqma anton kaTalikosma Cveuli sibejiTiT moiZia mefeT kurTxevis uZvelesi qarTuli wesebi, da samRvdeloTa dasi sagangebo sadResaswaulo ceremoniisaTvis moamzada. gaxarebulma xalxma quCebi, moednebi, bazrebi morTo, CiraRdnebiTa da galobiT Seegeba mefisa, dedoflisa da batoniSvilebis gamoCenas. jer kidev manamde, sanam qristianuli wesiT ekurTxeboda da Teimurazs ara `qristiani mefe~, aramed `qristesmoyvare mefe~ ewodeboda, xalxi uzomo aRtacebiT xvdeboda mas, xolo mefed mironcxebis sadResaswaulo sixaruli xom uzomo iyo. `mefe Teimuraz lilodam SemobrZanda qalaqsa Tbilissa Tvesa ivlissa 9-s. miegebnen moqalaqeni anu dasni samRvdeloni, Seasxes qeba da Seswires madloba RmerTsa, gauSales moqalaqeTa fiandazi mZime lariTa, Seiqmna srola zarbazanTa, rameTu yurTa xma aRar iyo. avlabriT alayafis karamdis morTes bazari da ganabrwyinves CiraRdniT. iyo sami dRe da Rame ganuwyvetelad mejlisi da lxini uzomo, sixaruli friadi~216. xolo Teimurazis Zes, kaxeTis mefe erekles, dedamissa da antons, momaval patriarqs `gaegebnen dasni samRvdeloni anu erTa gundni da dedaTa banaki, Seasxes qeba da madlobdnen RmerTsa, `vina gamogviCnda xsnad Cvenda WirveulTao da gvixsna mterTagan CvenTao~217. qristiani mefis kurTxevis ceremoniali
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ase warimarTa: mefem oTxi sagangebo droSa daamzadebina, romelic oTxi sadroSos meTaurebs gadaeca. sadroSoebis mxedrebi da xalxi Tbilisidan mcxeTaSi gaemarTa, sadac sveticxovlis wmida taZarSi unda cxebuliyo mefe. mcxeTaSi es didi amala ori dRis manZilze icdida da emzadeboda zeimisaTvis, romelSic yvelas uSualo monawileoba unda mieRo; mesame dRes sveticxovlis siaxloves mdgar antioqiis taZarTan sagangebod mowyobil adgilze didi darbazobis magvari Sekrebuleba _ ganweseba gaimarTa. aqedan samRvdeloebam samefo insigniebi (gvirgvini, ski ptra da sxva) sveticxovelSi Seitana, eklesiaSi daiwyo mwuxris locva, romelsac mefec daeswro. meore dRes mefe kvlav antioqiis taZris ezoSi mowyobil sagangebo sefaSi dabrZanda, aqedanve miiwvies is eklesiaSi wirvaze dasaswrebad da sakurTxeblad. patriarqis winaSe Teimurazma marTlmadidebluri mrwamsi warmoTqva. Semdeg mefe akurTxes: mironi scxes Sublze, gulsa da beWebze (jvris saxiT), Semoses samefo SesamosliT, daadges gvirgvini, aziares da wirvis Semdeg eklesiaSive sagangebo taxtze daabrZanes. es yofila sveticxovlobas, anu 1744 wlis 1-el oqtombers. papuna orbeliani TviTmxilveli, ase aRwers am zeims: `...gamobrZanda gareT saydris win antioqiisa, zemore sefe idges didi da sefasa gverdiT sevani daedgines, dabrZanda sevansa Sina da egreT iaxles darbaiselni, vina jdomisa Rirsni iyvnes, vina dgomisa, egre yovelni ganawesnes218. sazogadod, darbazobis dros mefis winaSe yvelas ar hqonda jdomis neba, zogi idga, ufro sapationi, Sesabamisi pativisda mixedviT gawyobil selebsa da skamebze isxdnen, ase momxdara Teimurazis kurTxevis drosac. yoveli ZvelqarTuli wesi, romelic mahmadianTa batonobisas miviwyebuli iyo, sagangebod mouZebnia, gamoukvlevia da aRudgenia sulier meufes, kaTolikos-patriarqs, anton I-s219. masve Sesabamisad ganuwesebia samRvdelo da saero dasni. saRamos locvisas sveticxovelSi Sesul mefes mantiiT Semosili yvela episkoposi karebTan Sexvedria, xolo meore dRes wirvaze eklesiaSi misacileblad `movidnen dasni samRvdeloni Semosilni, karisa dekanozsa xati patiosani Tavsa edga, jvaris mtvirTvelsa jvari epyra, mTavardiakonni akmevdes sakmevelTa, mRvdelni ukan uvidodes, yovelTa didroni lamparni etvirTes da mgalobelni galobdnen. movidnen egre da batons Tayvani sces... wardga patriarqis arqidiakoni da batons diptvila moaxsena da qeba Seasxa... karis bWeSi moegebnes batons patriarqi Semosili da episkoposni, anu samRvdeloni yovelni, Tayvanisces, calkerZ patriarqi miudga, calkerZ mTavar-diakoni, samRvdelo dasni win SeuZRvnes xatiTa, jvris winaZRoliTa da lamprebiT mnaTebariTa da egre galobiT Seiyvanes eklesiasa Sina... pirvelad moiyvanes, aRsavlis karis qvemore daayenes, episkoposni yovelni amier da imier moudgnes... patriarqma hkiTxa mefes sarwmunoeba da mere aRTqmisa epistole waukiTxa. mere wamouZRvanes win da saydris Suagulobas taxti
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idga didi, oTxi xarisxi Seivlida, aRiyvanes, ori seli idga, erTze mefe dabrZanda da meoreze patriarqi, calkerZ mTavarepiskoposi da calkerZ alaverdeli, sxvani episkoposni eqvsi amier da eqvsi imier ganewyvnes~220. mefisa da kaTalikosis gverdiT episkoposebi damsxdaran; e.w. `Sinagani di ptixis~ Tanaxmad, arsebobda episkoposTa `dgomisa da jdomis~ sagangebo wesi. moRweulia erekle II-is erTi sabuTi, romlidanac Cans, Tu am zeimis dros rogor ganawilebulan episkoposebi; òdes igi Rirsad sanatrelxsenebuli mama Cveni cxebul iqna da gvirgvinosan mefobisa saydarsa zeda saqarTvelosasa, weliwadsa 1745, Tvesa oqtombris 1, maSin palatsa Sina samefosa dasxdes, Semdgomad milocvis samefoisa, episkoposni esreT: dajda yovlisa zemoisa saqarTveloisa mamamTavari antoni, marjvniv mefisa didebiTa SesabamisiTa, dajda marcxeniT mefisa amba alaverdeli, yovlad samRvdelo nikoloz endronikaSvili... Semovida qisiyeli, yovlad samRvdelo mitropoliti onofre endronikaSvili da dajda amba alaverdelis qvemoT. Semovida da dajda TviT yovlad samRvdelo ese ninowmindeli saba, qisiyels qvemoT... miveciT ninowmindelsa mRvdelmTavarsa adgili krebasa Sina dgomisa anu jdomisa, uzemoes manglelisa, rusTvelisa da walkelisa...~221. 1749 wlisaTvis `Semdgom qisiyelisada tfilelsa mitropolitTa aqendes adgili...~222. 1749 wels gamocemuli dokumentis Tanaxmad kawarelis, urbnelis, mrovelis, nekreselis, samTavnelis, niqozelis, bolnelis, xarWaSnelis, dmanelisa, giSelisa da sxva saepiskoposoebi _ TiTqosda gauqmebulia223, magram, rogorc Cans, zogierTi arsebobas ganagrZobda. erTi sityviT, sixaruli ganuzomeli iyo, xalxis aRtacebas sazRvari ar hqonda _ `Seiqmna lxini, viTar qarTlis rigi yofiliyo, cdilobdnen gamoCenas, viTac marTebdaT qarTvelTa, egre gulsrulobiT sixarulsa ara daacadebden, amiT rome didi xani gardacvliliyo, qristiani mefe ara sjdomodaT, mere kurTxeviT gvirgvinosani mefe ar exilaT, axla es RmerTis wyaloba moevlinaT, qriste-morwmune da sarwmunoeba-Seuryvneli mefe daujdaT, viTarc marTebdaT, didni anu mciredni, madlobdnen RmerTsa~224. kidev erTxel davubrundeT wirvisas mefis mironcxebis aRweras: `miiwvies mefe sakurTxevelad, cali mklavi sardals qaixosros epyra da meore mklavi _ muxran batons, aRsavlis karze mTavarepiskoposi da alaverdeli moegebnes da Seiyvanes sakurTxevlad, scxes sacxebeli SublTa, beWTa da gulTa jvaris saxed, Tqva patriarqma saRmrTo madli da Semdgomi amisi, bisonsa zeda Caacves diadema, wamoasxes porfiri, daadges gvirgvini samefo, misces marjvenasa xelsa skiptra da marcxena xelsa _ qveynisa sfero... gansrulda amiT wirva, gamobrZanda mefe cxebuli sakurTxeveliT, calkerZ patriarqs epyra mklavi, calkerZ mTavar-episkoposs, moiyvanes, marjveniT kerZo samefo taxti iyo, iq dabrZanda, moitana sardalma qaixosro orbelianma, romeli iyo amirspasalari, xmali mefisa, dauloces da Semoartyes...~225.
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mefes gvirgvini daadges sakurTxevelSi, magram xmali Semoartyes sakurTxevlidan gamosvlis, taZarSi sagangebo samefo taxtze dabrZanebis Semdeg. sveticxovelSi samefo taxti mdgara `marjveniT~226. xmlis Semortyma qarTveli mefis kurTxevis damamTavrebeli ceremoniali iyo. Teimuraz II-s `xmlis Semortymis~ Semdeg ukve, viTarca mefes, milocvebi miuRia. amJamad sveticxovelSi samefo taxti aRar dgas, magram arc Tu didi xnis win, kerZod 70-ian wlebamde, aq idga `samefo taxti~, samefo Cardaxi. is marTlac idga sakurTxevlis `marjvniv~, midgmuli iyo samxreTis kedelze, sadac freskebia SemorCenili (misgan uaxloes svets miyrdnobia amJamad arsebuli sakaTalikoso taxti), es `samefo taxti~, romelzec ueWvelia XVIII saukunis Sua wlebSi `xmali Semoartyes~ da gamefeba miuloces Teimuraz meores, XX s-Si e.w. `restavratorebma~, im mizeziT, rom TiTqosda es taxti ara `taZris Tanadrouli~ (e.i., maTi azriT, ara XI saukunisa), aramed Semdgomi danamati iyo, daSales. roca qarTls mahmadiani mefeebi marTavdnen (TiTqmis saukuneze met xans), radgan isini wirva-locvas aRar eswrebodnen, taZarSi arsebuli samefo taxti gauqmda. xolo Teimuraz meoris qristianuli wesiT mefed kurTxevis dros, Cans, samefo taxti kvlav aRudgeniaT. yovel SemTxvevaSi `restavratorebis~ mier gauqmebuli samefo taxti TeTri marmarilos Txel svetebze dayrdnobil msubuq, moCuqurTmebul Cardaxs warmoadgenda. unda aRiniSnos, rom misi CuqurTmebi Rrmad ki ar iyo amoWrili spetak marmariloSi, rogorc es saerTod sCvevia qarTuli CuqurTmis Wris teqnikas, aramed zedapiruli da haerovani iyo da geometriuli figurebis, yvavilebisa da misTagan Sedgeboda. ostaturad gamoyvanili wnulebi ufro naqargs waagavda, vidre CuqurTmas; spetaki samefo taxti mrume taZarSi friad saamo sacqeri iyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom am samefo Cardaxis dangrevis Semdeg misi mSvenieri svetebi da nawilebi didxans samosamsaxureo saxlis Siga ezoSi (sveticxovlis taZris teritoriaze) iyo mimofantuli.
saqarTvelo `qarTvelobis~ gamarjvebis Semdeg

qristianoba saukuneTa manZilze qarTvelTa erovnul sarwmunoebad iqca, amitomac erTiani saqarTvelos daSlis Semdeg mahmadianuri qveynebis mier saqarTveloSi qristianuli sarwmunoebis devna erovnul devnad iqna miCneuli. wm. ilia marTali werda: `qristianoba, qristes moZRvrebis garda, CvenSi hniSnavda mTels saqarTvelos miwa-wyals, hniSnavda qarTvelobas~. qarTveli mamuliSvilebi, mTeli xalxi TavdadebiT ibrZoda qristianobis, anu qarTvelobis aRdgena-gamarjvebisaTvis, es ase esaxebodaT: Tuki qarTuli erovnul-qristianuli saxelmwifoebrioba aRorZindeboda, anu samefo taxtze qristiani mefe dajdeboda _ `qarTvelobac~ gaimarjvebda. marTlac, es ase moxda da qarTlis samefo taxtze TiTqmis asze meti wlis Semdeg
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kvlav qristiani mefe Teimuraz II dajda. qarTvelTa erovnuli gadarCenisaTvis erovnuli saxelmwifos aRdgena iyo saWiro. `qarTvelobis~ aRdgenis Semdeg saqarTvelo TvaldaTval aRorZinda. upirveles yovlisa, qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebma _ Teimurazma da misma Zem ereklem, osmaloba-yizilbaSobis dros qarTlis mTianeTSi gabatonebul osebs Seuties. saqme is iyo, rom ukve vaxtang VI-is Semdgom osebi Sida qarTls utevdnen da aoxrebdnen. ase iyo Teimurazis mironcxebamdec: `dauwyes cema osT zemo qarTls, agreTve Camodga jari lekisa somxiT-sabaraTaSviloSi... iyo cema da omi yvelgan...~227. Teimurazis mironcxebis Semdeg àiyara kaxT batoni ananuriT, wabrZanda oseTze... moegebnen osni da Seiqmna omi... gaaqcies osni da mihyvnen, Sehyares koSkebSi da Semoadgnen kars... ormoci koSki aiRes, dawves, Trusi daatyveves da yovlisa gziT yalTani uyves, rom risxva RmrTisa dasces. viTa vaxtang gorgasal TxuTmetis wlisa mebrZoli oseTSi da damjabni bumberazTa, egre mefe erekle umxnes iqceoda~228. `_ ra es ambavi da aragvis osis waxdenis ambavi Seityves qsnis erisTavis osTa, movidnen maSinve vanaTs da Semoexvewnen mefes Teimurazs...~229. ismis kiTxva, Tuki aqamde da vaxtang VI-is drosac Cveni istorikosebi ara osebze, aramed `dvalebze~ werdnen, xolo dvaleTad kavkasiis iqeT, naris qvabulSi mdebare teritoria miaCndaT, ram gamoiwvia axla osebis xseneba qarTlTan konteqstSi? safiqrebelia, rom ZiriTadad swored osmaloba-yizilbaSobis dros, XVIII s-is 20-ian, 30-ian wlebSi, osi moaxalSeneni mtkvris Semdinare xeobebs Sida qarTlisaken CrdiloeTidan Camoyvnen; Tuki aqamde Cveni istorikosebi jer dvalebze, xolo Semdeg os-dvalebze werdnen, axla ukve mxolod osebze weren. dvalebis, kavkasiis qarTveluri tomis gaosebis procesi vaxuStis dros ukve dawyebuli iyo, es gaosebuli dvalebi, anu `dvalni-osni~ XVIII s-is 10-iani wlebisaTvis ukve didi liaxvis saTaveebSi iyvnen gadmosuli da mcire liaxvisa da qsnis saTaveebsac iTvisebdnen. dvalebis erT-erTi amboxebis dros vaxtang VI-is epoqaSi qarTveli mefis mxedroba dvaleTSi Sevida da dvalebi qarTvel xelmwifes daumorCila. rogorc cnobilia, mefis es qmedeba aragvisa da qsnis erisTavebisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda, radganac am separatulad ganwyobili da mefis mowinaaRmdege erisTavebis samflobeloebi qarTveli mefis teritoriaTa Soris moqceuli aRmoCnda. osmaloba-yizilbaSobis dros, roca aragvisa da qsnis erisTavebi centralur qarTul xelisuflebas yoveli saSualebiT ebrZodnen, rogorc Cans, ZiriTad saomar sayrden Zalad gaosebul dvalebs iyenebdnen. isini erisTavebs sWirdebodaT ara rogorc qristianebi (e. i. qarTul samyarosTan daaxloebulni), aramed rogorc warmarTni (e. i. antiqarTulad ganwyobilni), radganac qristianebi, rogorc wesi, qarTul centralur xelisuflebas, qarTul eklesiasa da saxelmwifos eqvemdebarebodnen. dvalebi TavianTi qristianobis (e.i. dvalobis) SemTx-
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vevaSi erisTavebisaTvis naklebad gamosayenebelni iqnebodnen. Cans, erisTavebis aseTma midgomam daaCqara rogorc dvalebis gaosebis procesi, aseve maTi Camosaxleba saerisTavo centrebisaken, Sida qarTlisaken. am process xels osmalebic uwyobdnen, romelnic zemo qarTlze pretenzias acxadebdnen. `zemo qarTli xom Cveni ariso~, _ werdnen isini230. xolo yizilbaSebi am mxareebSi qarTul mosaxleobas gansakuTrebiT azaralebdnen: `gauSva marbieli avRanisa da saca ram darComiliyo, daatyveves, oseTs aqeT sul ahyara da moabara givs amilaxvars~231. osmaloba-yizilbaSobis dros gaosebul dvalebs yvela piroba hqondaT qarTlSi dasasaxleblad da mis asaoxrebladac, rac aRdgenili qarTuli erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobisaTvis mouTmeneli iyo. ereklem aragvis xeobidan Crdilokavkasielebis gandevna SeZlo, xolo qsnis xeobis osebi Teimurazma Seiwyala da maTgan gadasaxadis aRebiT dakmayofilda. XVIII s-is 3040-iani wlebidan sityva `dvalebi~ ukve aRar ixsenieboda, mis nacvlad yvelgan gvxvdeba òsebi~, rac dvalTa gaosebis procesis dasrulebaze miuTiTebs. gacilebiT ufro rTuli aRmoCnda lekianobis winaaRmdeg brZola. lekebic ZiriTadad swored qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis ukiduresi dasustebis Jams, XVIII s-is 20-30-ian wlebSi damkvidrdnen aRmosavleT kaxeTSi, romelsac War-belaqani ewoda. aq, rogorc cnobilia, qarTveli glexebis galekebis procesi daiwyo. qarTvelTa is nawili ki, romelic galekebas gadaurCa, gaamahmadianes, maT àxladmoqceulebi~, anu ingiloebi ewodaT (maTi nawili Semdgom daubrunda dedasarwmunoebas _ qristianobas). marTalia, nadir-Sahma `boboqari qarTli~ (romelsac yizilbaSma veqilebma (mmarTvelebma) Tavi ver gaarTves), Teimurazis meSveobiT `daamSvida~232 da mas 1744 wlis ivlisidan qristianuli samefo taxtis aRdgenis neba misca, magram igi iranTan jer kidev vasalur damokidebulebaSi imyofeboda. am droisaTvis Teimurazisa da erekles samefoebSi myofi iranuli laSqari qarTvel mefeebs emorCileboda da isinic mas iSveliebdnen lekTa gamudmebuli Semosevebis mosagerieblad. male Tavisi saxelmwifos krizisiT SeSfoTebulma Sahma qarTl-kaxeTs uzarmazari gadasaxadi _ 2 milioni maneTi Seawera, qarTvelma mosaxleobam gaxizvna da ajanyebisaTvis mzadeba daiwyo, amitomac es gadasaxadi Semcirebul iqna, magram irani ukmayofilo darCa. aseT viTarebaSi Teimurazma, SeiZleba iTqvas, qveynis gadasarCenad Tavi dado da iranSi Sahs eaxla. `mefem Teimuraz qarTlis gulisaTvis Tavi gamoimeta da wavida~, _ ambobda papuna orbeliani. Teimurazis wasvla iranSi piradad misTvis marTlac saxifaTo iyo~233. sabednierod, iranSi Casul Teimurazs nadir-Sahi mokluli daxvda. Teimurazi ramdenime wlis manZilze iRvwoda iranSi qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis sruli aRdgenisaTvis. `1748-1749 wlebidan qarTl-kaxeTi ukve suverenuli saxelmwifoa, romelic Sahisagan damoukideblad warmarTavs Tavis momavals~234.
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qarTuli saxelmwifos suverenobis aRdgena udidesi movlena _ `gamoxsna~ iyo. iranSi yofnisas Teimurazma qarTlis movla ereklesTan erTad vaxtang VIis Zmas, qarTleli bagrationebis saxlis Svils, mefe ieses Zes _ abdula-begs daavala, romelic anton kaTalikosis Zma iyo. ereklem da Teimurazma xangrZlivi brZolebis Semdeg SeZles abdula-begis damarcxeba. amis Semdeg Tbilisis cixeebidan gaaZeves iranelTa garnizoni. saqarTvelos sruli ganTavisuflebis, anu `gamoxsnis~ Semdgom xorci Seisxa àRdgomis~ ideamac. saqarTvelos àRdgomaSi~ igulisxmeboda im qarTuli miwa-wylis dabruneba, romelic qveynisaTvis dakarguli iyo am miwa-wyalze mahmadianuri administraciuli erTeulebis Seqmnis gamo. saqarTvelom daibruna yazax-borCalu, xolo erevnisa da ganjis saxanoebma qarTuli saxelmwifos vasaloba da xarkis Zleva ikisres. qarTl-kaxeTis mfarveloba naxiCevanis saxanomac aRiara. erekle mefes daumorCilebia `borCalos, yazaxis, erevnis, ganZakis, arcaxisa da sivnieTis mflobelni~235. èrevan-naxiCevanis SemoerTeba qarTl-kaxeTis gaZlierebis morigi aqti iyo~236. 1750 w-s qarTl-kaxeTisa da mokavSireTa jarebma yarabaxis xanze gaimarjves. `md. araqsis napirebze qarTl-kaxeTis samefos administraciulma farglebma aRmosavleTiT md. Zegamze gadainacvla~237. dadga SedarebiT mSvidobiani cxovrebis periodi: òmi da rbeva arsebiTad saqarTvelos farglebs gareT xdeboda~238. magram daRestnis auRebeli bastioni da lekebis bude _ War-belaqani qarTvelTa mSvidobian yofas udides safrTxes uqmnida. maT daemata erT dros qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli istoriul hereT-saariSianoSi im droisaTvis arsebuli Saqis saxano. Saqis xani Warelebs miemxro. masTan brZolisas mdinare agriCaize qarTveli mefeebi damarcxdnen. War-daRestnelebma TareSs mouxSires. lekebs eSinodaT qarTl-kaxeTis gaZlierebisa, amitomac cdilan misTvis sazRvris dadebas: `Tu Cven ar gadavalT _ qarTvelT jari aq daRistanSi gadmovlen~239. 50-ian wlebSi daRestnelTa Semosevebi gaxSirda. 1751 wels ereklem sastikad daamarcxa azat-xani _ iranis mraval kuTxeTa mpyrobeli. àzat-xansa da erekles Soris dadebuli zavis mixedviT qarTl-kaxeTis saxelmwifos politikuri batonobis sfero md. araqsamde gavrcelda~240. gavrcelda xmebi TiTqosda erekle iranis taxtis dasakaveblad ibrZoda. am droisaTvis Saqis xanic gaZlierda. misma koaliciam SeZlo 1752 wels ganjasTan qarTvelTa damarcxeba, magram imave wels, pirvel seqtembers `qarTvelebma samagiero miuzRes Saqis xansa da misi jari erTianad gaJlites... amis Semdeg qarTl-kaxeTma kvlav aRadgina Tavisi batonoba erevnisa da ganjis saxanoebze~241. daiwyo qveynis aRdgena, glexebis dasaxleba. 1754 wels mefeebma mWadijvarTan avarielTa didi nawilis gamaerTianebeli xunZaxis mflobeli nur-
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sal-begi daamarcxes, 1755 wels ki daRestnelTa 20 000-iani laSqari gaanadgures; 1757 wels 4000-ian laSqars lekebisa, 1757 wels _ koxta beladsa da ConCol-musas sZlies. lekebis TareSi da mZarcveloba sastiki iyo. 50-iani wlebisaTvis maT TiTqmis daasrules somxiT-sabaraTianos saboloo ganadgureba: òrbelianT mamulSi qarTveli mosaxleoba gaqrobaze iyo. sabaraTianos tragedia saingilos dakargvis Semdeg kidev erTi sisxliani epizodia qarTveli xalxis arsebobisaTvis brZolis istoriaSi~242. qarTvelTa gamarjvebebma aiZules Wari, rom kaxeTTan mSvidobianoba Camoegdo. `qarTl-kaxeTis saxelmwifo XVIII s-is 50-iani wlebis miwuruls kidev ufro gaZlierda da ganmtkicda... garedan daxmarebis gareSe icavda Tavis qveyanas da TavisTavadi damoukidebeli ganviTarebis gziT midioda~243. `Teimuraz II-isa da erekle mefis Rvawli marto saqarTvelos samxedro gaZlierebiTa da gareSe mtrebisagan uzrunvelyofiT ki ar amowurula, TviT imdroindeli qarTvelebis cxovrebisa da kulturis viTarebac mxolod garegani wesierebisa da mSvidobianobis damyarebiT ki ar ganisazRvreba, aramed TvalsaCino Sinagani aRmSeneblobac swarmoebda, saxelmwifoebrivs weswyobilebaSic, ekonomikurs sferoSic, mecnierebasa da xelovnebaSic sagulisxmo da cxovelmyofeli Semoqmedeba iyo. sparsTa da osmalTa ganmanadgurebeli batonobis wyalobiT gaxrwnili saxelmwifo weswyobileba mefe Teimurazisa da erekles wyalobiT ganaxlebul iqmna~244. Teimurazs qveynis politikur gamarjvebaTa Sedegebis samudamo uzrunvelyofa ruseTis saSualebiT surda. Cans, amitomac gaemgzavra igi ruseTSi, sadac 1762 wels gardaicvala, erekle qarTl-kaxeTis erTpirovnuli xelmwife gaxda. qarTl-kaxeTis uzenaesoba Samaxiis, yarabaRisa da naxiCevanis mflobelebma sajarod aRiares. ganmtkicda erekles mbrZanebloba somxeTSi245. qerim-xanis mier gaerTianebulma iranma erekle qarTl-kaxeTis mefed aRiara. ìransa da saqarTvelos Soris politikuri sazRvari kvlav md. araqsze gadioda~. saqarTveloSi erTiani saxelmwifos daSlis Semdeg aRorZinebuli tomobrioba-Temobriobis gavlenis qveS moqceuli separatistebi ùkve gaerTianebuli qarTl-kaxeTis daSlisaTvis iRvwodnen da kvlav uaryofdnen `kaxi~ bagrationebis uflebebs qarTlis taxtze. isini qarTlSi `muxranel~ bagrationTa aRdgenisaTvis ibrZodnen. moRalate Tavadebi vaxtangis ukanono Svilis paatas garSemo dajgufdnen da saxelmwifo gadatrialebas amzadebdnen~246. paatas ajanyebaSi mravali piri monawileobda, mefem yvelani daapatimra, Semdeg ki sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad isini daisajnen. àRdgomis~ programa sxva qarTul miwebTan erTad samcxe-saaTabagos dabrunebisaTvis zrunvasac avaldebulebda qarTvel politikosebs. ereklec dakarguli qarTuli teritoriebis dabrunebisaTvis iRvwoda.
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XVIII s-is 70-ian wlebSi aRdga dasavluri qarTuli samefos damoukidebloba, xresilis saxelovani omis Semdeg imereTis mefem solomon I-ma qveynidan TurqTa garnizonebi gaaZeva. `Turqebze Tavdasxmis win solomonma Caketa foTidan, guriidan da axalcixidan momavali gzebi, saidanac TurqTa damxmare jaris Semosvla iyo mosalodneli... mefis laSqarSi mis erTgul TavadaznaurebTan erTad masobrivad gamovidnen glexebi _ komlze TiTo molaSqre. mefes mouvida samegrelosa da guriis samTavroTa razmebic. samegrelos laSqars axlda samurzayanoelTa razmic... 1757 w-is 14 dekembers, gaTenebisas, mefis laSqari Tavs daesxa xresilis mindorze mdgar Turqebs~247, qarTvelebma gaimarjves. es iyo Zalze didi marcxi TurqebisaTvis. 1758 wels solomon, erekle da Teimuraz mefeebma megobrobisa da urTierTdaxmarebis xelSekruleba dades. mowveuli iqna sagangebo saeklesio kreba. 1759 wlis 4 da 5 dekembers Catarebulma krebis sxdomebma tyveTa syidva akrZala. imereTis, samegrelosa da guriis saero da sasuliero gamgeblebma mefes piroba misces, rom daemorCilebodnen, aRadgines quTaTelis kaTedra Tavisi yma-mamuliT, eklesia ganTavisuflda gadasaxadebisagan. 1760 wels solomon mefem TurqTa 20 000-iani, xolo 1763 wels 13 000iani laSqari daamarcxa. 1764 wels TurqeTis sulTanma 100 000-ian laSqars mouyara Tavi. 1765-66 wlebSi isini arbevdnen imereTs, TurqTa laSqris gasvlis Semdeg solomonma male gaaTavisufla qveyana da daikava igi. osmalebs cixeebSi cudi dRe edgaT. `1767 wlis xelSekrulebiT TurqeTma imereTi cno ara vasalur, aramed mfarvelobaSi myof saxelmwifod~248. 1768 wels solomon mefem daamarcxa taxtisaTvis mebrZoli Teimuraz batoniSvili, romelsac Turqebi uWerdnen mxars. 1769 wels solomonma moRalate raWis erisTavi daamarcxa da orguli besarionis nacvlad kaTalikosis taxtze Tavisi Zma ioseb genaTeli aiyvana. aseTi bednieri dro, bednieri xana, romelic saqarTvelos solomon-Teimuraz-erekles dros daudga, mravali saukunis manZilze ar hqonia. saqarTvelom Tavi `gamoixsna~, xolo àRdgomisaTvis~ misi gaerTianeba iyo saWiro. saqarTvelo uTuod gaerTiandeboda, amisi gzebi daisaxa kidec me-18 saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, ZmaTa Soris rom erTsulovneba da Tanxmoba yofiliyo. magram, rac umTavresia, `qarTveloba~ aRdga, `qarTvelobam~ gaimarjva da qarTuli qristianuli saxelmwifo aRadgina.
didi kaTalikosis epoqa

saqarTvelos mahmadianuri saxelmwifoTagan `gamoxsnisa~ da erovnulqristianuli saxelmwifoebriobis (anu `qarTvelobis~) aRorZinebisaTvis didad iRvawa qarTulma eklesiam. Tavis mxriv, qarTulma erovnulma saxelmwifomac aRorZinebisTanave (XVIII saukunis Sua wlebi), xeli Seuwyo mahmadian
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mefe-xanTa epoqaSi (1614-1744) dauZlurebuli qarTuli eklesiis aRdgenasa da dacemuli zneobis, moSlili mamapapuri qristianuli zne-Cveulebebis aRorZineba-ganmtkicebas. aseTma viTarebam anton kaTalikosis didebuleba ukeT warmoaCina, Tumca is TavisTavad iyo brwyinvale niWisa da gonebis mqone mgznebare mamuliSvili. patriarqi anton I nayofieri moRvawe iyo, qristes eklesiasa da Tavis samwysoze mzrunveli mamamTavari, saxelganTqmuli mecnieri da filosofosi. am Tvisebebis gamo igi 20 wlis asakSi mitropoliti gaxda, manamde ki gelaTis monasters xelmZRvanelobda. mcxeTis kaTalikosoba mas am periodSive SesTavazes, razec uari ganacxada, magram 24 wlis asakSi igi ukve qarTuli eklesiis saWeTmpyrobeli, kaTalikos-patriarqia. yovelive amasTan erTad antoni qarTlis samefo taxtis kanonier pretendents warmoadgenda. Teimuraz II kaxel bagrationTa Stos ekuTvnoda, xolo antoni - muxraneli bagrationebis, anu qarTlis mefeebisas. Tavisi didi saeklesio Tanamdebobis, aseve saxelganTqmuli moRvaweobis wyalobiT saxelmwifoSi antoni pirveli piri iyo - Teimuraz II-isa da erekles Semdeg (abdula-begi, romelic Teimurazma gaWirvebiT daamarcxa, Zma iyo antonisa). `Teimurazi antonSi yovelTvis taxtis mociles xedavda. miT umetes, rom Teimurazis uflebebs qarTlis taxtze susti safuZveli hqonda. misi meuRle Tamari, marTalia, vaxtang VI-is asuli iyo, magram vaxtangs, iseve rogorc mis Zmas, ieses, vaJiSvili memkvidreebi hyavdaT~, es iyo faruli, magram erTi mTavari mizezi antonis dawinaurebisa saeklesio ierarqiis kibeze. kaTalikosoba xom umaRlesi saeklesio Tanamdeboba da tituli iyo marTlmadideblur eklesiaSi. im droisaTvis igi mefis Semdeg yvelaze gavlenian pirs warmoadgenda. Teimurazi uTuod fiqrobda, rom amiT daakmayofilebda antonis farul pretenziebs qarTlis taxtze da amrigad Camoicilebda erT-erT Zlier pretendents. SeiZleba ufro metic vivaraudoT: saxeldobr, is, rom antonis saqarTvelodan gaZevebac ki nawilobriv amave mizeziT aixsneba~249. vaxuSti, romelic uTuod gamoxatavs imdroindeli emigraciisa da qarTuli sazogadoebis azrs, miiCnevs, rom antonis saqarTvelodan gaZevebis mizezi ori samefo saxlis dinastiuri SeuTavsebloba iyo da ara antonis `gakaTolikeba~. vaxuStis SromaSi naTqvamia _ `SeuTqves kaxT antoni kaTalikozs frangoba mtrobiT da ganaZes, kvlavad romis berni kapuCinni qarTlidam~250. TviT antonic gandevnis mizezad im devnas asaxelebs, romelic mas `kaxelma~ bagrationma Teimurazma mouwyo, rogorc qarTlis taxtis memkvidres - muxranel bagrations, magram am SemTxvevaSi ufro sainteresoa neitraluri azri, romelic rusul Cinovnikur mimoweras Semounaxavs. kerZod, antonis saqarTvelodan gandevnidan mravali wlis Semdeg, roca 1772-1774 wlebSi sakaTalikoso taxtze kvlav aRzevebuli antoni sagangebo elCobis meTaurad iqna gagzavnili, ruseTSi kidev axsovdaT, rom is Tavis droze saqarTvelo-
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dan gaaZeva Teimurazma, astraxanSi Casul elCTa amalis xarjebis nusxaSi (xarjebs ruseTis mTavroba iRebda), rus Cinovniks anton kaTalikosis saxelis gaswvriv miuweria _ `gandevnili iyo saqarTvelodan erekles mamis mier da ramdenime weli vladimiris eparqiaSi gaatara~251. aqedan Cans, rom, marTalia, oficialurad antoni saqarTvelodan 1755 wels saeklesio krebam gaaZeva gakaTolikebis motiviT, magram rogorc ruseTSi, ise saqarTveloSi yvelas scodnia, rom namdvili mizezi dinastiuri metoqeoba iyo. àntonis esoden nayofieri moRvaweoba, rogorc samecniero, aseve sazogadoebriv asparezze Sursa da mtrobas iwvevda misadmi arakeTilganwyobil adamianebSi. Tavis TxzulebebSi antoni araerTxel gamoTqvams gulistkivils amis gamo, kerZod, `qarTul RramatikaSi~ igi wers: `Cvenni romelime ara Tu Semeweodnen, aramed mbasrobdenca zeda damsxmelni sicilisani~. antonis esoden produqtiuli mecnieruli da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba, misi maRali sasuliero kariera mis mtrebs acofebda da isinic sababs eZebdnen mis dasamxobad. aseT sababad gamodga antonis daaxloeba kaTolike misionerebTan, romlis safuZvelze agebuli iqna braldeba antonis mier marTlmadidebluri eklesiidan gandgomisa da misi `galaTinebis~, e.i. kaTolikuri sarwmunoebis, miRebis Sesaxeb~252. sazogadod, saukuneTa manZilze saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqebi, ara mxolod eklesiis meTaurebi, aramed upirvelesi saxelmwifo moRvaweebic iyvnen, romelnic aqtiurad monawileobdnen qveynis marTva-gamgeobaSi da rogorc saSinao, ise sagareo politikas warmarTavdnen. amis gamo, cxadia, isini valdebulni iyvnen kidec aqtiuri urTierToba hqonodaT romis papebTan, rogorc msoflio politikis erT-erT warmmarTvelebTan. mahmadianur rkalSi momwyvdeul saqarTvelos gadarCenis erT-erT imedad evropa da aqedan gamomdinare, evropis kontinentze sulier-politikuri cxovrebis warmmarTveli romis eklesia esaxeboda da amitomac qarTullaTinuri urTierToba ufro politikis sferos unda ganekuTvnos, vidre sarwmunoebrivs. amgvar politikur urTierTobas saukuneTa manZilze araviTari sarwmunoebrivi Sedegi ar mohyolia. saqarTvelo marad marTlmadideblur qveynad rCeboda, XIX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis qarTvel kaTolikeTa raodenoba qarTl-kaxeTsa da dasavleT saqarTveloSi Zalze mcire iyo. mxolod mesxeTSi (osmalTa qveyanaSi) SeZlo romma qarTvelTa Soris kaTolikobis gavrceleba. anton kaTalikosamde mraval qarTvel kaTalikos-patriarqs hqonda werilobiTi diplomatiuri urTierToba romTan, magram saqarTveloSi seriozulad aravin fiqrobda maTi `gakaTolikebis~ Sesaxeb, amitomac TiTqosda romis eklesiis warmomadgenlebTan arc antonis urTierToba unda gahkvirveboda vinmes, miT umetes, rom antons uSualod papTan arc werilobiTi da arc di plomatiuri urTierToba ar daumyarebia, maSin, roca moRweulia papis werilebi erekle mefisadmi.
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rogorc romisa da saqarTvelos urTierTobis damadasturebeli dokumentebidan Cans, qarTul mxares romis eklesia im Zalad miaCnda, romelsac SeeZlo ramdenadme gaeneitralebina somxur-grigorianuli eklesiis warmatebebi saqarTveloSi. XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi somxuri eklesia gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda, mas yovelmxriv mxars uWerda da aZlierebda rogorc osmaleTi, ise sparseTi. grigorianulma eklesiam mtkiced moikida fexi saqarTveloSi imis gamo, rom qarTli da kaxeTi sparseTis vasaluri qveynebi iyvnen, xolo mesxeTi ki osmalTagan dapyrobili qveyana. osmaloba-yizilbaSobis dros somxuri eklesiis gavlena ukiduresad gaZlierda. mravali qarTveli gagrigorianda, da saerTod, qarTvelTa Soris fexs ikidebda ideologia somxuri eklesiis uzenaesobisa msoflioSi arsebul yovelgvar sarwmunoebaTa Soris. antons sakaTalikoso saydarze asvlisTanave dauwyia fiqri am sakiTxze, ris Sedegadac male gamoaqveyna kidec antimonofizituri Txzuleba `mzametyveleba~. es wigni swrafad gavrcelebula qarTvelTa Soris da grigorianobis warmatebas win aRdgomia. am faqtma didad ganarisxa somexi moZRvrebi - varTapetebi, Tumca uSualod kaTalikoss veraferi gaubedes, magram Teimurazis mier atexili devnisas, rogorc misionerTa werilebidan Cans, antonisa da gansakuTrebiT kaTolike berebis gaZevebaSi didi monawileoba miiRes. antons, rogorc sinodis winaSe warmoTqmuli misi gancxadebidan Cans, kaTolikoba ar miuRia. saqarTvelodan gaZevebis Semdeg igi ruseTSi gadavida da 1757 wlis 11 marts peterburgSi, sinodSi gamocxadda: `sinodma antonisagan axsna-ganmarteba moiTxova imis Taobaze, Tu ratom datova saqarTvelo da ras eZebs ruseTSi, an rogoria misi religiuri rwmena (sinodisaTvis winaswar cnobili iyo, rom antons bralad kaTolikuri sarwmunoebis miReba edeboda). 16 marts antonma sinods warmoudgina 12 muxlisagan Semdgari ganmarteba (e.i. `simvolo sarwmunoebisa~) da daamtkica misi erTguleba marTlmadidebeli eklesiisadmi. es werili, rogorc religiuri kredo, sinodma damakmayofileblad scno~253. saqarTvelodan gaZevebis mizezad antonma daasaxela ciliswameba, romliTac iyo Teimuraz II dainteresebuli. antoni swored Teimurazs miiCnevda mis saqarTvelodan gamZeveblad. man imperatrica elizaveta petrovnas mimarTa weriliT, romelSic is qarTlis taxtis kanonier memkvidred miiCnevs Tavis Tavs, xolo Teimuraz II-s _ am taxtis mimtaceblad, ukanono da sastik uzurpatorad Tvlis. am mimarTvam cudi STabeWdileba datova saimperatoro karze, sadac Teimurazs uWerdnen mxars. samagierod antonma sinodi daarwmuna mis marTlmadideblobaSi, kaTolikoba ki dagmo da ganacxada, kaTolike rom vyofiliyavi, saqarTvelodan gaZevebis Semdeg romSi wavidodi da ara ruseTSio. sinodi sruliad darwmunda antonis marTlmadideblobaSi da amitomac `...1757 wlis dekemberSi igi dainiSna vladimirisa da ieropolis eparqiis arqiepiskoposad. Tu raoden didi iyo es Tanamdeboba, iqidanac Cans, rom 1759 wlis cnobiT mTels ruseTSi mxolod 4 arqiepiskoposi iyo~254.
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mainc ratom eSinoda Teimuraz II-s antonis, nuTu SeeZlo saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqs, bers, saeklesio moRvawes, qarTlis samefo taxtis daWera, miuxedavad imisa, rom is am taxtis kanonieri memkvidre iyo? rogorc XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi momxdari movlenebi gviCvenebs, SeeZlo. magaliTad, am saukunis sabuTebidan Cans, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos erTerTi kaTalikosi imave dros guriis vrceli da Zlieri samTavros mTavari iyo. meore magaliTic arsebobs, roca guriis mTavarTa saxlis Svilma, romelic berad iyo aRkvecili, beris mantia gaixada, gamovida monastridan da guriis samTavro taxtze avida, rogorc mTavari. berobis datovebisaTvis sakanono daades _ erT-erTi sofeli Seawirvines sakaTalikosos sasargeblod `...mefeman Segviwyala da guruloba gviboZa da berad aRTqmuli viyaviT da Sendoba gTxoveT da gviboZeT, da misda sakanonod mogarTviT akeTis sawinamZRvro...~255. es nawyveti moyvanilia `sakanonos mirTmevis wignidan~. kaTalikos zaqariasTan misula gurielTa saxlis Svili-beri, romelsac uTxovia kaTalikosisaTvis `Sendoba~, raTa daetovebina beroba im mizezis gamo, rom misTvis imereTis mefe aleqsandres `guruloba~, e.i. guriis samTavro taxti uboZebia. kaTalikoss Sendoba, e.i. berobis datovebis neba miucia, ris sanacvlodac misTvis `sakanono~ daudvia. es moxda 1657-1660 wlebSi. garda amisa, rogorc aRiniSna, meCvidmete saukunis pirvel mesamedSi dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikosi malaqia, imavdroulad guriis mTavaric iyo da asec ewodeboda _ `guriel-kaTalikosi patroni malaqia~256. Cans, ruseTSi gadasul antonsac msgavsi cnobebi mouwodebia senatisaTvis, kerZod, rom is berobis miuxedavad realuri pretendenti iyo qarTlis samefo taxtisa. `ruseTSi myofi antonis mier miwodebuli cnobebis safuZvelze, ruseTis senati daaskvnida, rom, marTalia, antoni amJamad aris beri, magram ara iseTi, romelic mudam monasterSi icxovrebda. amrigad, antons Tundac XVIII s-is Sua wlebSi SesaZleblad miaCnda, rom gaeZro beris samoseli da kvlav saero cxovrebas dabruneboda. etyoba es kargad icoda biZamismac Teimuraz II-m da SesaZloa, misma Zemac erekle II-m (swored amitom Teimurazi antonSi yovelTvis taxtis mociles xedavda)~257. misionerebi aRweren, rogor dasdes brali antons da rogor gaaZeves is. rogorc aRiniSna, anton kaTalikoss, rogorc mis wina mosaydreebs, urTierToba hqonda romis eklesiis warmomadgenlebTan, rac ufro saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri mizezebiT iyo gamowveuli, vidre sarwmunoebriviT. rogorc wina saukuneebSi, ise antonis epoqaSic, qarTvel saeklesio da politikur moRvaweebs sakmaod kargi urTierToba hqondaT papis warmomadgenlebTan, kaTolike misionerebTan. gulTbil damokidebulebas miuCveveli kaTolike misionerebi qarTvel moRvaweebsac kaTolikeebad anda kaTolikuri rwmenisadmi midrekilebad miiCnevdnen, miT umetes, rom maTTan mudmivi omi da
1050
brZola hqondaT somxuri eklesiis warmomadgenlebs da maT mier mosyidul spars-osmalo xelisuflebas. saqarTveloSi isini siTbos grZnobdnen, rac TavianTi miznebisaTvis gamoiyenes kaTalikos-patriarqis mowinaaRmdegeebma, kerZod, antonis erT-erTi sulieri Svili, Tavadis qali dasneulebula. mis sanaxavad Teimuraz mefis asuli misula. avadmyofs sneulebis garTulebis Jams wamouZaxnia `hoi, romis wminda papav iloceT CemTvis, rom egoden xans crumorwmunebis sibneleSi viyavi~258. TavisTavad es wamoZaxili araferze ar metyvelebs. gasaWirSi Cavardnili sasowarkveTili adamiani vis ar mouxmobs saSvelad. magram es sityvebi sakmarisi aRmoCnda antonis dasaRupad - `metic ar undoda mefis asuls, Seetyo, rom es qalwuli kaTolike iyo. maSinve miubrunda da uTxra iq damswreT: oh, naxeT esec frangi yofila. kargi, mobrundeba mamaCemi omidan lekebis winaaRmdeg da maSin vnaxavT. marTlac mobrunda Tu ara tfiliss mefe mamamisi, Seatyobina, rac momxdariyo, ifiqra, Tu visi wyalobiT unda warmomdgariyo esa da eWvi Seitana patriarqze, radganac icoda, rom is qali misi sulieri Svili iyo~259. erTi viRac monazonic miugzavniaT kaTalikosTan, romelmac ambavi gamoitana, rom antoni kaTolike iyo. es eWvi da crubezRoba sakmarisi aRmoCenila, raTa ganrisxebul mefes saswrafod moewvia saeklesio kreba arqiepiskoposebisa, episkoposebisa da samRvdeloebis monawileobiT. antonisaTvis krebaze daswrebis neba ar miuciaT. masTan miugzavniaT TavianTi warmomadgenlebi, raTa maTTvis gamoecxadebina Tavisi mrwamsi. antonma kategoriulad moiTxova, raTa misTvis krebaze daswrebis neba miecaT `garna mefem da krebam neba ar misces SiSis gamo, rom Tavis TandaswrebiT ar Seercxvina mowinaaRmdegeni da esre gamarjvebuli ar gamosuliyo Sesakreblidan, sadac misi dasja undodaT~260. miuxedavad imisa, rom krebaze daswrebis neba ar misces da uSualod misgan arc erTi sityva ar mousmeniaT, antoni kaTalikosobidan gadaayenes, ufro metic, saerTod mRvdelmsaxurebis neba CamoarTves da rogorc Cans, Sinapatimroba miusajes. amasTan sastikad dasajes antonis TanamSromlebi, romelTac kaTolikobis miReba arc ufiqriaT _ `saeklesio krebis gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze antonis TanamSromlebi da Tanamokalmeebi _ filipe yaiTmazaSvili, aleqsi mesxiSvili da sxvebi mkacrad Serisxes (miuxedavad imisa, rom maT kaTolikoba ar miuRiaT) da erTxans dilegSi Cayares~261. cnobilia, rom am sastiki angariSsworebis sulisCamdgmeli Teimuraz IIis moZRvari, zaqaria gabaSvili iyo, piradi mteri antonisa. rogorc iTqva `zaqaria gabaSvilis banakma brZolis pirvel etapze gaimarjva, 1755 wlis 16 dekembers mowveuli iqna saeklesio kreba, romelmac antons zemoTxsenebuli braldeba wamouyena da mkacrad dasaja. igi gadaayena kaTalikosobidan, aukrZala mRvdelmsaxureba da fici dasdo orive mefis (Teimurazis da erekles) winaSe, rom ar daarRvevdnen am krebis gadawyvetilebas da
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antons arasodes ar aRadgendnen Zvel uflebebSi. kerZod, saeklesio krebis `ganCinebaSi~ naTqvamia Semdegi: `Cven cxebulman mefeman saqarTvelosaman Teimuraz da Zeman Cvenman mefeman kaxeTisaman iraklim ese aRuTqma da piri davamtkiceT da ucvalebelad davdeviT krebasa Sina, vpoeT antoni kaTalikozi romaelTa sarwmunoebaTa aRmsarebeli da CvenTa sarwmunoebaTa Seuracx-mqnelad... ese aw Sekrebilman wmidaman krebaman ugulebel-hyo da antoni kaTalikozi samociqulosa saydarsa da kaTolike eklesiisagan jerovnad aRvfxveriT da kaTalikozobisagan ganvayeneT... saeklesio krebis ganaCeni mTavrdeba orive mefis ficiT, rom krebis gadawyvetileba ucvleli darCeba da arasodes aRar aRadgenen gadayenebul kaTalikoss Zvel uflebebSi... ereklem es fici sruliad Tavisuflad daarRvia, rogorc ki Teimuraz II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg `xelebi gaixsna~ da sruluflebiani monarqi gaxda~262. rogorc misionerebi, ise krebis `ganCineba~ gvatyobinebs, rom mogzavnili `mociqulebis~ winaSe antonma kaTolikuri sarwmunoeba aRiara. ismis kiTxva: Tuki ruseTis sinodis winaSe antoni kategoriulad uaryofda kaTolikuri sarwmunoebis miRebas, ratom unda èRiarebina~ is qarTuli saeklesio krebis winaSe, amisaTvis xom mas sastiki sasjeli moeloda? Tuki saerTod es simarTlea, da `mociqulebis~ winaSe antonma kaTolikuri sarwmunoeba aRiara, unda vifiqroT, rom es iyo iZuleba patimrisa. T. kukava wers: àntoni ara marto gadaayenes kaTalikosobidan, aramed kidec daapatimres263. antoni krebis drosac dapatimrebuli iyo Teimuraz II-is mier da amitomac ar miiyvanes krebaze. werilebis kilo, romelsac am dros antoni swerda Teimurazs, imaze miuTiTebs, rom igi am dros sapatimroSia da sastik sasjelsac moelis. rogorc Cans, antoni am droisaTvis daurwmunebiaT, rom Tuki is ar uaryofda sarwmunoebis Secvlis braldebas, moinaniebda da Tavs Seabralebda mefes, mas patimrobidan gaaTavisuflebdnen da qveynidan gaZevebas akmarebdnen (Teimurazis aseTi moqmedeba antonis winaaRmdeg sruliad araa gasakviri, radganac msgavsadve eqceodnen taxtis mociles yvelgan da yovelTvis). antoni wers mefes _ `dasturi miboZeT imereTs mainc waval da Tu arc imereTs gamiSvebT _ momkaliT...~264. arsebobda ori gza, pirveli: Tu antoni cilismwameblad gamoacxadebda mefesa da saeklesio krebas, mas samudamod CamoaSorebdnen eklesias, literaturul-mecnierul moRvaweobas da SeiZleba fizikuradac daesajaT. meore: Tu antoni mefisa da krebis `ganCinebis~ samarTlianobas, anu Tavis viTomda kaTolikobas aRiarebda, amasTanave `moinaniebda~ kidec, maSin SesaZlebelia aRedginaT raime xarisxSi, amiT ki SesaZlebloba miecemoda moRvaweobis gagrZelebisa. antonma airCia meore gza _ man mefis winaSe iwyo im `danaSaulis~ monanieba, romelSic brali edeboda. àntoni oficialurad wers monaniebis baraTs mefe Teimuraz II-s, erekle II-s da sxva gavlenian saeklesio da saero pirebs, romelSic igi Tavs damnaSaved scnobs da
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Sewyalebas iTxovs, amis safuZvelze Teimurazis miTiTebiT 1756 wlis 4 aprils moiwvies saeklesio kreba, romelmac kvlav daadastura antonisaTvis wayenebuli braldeba, magram mxedvelobaSi miiRo ra misi sinanuli, `Seamokla kanoni~, e.i. krebis gadawyvetileba Searbila da neba darTo antons misi Txovnis safuZvelze ruseTSi wasvlisa, aRudgina mRvdelTmsaxurebis ufleba da SeunarCuna mRvdelmTavris tituli. es didi miRweva iyo, romlis gareSec antoni verc ruseTSi wasvlas SeZlebda da verc Tavis saliteraturo da sazogadoebriv moRvaweobas ganagrZobda~265. es didi miRweva iyo antonisaTvis, magram arasakmarisi. mas esaWiroeboda mefis sarekomendacio werili, romlis gareSe ruseTSi yuradRebiT ar moepyrobodnen. Teimurazi _ antonis dedis Zma iyo, amitomac mimarTa rogorc yvelaze uaxloes naTesavs: `...ase rom gamgzavnoT, iqac ase saqme gamiWirdes, mwuxarebisagan movkvde da kidec warvwyde, aqav rom momklaT bevriT umjobesia CemTvis. Tqvenis disa da Cems meti aRar aris ra. imisi siyvarulisaTvis aseTs wigns nu gamatanT, rom iq mivide, sikvdili da warwymeda moiwios Cemzeda, iqac rom ar Semiwynaron, sadRa wavide. am qveynidan xom davikarge da iq rom cocxali viyo, da iqidanac ar davikargo... amas gexvewebiT, mama ara myavs, deda, Zma da dai da Tqvens meti naTesavi aravina myavs. nugeSinismcemeli da mowyale Cemis codvisagan axocila saqarTveloSi. Cemi obloba da udedmamoba SeiwyaleT. me uZRebi Svili var da Tqven saxieri mama brZandebiT. SemiwyaleT, warwymedas da sikvdils nu mimcemT...~ rogorc am werilidan Cans, antonma TviTon Seadgina ruseTSi wasaRebi werilis teqsti da xelmosawerad Teimuraz mefes gaugzavna. Tu am werilSi antons ar eqneboda kargi daxasiaTeba, maSin mas ruseTSi ar Seiwynarebdnen~266. Teimurazma kacTmoyvareoba gamoiCina da antons sarekomendacio werili misca. ruseTSi Casvlis Semdeg antonma Tavisi marTlmadidebloba daamtkica da, rogorc arqiepiskoposma, erT-erTi centraluri eparqia miiRo moskovTan axlos, rameTu mas saqarTveloSive Semdgarma bolo saeklesio krebam SeunarCuna mRvdelmTavris tituli, riTac faqtobrivad mouxsna braldeba kaTolikuri rwmenis miRebis Taobaze. rogorc ki antoni ruseTSi dabinavda, maSinve ganagrZo literaturulmecnieruli moRvaweoba. antonis moRvaweoba ruseTSi sakmaod mravalferovani da nayofieri gamodga. xSirad gancvifrebasac ki iwvevs is garemoeba, Tu rogor SeZlo erTma kacma (Tundac TanamSromelTa daxmarebiT) ucxo enis (TviT rusuli enis) arasakmao codnis pirobebSi amdeni saqmis gakeTeba. kerZod, ruseTSi axalCasulma dawera originaluri Txzuleba `katexizmo~, romelSic axsnilia marTlmadidebelTa aRsarebis mTavari dogmatikurmoraluri principebi. manve galeqsa `proloRis~ sami Tvis masala (ivnisi, ivlisi, agvisto)... `ganmarteba mowyalesi~, romelsac saqarTveloSi `xiStiT~ Sexvdnen. garda amisa, antonma Seaswora saeklesio wesebis krebuli `tibiko-
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ni~, `kondaki~, sagalobelTa wigni `paraklitoni~, `TTueni~, dawera `qarTvel mefeTa STamomavloba~, Targmna ìstoria aleqsandre makedonelisa~267. 1762 wels ruseTSi gardaicvala Teimuraz II. mefis gardacvalebis gamo antonma gulwrfeli samZimari gaugzavna dedofals _ Teimurazis qvrivs _ `mefe Teimuraz, Cemi satrfialo biZia, Cemi biZa, Cemi mama, aseTi mama, rom RmerTo nu miwyen, da Zmadac moveswar, megobradaca, RmerTo nu ganmirisxdebi, amxanagadac~268. marTalia, antoni garkveulwilad gulZvirad iyo Teimurazis mimarT, rac ganucxada kidec ruseTis senats, magram mas ar SeeZlo Teimurazis, rogorc qarTuli qristianuli samefo taxtis aRmdgenlis, daRupva ar ganecada. kaTalikos nikoloz xerxeuliZis mokvlis Semdeg swored Teimurazma daasaxela kaTalikosad antoni, xolo saeklesio krebam mefis es miTiTeba sixaruliT Seasrula. papuna orbeliani wers _ ùkeTurma da RmerTis Semcodem, iudas msgavsad aRSfoTebulman Tamazis Svilman tariel, erTis ubralo mizezis gamo sca kaTalikozs satevari zakviT da mokla... Sewuxda mefe, viTarc marTebda. TviTon eSmakis uborotesi tariel daiWires, mokles, ZmiT, col-SviliT sul aikles. waasvenes wmida gvami patriarqisa didsa eklesiasa sapatriarqosa mcxeTas... wabrZanda batoni jariT da mobrZanda dmanisis cixesa... eboZa kaci da ebrZana: àntoni batoniSvili romeli iyo quTaTel episkoposad, kaTalikozad dasviTo~. yovelive episkoposni qalaqs Semokrebil iyvnes uwinac sulbrwyinvalisa domentis kaTalikozis micvalebaze moindomes samRvdelo dasTa anu erisaganTa. ara ineba, awca ineba uarisyofa, aiZulebda dedofali anu dasni samRvdeloni, verRara uaryo da darTva neba. miutanes iqav batonis samyofsa Sina bartyula jvriTurT, kverTxi da mdinari (anu samRvdelmTavro - sapatriarqo mantia) egre batonisa sriT mdinariT wamobrZanda. samRvdelo dasni, romelnic wina uZRodnen galobiT da akmevdnen sakmeveliTa, diakonni Semosilni, romelime ukana mosdevdes, agreTve mefe kaxeTisa erekle, RmrTis moyvare da sarwmunoeba _ mtkice. Tan moyva samyofamdis darbaisliTurT da dasves taxtsa zeda patriarqad antoni keTili da Rirsi keTilisa, naTlis mrCobli masxivnebeli, abramis kurTxevisa damamtkicebeli, mTavroba miniWebuli, xolo levitelobisa ganmaZlierebeli, aRmsrulebel sjulisa, ganmaSvenebel eklesiaTa, dammarxvel mcnebaTa. Semdgomad raodenTame dReTa wabrZanda mcxeTas da miiRo kurTxeva episkoposTa krebaTagan da ganSvenda yovliT kerZo~269. igive istorikosi ase axasiaTebs saqarTvelos patriarqs _ àntoni kaTalikozi, keTil saTnoebiTa aRWurvili, trfialebiTa sazenaoTa zedmiwevniT aRzevebuli, da yovlad sarwmunoebiTa mtkiced damtkicebuli, madliTa mier gabrwyinebuli, ar daacadebda JamiTi Jamad sibrZne mravlobiT wesTa... asakiT iyo mcire, magram solomonisa sibrZnesa ararad klebul eqmneboda. mefeTa Svili iyo da suliersa mefobisac Rirs iqmna~270. ruseTSi antoni ramdenime wels moRvaweobda. Teimurazis gardacvalebis Semdeg ereklem
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antoni saqarTveloSi moiwvia da sakaTalikoso taxtze aRadgina. `saqarTveloSi Camosvlis Semdeg TfilisSi da TelavSi antonma gaxsna seminariebi, rom mieca SkolebisaTvis saxelmZRvanelo wignebi, antonma bevri iSroma. gadmoTargmna da daswera mravali nawarmoebi. antonis mier dawerili da Targmnili Txzulebani amxilebdnen am muSakSi did codnasa da energias. antonma Seadgina sia saeklesio mamulebisa da ixsna igini mtacebelTagan, man daaarsa agreTve sasamarTlo-dikasteria, antoni iyo ara marto Teoretikuli moazrovne, aramed praqtikuli saqmis kaci~271. dikasteriis Sesaxeb ufro vrclad mogviTxrobs a. kelenjeriZe _ antonis dros da mis Semdgom eklesiaSio, _ wers is _ `sazogado saqmeebs arCevs kaTalikosis sinodi, an sabWo, Semdeg dikasteriad wodebuli... dikasteriam 1771 w-s axali organizacia miiRo, igi ikribeboda patriarqis palataSi. dikasteriis wevrebad sasuliero pirebTan erTad saeronic _ msajulebic iTvlebodnen. sxdomebze patriarqis daswreba savaldebulo ar iyo. sabWos wevrni iyvnen mudmivnic da aramudmivnic. 1795 wlidan, roca maqsime (afxazeTis kaTalikozi) miicvala afxazeTis sakaTalikoso saqmeebsac mcxeTis kaTalikosis sabWo _ dikasteria arCevda. man gaarCia maxoba quTaTelaZis saqme, romelic aRZra xonelma mTavarepiskoposma antonma. agreTve, 1784 w-s dikasteriam gaarCia saqme imereTidan gaqceuli mRvdlebisa albaT imis gamo, rom maqsime am wels ukve wasuli iyo ruseTSi~272. (aRmosavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis dikasteriis mier dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio saqmeebis garCeva saeklesio erTobis Sesaxebac miuTiTebs qarTuli eklesia faqtobrivad erTiani eklesia iyo). antonis epoqaSi _ `saqarTveloSi evropuli samecniero codnis gasavrceleblad ucxo enebidan saukeTeso Txzulebebi iTargmneboda, Tanac mecnierebis yoveli dargisaTvis patar-patara saxelmZRvaneloebi mzaddeboda. am sferoSi gansakuTrebuli Rvawli anton kaTalikozs miuZRvis, romlis Rrma da mravalmxrivi samecniero codna imdenadve gasaocaria, rogoradac misi dauRalavi energia da nayofiereba~273. gaioz reqtoris daxasiaTebiT, anton kaTalikosis Rvawlis Sedegad mecniereba _ swavla-ganaTlebis _ òqros saukune~ damdgara saqarTveloSi. amasTanave `ganmravlebula~ sibrZnismoyvareobac274. antonma ruseTidan Camosvlis Semdeg skolebis reorganizacia moaxdina, Tbilisis da Telavis seminariebi ganamtkica. TelavSi reqtorad 1782 wels gaiozi gadaiyvana. moamzada saxelmZRvaneloebi, geografiisa, ariTmetikisa, ritorikisa, katexizmosi, filosofiisa, gramatikisa, metafizikisa, logikisa da fizikisa. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tbilisisa da Telavis skolebi cariel adgilze ar aRmocenebula: `XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi eklesia-monastrebTan moqmedebda dawyebiTi tipis saswavleblebi, garda im adgilebisa, romlebic mahmadian dampyrobTa mier iyo dakavebuli
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(Tumca aqac ki, Tu eklesia-monastrebi ar iyo dangreuli, swavla ar Sewyvetila). saswavleblebis daarsebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT izruna mefe-reformatorma vaxtang VI-m. man `daaarsa saswavlebelni, saca aswavlidnen yvelas ganurCevlad wodebisa da xarisxisa: saRmrTosa werilsa, filosofiasa da sxva. amgvaris misis moRvaweobiT saqarTvelos monastrebidan mokle droSi swavla-mecniereba datrialda mTels saqarTveloSi~275. am citataSi sagulisxmoa, rom skolebSi àswavlidnen yvelas ganurCevlad wodebisa da xarisxisa~. amave wignis sxva adgilze m. janaSvili wers: `monasterTa skolebSi swavlobdnen yoveli wodebidan~276. XVIII saukunis bolosac, ioane bagrationis mier erekle mefisaTvis wardgenili proeqtis Tanaxmad, saero skolebSi swavlis neba ara marto `TavadaznaurTa da pirveli moqalaqis Svilebs~, aramed `msaxuri kacis Svilebs~, `mdabal vaWarTa Svilebs~ da àgreTve glexsac~ hqonda277. saerTod saqarTveloSi wodebaTa Soris gadaulaxavi zRudeebi arasodes mdgara, rogorc es ruseTSi iyo, Cveni qveyana ufro demokratiulobiT gamoirCeoda. àRniSnul periodSi imereTSi TerTmeti, xolo guriaSi ori eklesiamonasteri moqmedebda, romlebic amave dros swavla-ganaTlebis kerebic iyvnen... skolebi gaxsnili iyo agreTve im saxlebSic, sadac episkoposebi da sasuliero ierarqiis sxva warmomadgenlebi cxovrobdnen. upiratesoba, bunebrivia, episkoposebis saxlebs eZleoda, sadac ukeTesi pirobebi iyo Seqmnili codnis misaRebad... jer kidev XVIII s-is dasawyisSi kaTalikos domenti III-s (1704-1724; 1738-1742 w.w.) gadaudgams praqtikuli nabijebi, raTa eklesia-monastrebTan gaexsnaT saswavleblebi. `...Tavi mouyara mweral mwignobarTa, Sehkribna mravalni wignni, gaxsna ymaTa saswavlo skola~278. amaze miuTiTebs istorikosi platon ioselianic279. sayovelTaod cnobili iyo daviT garejis monasteri, sadac yvelaze maRali wodebis warmomadgenlebi iRebdnen swavla-ganaTlebas. swored aq eziara Tavdapirvelad sibrZnes XVIII saukunis erT-erTi RirsSesaniSnavi pirovneba anton I kaTalikosi. aRniSnuli droisaTvis daviT garejis monasterSi arsebobda umaRlesi `Skola~, umdidresi biblioTekiT da maswavlebelTa saukeTeso kadrebiT... swavla-ganaTlebis aRiarebuli centrebi iyo gelaTi imereTSi da Semoqmedis monasteri guriaSi, aseve vake imereTis ganaTlebis centrad gvevlineba xoni, romelic eparqiis centradac iTvleboda~280. marto Tbilisis saswavleblebSi, romelnic sionis, kaloubnis, metexis, anCisxatsa da sxva eklesiebTan arsebobdnen, kirionisa da p. ioselianis azriT, 400-mde moswavle swavlobda. saswavleblebi da skolebi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva qalaqebSic yofila. aRniSnulis garda, Turme naxevrad kerZo ti pis sasuliero dabali saswavleblebic arsebobdnen. maT xelmZRvanelobas eparqiis mwyemsi _ episkoposi akontrolebda.
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`Tu ra uflebebiT sargeblobdnen am skolebis kursdamTavrebulebi, amaze warmodgenas gvaZlevs is faqtic, rom 1748 wlis 13 noembers saeklesio krebis dadgenilebiT, mRvdlad ar SeiZleboda ekurTxebinaT iseTi piri, romelsac dabali tipis sasuliero skola ar eqneboda damTavrebuli. imisaTvis, rom ufro aemaRlebinaT moTxovnileba skolebisadmi, saeklesio krebam 1762 wels daadgina: yovelma episkoposma daawesos mkacri kontroli da aswavlos Tavis samwysos~281. zemoaRniSnulis garda, arsebobda aseve kerZo skolebic, romelTa danergvasac anton I uwyobda xels. swavla-ganaTlebis stabilizebas yovelmxriv exmareboda erekle II. `Tavisi xangrZlivi da metad nayofieri samecniero-literaturuli moRvaweobis Sedegad anton pirvelma Seqmna mTeli epoqa, romelic TiTqmis mTeli saukune gagrZelda. meTvramete saukunis meore naxevris saeklesio mwerlobas unda ewodos anton kaTalikozis epoqa, ise didia misi Rvawli da damsaxureba am mwerlobis istoriaSi~, _ wers k. kekeliZe, magram ase iTqmis ara mxolod saeklesio, aramed qarTul saero da kerZod, filosofiur mimarTulebaze, romelic antonis uSualo gavleniT Camoyalibda da am gavlenis beWedi azis... antonis mowafeTagan erT-erTi TvalsaCino pirovneba gaioz reqtori iyo~282. 1765 w-s is antons berad aRukvecia, Semdeg arqidiakonad ukurTxebia. 1772 wels gaiozi antons gahyva ruseTSi da swavla moskovis sasuliero akademiaSi gaagrZela. 1782 wels igi Telavis seminariis reqtorad dauniSnavT. 1783 wels kvlav ruseTSi gaemgzavra, sadac darCa kidec. 1784 wels arqimandritad ukurTxebiaT. is iyo episkoposi jer mozdokisa, Semdeg saratovisa da penzisa, mTavarepiskoposi astraxanisa da stavropolisa. gardaicvala 1821 wels. antons aRuzrdia agreTve Telavis seminariis meore reqtori daviT aleqsi-mesxiSvilic, romlis drosac rusulma xelisuflebam Telavis seminaria daxura. antonis mowafe da TanamSromeli iyo saxelganTqmuli fili pe yaiTmazaSvili. fili pe iyo mRvdeli, oRond ara qarTuli, aramed grigorianuli (somxuri) eklesiisa. somxuri eklesia, rogorc aRiniSna, didad gaZlierda XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi, rogorc osmaleTis, ise sparseTis saxelmwifoebis mxridan gamoCenili mzrunvelobis Sedegad283. am qveynebSi somxur eklesias yovelgvari SeRavaTebi, xolo mis mrevls marTlmadideblebTan SedarebiT didi upiratesoba eZleoda. amis gamo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, romelic sparseTis imperiis vasalur qveyanas warmoadgenda da osmalTagan dapyrobil mesxeTSi, mravali marTlmadidebeli (anu qarTveli) somxdeboda, swored aseTi gagrigorianebuli qarTveli unda yofiliyo fili pe yaiTmazaSvili. saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis mkvlevari e. nikolaZe wers: `qarTvelebis im erT nawils, romelic aRiarebda somexTa sarwmunoebas, Seaswavles somx-
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uri ena da amnairad es xalxi mTel qarTvelobas CamoaSores. es zarali qarTvelobas somxebma miayenes umTavresad saqarTvelos im gareSe adgilebSi, romlebic somxeTs sazRvraven (aseTi iyo qvemo qarTli da misi qalaqi Tbilisi). aseTive sazizRari saqme maT Caidines samahmadiano saqarTveloSi, romelic me-XVII saukunidan TurqTa samefos miekra, radganac am mxareSi ZaliT dauwyes gavrceleba islams, iqauri marTlmadideblebi did gasaWirSi Cavardnen. am garemoebiT isargebles somexTa misionerebma, gamoesarClnen marTlmadideblebs usjuloTa winaaRmdeg. ixsnes isini mahmadis sjulis miRebisagan, magram amiT daavales somexTa rwmenis aRiareba. vinaidan qarTvelebi somxis xalxs da mis sarwmunoebas maSin ndobiT epyrobodnen, daeTanxmnen somexTa mwvaleblebs islamis Tavidan asacileblad maTi rwmenis miRebaze. am garemoebas moyva Sedegad somexTa eklesiebis gamravleba samahmadiano saqarTveloSi, sadac Zvel marTlmadidebelTa taZrebs somxebi daepatronnen~284. im droisaTvis somxuri eklesia didad brwyinavda. misi mrevli msoflios yvela kuTxeSi Rirseulad iyo ganfenili. isini atlantikis, indoeTis Tu wynari okeanis sanapiroebis qalaqebsa da regionebSi, evropisa da aziis dedaqalaqebSi warmatebiT galaRebuli mrewvel-komersantebi Tu saqmiani adamianebi iyvnen. gansakuTrebiT pativs scemdnen somxebs, rogorc vaWarmrewvelebsa da xelosnebs, osmaleTsa, sparseTsa da saqarTveloSic. magaliTad, levan II dadianma mis mier damarcxebuli imereTis samefodan, rogorc yvelaze Zvirfasi nadavli _ `somxuri~ mosaxleoba waiyvana (Cxaridan da sxva dasaxlebebidan) samegreloSi. rostomis Semdeg swored grigoriani mosaxleobiT ivseboda axladaRorZinebuli qalaqebi (ali, surami, gori, Tbilisi). `somxebi~ anu grigorianeli mosaxleoba _ ganZi iyo mefisa da saxelmwifosaTvis. fuladi Semosavali, aReb-micemoba, vaWroba-mrewveloba maTze iyo damokidebuli. e. nikolaZe ganagrZobs: àseTi warmatebiT gamxnevebulni, somexTa misionerebi moefinen aRmosavleT saqarTvelos da daiwyes qarTvelebSi mwvaleblobis gavrceleba~. qarTvelebi mravlad xdebodnen wevrni somxuri eklesiisa, amis Sedegad icvleboda maTi fsiqologia, isini somxuri civilizaciis, kulturis, erovnuli ideologiis sferoSi eqceodnen, Tumca ki xSirad inarCunebdnen codnas qarTuli enisas, qarTul zne-Cveulebebs da Tvisebebs. garda amisa, TviT saqarTvelosa da saerTod sparseT-osmaleTSi miRebuli azris Tanaxmad, yvela grigorians _ `somexi~ ewodeboda, yvela kaTolikes _ `frangi~, yvela marTlmadidebels _ `berZeni~ (gamonaklisi iyo saqarTvelo, sadac marTlmadidebels `qarTveli~ ewodeboda, mahmadianebs ki erovnuli warmoSobis miuxedavad _ `TaTari~). amis gamo fili pe yaiTmazaSvils, romelic ara marto grigoriani iyo, aramed somxuri eklesiis xucesic _ cxadia, `somexi~ ewodeboda. kiTxvisas, Tu `ra gvari xucesi~ iyo
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is _ pasuxobdnen _ `harmanTa gvaris xucesio~, anu somxuri eklesiis xucesio. xucesebi qarTvelebsac hyavdaT. imisaTvis, raTa ganesazRvraT, Tu rogori anu `ra gvari~ xucesi iyo fili pe yaiTmazaSvili _ pasuxobdnen `mRvdeli harmanTa, harmanTave gvarisa Temisagan qarTvelTasa, tomTagan aznaurTasa~285. filipe yaiTmazaSvilis Tanamedrove qarTvelebma kargad icodnen, rom is `somexi~ iyo, viTarca mRvdeli somxuri (armenielTa, harmanTa) eklesiisa, magram eTnikuri warmoSobiT, an `naTesaobiT~, `naTesauri sqesiT~ _ qarTveli, socialuri mdgomareobiT _ aznauri yofila qvemo qarTlidan; dosieTeos nekreselis cnobiT, fili pe iyo `harmanTa mRvdeli, adgilobiTisa naTesaobisa sqesiTa qarTveli da tomobiTisa sqesiTa Ze aznaurTa~286. miuxedavad imisa, rom filipe sarwmunoebiT `somexi~ iyo, mas viTarca eTnikuri warmoSobiT qarTvels, `saqarTvelos Svils~ hyvarebia Tavisi samSoblo saqarTvelo da didad uRvawia qarTuli kulturisa da qarTveli erisaTvis. misi moRvaweoba miuTiTebs, rom is TavdadebiT Sromobda qarTveli xalxisaTvis da codna, romelic saukeTeso somexi maswavleblebisagan miuRia, sruliad gamouyenebia mSobeli eris saWiroebisaTvis. aRniSnul saukuneSi miRweuli warmatebebis gamo somxur eklesias saSualeba hqonda ara marto sparseT-osmaleTisa da evropis mTavar qalaqebSi hqonoda saswavleblebi, aramed TbilisSic. magaliTad, somex episkoposs avetiqs TbilisSi gauxsnia saswavlebeli, romelSic qarTveli mowafeebic swavlobdnen (isini, cxadia, ZiriTadad `somxebad~ iqceodnen xolme, anu rac igivea, grigorianul rwmenas iRebdnen). avetiq episkoposis mowafeni fili pe yaiTmazaSvilTan erTad yofilan mdivanbegi ioane orbeliani, `nikoloz mRvdeli kaxTa mefis karisa~. filipem `didi amagi dasdo, rogorc saskolo saqmes, aseve safilosofoso da saRvTismetyvelo literaturis ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi. XVIII saukunis TiTqmis yvela qarTveli mwignobar-moRvawe pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri gziT garkveul kontaqtSi iyo masTan, umravlesoba mis mier aRzrdili iyo (gaioz reqtori, dosiTeoz nekreseli, oses Ze, ioane orbeliani, nikoloz qiziyeli, anton cagerel-Wyondideli da sxva). xolo iseTi didi moazrovne da mecnieri, rogorc anton kaTalikosi iyo, uSualod misi daxmarebiT gaecno filosofiur naSromebs~287. Tu ra gziT miiRo filipe yaiTmazaSvilma Tavisi codna es ukve iTqva somxuri eklesiis swavlulTa meSveobiT. imis Semdeg, rac mahmadianurma qveynebma saqarTvelo evropas, anu msoflio civilizaciis centrs mowyvites, qarTuli mecniereba ver ecnoboda evropis warmatebebs, samagierod somxebs hqondaT didi saSualeba, gacnobodnen da TavianTi Tvalsazrisis Sesabamisad aeTvisebinaT is. msoflio izolaciaSi myofi qarTveli moazrovneni somexi swavlulebis SromaTa gacnobas Seudgnen. somxuridan uTargmniaT
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dialeqtika (simon julfelisa), `kategoriani aristotelebrni~, mxiTar sevastielis gramatika (romlis mixedviTac antonma qarTuli gramatika Seadgina), misive ritorika, prokle diadoxosis `kavSirni RvTismetyvelebiTni~, svimon juRaecis redaqciiT (is adre ioane petriws hqonia Targmnili, romelic komentarebiTurT somxurad uTargmniaT). daviT uZlevelis (anhaRTis) `wigni sazRvarTa~, `porfiri~, aristotelis `peri hermeneias~ daviT uZlevelis komentarebiT da sxva. marto filipes somxuridan 21-mde filosofiur-Teologiuri Txzuleba uTargmnia. saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi yovelmxriv iyvnen gabatonebuli (cxadia, garkveuli zomiT) grigorianebi. am mdgomareobas kargad aRweren TviTmxilveli evropeli misionerebi. aseT viTarebaSi somxebis gaqarTveleba SeuZlebeli iyo. somexTa gaqarTvelebis Teoria niko mars ekuTvnis. is somexTa gaqarTvelebas VII-IX saukuneebSi varaudobda. niko maris Semdgomma istorikosebma ratomRac es Teoria saqarTvelos mTeli oriaTaswlovani istoriis mimarT ganavrces. amitomac, qarTul istoriografiaSi gabatonda Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac somxebi mudam yovel epoqasa da saukuneSi qarTvelobdnen, rac saerTod ar Seesabameboda simarTles. amave Tvalsazriss adga k. kekeliZec, amitomac werda fili pe yaiTmazaSvilis Sesaxeb, TiTqosda igi gaqarTvelebuli somexi iyo, sinamdvileSi ki, piriqiT, filipe erovnebiT qarTveli, sarwmunoebiT ki grigoriani anu `somexi~ iyo. aseve grigoriani qarTveli iyo antonis bejiTi TanamSromeli zaqaria madinaSvili. man, iseve rogorc fili pem, kargad icoda mSobliuri qarTuli ena, Tumca ki somxuri ganaTleba hqonda miRebuli. Tu vinme ikiTxavs, Tu warmoSobiT qarTveli iyo, ratom `qarTvels~ ar uwodebdneno, kidev erTxel vupasuxebT, rom im saukuneebSi `qarTveli~ mxolod da mxolod marTlmadidebels ewodeboda da Tanac ara yvela marTlmadidebels, aramed mxolod mas, romelic qarTuli eklesiis wevri (mrevli) iyo. aseT SemTxvevaSi rogor SeiZleboda zaqaria madinaSvilisaTvis `qarTveli~ ewodebinaT maSin, roca igi araTu rigiTi wevri iyo somxuri eklesiisa, aramed `varTapeti~? varTapeti somxur eklesiaSi `moZRvars~ ewodeboda da episkoposis msgavsad udidesi avtoriteti hqonda. `zaqaria madinaSvili _ varTapeti iyo zedmiwevnili filosofos-RvTismetyveli da mkurnalobisa xelovnebisa mecnavi. aman aswavla mravalTa qarTvelTa da somexTa safilosofosno werilni...~, _ werda ioane batoniSvili. ànton pirveli `spekalis~ erT-erT TavSi erekles mimarTavs, rom mas zaqariam _ vinme `somexTa moZRvarma~ auxsna `dafaruloba aristotelisa~288. gagrigorianebis procesi qarTvelTa Soris Zalze gaRrmavda da SeiZleba iTqvas, axali sicocxle SeiZina Sah-abasis Semosevebis Semdeg. mis gaRrmavebas xeli gansakuTrebiT qarTuli erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmebam saqarTveloSi da qarTvel mefeTa taxtze mahmadiani xanebis asvlam Seuw-
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yo. rostom-xani prosparsuli orientaciisa da kanonebis erTguli damnergavi iyo, amitomac man saqarTveloSi, rogorc sparseTis imperiis erT-erT nawilSi, somxuri eklesiis mimarT iseTive daTmobiTi RonisZiebebi gaatara, rogorc saerTod iyo miRebuli sparseTSi. Sah-abasis Semdeg sparseTSi somxur eklesias didi mowiwebiTa da pativiscemiT epyrobodnen. ase rom, sparsuli kanonis Tanaxmad, sastikad isjeboda is somexi, romelic grigorianul sarwmunoebas uaryofda da mahmadianobas miiRebda. somxuri eklesiisaTvis daTmobis Sedegebma rostom-xanis mefobis periodSive iCina Tavi. Tbilisis mmarTveloba grigorian qarTvelebs gadaecaT. gansakuTrebiT gaRrmavda qarTvelTa gagrigorianebis procesi qvemo qarTlSi. qveynis ekonomikuri interesebidan gamomdinare, vaxtang V Sah-navazic xels uwyobda grigorianul eklesias, rasac misgan sparseTis saxelmwifo interesebic moiTxovda. mxolod qarTul eklesias ar SeeZlo xeli ar SeeSala qarTvelTa gagrigorianebis procesisaTvis, rac ara marto qarTvelTa masobriv denacionalizacias, aramed qarTuli eklesiis dakninebasac iwvevda. qarTlis kaTalikosi Sahnavazis drosve aRdgomia win gagrigorianebas _ `maT winaaRmdeg gamovidnen saqarTvelos ganaTlebuli kaTalikosebi: nikoloz amilaxvari (1675-1688), domenti (1705-1724) da gansakuTrebiT besarioni (1724-1739). saqarTveloSi Zveli droidan moi povebodnen TargmanSi is nawerebi, romlebic iyvnen mimarTuli somxuri eklesiis mwvaleblobis winaaRmdeg... am TxzulebaTa SemweobiT saqarTvelos mRvdel-mTavrebi advilad imarjvebdnen somxebTan paeqrobaSi, magram XVIII saukunis dasawyisidan garemoeba Zalze icvala. am droidan mxiTaristebis nawarmoebni Zlier gavrceldnen somexTa Soris da misces saSualeba maT samRvdeloebas saRvTismetyvelo ganaTlebisa. evropeli mwerlebis sxolastikuri nawarmoebni, romlebic somxur enaze gadmoiTargmnen, gaxdnen axal wyarod sarwmunoebrivi davisa, sxolastikurma xerxianobam, romelic gansakuTrebiT aristotelis logikas emyareboda, somexTa misionerebis monofizituri propaganda, romelic winaT daiwyo, gansakuTrebiT gaaZliera areulobis dros saqarTveloSi, mefe ieses sikvdilis Semdeg, Teimuraz meoris qarTlSi gamefebamde (1724-1744), da umaRles wertilze avida kaTalikos anton pirvelis mmarTvelobis pirvel wlebSi (1744-49). am propagandam, rogorc zemoT vTqviT, didi zarali moutana marTlmadideblobas, saqarTvelos ganapira adgilebSi... mTeli xramis uReltexili, borCalos mazra da alazanis gaRma mxare savse iyo somexTa misionerebiT, romlebic sxolastikurad ganaTlebulni didad cdilobdnen, rom saqarTvelos politikur ubedurebas Tan mimateboda sarwmunoebrivi ganxeTqileba, somexTa mwvalebloba warmatebiT vrceldeboda qarTvelTa Soris, imitom rom saqarTveloSi iyo gamocxadebuli sarwmunoebrivi Tavisufleba da mTavrobas ar SeeZlo sarwmunoebrivi davis akrZalva~289.
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Teimurazis dros, `qarTvelobis~, anu qarTuli erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis Semdeg TiTqos saqarTveloSi grigorianobis gavrcelebis pirobebi ar unda yofiliyo, magram grigorianebi TavianT sarwmunoebas TviT anton I-is zeobis drosac ki aqtiurad avrcelebdnen, rac imaze miuTiTebda, rom es didi xnis win dawyebuli procesi am drosac ganagrZobda arsebobas, Tumca SedarebiT SezRudulad, ramac, rogorc Cans, somex ierarqTa gaRizianeba da maT mier sarwmunoebrivi propagandis gaZliereba gamoiwvia. anton kaTalikosma aRsaydrebisTanave didi yuradReba miapyro am saSuro saqmes da garkveuli TvalsazrisiT gmirobac ki gamoiCina, roca vrceli antimonofizituri Txzuleba Seqmna, romelic swrafad gavrcelda da win aRudga qarTvelTa denacionalizacias. k. kekeliZe wers _ èklesia, SeiZleba iTqvas, kriziss ganicdida am dros... bevri mRvdel-mTavari jerovan morCilebas ar iCenda kaTalikosisadmi. eklesia-monastrebi dangreuli iyo, skolebi daxuruli. yvela amas Tan daerTo somexTa eklesiis sarwmunoebrivi propaganda, ase rom saWiro iyo energiuli mtkice nebisyofis ganaTlebuli kaci, raTa saeklesio cxovreba normalur kalapotSi Camdgariyo. aseTi iyo swored antoni~290. `mis dros, gansakuTrebiT, 1744-1749 wlebSi, CvenSi gaZlierebula somexTa sarwmunoebrivi propaganda... propaganda warmoebda rogorc sityvieri, ise literaturuli~291. `rogorc kaTalikosi antoni mowmobs, erTbunebian mwvaleblebs masTanac hqoniaT kamaTi. somexTa misionerebis meTaurad iTvleboda anton pirvelis Tanamedrove somexTa kaTalikosi lazare Waukeli. ukanaskneli Zalian dauaxlovda kaTalikos antons da Seecada mis gamoyvanas marTlmadidebeli eklesiidan, magram es ver moaxerxa... lazarem gamosca didi Txzuleba, romelsac `draxt-cankal~, e.i. `sasurveli samoTxe~ uwoda. am nawarmoebSi avtori cdilobda gaemarTlebina erTbunebiani mwvalebloba, gaemtyunebina msoflio eklesiis swavleba ieso qristes pirovnebaze... aginebda qalkedonis krebas da augebda levans, somexTa eklesias aRiarebda yvela eklesiebis ufrosad da somexTa kaTalikoss yvela qristianebis mTavar mbrZaneblad. lazarem Tavisi Txzuleba miarTva anton kaTalikoss da agreTve mraval xelnawerebSi gaavrcela is qarTvelebSi. rogorc arqiepiskopozi timoTe mowmobs, es Sroma saqarTveloSi mdabio xalxSi ikiTxeboda da bevri keTilmorwmune motyuebaSi Seyavda~292. antoni, rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, win aRudga monofizitobis gavrcelebas, oRond ara administraciuli, anda politikur-ekonomikuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT, aramed mecnieruli sityviT. `vinaidan somexTa misionerebi Tavis swavlas sxolastikasa da somxuri eklesiis istoriaze amyarebdnen, antoni iZulebuli gaxda gacnoboda am wyaroebs laTinur-somxur enaze... da Semdeg somexi mwvaleblebis gansaqiqeblad daswera didi Txzuleba, romelsac `mza-metyveleba~ uwoda. es nawarmoebi, romelic dasrulda 1752 wels, Sei-
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cavs monofizituri moZRvrebis srul ganqiqebas da masSi yoveli kaci ipovis mza pasuxs mwvalebelTa yovel kiTxvaze~293. rogor unda Sexvedrodnen antonis Txzulebas monofizituri eklesiis moZRvrebi, somexTa kaTalikosi, romelsac antonis marTlmadidebluri eklesiidan gamoyvana surda, anda dabali fenebi saqarTvelos mosaxleobisa, romelSic warmatebiT vrceldeboda `draxt-cankalis~ ideebi somxuri eklesiis msoflio eklesiaze batonobis Sesaxeb? Sedegmac ar daayovna. `mzametyvelebis~ gamoqveynebidan sul samiode wlis Semdeg antoni sakaTalikoso taxtidan Camoagdes da saqarTvelodan gaaZeves, am saqmeSi unda vifiqroT, monofizitTa xelic eria, romelnic m. TamaraSvilis Tanaxmad marTlmadidebel qristianebze nadirobdnen. sparseT-osmaleTs Soris ganawilebul saqarTveloSi mahmadianur saxelmwifoTa mier akrZalul marTlmadidebluri eklesiis dabneul da gzaabneul mrevlze romis papis kaTolikur da somxur-grigorianul eklesiebs didi dava hqondaT gaCaRebuli. Tvlidnen ra Tavs msoflio eklesiaze batonobis uflebamosilad, qarTvel mrevlze orive pretenzias acxadebda, kerZod, romis eklesia miiCnevda, rom msoflioSi èrTi samwyso da erTi mwyemsi unda yofiliyo~, _ romis eklesia da romis papi. msgavsi azri batonobda grigorianTa Soris. èrTi samwyso da erTi mwyemsi~ _ maTi azriT, es iyo somxuri eklesia da am eklesiis patriarqi-kaTalikosi msoflio eklesiis `meTauri~ (zemoT naTqvami iyo, rom aseTi Sexeduleba hqonda antonis Tanamedrove somxuri eklesiis meTaurs lazare Waukels). cnobilia, rom erekles didad esaWiroeboda saxsrebi qveynis asaRorZineblad. ruseTi, romlis imedic mefes hqonda, rogorc wesi, mas ar exmareboda, evropidanac veraferi miiRo; mefes Tanxebi Tavis qveyanaSive unda gamoeZebna, mefis Semosavlis erT-erT wyaros, Cans vaWar-xelosnebis (rogorc wesi, isini grigorianebi anu `somxebi~ iyvnen), mdidari somxuri eklesiis `daxmarebac~ Seadgenda. Tumca, Tu vin vis èxmareboda~, somxuri eklesia erekles, Tu erekle somxur eklesias, es Cans misionerTa aRweridan: 1775 wels erekle mefes ufliswul levanis qorwilSi somexTa patriarqic daupatiJnia. is qorwilSi TviTon ar misula, magram samagierod Tavisi warmomadgenlebi gaugzavnia. misioneri wers: _ `gamougzavna ori varTapetepiskoposi da samasi Tumnis, anu Cveneburad 3000 skudis saRirali saCuqrebi gamoatana. qorwilis Semdgom am orma somxis varTapetma aqaur mRvdlebTan da eris mowinave pirebTan moilaparakes, visargebloT am mdgomareobiT, romelic ereklem Cvenis saCuqrebis wyalobiT gviCvena. kargad uwyodnen, rom mefe fulisaTvis yvelafers daTanxmdeboda, TviT usamarTlobasac ki, amitom am saCuqrebis garda kvalad mefes naRdi fuli miarTves 700 Tumani anu 7000 skudo da sTxoves, neba mogveci, Zala davatanoT da somxis sarwmunoebaze gadmoviyvanoT ara marto am 20 wlamde gakaTolikebulni, aramed
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maTi Svilebic, somxebisagan monaTluli. maSin, rodesac kapucinebi gandevnilni iyvnen am qalaqidan, an monaTlulni somxis mRvdlebisagan ufro uwin, vidre maTi mSoblebi gakaTolikdebodneno~294. ereklem somxebs amis neba darTo. mTeli qalaqi aRZres varTapetebma da ZaliT `gaasomxes~, anu gaagrigorianes qalaqeli kaTolikeni, eTnikuri warmoSobiT, cxadia, qarTvelebi. am dros gausomxebiaT is qarTvelebic, romelTac kaTolikoba `20 wliT adre~ e.i. 1755 wlamde miuRiaT. radganac am wels (1755) gandevnes kaTolike mRvdlebi, kaTolikeTa Svilebi somex mRvdlebs daunaTlavT, yofilan iseTnic, romelTac somxuri naTloba ufro adre miuRiaT, vidre maT mSoblebs - mSoblebis `gasomxebac~ moiTxoves. aqedan Cans, rom TviT qarTul-erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRorZinebis drosac ki qarTvelTa gasomxebis procesi aqtiurad mimdinareobda. mkiTxvelisaTvis ufro gasagebi rom iyos, Tu ras iTxovdnen somxis varTapetebi, erT istoriul faqts moviyvanT: 1944 wlis Semdeg samcxe-javaxeTSi imereTidan qarTuli mosaxleoba gadmoasaxles, magram am droisaTvis mTel samcxe-javaxeTSi yvela qarTuli eklesiamonasteri gauqmebuli iyo da arc erTi marTlmadidebeli mRvdeli am kuTxes ar emsaxureboda, maSin roca aq moqmedebda ramdenime somxuri eklesia (axalcixeSi, axalqalaqsa da sxvilisSi). imerlebi imis SiSiT, rom bavSvebi mounaTlavni ar darCenodaT, maT 1980 wlamde wm. marines eklesiis gaxsnamde, somex mRvdlebs anaTvlinebdnen. axla warmovidginoT, rom am `somxurad~ monaTlul imerlebze somxurma eklesiam ganacxados pretenzia da mefis an qveynis mmarTvelis brZanebiT iZulebiT Tavis mrevlad aqcios. swored ase moxda 1775 wels mefe erekles TanxmobiT, rac zemoT aris aRwerili misioneris werilSi. somxur eklesias iseTi Zala da gavlena hqonda, rom kaTolikeebs sparseTsa da osmaleTSic sastikad devnidnen. magaliTad, sparseTSi laTini berebidan mxolod kapucinebi axerxebdnen sparseTis mTavrobisagan mieRoT mfarveloba `somexTa mier devnulobis winaaRmdeg~295, amave suraTs vxedavT osmaleTSic296. rogorc aRiniSna, 1755 wels saeklesio krebam, romelmac antoni gadaayena, misi kvlav aRdgena saeklesio taxtze mefeebs ficiT aukrZala. magram erekle mefem 1763 wels antoni saqarTveloSi daabruna da qarTuli eklesiis saWeTmpyrobeloba Caabara. ismeba kiTxva, daarRvia Tu ara ereklem `fici~. amasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa, rom swored 1763 wels 16 aprilis werilSi romis papi swerda erekle mefes _ `Tqven fics yurs nu ugdebT, radgan fici keTilis aRsasruleblad iqneba da ara raime borotisaTvis, arc valdebuli xarT daicvaT, Tu dagificiaT, rodesac misi sagani sawinaaRmdegoa WeSmaritebisa, radgan Tqveni ficis sagnis siborote yovel Zalas uspobs ficsa, romelic dagidviaT~297. cxadia, papis werili ar Seexeboda anton kaTalikosis dabrunebas, aramed sxva saqmesTan iyo dakavSirebuli èreklem qarTl-kaxeTis erTaderTma mmarTvelma daarRvia es fici da antoni Zvel uflebebSi aRadgina. erekles gabeduli qceva, romelic is-
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toriuladac da logikuradac sruliad gamarTlebulia, misi mtkice Zalauflebis uSualo gamovlenas warmoadgens, magram ereklesa da antonis mowinaaRmdege banaksac z. gabaSvilis TaosnobiT daTmoba ar sCveoda. amitom antons _ bunebiT mSvidsa da RvTismosavs _ saqarTveloSi CamosvlisTanave Sejaxeba mouxda opozicionerebTan~298. antonma SeZlo mowinaaRmdegeebis damarcxeba. gamoafxizla da Tavisi SromebiT aaRorZina qarTuli RvTismetyveleba, filosofia, pedagogika da saerTod mwerloba. `rogorc profesori l. meliqseTbegi aRniSnavda, man XVIII s-is meore naxevris periodisaTvis `SeZlo daecva qarTuli filosofiur-RvTismetyveluri azri dacemisagan, da igi, es azri, waremarTa axali cxovrebiseuli gziT~... mas Rrmad swamda, rom yoveli misi saqmianoba samSoblos sakeTildReod iyo mimarTuli. amitomac Tavisi cxovrebis dasasruls ganacxada: _ `movicale sxvaTa yovelTa keTilTagan da vera movicale saqarTvelos msaxurebisagan~. Tanamedrovenic da momdevno Taobis warmomadgenlebic gaocebuli iyvnen misi enciklopediuri codniT... saqarTveloSi mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis aRorZineba ereklesa da antonis mecnierebisadmi udidesi siyvarulis Sedegi iyo: `pirveli iyo avgusti, xolo ukanaskneli mecenati da polioni Tavisi saukunisa~ (naTqvami yofila 1802 wels gamosul rusul wignSi)299. k. kekeliZe wers _ `rodesac Cven viTvaliswinebT antonis literaturul moRvaweobas, gancvifrebaSi movdivarT, rogor SeZlo erTma kacma, romelic amasTanave praqtikuli saqmianobiT iyo datvirTuli, amden TxzulebaTa Targmna da SeTxzva... antonis samwerlo moRvaweobas, rogorc Cans, bevri mowinaaRmdege hyolia literaturulsa da mowinave wreebSic, bevri SuriT Sepyrobili mis aseT moRvaweobas angarebas ukavSirebda, rac sxvaTa Soris, Cans `Tvenis~ winasityvaobidan, sadac antoni ambobs, rom es Sroma me `mizdisa~, ese igi sasyidlisaTvis ar mikisriao. `mizdsa aras moveli TanamoJameTagan CemTa qarTvelTa~. me vici, mwared SeniSnavs is, rac `mizdi~ momeca Rramatikis, sadResaswaulosa da saRmrTo liturgiis Seqmna-ganmarTvisaTvis, imasve miviReb axlaco. saxeldobr ras? èse sazRvardeba debuleba ars kacTa vieTme samRvdeloTa, TavxedTa da yovlad umecarTa Cven Soris~, _ ambobs is: `rameTu visaca igi mecnierebisa mimarTad gamoaCenen Tu rasme, qarsa borbalsa aRadgenen mas zeda da saWesa cxovrebisasa ganutexen da miscemen RelvaTa warmtacebad ufskrulTadmio~300. swored aseTi mtrebis mier iyo mofiqrebuli ciliswameba TiTqosda antonma `vefxistyaosani~ dawva. àmJamad mecnierebaSi sakmaod dasabuTebulia am braldebis usafuZvloba. antoni ar ekuTvnoda im adamianTa ricxvs, romlebic sxvis Txzulebebs (miT umetes iseTs, rogoric `vefxistyaosania~) wvavda. piriqiT, wvavdnen da krZalavdnen mis Txzulebebs. swored amitom, sruli safuZveli gvaqvs vi-
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fiqroT, rom `vefxistyaosani~ dawva (Tu es versia saerTod sworia) swored man, vinc am saqmeSi daxelovnebuli iyo, saxeldobr, vinc TviTon antonis Txzulebebis akrZalvisa da dawvisaken iswrafvoda~301. 1788 wels 68 wlisa gardaicvala antoni _ saqarTvelos didi kaTalikosi, erekles karze didad pativcemuli, qveynis sulieri mama-moZRvari. rogorc cnobilia, mRvdelmTavari Tavisi xeliT eziareba (mRvdelmTavris wirvisas mRvdeli Tavisi xeliT ver eziareba, mas mRvdelmTavari aziarebs). sikvdilis pirze misul kaTalikossac moukrebia Zala da Tavisi xeliT miuRia ziareba (damswre germane Tbilel episkoposs ver gaubednia mamamTavris ziareba, Tumca antons uTxovia misTvis) _ `miwevnili moxucebisa Seiqmna avad xveliTa, Tbilelman germane hswira anCisxatis eklesiaSi da miusvena barZimi. dasustebuli antoni wamosves. daivarcxna Tmani, Seikra kabis Rilebi, Seimosa sabuxrebi, moisxa omofori da eziara TviT xorcsa da sisxlsa qristessa~302. antonis Rvawls qarTveli eris winaSe warmoaCens is, rom XIX saukunis didi samocianelebi, wminda ilia marTali da misi Tanamoazreni _ anton kaTalikosis memkvidreni yofilan. `sakmarisia iTqvas, rom XVIII s-Si filosofiuri kvleva-Ziebis aRorZineba dakavSirebulia antonis saxelTan. swored es dadebiTi tradicia gadaeca XIX saukunis meore naxevris qarTvel moRvaweebs, e.i. `samocianelebs~. amdenad es ukanasknelni antonis memkvidreebi arian~303.
didi Ralati
qarTveli politikosebi da SeiZleba iTqvas, mTeli qarTveli eri XVIII saukuneSi suldgmulobda ideiT, romelic ori sityviT gadmoicemoda: `gamoxsna da aRdgoma~. es idea amave dros mizansac warmoadgenda. `gamoxsnis~ qveS mahmadianuri qveynebis vasalobisagan saqarTvelos daxsna igulisxmeboda. àRdgoma~ ki saqarTvelos ara marto gaerTianebas, aramed mis Zvel tradiciul sazRvrebSi aRdgenasac gulisxmobda (e.i. War-belaqanis, mesxeTisa da sxva mitacebuli mxareebis SemoerTeba). TavisuflebisaTvis Tavdadebuli da Tavdauzogavi brZolis wyalobiT, qarTvelobam SeZlo qveynis `gamoxsna~, anu Tavis daxsna sparseTisa da osmaleTis vasalobisagan. es udidesi miRweva iyo. qveynis `gamoxsnis~ Semdeg àRdgomis~ idea rCeboda gansaxorcielebeli. `gamoxsnis~ umalve erekle II-isa da solomon I-is saxelmwifoebi ise gaZlierdnen, rom qarTveli politikuri moRvaweebi àRdgomis~ sanetaro ideis gansaxorcielebel qmedebas Seudgnen, rasac xels isic uwyobda, rom am droisaTvis sparseTica da osmaleTis erT dros uZleveli imperiac dasustebuli iyo. òsmaleTis saxelmwifo XVIII s-is meore naxevarSi daSlis gziT mieqaneboda. izmiris, ankaris, lazistanis, axalcixisa da sxva safaSoebi centraluri
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xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen. kerZod, axalcixis faSebi Tvlidnen, rom es mxare osmaleTis ubralo provincia ki ara, jayelTa samemkvidreo mamuli iyo da saqarTvelosTan urTierTobis SemWidroebaze fiqrobdnen~304. samagierod, qarTl-kaxeTisa da imereTis samefoebi gaZlierdnen. im droisaTvis erTi gamoCenili moRvawe kiTxvaze `ramdenad Zlieria qarTl-kaxeTis mefe, aRniSnavda, rom erekle iranis yvela xansa da mflobelebze Zlieria da Sahis Semdeg yvelaze mniSvnelovani pirovnebaa. misi Zalaufleba saqarTvelos garda ganjaze, erevansa da naxiCevanze vrceldeba, iranis xanebi dawyebuli Tavrizidan yovelwliurad erekles mdidar ZRvens ugzavnian mowiwebis niSnad, erekles 50 aTasi kacisagan Semdgari jaris gamoyvana SeuZliao...~305. da iqve `ganumartavda ruseTis mTavrobas erekle mefis gadmobirebiT ruseTs aRar eyoleba mowinaaRmdege mTels azerbaijanSi Tavrizamde, radgan erekles pativiscemiT epyroba yvela iqauri mflobelio~, ase uyurebdnen mefe erekles 1783 wlis xelSekrulebis dadebis wina periodSi. sakmaod gaZlierebuli mefis upirvelesi zrunvis sagans, rogorc aRiniSna, saqarTvelos àRdgoma~ warmoadgenda, magram aRmosavleT kaxeTis (Warbelaqanisa) da mesxeTis (samcxe-saaTabagos) gamoxsna lekebisa da osmalebisagan erekles ar SeeZlo, mas uTuod sxva romelime saxelmwifos daxmareba esaWiroeboda, miT umetes, rom mis mizans dakarguli istoriuli teritoriebis dabrunebac Seadgenda. kerZod, Saqi, romelic erekles dros saxano iyo, istoriulad hereTis nawils _ saariSianos warmoadgenda, monRolTa Semosevebis Semdgomac ki, qarTvelTa eTnikuri gansaxlebis sazRvari mdinare TeTrwylamde, anu araqs-mtkvris SesarTavamde aRwevda. amitomac Saqis saxanoze, rogorc saqarTvelos istoriul teritoriaze, erekle pretenzias acxadebda. àRdgomaSi~ qarTveli mefis Zveli titulaturis aRdgenac igulisxmeboda _ àfxazTa da qarTvelTa, ranTa, kaxTa, somexTa mefe, SahanSa da SirvanSa~. ranSi im droisaTvis, SesaZloa, ganjis saxano igulisxmeboda, zemoT moyvanilis gamo erevnis saxanos teritoriac _ erTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi Semaval miwa-wylad miaCndaT (SahanSas qveynis nawili). `saqarTvelos àRdgomaSi~ rom amierkavkasiaSi misi odindeli hegemonoba igulisxmeboda, kargad mJRavndeba rogorc vaxtang VI-is `qristianul politikaSi~, ise erekle II-is pretenziebSi aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaze. unda iTqvas, rom am pretenziebma, saTanado asaxva traqtatis muxlebSic hpova (igulisxmeba 1783 wlis xelSekruleba ruseTTan), romelTa mixedviT ruseTis imperatori kisrulobda `dacvasa zeda awindelisa samflobeloTa misisa uganaTlebulesobisa mefisa iraklisa~ (amasTan dakarguli istoriuli teritoriebis dabrunebasac). traqtatSi qarTveli mefe iwodeboda, agreTve, Saqisa da Sirvanis mTavrad da ganjisa da erevnis mflobelad da mbrZaneblad. n. berZeniSvilis azriT, àRdgomaSi~ igulisxmeboda rogorc òqros xanis~ sagareo warmatebebi, ise qveynis Sinagani `wyoba da garigeba~306.
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àRdgoma~, rogorc aRiniSna, mTeli saqarTvelos gaerTianebasac gulisxmobda: erovnuli erTianobis idea saqarTveloSi marad arsebobda, da igi uTuod SeZlebda gaerTianebas, rogorc amas ìveriel mefeTa da mTavarTa~ Soris 1790 wels dadebuli èrTobis traqtati~ uCvenebs, Tu ara imedgacrueba im saxelmwifos mxridan, romlis SemweobiTac qarTvel politikosebs saqarTvelosTvis òqros xanis~ aRdgena surdaT. am saxelmwifom _ ruseTma ar aRadgina amierkavkasiaSi gadaSlili qarTuli saxelmwifo. qarTuli saxelmwifoebi ruseTTan urTierTobas gansakuTrebiT maSin aRrmavebdnen, roca maTi politikuri mdgomareoba garkveulad gaumjobesebuli iyo. maT swored miRweuli mdgomareobis ganmtkiceba esaWiroebodaT ruseTis daxmarebiT. ase yofila vaxtang VI-isa da petre pirvelis urTierTobisa da Teimuraz-erekles drosac, romelTac 1752 wels aRuniSnavT kidec dedofal elisabedisadmi gagzavnil werilSi: `xolo vinaTgan aw myofsa amas Jamsa aRaravin ars usjuloTa mefeTagani ufali Cvenzeda... aw ars Jami gamoxsnisa Cvenisa da dRe aRdgomisa Cvenisa~. marTlac, am droisaTvis qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gavlena, araTu mTels saqarTveloze, aramed amierkavkasiaSic eWvs ar iwvevda. SeiniSneba erTob sagulisxmo movlena: 60iani wlebis elCobac ruseTSi iseT dros gaigzavna, roca erekle II-is politikuri zegavlena faqtobrivad mTel aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi vrceldeboda. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos politikuri mdebareoba georgievskis traqtatis gaformebis xanaSic metad mtkiced gamoiyureboda, ufro adre ki vaxtang VI-isa da petre I-s Soris samxedro-politikuri kavSiri maSin damyarda, roca qarTveli mefis gavlena araTu mTel saqarTveloze, aramed qristianul amierkavkasiazec udavo iyo. erTi sityviT, vaxtang VI da erekle II ruseTTan urTierTobas sakuTari samefos ekonomikuri da politikuri stabilurobis periodebSi aaqtiurebdnen, rac TavisTavad aaSkaravebs maTi politikuri gegmis Sors gamiznul xasiaTsa da farTo masStabebs; aseTi gegmebis ganxorcieleba Tundac Zalze didi da Zlieri saxelmwifos daxmarebiT, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli, Tu politikuri erTeuli TviT iqneboda angariSgasawevi Zala. fizikuri ganadgurebis piras mdgom dasustebul qveyanas raime mniSvnelovani warmatebis imedi ar SeiZleba hqonoda da arc mis mokavSireobas isurvebda vinme307. marTlac, XVII s-is 20-ian wlebSi vaxtang VI-isa da petre I-is urTierTobis damyarebis dros qarTvel mefes araTu amierkavkasiaSi, TviT iranis imperiaSic ki didi gavlena hqonda. amave saukunis 60-ian wlebSic, ruseTTan kavSiris damyarebisas qarTuli saxelmwifo sakmaod gaZlierebuli iyo. sul male qveyanas ubedureba ewia. igive viTareba iyo georgievskis xelSekrulebis wina xanebSic _ Cveni qveyana didad iyo gaZlierebuli, `traqtatis~ wyalobiT ki male dauZlurda, aseve moxda aRa-mahmad-xanis Semosvlis drosac. ismis kiTxva, ratom
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miiswrafoda saqarTvelo marad ruseTisaken, ramdenjerme xom is mwared daisaja amis gamo? iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, sagareo orientaciis sakiTxebSi qarTvelebi politikur momgebianobaze win sarwmunoebriv grZnobebs ayenebdnen. gulmxurvale sarwmunoeba, mtkice qristianoba da siyvaruli marTlmadideblobisa qarTvelebs marad afiqrebinebda kavSiri SeekraT erTmorwmuneebTan, miT umetes, rom rus morwmune xalxs Zlieri saxelmwifo hqonda, amitom, mas qristianuli zneoba avaldebulebda, mahmadianur okeaneSi moqceuli Tanamorwmuneebis TviTmyofadoba ganemtkicebina. samwuxarod, qarTvelTa sarwmunoebrivi grZnobebi Seuracxyo ruseTis imperiam qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis mospobiT, aman saboloo jamSi qarTvelTa mxurvale sarwmunoebac gaanela XIX-XX ss-Si. XVIII s-Si qarTvelTa qristianul siTbos rusi politikosebi TavianTi miznis misaRwevad iyenebdnen. iv. javaxiSvili wers: `qarTvelebs SoriTgan gagonili hqondaT rusTa mxurvale sarwmunoebrivi grZnoba da eWvi ar ebadebodaT, rom ruseTi qarTvelTa suliskveTebas advilad gaigebda da maTs Tavganwiruls brZolaSi sparseTisa da osmaleTis winaaRmdeg wrfelis guliT Zliers daxmarebas gauwevda. ruseTis mTavrobas da politikosebs ar gamohparviaT qarTvelTa amgvari politikuri gulubryviloba. mTeli maTi politika saqarTvelos mimarT, rodesac ki ruseTis samxedro TvalsazrisiT qarTvelTa Zalis gamoyeneba osmaleTis, an sparseTis winaaRmdeg saWirod miaCndaT, swored qarTvelTa am sust grZnobebsa da gulubryvilobaze iyo xolme damyarebuli. `qarTvelebs mxurvale sarwmunoebrivi grZnoba aqvT da amazea damyarebuli maTi gulmodgineba sruliad ruseTis karisadmi da keTilmosurneoba rusi xalxisadmio~, _ ase ambobdnen ruseTis mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi, da am qarTvelTa mxurvale sarwmunoebrivi grZnobis saSualebiT cdilobdnen da axerxebdnen kidec qarTvelebis imdenad mojadoebas, rom ruseTis politikuri miznebis gansaxorcieleblad gamoeyenebinaT. roca ruseTisaTvis saWiro iyo, maSin mas agondeboda, rom qarTvelebi mxurvale qristianebi iyvnen... ase iyo xolme, sanam saqarTvelos ar Seacdenda da Tavis samxedro gegmis mixedviT osmaleTTan an sparseTTan omSi, romelsac igi ganizraxavda, ar Carevda, magram ra wams ruseTs Tavisi piradi mizani miuRwevlad miaCnda, an omis gagrZelebas TavisaTvis xelsayrelad aRar sTvlida, is saqarTvelos uyoymanod miatovebda xolme da maSin mas yvelaferi aviwydeboda, qarTvelTa qristianobac da gaWirvebac. aseT SemTxvevaSi is imazec ki aRar fiqrobda, rom saqarTvelo swored misi wyalobiT da misi moqmedebiT winandelze ufro uaressa da umweo mdgomareobaSi vardeboda xolme~308. ruseT-osmaleTis omis win qarTuli saxelmwifos uzenaesobas aRiarebdnen vrclad gaSlil teritoriaze (vidre araqsamde) arsebuli saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebi. 1760 w-is dekemberSi ereklem yarabaRis xans Zlieri
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damarcxeba agema, ganjaze batonoba ganamtkica, xolo TviT yarabaReli xani fana Tavisi gavlenis qveS moaqcia. qarTl-kaxeTis uzenaesoba sajarod aRiares agreTve Saqis, Samaxiis, yarabaRisa da naxiCevanis mflobelebmac. kidev ufro ganmtkicda erekles mbrZanebloba somxeTSi309. aRsaniSnavia, rom TiTqmis mTeli XVIII s-is ganmavlobaSi Crdilo azerbaijani da somxeTi, anu is teritoria, romelsac samxreTidan mdinare araqsi sazRvravda, qarTuli saxelmwifos gavlenis sferos da zogjer vasalur mxareebsac ki warmoadgendnen. am regions Semdgom rusulma xelisuflebam àRmosavleTi amierkavkasia~ uwoda, sparseTi ki mas aRniSnul epoqaSi `gurjistans~ uwodebda. sparsi xelisufali _ `gurjistanis vali~ Zalze xSirad swored aRniSnuli mxaris gamgebeli iyo (`gurjistanis valebad~, rogorc wesi, qarTveli mefeebi _ `xanebi~ _ iniSnebodnen. sparseTSi sul oTxi `vali~ iyo, romelTa monawileoba Sahis koronaciaSi aucileblobas warmoadgenda). ara marto `valebi~: rostom-xani, Sah-navaz V, vaxtang VI, aramed ufro adrec qarTveli mefeebi (Teimuraz I da sxvebi) TavianT gavlenas Zalze xSirad mdinare araqsamde avrcelebdnen. ruseTis xelisuflebam XIX s-is dasawyisSi aRniSnuli miwa-wyali sparseTis imperias Camoacila (anu teritoria mdinare araqsamde). ruseTs amis uflebas TiTqosda is aniWebda, rom masTan `SeerTebul~ qarTl-kaxeTis saxelmwifos gavlenis sfero araqsamde aRwevda (yovel SemTxvevaSi ganjisa da erevnis saxanoebi erekles moxarkeni iyvnen, xolo Saqsa, Sirvansa da yarabaRze mefe pretenzias acxadebda da zogierT uflebasac axorcielebda). rogorc aRiniSna, aRniSnul mxares, anu aRmosavleT amierkavkasias sparseTSi zogadad `gurjistans~ uwodebdnen da es mxare ruseTma (qarTlkaxeTis Semdgom) Tavis imperias SeuerTa (sazogadod im epoqisaTvis azerbaijani _ ZiriTadad araqsis samxreTiT mimdebare qveyanas erqva). 1763 wlisaTvis ìranis axalma mbrZanebelma erekle qarTl-kaxeTis mefed aRiara, igi Seurigda agreTve qarTveli mefis gavlenas amierkavkasiis saxanoebze (qerim-xans amierkavkasiis xanebisaTvis brZanebebi gaugzavnia, rom erekles morCilebaSi yofiliyvnen310). iransa da saqarTvelos Soris politikuri sazRvari kvlavac md. araqsze gadioda~310. garkveuli cvlilebebiT ZiriTadad aseve iyo XIX s-mde. rogorc iTqva, swored qarTuli saxelmwifos gavlenis sferoSi myofi es mxareebi SeuerTa ruseTma Tavis imperias da saqarTvelosa da sparseTs Soris mdinare araqsze gamavali sazRvari ruseTsa da sparseTs Soris sazRvrad iqca. ruseTi, romelsac amierkavkasiis mierTeba hqonda dagegmili, yvela xerxs xmarobda erekles saxelmwifos dasustebisaTvis. roca ereklem jer 1778 wlisaTvis ganjaSi Tavisi `gubernatori~ dasva, xolo Semdeg erevnis saxanos uSualod saqarTvelosTan SemoerTebisaTvis daiwyo moqmedeba, ruseTma es procesi Seaferxa.
1070
`1779 w-s qarTl-kaxeTis jarebma erevnis saxano dalaSqres. rogorc Cans, erekle erevnis saxanos uSualo SemoerTebisaTvis ibrZoda. am ganzraxvas sakmaod Rrma mizezebi hqonda. somxeTis es mxare maSin saerTaSoriso intrigebis xlarTSi moqceuliyo. erekles, ra Tqma unda, ar surda, rom erevanSi iranis uSualo batonoba aRmdgariyo. misTvis arc is iyo misaRebi, rom am dros somexi politikuri moRvaweebi ereklesagan damoukideblad abamdnen kavSirs ruseTTan da romanovTa saxelmwifos TaosnobiT cdilobdnen amierkavkasiaSi somxeT-albaneTis damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis aRdgenas. erekles ar SeeZlo, gulgrili yofiliyo erevnis saxanos politikuri mdgomareobisadmi... erevnis saxanos uSualo SemoerTebisaTvis brZola gamowveuli iyo agreTve erevnis xanis saqcieliT. igi uars ambobda erekles morCilebasa da xarkze, kavSirs abamda mis politikur mtrebTan. 1779 w-is agvistoSi erekles jarebma erevans alya Semoartyes... ereklem erevanSi xanis gverdiT Tavisi gubernatori daayena. 1780 w-s erekles kvlavac mouxda erevans laSqroba da iq Tavisi batonobis aRdgena, erevnis sakiTxis garTulebis erT-erTi seriozuli mizezi, rogorc Cans, ruseTTan urTierTobis gauareseba iyo~311. swored im momentSi, roca erekle mefe erevanSi ibrZoda, ruseTma àuSva~ aleqsandre baqaris Ze _ `kanonieri~ memkvidre qarTlis samefo taxtisa. man mravali mowinaaRmdege miimxro erekle mefisa da SeZlo `saqarTvelos areva~. aleqsandre baqaris Zis zurgSi ruseTis di plomatebi idgnen. ès gasagebic iyo, radgan TviTmpyrobeluri imperia, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qarTl-kaxeTisa da osmaleTis kavSiri ganxorcieldeboda da erekle gaZlierdeboda, amierkavkasiaSi gavlenas unda gamoTxoveboda~312. amierkavkasiaSi erekles gavlenis Semcirebisa da sakuTari uflebebis gazrdisaTvis ruseTis di plomatia sxvadasxva xerxs iyenebda, ruseTs aSfoTebda qarTuli saxelmwifos gaZliereba: `Cans, ruseTis kari SeSfoTebulia erekles politikuri nabijebiT. ueWvelia, ruseTi Seecdeba saTanado RonisZiebani miiRos, rom erekles gezi Seacvlevinos (Cerqez gadmosaxlebulTa dakaveba, Cerqez-yabardoelTa gadmosaxlebisaTvis qarTl-kaxeTSi didi mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi mimdinareobda. es saqme CaSala ruseTis imperiam...), aleqsandre amilaxvaris aSveba, aleqsandre baqaris Zis faTalixanTan gaCena da TviT faTali-xanis aqtiuroba erekles winaaRmdeg _ yvela es ruseTis mefis mier miRebuli kontrzomebi Cans~313. `...ucilobelia, rom mefis ruseTma CaSala erekles didi RonisZieba _ yabardoelTa erTi nawilis gadmosaxleba saqarTveloSi. qarTl-kaxeTis saxelmwifom amiT mniSvnelovani samxedro rezervebi dakarga. es iyo 1778 wlis kritikul momentSi, roca èrekles moaklda is Zala, romliTac igi xSirad warmatebiT igeriebda mtris saSiS Semosevebs~314. ereklem erevnis saxano uSualod Tavis saxelmwifos ver SemouerTa zemoaRniSnuli mizezebis gamo _ àRdgomis~ programis erTi nawili CaifuSa.
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`...ruseTis imperia ukve sazRvars udebda erekles gaZlierebas, romlis damoukidebeli politikac mas aRar awyobda. erekles saxelmwifos uyurebdnen mxolod rogorc saSualebas imperiis batonobis gavrcelebisaTvis amierkavkasiaSi~315. ruseTi erekles evropasTan urTierTobasac zRudavda: `kancleri bezborotko erT Tavis instruqciaSi erekles aRniSnuli urTierTobebis gamo ukmayofilebas ver malavda, qarTl-kaxeTis diplomatebi ukve grZnobdnen, rom ruseTis imperia dRes Tu ara xval mainc erekles saxelmwifos moakiTxavda~316. radgan ruseTis imperias Tavisi sazRvrebis gafarToebis mizanswrafuli gegma hqonda, saqarTvelosac Tavis momaval miwa-wylad ganixilavda (iseve rogorc nebismier qveyanas, romlis dapyrobasac SeZlebda). amiT iyo gamowveuli jer kidev 60-ian wlebSi totlebenis moqmedeba: `...ruseTs araviTari survili ar hqonda, rom saqarTvelos gulisaTvis osmaleTs da sparseTs wasCxubeboda, mSvidobianoba iyo da saqarTvelo maSin ruseTs ar esaWiroeboda, magram 16 wlis Semdeg, 1768 w-s, roca osmaleTma ruseTs omi gamoucxada da ruseTi uneblieT unda brZolaSi Cabmuliyo, maSin misTvis saqarTvelo, rasakvirvelia, Zalian gamosadegi iqneboda da amitom saqarTvelos arsebobac gaaxsenda, ruseTis samxedro gegma ise iyo Sedgenili, rom osmaleTTan omSi berZnebi, slavebi da saqarTvelos samefoebic unda yofiliyvnen CarTulni, magram qarTvelebis garda sxvebma yvelam sifrTxile da windaxeduleba gamoiCines da ruseTis mTavrobis dagebul qselSi ar gaebnen~317. ruseTis mTavrobam SeZlo saqarTvelos Cabma osmaleTTan omSi. `solomon I omSi Caeba. is fiqrobda ruseTis jaris daxmarebiT daemorCilebina imereTis urCi mTavrebi da Tavadebi. daebrunebina Turqebis mier mitacebuli qarTuli miwebi da sabolood ganedevna saqarTvelodan osmalo dampyroblebi. erekle meore imedovnebda, ruseTis daxmarebiT daebrunebina osmalTa mier mitacebuli samcxe-javaxeTi. daemorCilebina War-beleqani da aRekveTa lekTa TareSi~318. magram `saqarTveloSi rusTa jaris yofnam erekles samefos sargebloba ver moutana. am jaris generlebi qveynis moRalateebTan ufro axlos iyvnen, vidre mefeebTan~319. àRdgomis~ sakuTari gegmis Tanaxmad, erekles mTavar mizans mesxeTis dedasamSoblosTan dabruneba warmoadgenda, rusebis mizanic TiTqosda osmalTa damarcxeba iyo, magram rogorc saqmem warmoaCina, mTlad ase rodi iyo. 1770 wlis 17 aprils qarTvelebisa da ruseTis laSqari awyurs miadga: èrekle meoris gegmiT laSqari axalcixis mimarTulebiT unda wasuliyo da mesxeTis ganTavisufleba daewyo. erekles unda daeswro axalcixis faSisaTvis, vidre is damxmare laSqars miiRebda. amave dros saqarTveloSi unda Camosuliyo rusTa damxmare jaris danarCeni nawilebi. totlebeni ki awyuris cixis aRebas kategoriulad moiTxovda... 19 aprils totlebenma moulodnelad Sewyvita brZola da awyurs gaecala. ereklesa da moura-
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vovis Txovnam totlebenze ar gasWra... generalma totlebenma male gamoamJRavna faruli gegmebi. man icoda, rom zogierTi qarTveli Tavadi mefes opoziciaSi edga da maTi daxmarebiT gadatrialebis mowyoba gadawyvita. totlebens egona, rom qarTlis xelSi Cagdebasa da erekles damxobas advilad moaxerxebda. man daiwyo qarTlis cixe-qalaqebis dakaveba da mosaxleobas ruseTis imperatoris erTgulebaze ZaliT aficebda~320. erekle ormxrivi mtriT garSemortymuli aRmoCnda, ruseTis generloba osmaleTis nacvlad faqtobrivad masTan omobda da amave dros `ruseTisave wyalobiT da rusTa gulisaTvis osmaleTTan omSi CaTreuli aRmoCnda. saqarTvelo rusTa jaris sardlis mierve mravalricxovani mtris winaSe muxanaTurad martodmarto iyo datovebuli. saSineli mdgomareoba Seiqmna, magram am uaRres gansacdelis drosac erekle mefis didebulma samxedro niWma ixsna Cveni eri da samSoblo sxvafriv aucilebeli ganadgurebisagan: mcire laSqriTurT man samxedro gegmisa da xerxis wyalobiT rusTa moqmedebiT gaTamamebuli osmaloTa mravalricxovani jari jer adgilobriv, Semdeg s. aspinZasTan saSinlad daamarcxa da mTlad mospo~321. erekles mier osmalTa damarcxebiT isargebla solomon mefem da TurqeTisagan gaaTavisufla cucxvaTisa da Sorapnis cixeebi, daikava qalaqi quTaisi da mis cixes alya Semoartya. ivlisSi solomoni da totlebeni baRdadis cixes Semoewyvnen da quTaisis cixes Seuties; Turqi mecixovneebi gai parnen. `male totlebensa da solomons Sorisac gamwvavda urTierToba. jiuti generali mefis gonier winadadebebs ar iRebda~322. amas isic daerTo, rom ruseTis warmomadgenelni erekles osmaleTis sawinaaRmdegod alaSqrebdnen, magram gamarjvebiT mopovebulis gamoyenebas ukrZalavdnen. magaliTad, 1771 wels erekle axalcixis safaSos Seesia da xerTvisis cixe da qalaqi aiRo, magram rodesac cixeSi Tavisi mecixovneni Caayena, ruseTis warmomadgenlebma amas winaaRmdegoba gauwies, erekles jarebi gaayvanines, xolo Semdgom, kerZod 1772 wels, kidev imdeni moaxerxes, rom erekle mefes Caagones, èrTxel kidev dahkar xvanTqaris mamulsao~ da manac solomon mefec moimxro da SeerTebulis laSqriT... moarbies axalcixis, artaanisa da javaxeTis olqebi~323. 1772 welsve ruseTma Tavisi jarebi gaiyvana saqarTvelodan: àdvili warmosadgenia, ra mdgomareobaSi unda Cavardniliyo ruseTis wyalobiT osmaleTTan omSi Cabmuli saqarTvelo, rodesac ekaterine II-is brZanebiT ruseTis mcirericxovanma jarmac ki saqarTvelo miatova. TviT xonTqari xom, rasakvirvelia, saqarTveloze ganrisxebuli iyo da raki `gamZvinda mefis iraklis zeda~, arc fuli, arc jarebi dauzogavs, rom Cveni qveynisaTvis omSi CarevisaTvis samagiero gadaexada. osmalebma fuliT lekebic saqarTveloze aamxedres da Crdilo-aRmosavleTidan daRestnelebi, samxreT-dasavleTiTgan osmalebi qveyanas mosvenebas ar aZlevdnen da aoxrebdnen... rodesac sparseTis Sahis moadgilem qerimxanma `scna
1073
mefis iraklisagan ruseTis imperiasa safarvelsa qveSe Sesvla, ganZvinda amisaTvis~ da saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg jariTurT wamovida. ai, ra mdgomareobaSi Caagdo ruseTis mTavrobam saqarTvelo Tavisi samxedro gamarjvebis gulisaTvis~324. saqarTvelosaTvis am mavne kampanias kidev ufro seriozuli Sedegi mohyva _ TurqeTma miitaca da osmaleTis imperias uSualod miuerTa qarTuli miwa-wyali _ `qvemo guria~ _ qobuleTis mxare. 1772 wlisaTvis `saqarTvelodan ruseTis jaris gasvlas TurqTagan guriis samTavros erTi nawilis qobuleTis mxaris mitaceba mohyva~325. es iyo ruseTis foTze warumatebeli Setevisa da guriis saSinao saqmeebSi rusi generlebis uxeSi Carevis Sedegi. zRvispireTSi TavianTi poziciebis kidev ufro ganmtkicebis mizniT Turqebi guriis dapyrobas Seudgnen: `Turqebi qobuleTis mxareSi cixisZiridan SemoiWrnen. imave dros gamahmadianebulma aWarelma feodalebma aWara-guriis qedi gadmolaxes da xinos mxare daikaves. xinowmindeli episkoposi ioane wuwunava iZulebuli gaxda samwyso mietovebina da sajavaxoSi gadasuliyo. male Turqebma qobuleTis mxare daikaves, daarbies, eklesiebis meti nawili aaoxres da am mxareSi gabatondnen... maqsime TavdgiriZe gaamahmadianes, suleimani uwodes da mogvianebiT qobuleTis mxaris gamgeblad (begad) daniSnes... dampyroblebma maSinve daiwyes islamis gavrceleba, anu, rogorc maSin ambobdnen, `gaTaTreba~, magram mosaxleobis Zlier winaaRmdegobas waawydnen... qvemo guria Turqebma sabolood mxolod XIX sis pirvel naxevarSi daimorCiles. manamde es mxare, sadac Zalaufleba gamahmadianebul adgilobriv feodalTa xelSi darCa, arsebiTad ùbatono Tems~ warmoadgenda... qobuleTis mxaris ramdenime sofeli didxans, XIX sis 30-ian wlebamde, qristianobas icavda da guriis mTavris xelisuflebas eqvemdebareboda. miwismflobelobis qarTuli wesebis moSla qvemo guriaSi dampyroblebma ver SeZles. mravali mosaxle farulad qristiandeboda~326. erekles mizans osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omSi Cabmisas mesxeTis SemoerTeba da saqarTvelos istoriul sazRvrebSi aRdgena warmoadgenda, amitomac ruseTis gamo sastikad dazaralebuli erekle osmaleTTan xelSekrulebis dadebisas ruseTis mTavrobas sTxovda, xelSekrulebaSi am teritoriis Sesaxebac yofiliyo naTqvami, amisaTvis elCobac gagzavna ruseTSi, magram 1774 wels imedgacruebuli elCebi ukan dabrundnen. qarTvel mefes isRa darCenoda, Semojarul mtrebs TviTon gamklaveboda Tavisi ZalebiT. amitomac man 1773 wlisaTvis `morige jari~ Seqmna, romlis meoxebiTa da `didi di plomatiuri niWis wyalobiT~ mtrebi daamSvida. misi samefo gaZlierda, iseve rogorc imereTis samefo, romelsac `qristesaTvis mravalgzis sisxldaTxeuli~ mefe solomon I marTavda. solomoni ar Seurigda TurqTa mier qvemo guriis mitacebas da mis gasaTavisufleblad gailaSqra: ìmereT-guriis laSqarma advilad daikava
1074
qobuleTis mxare, aiRo simagre da daangria igi. mefis brZanebiT, qobuleTSi Casaxlebuli ucxoelebi gaJlites, naqalaqari gadaxnes da iq marili daTeses, rom osmalTa es sayrdeni bude aRar gacocxlebuliyo. amis Semdeg solomon I-is laSqarma aRmosavleTidan gverdi auara cixisZiris Zlier simagres, Caqvis mxareSi SeiWra, iqidan Turqebi gareka da Semdeg baTomamde miaRwia~327. samwuxarod, mterma ukan mobrunebul solomons cixisZirTan mware damarcxeba agema. qvemo guria kvlav Turqebma daikaves da `guriis qristianul nawilsac Seuties. amis Semdeg, 1878 wlamde, qvemo guria osmalTa batonobis qveS gminavda~328. Tu raoden damRupveli iyo qarTvelTaTvis erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis moSla, es qvemo guriis magaliTidanac Cans. miuxedavad imisa, rom is sul ramdenime aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi imyofeboda TurqTa batonobis qveS, am mxareSi mahmadianoba damkvidrda da Zveli, mamapapeuli sarwmunoebis, qristianobis aRdgena dRemde ver moxerxda. gamahmadianebis Semdeg qvemo gurulebs mezobeli mahmadianuri mxaris saxelwodebis mixedviT da imis gamoc, rom mas aWareli warmoSobis begebi marTavdnen, aWarlebi uwodes. solomonis gaZlierebas xels uSlidnen dasavleT saqarTvelos separatisti mTavrebi, _ gansakuTrebiT ki dadiani. ìmereT-samegrelos morigebas didad SeuSala xeli totlebenma, romelmac erTmaneTs wahkida mefemTavrebi329. magram 1776 wlisaTvis dadiansa da mefes Soris morigeba moxda. `solomonis moTxovniT dadianma akrZala tyvis yidva da xeli aiRo imereTis kaTalikosisadmi urCobaze~330. aseve moiqca gurielic. `1776 wels kvlav gamTavrebulma giorgi V-m saeklesio saqmeebi moawesriga da tyvis yidva akrZala~331. dasavleT saqarTveloSi qristianul eklesias didi gavlena hqonda. Tuki aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mefeebi da gavleniani politikuri moRvaweebi iZulebis gamo zogjer tovebdnen qristianobas da musulmandebodnen, dasavleT saqarTvelos mefe-mTavarTagan TiTqmis aravin gamahmadianebula (afxazeTis mTavris gamoklebiT) _ isini mtkice qristianebi iyvnen. `miuxedavad imisa, rom mTavrebi XVIII s-is 70-ian wlebamde (da zog SemTxvevaSi Semdegac) Tavs sulTanis vasalebad aRiarebdnen, arc erTi mTavari, garda afxazeTis mTavrisa, ar gamahmadianebula. sulTani iZulebuli xdeboda qarTvelTagan aRebuli xarkiT dakmayofilebuliyo...~332. saerTod ki, mefis xelisuflebis gaZlierebisaTvis eklesia didad zrunavda: `dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis uzenaesi saWeTmpyrobeli _ imereTis kaTalikosi mefis gverdiT imyofeboda da religiuri Tu wminda ekonomikuri mosazrebiT mefis mxareze iyo~333. es ase iyo sazogadod, ramdenadme gamonaklisia magaliTi besarion kaTalikosisa, romelic Tavis Zmas, raWis erisTavs, rostoms, miemxro da xels uwyobda mas mefesTan omisas. solomonma orives damarcxeba SeZlo. kaTalikosi besarioni biZa iyo dadianisa, romelmac igi
1075
Seifara da `samegrelos kaTalikosad~ gamoacxada. magram sabednierod mdgomareoba besarionis gardacvalebisTanave gamosworda. solomonis umTavres damsaxurebad qristesaTvis samsaxuri iTvleboda. mas `qveyanasa CvenTa usjuloTa mahmadianTa ZiriTurT aRmomfxvreli da qristesaTvis mravalgzis sisxldaTxeuli, imerTa meore aRmaSenebeli~ ewoda solomon II-is mier. solomon I-ma Tavis samefodan gandevna `bilwi mahmadianni da iwvada xmali misi Zlieri zurgTa maT zeda da SeReba miwa saZagiTa sisxliTa maTiTa da gardaagdo tyveTa syidva... ganaSvena samRvdeloni, aRayvava eklesiani yovelni~334. radganac àRdgomis~ programis ganxorcieleba (istoriuli sazRvris aRdgena _ samcxe-saaTabagos dabruneba) ereklem ruseTis daxmarebiT ver SeZlo, Seecada osmaleTis mfarvelobis aRiarebiT ganexorcielebina is. 1776 wels erekles warmomadgeneli stambolSi Casula: èrekle axla osmaleTis mfarvelobis aRiarebis gziT fiqrobda samcxe-saaTabagos dabrunebas... axalcixeli faSa maSin ereklesadmi morCilebis gziT fiqrobda sulTanis ymobisagan ganTavisuflebas. rac Seexeba TurqeTs, igi siamovnebiT Sexvedria erekles iniciativas...~335. marTalia, es gegma ar ganxorcielda, magram, rogorc aqedan Cans, qarTveli politikosebisaTvis am periodSi umTavresi zrunvis sagans saqarTvelos istoriul sazRvrebSi aRdgena warmoadgenda... es mizani iyo ganmsazRvreli sagareo politikis orientaciisa. 1776-79 wlebSi erekles saxelmwifom did warmatebas miaRwia, misi gavlenis sazRvari, rogorc aRiniSna, araqsze gadioda. `XIX s-is TurqeTis oficialuri istoriografia Tvlida, rom qarTvelma mefem 1783 w-s ruseTis mfarvelobis miRebiT `daangria sakuTari xelisuflebis safuZveli~. ruseTma erekle moatyua da qarTl-kaxeTis sruli dapyrobisaTvis emzadeboda~... Zlierma ruseTma kavkasionis mTagrexili uomrad gadmolaxa, uSualod daumezoblda sulTanis samflobeloebs da mas saqarTvelodan `meore fronti~ gauxsna...~336. `traqtatis~ dadebisas qarTvel politikosTa mizani upirvelesad saqarTvelos àRdgoma~ da miRweuli warmatebebis ganmtkiceba iyo. xolo ruseTis saboloo mizans saqarTvelos gavliT konstantinepolisa da sruteebis aReba da sparseTis damorCileba warmoadgenda. `...imperiis di plomatebi aRmosavleT amierkavkasiidan iranelTa gandevnaze fiqrobdnen da emzadebodnen imisaTvis, rom TurqeTis winaaRmdegac gadamwyveti Seteva daewyoT daepyroT konstantinepoli da sruteebi~337. meore mxriv, `ruseTs ukve 1778 wliTgan moyolebuli saidumlo gegma hqonda sparseTis Sesaxeb da amis samzadisSi iyo~338. qarTuli saxelmwifos mdgomareoba dRiTi dRe uaresdeboda. rusTa ori batalionis daxmareba verafriT amsubuqebda mis mdgomareobas... qarTlkaxeTs ukve lek-osmalTa sakmaod mravalricxovani jari utevda. maT winaaRmdeg axla qarTvelebi da rusebi erTad gamodiodnen, erToblivi brZola
1076
1784-1785 wlebSi met-naklebad warmatebiT mimdinareobda. qarTl-kaxeTis msxverpli ki am brZolaSi ganuzomeli iyo339. `XVIII s-is 40-iani wlebidan vidre dRemde (1785 w. noemberi) amisTana gansacdelSi saqarTvelo ar yofila~, _ swerda garsevan WavWavaZe g. potiomkins...~ `saqarTvelo ukiduresad nadgurdeba _ werda burnaSovi _ imis gamo, rom gzebze gamosvla saSiSia, vaWroba mTlad Sewyda, puris moyvana Seferxebulia, radgan mosaxleobas saxelmwifo Tu samxedro samsaxurSi iwveven da soflebi dacarielebulia...~340. qveynis ubedurebis wyarod miiCneoda traqtati da rusTa jaris yofna saqarTveloSi. ereklesac aseve miaCnda. is elCs werda: `nu aTqmevineb visme amasa... ruseTis SeerTebis mizeziT mouSveleblobiT daiqca saqarTvelo~341. ruseTma gaiyvana Tavisi jari saqarTvelodan, moxda gasaocari ram, qarTuli saxelmwifo ufro gaZlierda, ereklem ganjis saxanoze batonoba aRidgina da samxreT azerbaijanis dasamorCileblad iwyo qmedeba. qarTulma saxelmwifom Zveli mdgomareoba aRidgina da 1790 wlisaTvis saqarTvelos mefe-mTavarTa Soris kavSiric daido. qveynis gaerTianeba àRdgomis~ programis umTavresi nawili iyo. am droisaTvis iranSi aRa-mahmad-xani gaZlierda. man 1791 wels azerbaijani daimorCila. `jeri Semdeg yarabaRisa da erevnis xanebze midga. orTavem aRa-mahmad-xanis moTxovnileba uaryo. erevnis xanma ibrahimma Tanac SeuTvala, rom is saqarTvelos mefis, erekle II-is, sruls morCilebaSia da swored amitom, ar SeuZlia aRa-mahmad-xanis moTxovnileba Seasrulos. am ukanasknels gadawyvetili hqonda, orive xani ZaliT daemorCilebina. aseT mdgomareobaSi srulebiT bunebrivi iyo, rom erekle mefes aRa-mahmad-xanis Semosevis molodini hqonoda. ruseTis mTavrobam yvela es ambavi mSvenivrad icoda, magram araviTar yuradRebas ar aqcevda im safrTxes, romelic mis erTguls mokavSires, patara saqarTvelos sparseTisagan moeloda~342. ereklem mravalgzis Seaxsena 1783 wlis traqtati, magram ruseTisagan araTu daxmareba miiRo, aramed Crdilo kavkasiaSi ganlagebuli rusTa jaris sardalma nebsiT Tu uneblieT Sahs Seatyobina, rom ruseTi saqarTvelos dasacavad jaris gagzavnas ar apirebda. amiT xelgaxsnili da daimedebuli Sahi 1795 wels saqarTvelos Semoesia. èrekle meoris SvilisSvilebis cnobiT, aRa-mahmad-xani wina kavkasiaSi ganlagebul rusTa jaris sardals general gudoviCs didZal saCuqrebs ugzavnida da amitom mas rusTa maSveli jari ar gamougzavnao... gudoviCis utaqtoba da fulxarboba saqarTvelosaTvis im sabediswero momentSi xels uwyobda aRa-mahmad xans advilad darwmunebuliyo imaSi, rom rusTa maSvel jars ar agzavnidnen~343. 1795 wlis seqtemberSi rusTa umoqmedobiT daimedebuli Sahi Tbilisisken daiZra. àRa-mahmad-xanis mxareze gadavidnen erekleTi ukmayofilo yarabaReli somexi meliqebi _ mejlumi da habovi, male erevnis xanmac qedi
1077
mouxara dampyrobels, xolo somexTa kaTalikosma didZali Tanxis gaRebiT (100 000 man.) ìyida~ mSvidoba. mterma Tbilisis misadgomebTan erekle daamarcxa, ori dRis Semdeg dedaqalaqi aiRo, gaZarcva da gadawva. àRa-mahmad-xanis Semosevam ise gaanadgura aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefo, rom 61 000 komlidan, romelic Semosevamde, magaliTad, Tundac 1783 wels iyo, 1795 wlis Semosevis Semdeg 35 000 komli ZlivsRa iqneboda darCenili. siberis dros Zlieri `mfarvel~ mokavSiris mier motyuebuli, am pirvel Tavze damtydar saSineli ubedurebiT gulgatexili, oTxmoci wlis moxuci mefe iZulebuli iyo mwuxarebiT da sasowarkveTilebiT aRsavse ananuris monasterSi Sexiznuliyo~344. amis Semdeg sparseTis Sahma erekles Seatyobina, rom Tu ruseTis mokavSireobaze xels aiRebda da mokavSireobis xelSekrulebas sparseTTan dadebda, mis yvela uflebas scnobda, tyveebs gaaTavisuflebda da Tbilissac aRadgenda, magram ereklem es ar ineba. Tavis mxriv osmaleTmac erTi milioni maneTi SesTavaza sesxis saxiT mefe erekles, magram kavSiris damyareba man arc osmaleTTan moisurva. 1796 wels ruseTma sparseTs omi gamoucxada da saqarTvelos dasacavad jari Semoiyvana, romelic imave wels ukan daabruna. saqarTvelo ki sparseTTan omis mdgomareobaSi miatova. Zneli warmosadgeni ar unda iyos, Tu ranairad Tavzardacemuli unda yofiliyo saqarTvelo da erekle mefe, sxva xanebic, romelnic sparseTis am laSqrobaSi ruseTTan erTad monawileobas iRebdnen, rodesac ruseTis mTavrobis upirobam am SemTxvevaSic Tavi iCina. aRa-mahmad-xani ki sixaruliT cas eweoda...345. male man saqarTvelosakenac daZra Tavisi jari, magram sabednierod SuSaSi mokles. am gansacdelSic ki, 1797 wlisaTvis, ruseTma saqarTvelodan Tavisi isedac mcirericxovani jaris ukanaskneli nawilic ki gaiyvana, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos mdgomareoba sastikad gauaresda. 1798 wels gardacvlili erekles nacvlad taxtze asul avadmyof giorgi XIII-s ruseTis warmomadgenlebma auxsnes, rom ruseTi Tavis jars mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miaSvelebda, Tuki is `SeerTebis~ Txovnas xels moawerda. 1799 wels saqarTveloSi ruseTis jari Semovida, romelic saqarTvelodan 1918 wlamde aRar gasula. qarTvelTa wadili ùfro Zlieri da mtkice saqarTvelos~ Sesaqmnelad oriaTaswlovani qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis mospobiT dasrulda.
suli erTobisa
1490 wels qarTlis mefis karze mowveulma didebulTa darbazobam ukve arsebuli faqti erTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sam samefod da samTavroebad daSlisa iuridiulad aRiara. swored 300 wlis Tavze 1790 wels, mefis karze kvlav Sedga didebulTa darbazoba, romelmac qarTvelTa erTianobis sakiTxi sruliad sxvagvarad gadawyvita.
1078
is yovlismomcveli damSleli suli, romelic saqarTveloSi XVI-XVII saukuneebSi batonobda, XVIII saukuneSi TandaTan daiSrita da adgils erovnuli erTobis suls uTmobda. sxva sabuTebTan erTad amaze metyvelebs 1790 wlis èrTobis traqtati iverielTa mefeTa da mTavarTa~. sruli saxeliT - `traqtati iverielTa mefeTa da mTavarTagan damtkicebuli sazogadoebisaTvis SeerTebisa qarTlisa, kaxeTisa, imerTa, odiSisa da guriisa, aRwerili sameufeosa qalaqsa Tfiliss 1790 welsa~. Tu aqamde, TiTqmis mTeli 300 wlis manZilze qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi, rbilad rom vTqvaT, ara `qarTlisa, kaxeTisa, imerTa, odiSisa da guriis SeerTebisaTvis~, aramed qveynis daqucmacebisa da kuTxur-administraciuli suverenitetis ganmtkicebisaTvis iRvwodnen, 1790 wlisaTvis viTareba kardinalurad Seicvala da upirveles problemad `SeerTebis~ sakiTxi iqca. mainc ratom unda SeerTebuliyvnen imJamad suverenuli samefoebi da samTavroebi, ra hqondaT saerTo? traqtatis preambula swored am kiTxvas scems pasuxs: yvela saxelmwifoebriv erTeulSi _ qarTlSi, kaxeTSi, imereTSi, odiSsa Tu guriaSi cxovrobs erTi eri _ qarTveli anu iverieli xalxi. am iverielebs, mcxovrebT, zemoT aRniSnul qveynebSi, eTnikur-erovnuli erTobis garda aqvT agreTve sarwmunoebrivi erToba, rac imiT gamoixateba, rom erTi (e.i. qarTuli) eklesiis wevrni arian. garda amisa, sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebriv erTeulSi mcxovreb iverielebs aqvT enobrivi erToba da rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania _ sisxliT naTesaoba, erTmaneTTan kavSiris istoriuli gamocdileba: `vinaiTgan yovelTave iverielTa, msaxlobelTa samefosa Sina qarTlisa, kaxeTisa, imerTa, odiSisa da guriisaTa, aqvT erTmorwmuneba, arian Zeni erTisa kaTolike eklesiisagan Sobilni da erTisa enisa mqonebelni, aqvT mavasxelobiTica siyvaruli, viTarca sisxliT naTesavTa moyvrobiT SekrulTa urTierTTa Soris. amisaTvis Cven, zemoxsenebulTa qveyanaTa iveriisaTa mefeni da mTavarni, damamtkicebelni saukunosa amis pirobisa, saxeliTa yovlad Zlierisa RmerTisaTa, aRuvsTqvamT mtkicesa amas erTobasa~346. maSasadame, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva administraciul-saxelmwifoebriv erTeulis erTobas safuZvlad erovnuli erToba unda dasdeboda. es dokumenti saqarTvelos or geografiul nawilad hyofs _ zemo da qvemo iveriebad. `zemo iveriaSi~ Sedis qarTl-kaxeTis samefo, xolo `qvemo iveriaSi~ _ imerTa samefo, odiSisa da guriis samTavroebi. saxeli ìveriis~ gacocxleba gamoiwvia aRniSnuli droisaTvis termin `saqarTvelos~ erTgvarma dakninebam. erTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwifos daSlis Semdeg, rogorc cnobilia, `qarTveli~ zogjer mxolod provinciuli sadaurobis SinaarsiT, `qarTlelis~ gagebiT ixmareboda, xolo `kaxeli~, ìmereli~, `megreli~, `svani~ Tu sxva, qarTuli provinciebisa da Temebis mkvidr qarTvelTa sadaurobis aRmniSvneli saxelebi iyo. am dros gaCnda
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tendencia aseTi kuTxur-Temobrivi saxelebis gverdiT iseTi saxeli damkvidrebuliyo, romelic maTi saerTo samSoblos gamomxatveli iqneboda. aseT saxelad `saqarTvelos~ da `qarTvelis~ gverdiT ìveria~ da ìverielni~ gaCnda347. qarTvelTa erovnuli erTobis aRmniSvnelma terminma ìverielma~ xelaxali sicocxle XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi SeiZina. am dros dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas _ qvemo iverielebs, aRmosavleTisas ki _ zemo iverielebs uwodebdnen. zogierT sabuTSi mcxeTeli mamamTavari Tavs `zemoiveriis kaTalikos-patriarqad~ moixseniebda. aseve erT sabuTSi afxazeTis kaTalikosi Tavis Tavs `qvemo iveriis patriarqs~ uwodebs. rogorc aRiniSna, am droisaTvis saqarTvelo faqtobrivad danawevrebul qveyanas warmoadgenda da sxvadasxva administraciul erTeulSi mcxovreb qarTvelebs erovnuli TviTSemecneba uaRresad dakninebuli hqondaT. isini xSirad TavianT erovnul warmomavlobas imis mixedviT sazRvravdnen, Tu romel kuTxeSi cxovrobdnen. imereTSi imerloba yalibdeboda, kaxeTSi kaxeloba, guriaSi _ guruloba da a.S. erovnuli TviTSemecneba iqamde iyo dakninebuli, rom sruliad saqarTvelos momcveli saxelmwifos arseboba saeWvod iyo qceuli, xalxis yuradReba sruliad sxva saganze iyo gadatanili. Cvens did istorikoss, vaxuSti bagrations sagangebo msjeloba dasWirda imisaTvis, rom erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos arsebobis istoriuli realoba daemtkicebina, `garna erTmefobasa warmoaCinebs awca samni xilulni eseni, vinaiTgan iyo yoveli iveria qarTlis mefisa qveSe pyrobasa: pirveli ukeTu hkiTxo vinme qarTvelsa an imersa, mesxsa da her-kaxsa _ ra rjuli xar? wams mogigebs: `qarTveli~. meored ars amaT yovelTa wigni da ena erTi-igive farnaoz pirvelsa mefisagan qmnuli. da hkiTxo ra winTqmulTa maT kacTa: `ra ena da wigni uwyi~, mogigebs myis _ `qarTuli~. rameTu ara ityvis, arca rjulsa, enasa da wignsa imerTasa, anu mesxTa da herkaxTasa, aramed qarTulsa~348. aqedan Cans, rom erTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwifos daSlasTan erTad, qarTveli xalxic Temebad da tomebad iSleboda. magram es procesi totaluri ar yofila. kuTxur saxelmwifoebriv erTeulebSi mcxovrebma mosaxleobam Zveli, erovnuli TviTSemecnebis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi SeinarCuna. vaxuStis Tanaxmad, es niSnebi yofila `qarTuli rjuli~, `qarTuli ena~, `qarTuli wigni~ da sxva. termini `rjulis~ qveS vaxuSti ara marto sarwmunoebriv aRmsareblobas, aramed eTnikur kuTvnilebasac gulisxmobda. saerTod, qarTul xalxur metyvelebaSi `rjuli~ ufro eTnikuri kuTvnilebis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda, vidre sarwmunoebisa. es albaT Sua saukuneebSi Seqmnili mdgomareobis anareklia, roca adamianis erovnebas misi sarwmunoebrivi mrwamsi gansazRvravda. magaliTad, pasuxi kiTxvaze: `ra rjuli xar?~ _ `qarTveli~ eTnikur warmoSobas gulisxmobda. eTnikuri da nacionaluri TviTSemecnebis daqveiTebis dros saxelmwifoebriv da
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eklesiur erTianobas didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda. es kargad esmodaT Cvens saeklesio moRvaweebs da maradJams eTnikuri TviTSegnebis aRorZinebisaTvis iRvwodnen. magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnul periodSi qarTuli eklesia orad iyo gayofili, Zalze xSirad eklesiis mesaWeni titulaturaSi TavianT Tavs moixseniebdnen sruliad saqarTvelos mamamTavrebad. qarTuli eklesiis meTauris saxeli im dros, rogorc wesi, qveynis yovel mxareSi moixsenieboda, radgan wirva-locvis dros kaTalikos-patriarqis xseneba yvela eklesiaSi savaldebulo iyo. xolo misi sruli titulaturiT moxsenieba yoveli kuTxis mcxovreb qarTvels saerTo samSoblos, saqarTvelos, arsebobas Seaxsenebda. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia is, rom `saqarTvelos kaTolikospatriarqi~ ara marto mcxeTel mamamTavars, aramed biWvinTel (gelaTel) mamamTavarsac ewodeboda. magaliTad, 1712 wlis sabuTSi biWvinTisadmi Sewirulebis wigns kaTalikosi ase awers xels _ `grigol mwyemsi qristes mier yovlisa saqarTveloisa kaTalikozi~349. sityva `saqarTvelo~ dasavleT saqarTveloSi qveynis ukiduresi daSlis drosac ki cocxlobda. saqarTvelos am nawilis mosaxleobas `qarTvelebs~ uwodebdnen, magaliTad, 1733 wlis biWvinTisadmi Sewirulebis wignSi grigol afxazeTis kaTalikosi wers: àndrias moeca CrdiloeTisa qveyana... rameTu Cven qarTvelni misni wil-xTomilni varT~350. Cveni eklesiis mesaWeTa aseTi gancxadebebi didad uwyobda xels dasavlel qarTvelTa erovnul TviTSemecnebaSi garkvevas da erovnuli TviTSegnebis ganmtkicebas, miT umetes, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi mravali qarTuli Temi da tomi cxovrobda. sabednierod, XVIII saukuneSi gaRvivebuli èrTobis suli~ imdenad Zlieri aRmoCnda, rom Temobrivi partikularizmi sZlia. sazogadod, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi mcxovrebTa erovnuli erTianobis Sesaxeb imdroindeli moRvaweni yovelTvis, gansakuTrebiT aSlilobis drosac ki werdnen. magaliTad, XVII saukunis Sua wlebSi, gansakuTrebiT gaZlierebuli odiSis mTavari usastikesad arbevda imereTs, amis gamo vaxuSti wers _ àramed imerTa uyofda esreT TanamonaTesaveTa, erTsjulTa da mefesa Tvissa...~351. rogorc moyvanili winadadebidan Cans, odiSarni da imerelni _ `TanamonaTesaveni~, anu erTi eris Svilebi arian da es TviT usastikesi urTierTJletis drosac ki ician. uZvelesi qarTuli saistorio wyarodan `moqcevaA qarTlisaAdan~ Cans, rom qarTveli xalxi, romelsac sakuTari saxelmwifo hqonda, erad jer kidev qristes Sobamde didi xniT adre Camoyalibda. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, IV_III saukuneebSi ukve erTiani saxelmwifo gvqonda, romlis pirvelma mefe farnavazma qarTul enas saxelmwifo statusi mianiWa. pirveli erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebi dasavleTiT Sav zRvasa da mdinare egriswyalze gadioda. V saukunisaTvis es sazRvrebi CrdiloeTiT iqna
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gadaweuli. `moqcevaAs~ Tanaxmadac àrian _ qarTlidan~ gadmosaxlebuli qarTvelebis gansaxlebis ukiduresi dasavleTis sazRvari mdinare egriswyalsa da Sav zRvaze gadioda. VIII-X saukuneebSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifos kvlav gaerTianebam da erTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwifos kvlav aRdgenam XI saukunis Semdgom kidev ufro ganamtkica qarTveli eris erToba, magram XV-XVI saukuneebSi erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos daSlam eris Temebad daSla gamoiwvia. warmoiSva mcire qarTuli saxelmwifoebi. am saxelmwifoebSi mcxovreb qarTvelobas uviTardeboda kuTxuroba, yalibdeboda Temobrioba, sazogadod zogjer ersa da saxelmwifos sinonimuri mniSvnelobiTac ki iyenebdnen352. cxadia, qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebis, samefoebisa da samTavroebis arseboba xels uwyobda qarTveli eris daSlasa da kuTxuroba-Temobriobis aRorZinebas. sabednierod, kuTxurobam ver dasZlia erovnuli TviTSemecneba, mizezi uTuod is iyo, rom qarTvel ers oriaTaswlovani da kidev meti istoria hqonda. saerTo `rjuli~ da `wigni~ (mwignobroba, sarwmunoeba, kultura), Tanaxmad vaxuStisa, kvlav aerTianebda qarTvelobas. xolo XVIII saukuneSi moRvawe mamuliSvilTa sayovelTao mizanma, romelic gadmoicemoda sityviT àRdgoma~ da saqarTvelos erT saxelmwifod gaerTianebas gulisxmobda, erovnuli erTianobisaken swrafva ufro gaaZliera. saqarTveloSi mudam ibrZodnen da iRvwodnen gaerTianebisaTvis, òdindeli saqarTvelos aRdgenisaTvis brZola misi daSlis pirveli dRidanve daiwyo da is arc saxelmwifoebriobis dakargvis Semdeg Sewyvetila. gaerTianebis idea cocxlobda yovelTvis da yovelgvar pirobebSi. erovnuli Segnebis aseTi didi sicocxlisunarianoba eWvi araa, ukve miRweuli (XII-XIII ss-Si) eTnikuri da kulturuli konsolidaciis uaRresad maRali donis Sedegi iyo, ris gamoc erovnuli erTianobis ideis bolomde aRmofxvra faqtobrivad SeuZlebeli gaxda~353. qarTul samefo-samTavroTa mesveurebi zogjer TviT udidesi daSlis drosac ki erTiandebodnen. Teimurazma XVII s-is 30-ian wlebSi `samive samefos laSqari~ gaaerTiana da `mTeli saqarTvelos laSqriT~ ganjayarabaRze gailaSqra. mefe rostom xans pativiscemis niSnad am saukunis miwuruls sparselebma datyvevebuli `saqarTvelos kacni-imerelni, qarTvelni da kaxni~ gamougzavnes. XVII s-is bolosaTvis, axali saukunis mijnaze, vaxtang V-is (Sahnavazis) mefobis dros tendencia saqarTvelos gaerTianebisa gansakuTrebiT gamoikveTa, ase iyo arCilis kaxeTSi da imereTSi mefobisas. Teimuraz II-isa da erekle II-is dros qarTl-kaxeTis samefoebi gaerTianda. XVIII saukunis Sua wlebSi sruliad saqarTvelos saxelmwifoTa Soris SeTanxmebac moxda. `50-60-ian wlebSi erekles politikuri gavlena dasavleT saqarTveloze ucilobeli iyo, ramdenadme kidec xorcieldeboda samxedro
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kavSiri amier da imier politikur erTeulebs Soris. 1753 wlidan ereklesa da solomons Soris samxedro kavSiric gaformda. 1770 wels igi mxolod droebiT Sewyda da 1773 wlidan isev ganaxlda~354. gaerTianebisaken miiltvodnen 80-ian wlebSic. `zemo~ da `qvemo~ iveriis SerwymisaTvis pirobebi mwifdeboda355. qarTuli ena da qarTuli mwignobroba-kultura qarTvelebs mudam aerTianebda. ènisa da mwerlobis es didi mniSvneloba kidev ufro izrdeboda qarTveli eris istoriis Savbnel periodSi, kerZod, erTiani saqarTvelos daqucmacebisa da samefo-samTavroebis urTierTbrZolis viTarebaSi, rac gviani feodalizmis periodisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. qarTuli ena da literatura warmoadgenda im duRabs, rasac jer kidev Seswevda Zala erTianobis grZnoba da misdami miswrafeba SeenarCunebina qarTul samefosamTavroebis mesveurTa da tomTa Soris, amasTan erTad udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda im garemoebas, rom Zveli samwerlo qarTuli ena da qarTuli literatura arc enobriv-stilisturad, arc ideur-politikurad da saerTod, Sinaarsobrivad, ZiriTadad ar amJRavnebs tomobriv-geografiul gankerZoebulebas, ar arsebobs aRmosavleT-qarTuli, samxreT-qarTuli da dasavleT-qarTuli literaturuli mimarTulebani, aramed mTeli Cveni mwerloba arsebiTad erTiani qarTulia, Cveni samSoblos romel kuTxeSic ar unda iyos Seqmnili esa Tu is nawarmoebi da romeli qarTuli tomis warmomadgenelic ar unda iyos misi avtori. es movlena literaturis istoriaSi sayovelTao xasiaTisa ar aris, vinaidan, msoflios bevri mowinave literaturis istoria tomobriv-kuTxuri mimarTulebebiT viTardeboda da es mimarTulebani Rrma kvals tovebdnen saerTo-erovnuli literaturis ganviTarebaze. amgvarad, XVI-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli mwerlobis Zeglebi, romlebic dasavleT saqarTveloSi Seiqmna, saerTo _ qarTuli mwerlobis Zeglebia, rogorc Tavisi formiT, ise SinaarsiT...~356. saqarTveloSi kulturul-saganmanaTleblo saqmianobis umTavresi da umniSvnelovanesi kerebi, rogorc wesi _ eklesia-monastrebi iyvnen, romelnic saerTod ar scnobdnen kuTxobriobasa da Temobriobas da qarTvel ers erTian sxeulad ganixilavdnen. `qarTul-samefo-samTavroebSi mimdinare kulturul-SemoqmedebiTi procesi saerTo-erovnuli, qarTuli kulturis ganviTarebis procesi iyo. es ar iyo qarTluri, kaxuri, imeruli Tu megrul-gurul-svanuri kultura. politikuri gaTiSulobis pirobebSic qarTuli enis safuZvelze Seqmnili kulturuli erToba, romelic Sinagani ideologiuri antagonizmiT xasiaTdeboda, arasodes danawevrebula calkeuli qarTuli eTnikuri erTeulebis kulturad~357. qarTuli eklesia ara mxolod ideologiurad qmnida qarTul eTnikur erTeulTa Soris erTobis sulier safuZvlebs, aramed praqtikuli saqmianobiTac. Cveni eklesiis struqtura ise iyo mowyobili, rom is yovelTvis,
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TavisdauneblieTac ki, erTianobas uwyobda xels. es kargad SeumCneviaT Cvens mefeebs samTavroTa, saTavadoTa da saero feodalTa mier qveynis daqucmacebisas. amitomac, magaliTad, imereTis mefe `bagrat mesamem scada eklesiis wina planze wamoweva. eklesia didi yma-mamulis mflobeli iyo. saero feodalebs misi mamulis datacebaze eWiraT Tvali. mefe eklesiis miwebs icavda, episkoposi mefis mier iniSneboda, amitom mefis erTguli iyo. saepiskoposoebis daarsebiT mefe Tavis erTgul feodalTa dass qmnida, romelic misi dasayrdeni iqneboda~358. erTianobis suli, romelsac eklesia amkvidrebda, gansakuTrebiT dasafasebeli im didi Sinagani aSlilobis dros iyo, romelmac saqarTvelo XVI_XVIII saukuneebSi moicva. Tumca, saqarTvelo samefoebad da samTavroebad iyo daSlili, magram maT Soris gauvali, yru kedeli, anda dRevandeli gagebiT sazRvari ar arsebobda. xalxi erTiani iyo. xSirad saqarTvelos erT kuTxeSi naTqvami Woric ki meore ukiduresad daSorebul kuTxesac saswrafod gadaecemoda, rac saqarTveloSi informaciuli kavSiris cxovelmyoflobaze metyvelebs. qveynis erTianobas esec uwyobda xels. mraval magaliTTa Soris sainteresoa erT-erTi, romelic gviCvenebs, TviT wvrilmani informaciac ki ra siswrafiT vrceldeboda. 1539 wels saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis qronikebSi aRniSnavdnen _ `1539 _ aqa somexni SeiSalnes (ikorTis Zlispiri), 1539 _ aq somexni SeiSalnes da Tevdorobis kvira Wames (qvaTaxevis gulani), 1539 _ aqa somexni SeiSalnes da Tevdorobis kvira Wames (yanCaeTis gulani), 1539 _ aqa Svid gzis... somexni SeiSalnen (Semoqmedis gulani), 1539 _ somexni SeiSalnen aRvsebisagan (kax. qr.), 1539 _ aqa somexni SeiSalnen da Tevdorobis kvira Wames (wm. nikoloz qr.)~359. e.i. am wels miuCneviaT, rom somxur eklesiaSi ver gamouTvliaT, rodis mouwevda aRdgomis dResaswauli (SeSliaT), da amitomac didi marxvac gautexiaT. es ambavi maSinve saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxes moedo. aqedanac Cans, Tu rogori mWidro urTierTkavSiri arsebobda sxvadasxva kuTxes Soris. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom saqarTvelos erTmaneTisagan politikurad daSorebul kuTxeebs Cveni winaprebi `saqarTveloebs~ uwodebdnen. àm TvalsazrisiT udavod sayuradRebo iyo XVIII saukunis damdegis istorikosis beri egnataSvilis mier naxmari saxeli `saqarTveloni~, riTac mas albaT imis Tqma surda, rom saqarTvelo raRac ucxo nawilebad ki ara `saqarTveloebad~ daiSala da misi mTlianobis aRdgena aucilebeli Seiqmna~360. XVIII s-is II naxevarSi dadga dro saqarTvelos àRdgomisa~ anu erTxelmwifebis qveS gaerTianebisa. `qarTl-kaxeTis progresuli moRvaweebi XVIII saukunis 60-80-ian wlebSi xedavdnen, rom am dros saqarTvelos politikur gaerTianebas ukeTesi perspeqtivebi hqonda. maTi azriT, swored erekle iyo erTaderTi kandidati, romelic `sruliad saqarTvelos~ xelmwife unda gamxdariyo~361. qarTuli eklesia da misi mesaWe anton kaTalikosi didad iRwvodnen amisaTvis.
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saerTod, aqamde, saqarTvelos gaerTianebas osmaleTsa da sparseTs Soris dadebuli sazavo xelSekrulebani uSlida xels, romelTa ZaliTac saqarTvelos isini erTmaneTs Soris iyofdnen. axla politikuri viTareba Zalze Secvlili iyo. osmaleTi ise dasustda, rom qarTl-kaxeTis mefesTan SeTanxmebis gzebs eZebda, xolo sparseTs xelsac ki aZlevda qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gaZliereba. òsmaleTis mTavroba am dros, rogorc zemoT iTqva, qarTl-kaxeTis samefosTan kavSiriT dainteresebuli iyo. erekles saxelmwifos neitraluri pozicia awyobda sust osmaleTs, romelsac am dros ruseTi marto evropis kontinentidan rodi emuqreboda... iranis mxridan maSin imereT-amereTis gaerTianebas safrTxe ar moeloda, piriqiT iranis momavali Sahi kmayofilic ki iqneboda, Tu erekle mis formalur vasalobaze xels ar aiRebda da imereTs SemoierTebda~362. miuxedavad xelsayreli viTarebisa, erekle `...Tavs ikavebda, raTa ruseTisagan damoukideblad raime gadamwyveti RonisZieba mieRo~363. magram ruseTs ukve aRar awyobda amierkavkasiaSi Zlieri saxelmwifos, miT umetes erTiani saqarTvelos arseboba _ `70-80-iani wlebis ambebTan dakavSirebiT, Cven SevniSnavdiT, rom mefis ruseTsa da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Soris, miuxedavad maTi mWidro kavSirisa, SeniRbuli winaaRmdegoba iyo... akad. n. berZeniSvilis samarTliani SeniSvniT, im viTarebaSi, roca ruseTis metoqeebi amierkavkasiaSi sustdebodnen, xolo ruseTis interesebi am mxarisadmi izrdeboda, `Zlieri da erTiani saqarTvelo mfarvelisaTvis (ruseTisaTvis) saWiro aRar iyo~364. qveynis saSinao mdgomareoba ki iseTi iyo, rom qarTl-kaxeTTan gaerTianebisaTvis ara marto imereTis samefos didebulebi iRvwodnen, aramed erekles mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis winaaRmdegi arc samxreT saqarTvelo iyo. ruseT-TurqeTis omis periodSi warmoSobili azri imis gamo Camoyalibebula, rom `...susti osmaleTi oms agebda da qarTl-kaxeT-imereTis gaerTianebas verafers daaklebda. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZoli jayeli _ axalcixis faSa _ xsenebuli omis periodSi sabolood gadaixara qarTul-rusuli orientaciisaken da misda uneblieT erekles safarvelSi unda Sesuliyo~365. solomon I-is gardacvalebis Semdeg ìmereTSi qarTl-kaxeTTan SeerTebisaTvis sakmaod Zlieri moZraoba daiwyo. imereTis ugamoCinebulesi didebulebi da agreTve pirveli mRvdelmTavrebi, dosiTeos quTaTeli da eqvTime genaTeli, erekle mefesTan gamocxaddnen da sTxoves: `...inebos da SeierTos Tvisda samefod imereTi, viTarca iyo erT mTavrobisa droTa. despanni imerTa arwmunebdnen mefesa, romel yovladi samefo imereTisa moelis sixaruliT da mxiarulebiT saqmesa amis dasrulebasa. TviT mTavarTa guriisas da odiSisas surT da swyuriaT ese. mcxovrebTa glexTac ician
1085
ese da uxarisT batonoba Tqveni imereTsa, mterTagan jarisa gaoxrebulsa~. rogorc vxedavT, gaerTianebas moiTxovdnen ara marto zedafenebi, aramed farTo masebic, romelnic Zlieri centraluri xelisuflebiT dainteresebulni iyvnen~366. am sakiTxis ganxilvisas samefo darbazobaze yvela didebuli evedreboda da umtkicebda erekles enebebina saqarTvelos gaerTianeba, maT Soris anton kaTalikosic, magram samwuxarod ereklem uari ganacxada. `bevrs ecada solomon (lioniZe) `raTa moeyvana erTobasa mtkicesa erTnaTesaoba qarTvelTa, mecadineobda SinakavSiriTa gaeuqmebina garekavSiri~. amaod uxsnida igi mefe-mTavrebs, rom èri, daculi gareTiTa ucxoTa naTesavTagan mfarvelobiTa, aris maradis damdablebuli~, magram veraferi gaawyo... imereTis SemoerTebis saqme CaiSala, Tumca erekles SviliSvilis _ daviT arCilis Zis (romelic Semdgom solomon II-is saxeliTaa cnobili) gamefeba imereTSi, rac 1790 wels erekle II-is mxedrobam ganaxorciela, gaerTianebisaTvis brZolaSi mopovebuli erTgvari warmatebis maCvenebeli iyo. solomon meore bolomde darCa erekles erTguli mokavSire da mis upiratesobas bolomde aRiarebda, 1790 w-is ivnisSi solomon lioniZis iniciativiT gaformda `traqtati iverielTa mefeTa da mTavarTagan damtkicebuli qarTlisa, kaxeTisa, imerTa, odiSisa da guriisa, aRwerili samefosa qalaqsa Tfiliss~. am traqtatiT dasavleT saqarTvelos mefe-mTavrebi qarTl-kaxeTis samefosTan samxedro kavSirs amyarebdnen da 1783 wlis traqtats uerTdebodnen~367. samwuxarod, saerTaSoriso viTareba, rogorc Cans, 1790 wlis erTobis traqtatis damtkicebas ruseTisa da osmaleTis saxelmwifoebis mxridanac moiTxovda. swored es iyo saTxovari ruseTis karze myofi erekles elCebisa, romelnic aseve moiTxovdnen, rom osmaleTs mitacebuli samcxe-saaTabago daebrunebina. garda amisa, isini moiTxovdnen, rom osmaleTs xeli aeRo azerbaijanze368. aqedan Cans, rom qarTvelobis mizani am droisaTvis saqarTvelos, anu erTmefobis droindeli samefos àRdgoma~ iyo, romlis sazRvrebi zRvidan-zRvamde iqneboda gadaWimuli. maT am saqmeSi ruseTis daxmarebis imedi hqondaT. marTlac, `ruseTma XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi Tavis SemadgenlobaSi myofi saqarTvelo mis istoriul sazRvrebSi aRadgina~369, Tumca amas Sedegad qarTuli saxelmwifos gauqmeba mohyva.

საქართველოს სამოციქულო ეკლესიის ისტორია - III

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საქართველოს სამოციქულო ეკლესიის ისტორია - III

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744

qarTuli eklesia XII saukuneSi

`u k e T e s n i d a u d i d e s n i m o m q m e d n i e r i s a ... d a u v iwy a r n i u n d a i y v n e n , T u e r s k i d e v e r o b a h s u r s ...~

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

mefeT mefe daviTis cxovreba

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

mefe daviTi - morCili berisa

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

eklesia - qarTuli qveynebis gamaerTianebeli

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

ZiriTadi TariRebi Tamaris gamefebamde

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

giorgi III Tamar

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

Tamari _ wmida keTilmsaxuri mefe

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

qarTuli eklesia XIII saukuneSi

`S v i l n o , T q v e n n i wi n a p a r n i e gr e g u l q v a d r o d i i y v n e n . .. Zma Zmasa da mama Svilsa m a m u l s x o l m e S e swi r v i d n e n~.

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

I. daviT mefis xatis saswauli

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria