საქართველოს სამოციქულო ეკლესიის ისტორია - II

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mitropoliti a n a n i a j a f a r i Z e
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qarTuli eklesia VII saukuneSi
... m a m u l i d a e r o v n e b a m i aS v e l a samRvdeloebam rjuls, rjuli _ mamulsa d a e r o v n e b a s a d a e gr e T m o Z R v r e b u l m a e r m a e s s a m e b a wa i m ZR v a r a wi n . ..

ilia marTali
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qveynis zogadi mdgomareoba VII saukuneSi

VI saukunis II naxevarSi gardaicvala qarTlis mefe bakuri. `mokuda bakur da darCes Svilni misni wurilni, romelni ver i pyrobdes mefobasa~.1 qarTlSi gauqmda mefoba. saukunis bolos sparseTis mefem hormizdma Tavisi Ze, qasre (xosro) ambarvezi gamogzavna saqarTvelos mosazRvre teritoriebis mmarTvelad. bardavSi mjdomma qasrem qarTlis erisTavebi gadaibira, aRuTqva maT didi sikeTe, ris gamoc isini ganudgnen qarTvel mefeTa taxts da saTiTaod uxdidnen xarks qasres, rac saxelmwifos daSlas niSnavda. amis Semdeg male sparseTSi SeiWrnen Turqebi da berZnebi. qasre iZulebuli gaxda mietovebina bardavi da sparseTSi wasuliyo. Seqmnili mdomareoba qarTvelebma Tavisi saxelmwifos aRdgenisaTvis gamoiyenes. èsreT ra ucalo iqmnes sparsni, maSin SeiTqunes yovelni erisTavni qarTlisani, zemoni da quemoni, da wagzavnes mociquli winaSe berZenTa mefisa da iTxoves, raTa uCinos mefe naTesavTagan mefeTa qarTlisaTa da raTa iyvnen erisTavni igi TYsTYssa saerisTaosa Seucvalebelad~.2. keisars aRusrulebia qarTveli erisTavebis Txovna _ `maSin keisarman aRasrula Txovna maTi, da mosca mefed diswuli mirdatisi, vaxtangis Zisa, berZnis colisagan, romelsa erqva guaram, romeli mTavrobda klarjeTs da javaxeTs~.3 guaram kurapalati dedis mxridan farnavazian-xosroiani yofila, xolo mamis mxridan bagratovani. keisarma guaram kurapalats daaqiravebina Crdilokavkasielebi da Seagzavnina sparseTSi. sparseTSi SeWrili mebrZolebi daamarcxa mxedarTmTavarma bahram Cubinma. berZenTa jarma da misma mokavSireebma sparseTi datoves. amis Semdeg gamarjvebuli bahram Cubini aujanyda sparseTis mefes, daamarcxa is da Camoagdo taxtidan. mefis Ze bizantiaSi gaiqca. keisarma mas Tavisi asuli miaTxova, misca jari da Segzavna sparseTSi. qasrem, anu xosro II-m (591-628) daamarcxa ajanyebulebi da gamefda. àm daxmarebis samadloblad xosro II-m, somexi istorikosis sebeosis sityviT, iberiis mometebuli nawili q. Tbilisamde mavrike keisars gadasca. es unda momxdariyo 591 wels. am daTmobis Sedegad iberia kvlav orad gaiyo. amasTanave iberiis dasavleTi nawili q. Tbilisamde bizantiis xelSi
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gadasula, xolo aRmosavleTi nawili isev sparsTa batonebs SerCenia. mefe xosrom amas garda Tavis samefoSi qristianobis Tavisufleba gamoacxada~.4 `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, siZesa da simamrs, anu xosrosa da mavrike keisars Soris sazavo SeTanxmebisas, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miqcevia qarTuli eklesiis saqmes. kerZod, bizantia amtkicebda, rom sparsTa batonobis dros saqarTveloSi qristianoba Seiryvna _ `mZlavrebisagan... iqmnis garyunil qarTli~. amitomac berZenTa mxarem xosros moTxovna wauyena: `...vinaATgan srulsa siyuarulsa zeda varT me da Sen da qarTli Cuen Soris iyavn Tavisufal mSYdobiT: me var mwe da mouravi yovelTa qarTvelTa da yovelTa qristianeTa~.5 amis Semdeg, 591 wlidan daaxloebiT 604 wlamde, saqarTvelo ganTavisuflebula sparsTa batonobisagan _ `ganTavisufldes qarTvelni da ese guaram kurapalati dadga morCilebasa zeda berZenTasa~.6 `qarTlis cxovrebis~ am cnobas exmianeba uxtanesi, romelic amtkicebs, rom kirionma Tavisi cnobili moZraoba daiwyo mavrike keisris uSualo mxardaWeriT, e.i. qarTlis sparsTagan Tavisuflebis dros. marTlac, kirioni somexTagan `ganyofisaTvis~ moZraobis dawyebas ver gabedavda sparsTa saqarTveloze batonobis dros. man isargebla im momentiT, roca bizantielebma saqarTvelo TiTqmis Tbilisamde gaaTavisufles. marTalia, 604 wlidan 607-609 wlebis CaTvliT saqarTvelo kvlav sparseTis zegavlenas ganicdis, magram am wlebSi _ ierusalimis dapyrobamde _ xosro II-s gamocxadebuli hqonda qristianTa Tavisufleba. uxtanesis Tanaxmad, `sumbatma... keisris nebac Seityo, rom Tanaxmaa kirionis da misi brZanebiT ariso es ambavi~. z. aleqsiZe daaskvnis: `sparseTis mefes axlad dapyrobil qveynebSi religiis Tavisufleba ucvnia... kirionis religiur politikaSi CarTulia bizantiis keisari da yvelaferi misi brZanebiT xdeba~.7 guaram kurapalatis Zem, stefanozma, `mefobisa saxeli ver ikadra sparsTa da berZenTa SiSisagan, aramed erisTavTa mTavrad xadodes~.8 igi àtarebda patrikiozis bizantiur tituls, Semdeg ganudga bizantias da sparseTis orientaciis gzas daadga~.9 stefanozis orientaciis Secvla gamoiwvia politikurma viTarebam _ mavrike keisari da misi memkvidreebi daxoca ajanyebulma mxedarTmTavarma fokam. sparsTa mefe xosro II aRaSfoTa simamrisa da colisZmebis daxocvam, SeiWra saberZneTSi da foka daamarcxa. am dros `stefanoz, mTavari qarTlisa, SeuSinda mefesa sparsTasa, ganudga berZenTa da mieqca sparsTa~.10 604 wlidan xosrom gadamwyveti upiratesoba moi pova bizantiasTan brZolaSi amierkavkasiis teritoriaze. sparseTis es upiratesoba 620-ian wlebamde grZeldeba.11 607 wlisaTvis `qarTlidan bizantielebi ukve gandevnes sparselebma, magram aq maT Tavisi xelisufleba jer kidev mtkiced ar daumyarebiaT~.12
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swored am mizeziT unda aixsnas am wlebSi sparseTis mier religiuri Tavisuflebis gamocxadebis faqtic. z. aleqsiZis azriT `VII saukunis pirvel aTeulSi qarTli Zlieri saxelmwifoa...~13 marTlac, qarTlis Zlierebis safuZvels qmnida aRmosavleTdasavleT saqarTvelos faqtiuri gaerTianeba, ris Sedegadac dasavleT saqarTvelosac `qarTli~ ewodeboda. qarTlis Zliereba imaSic gamovlinda, rom man Tamamad miiRo is sarwmunoebrivi orientacia, romelic Tavisi erovnuli arsebobis safuZvlad miaCnda. kirionis gabeduli moqmedeba, cxadia, qarTlis siZlieres emyareba. `juanSeris monaTxrobidan aseTi viTareba warmogvidgeba: bizantiis politikuri uflebis qveS guaram kurapalatis mTavrobiT (Tu mefobiT) erTiandeba qarTli da aRdgeba leonti mrovelisagan aRwerili `yoveli qarTlis~ farglebSi (daaxloebiT im rva saerisTavos farglebSi, romelic farnavazma `ganaCina~)~.14 sruliad icvleba qarTuli eklesiis mdgomareoba 613-614 wlebidan _ xosro II-is mier ierusalimis aRebis Semdgom. am dromde is yvela qristianul adgilobriv eklesias met-nakleb sarwmunoebriv Tavisuflebas aniWebda, ierusalimis aRebis Semdgom man gasca mkacri brZaneba: `yvela Cemma qveSevrdomma qristianma unda miiRos somxuri sarwmunoeba~. es brZaneba sruliadac ar iyo lmobieri. ZalaSi Sedioda qarTlisaTvisac...~15 ierusalimis aRebis Semdeg, daaxloebiT 614 wels xosro II-m moiwvia saeklesio, e.w. `sparsuli kreba~, romelsac Zalze didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda. misi gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba savaldebulo iyo sparseTis imperiaSi moqceuli yvela eklesiisaTvis, maT Soris qarTuli eklesiisTvisac. `bizantiaze gamarjvebis pirvel etapze, sebeosis mixedviT, xosros dapyrobili qveynebisaTvis marTlac miucia religiis Tavisufleba da `xorcieli samsaxuriT~ dakmayofilebula, magram ierusalimis `wartyvevis~ Semdeg xosrom radikalurad Seicvala pozicia da e.w. `sparsuli krebac~ swored amitom moiwvia~.16 es kreba mouwveviaT sparseTis samefo karze. Zveli wyaroebi aRniSnaven, rom VI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi kavad mefisa da misi Zis, xosro I-is dros yvela qristians ufleba eZleoda somexTa, anu somxuri sarwmunoebis Seviwroebis gareSe hqonoda Tavisi aRmsarebloba. VII saukunis I naxevarSi ki, xosro II-s gaucia brZaneba, rom mis yvela qveSevrdom qristians mieRo somxuri sarwmunoeba. adre `kavad mefem da misma Zem xosrom gasces brZaneba: `TiToeulma Tavis sarwmunoeba ipyras da nuravis eqneba somexTa Seviwroebis ufleba...~.17 614 wlis krebis dadgenilebis safuZvelze ki xosrom daadgina: `yvela Cemma qveSevrdomma qristianma unda miiRos somxuri sarwmunoeba~.18 xosro II-is es brZaneba mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba misi winamorbedis, xosro I-is gankargulebisagan. Tu xosro I aravis aZlevda Tavis imperiaSi somxuri sarwmunoebis Seviwroebis uflebas, xosro II imperiaSi mcxovreb yvela qristians avaldebulebda mieRo somxuri sarwmunoeba.
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uTuod xosro II-is brZanebis Sedegs unda warmoadgendes, rom qarTlis kaTalikosic da erismTavari stefanozic monofizitebi gamxdaran: `sparsul-somxuri orientaciis mqone monofizit stefanozsa da kaTalikos barTlomes upirispirdebian bizantiur-qalkedonuri (ukeT, Semrigebluri) partiis warmomadgenlebi _ kirioni, adarnase da sxvebi~.19 `616_622 wlebi sparselTa ganuyofeli warmatebis xanaa~,20 amitomac `herakles laSqrobamde qarTlis saxelmwifo religia monofizituria~.21 mematianis cnobiT, stefanoz erismTavari ìyo urwmuno da uSiSi RmerTisa, ara hmsaxura RmerTsa, arca hmata sjulsa da eklesiaTa~.22 stefanozi mcxeTis jvris didebuli taZris erT-erTi maSenebelia. mematianis gansazRvra, TiTqosda stefanozma àra hmata eklesiaTa~, imiTaa gamowveuli, rom erismTavari ar aris qalkedoniti. `stefanoz mTavrobda yovelsa qarTlsa zeda, da dajda igi tfiliss, da hmorCilebda igi sparsTa~.23 `yoveli qarTli~ maSin ewodeboda erTian saqarTvelos _ Savi zRvidan da egriswylidan, vidre albaneTamde. monofizitTa batonoba qarTlSi didxans ar gagrZelebula. maT aRzevebas bolo mouRo herakle keisris laSqrobam sparseTSi, romelic saqarTvelodan daiwyo. heraklem `...Sekribna spani uricxuni da warmoemarTa sparseTad Zebnad Zelisa cxovrebisasa da movida pirvelad qarTls~.24 zogierTi wyaros Tanaxmad, herakle pirvelad trapezundis sanaxebSi mivida, romelsac `sofeli megrelTa~ ewodeboda. àman stefanoz ara ineba gandgoma sparsTagan, da ganamagrna cixe-qalaqni, da dadga tfilissa Sina. mivida herakle mefe da moadga tfilissa... Camoagdes stefanoz da mokles. da dai pyra keisarman tfilisi~.25 xolo Tbilisis cixe ver aiRo, romlis mecixovneebmac mas mwared dascines. sparsTa winaaRmdeg laSqrobisas, sruliad gasagebi mizezebis gamo, herakles miemxro qarTlis erTi nawili da gansakuTrebiT ki, dasavleTi saqarTvelo. orive es mxare qalkedonituri iyo. herakles laSqrobas ki qalkedonitTa gamarjveba da monofizitTa damxoba unda gamoewvia. saqarTvelos samxreT-aRmosavleTi mxaris qarTveloba garkveuli xnis manZilze somxuri eklesiis gavlenis qveS moeqca. aq monofizituri, anu sparsuli orientacia sWarbobda, ris gamoc gugarq-qvemo qarTli TbilisiTurT sparseTis erTguli darCa. saqarTvelos qalkedonurma nawilma ki herakles qveSevrdomoba manamde SeinarCuna, vidre am ukanasknelma Tavisi dampyrobluri buneba ar gamoamJRavna. `herakles erTi wlis Semdeg undoda... xosros Sehbmoda, magram jarma, metadre ki lazebma, afxazebma da iberebma mokavSireoba ar moindomes, xolo rodesac herakles sparsTa laSqari moewia, lazebma da afxazebma mokavSireobaze keisars uari uTxres da Sinisaken gaemgzavrnen~.26 heraklem sparseTze orjer gailaSqra 623-624 da 626 wlebSi, rodesac igi lazikaSi Cavida.27
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`somex istorikos mose kalankatuels q. Tbilisis aReba dawvrilebiT aqvs aRwerili da misi cnobebi bevrad gansxvavdeba qarTveli mematianis moTxrobisagan. somexi mematianis sityviT, herakle mefes 626 wels meSvelad imier-kavkasiidan gadmouyvania jibRu xakani... 627 w. gadmovida Turme imier-kavkasiaSi, imave wels herakle keisari da jibRu xakani SeerTebuli mxedrobiT... Tbiliss miadga~.28 herakle keisarma sastikad daamarcxa xosro II da sparseTis saxelmwifo ganadgurebamde miiyvana, manamde ki man saqarTvelos mmarTveli erismTavrebis dinastia dasaja, CamoarTva qveynis meTauroba bagrationebs da misca xosroianebs, kerZod, mokluli stefanozis magier man daniSna adarnase: `maSin keisarman mouwoda Zesa bakurissa, qarTvelTa mefisasa, naTesavsa daCisasa, vaxtangis Zisasa, romeli erisTaobda kaxeTs, romelsa erqua adarnase, da misca mas tfilisi da mTavroba qarTlisa~..29 mematiane stefanozis dasjisa da misi STamomavlobis erismTavrobidan CamoSorebis mizezsac asaxelebs: àmisTYs uyo ese RmerTman mTavarsa mas stefanozs, rameTu ara mindobiTa RmerTisaTa cxovndeboda da morwmuneTa emtereboda da urwmunoTa moyurobda~.30 qalkedoniti mematiane, urwmunoebaSi gulisxmobs ara cecxlTayvanismcemlebs, aramed monofizitebs, xolo morwmuneebs uwodebs qalkedonitebs. stefanozi, mcxeTis jvris maSenebeli, cxadia, qristiani iyo, rogorc Cans, monofiziti. mefis ojaxis garda, herakles sastikad dausjia rigiTi qarTveli qristianebi (SesaZloa monofizitebi). mas qveynis mTavari qalaqebis, Tbilisisa da ujarmis eklesiebSi Seurekia qarTveli qristianebi da iq amouxocavs. Turme eklesiebidan sisxlis mdinareebi dioda. herakles axsovda, rom sparseTze laSqrobis dros qarTvelma monofizitebma, `stefanozma da msaxurTa misTa~, didi winaaRmdegoba gauwies. `moqcevaA qarTlisaAs~ mixedviT, `herakle ganwmida Sjuli qristeAsi da wavida~.31 qristes Sjulis ganwmendaSi, albaT, igulisxmeba, sparseTis momxre monofizitebis dasja da qalkedonitebis gamarjveba. heraklem es sasjeli ar ikmara. qarTul eklesias waarTva udidesi siwmideni _ `ferxTa ficarni da samsWualni uflisa Cuenisa iesos qristesni... Sewuxna adarnase, qarTlisa mTavari, da evedreboda keisarsa, raTa ara warixunes niWni igi RmrTisamierni. ara ismina keisarman vedreba misi da warixuna~.32 herakle keisarma mkacrad dasaja qarTuli saxelmwifoc: `maSin kualad wariRes berZenTa sazRvari qarTlisa: speri da bolo klarjeTisa, zRYs piri~.33 es, albaT, lazebis Ralatisa da sparseTTan omis dros urCobisaTvis sasjeli iyo. SavizRvispireTi klarjeTis bolodan dawyebuli, kvlav berZenTa xelSi gadavida iseve, rogorc vaxtang gorgaslis siWabukis dros. amis Semdgom qarTlis am mitacebul teritoriebze, anu fazissa da lazikaze, daaxloe-
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biT 630-iani wlebidan IX saukunemde da Semdgomac, saeklesio iurisdiqcias axorcielebs konstantinopolis sapatriarqo. qalkedonis krebis Tanaxmad, eklesiis sazRvari unda emTxveodes saxelmwifos sazRvars. berZenTa politikuri Zalaufleba dasavleT saqarTvelos Suagulamde gavrcelda, amitom am sazRvrebSi moqceuli qarTuli eklesia konstantinopolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi Sevidoda. daaxloebiT am dros (631 wels) fazisis mitropoliti kirosi, romelic, z. aleqsiZis azriT, mcxeTidan gaZevebuli kironi iyo, gadaiyvanes aleqsandriis patriarqad, romelsac berZnebi ar hyvarebia da arabTa Semosevis dros gauZevebia isini egvi ptis qalaqebidan. aseT mopyrobas imsaxurebda herakle keisari qarTuli eklesiis gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT dasjisaTvis. gansxvavebulia herakles damokidebuleba somxuri eklesiisadmi. `wyaroebi mas somxuri warmoSobisad Tvlian...~34 herakle keisars imperiis siZlieris safuZvlad sarwmunoebrivi erToba miaCnda, amitomac am miznis ganxorcielebisTvis igi yvela Rones xmarobda. imperiis centraluri nawili qalkedonituri iyo, xolo aRmosavleTis sxvadasxva xalxebiT dasaxlebuli provinciebi, ZiriTadad, monofizituri. aRmosavleTis am monofizitebis avtoritetuli lideri im droisaTvis iyo somxuri eklesia, romelic, faqtobrivad, monofizituri arabizantiuri mimdinareobis centrad aqcia sparseTis imperiam. heraklem gadawyvita mieRwia monofizitTa da qalkedonitTa erTianobisaTvis. man daiwyo molaparakeba somxuri eklesiis meTaurebTan. `herakle keisari friad dainteresebulia somxebTan religiuri uniis SekvriT~.35 `monofizitebTan unia misi sasicocxlo programa gaxda~.36 marTlac, heraklem warmatebas miaRwia somxebTan molaparkebis dros da `...630 wels miaRwia unias somexTa kaTalikos ezrasTan~.37 somxeTi daemorCila unias~.38 amis Semdeg, mTeli VII saukunis manZilze, somxur eklesias ufro qalkedonituri eTqmis, vidre 726 wlis manaskertis krebamde. somxuri eklesia VII saukuneSi kvlav lideria amierkavkasiis masStabiT ise, rogorc VI saukuneSi. Tu VI saukuneSi is sparseTisaTvis misaRebi da aRiarebuli eklesia iyo, axla ukve VII saukuneSi, Tavisi moqnili politikis wyalobiT, bizantiisaTvis misaRebi da nebadarTuli eklesia gaxda. TviT sparseTze gamarjvebuli bizantiis imperatori herakle masTan molaparakebas awarmoebs da erTobis xelSekrulebas debs, amave dros ki, heraklem sastikad dasaja qarTuli eklesia. somxuri eklesiis siZlierem da avtoritetma aRmosavleTis qristianebSi iZulebuli gaxada herakle keisari masTan molaparakeba ewarmoebina. herakles laSqrobis Semdeg, somxuri eklesia iseve aris qalkedonituri, rogorc qarTuli eklesia. isini kvlav erTmorwmuneni arian, erTmorwmuneobis gamo ki, somxur eklesias saSualeba mieca kvlav ganecxadebina Tavisi pretenziebi qarTul eklesiaze uflebamosilebis Sesaxeb. SeiZleba es iyo
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erT-erTi mizezi imisa, rom qarTuli eklesiis mesveurebi iZulebulni gamxdaran, antioqiis sapatriarqosaTvis eTxovaT qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis dasturi, raTa arc erT mezobel eklesias masze ufleba ar hqonoda.39 antioqiis am krebis gadawyvetileba odnav mainc Seanelebda somxuri eklesiis pretenziebs qarTul eklesiaze. 634-644 wlebisaTvis arabebs ukve damorCilebuli hqondaT siria, palestina da iranis didi nawili. `bizantiis keisris, herakles, simkacriTa da sarwmunoebrivi mZulvarebiT mobezrebuli da ukmayofilo aRmosavleTis erebi arabebs Tavdapirvelad sixaruliT egebebodnen da berZenTa monobisagan ganmaTavisufleblad sTvlidnen. amgvari Sexedulebis damyarebas xels uwyobda da amtkicebda, rasakvirvelia, is utyuari garemoeba, rom Tavdapirvelad, arabebi sxva sarwmunoebas (kerpTayvanismcemlobis garda), metadre ki qristianobas, Tavisuflebas aniWebdnen da lmobierad epyrobodnen, oRond ki dawesebuli gadasaxadi sindisierad gadaexadaT~.40 àRmosavleT saqarTveloSi arabebi batonobdnen 657 wlamde, rodesac arabTa Soris daiwyo Sinauri areuloba da brZola, romelic gaTavda 661 wels~.41 arabTa mbrZanebeli iZulebuli gamxdara dazaveboda keisar konstantine III-s da misTvis xarkic ki eZlia. 678 wels daido xelSekruleba bizantiasa da arabebs Soris. es xelSekruleba Seicavda pirobas, rom saberZneTsa da arabebs saqarTvelo Tanabrad eqnebodaT gayofili, an Tanasworad ibatonebdnen masze: ...kvi pri, somxiTi da iberia maT saerTod Tanasworad eqmnebodaT. es xelSekruleba cxadad gviCvenebs, rom arabebis batonoba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi am dros Seryeuli yofila da bizantia maT isev Sescilebia~.42 680 wels konstantinopolSi mowveuli iqna msoflio saeklesio kreba. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ CanarTis Tanaxmad, VI msoflio kreba moiwvia imperatorma konstantine IV poRonatma (668-685). am krebas ganuxilavs qarTuli eklesiis sruli damoukideblobis sakiTxi. miucia am damoukideblobisaTvis msoflio aRiareba. krebas qarTuli eklesiis meTaurisaTvis miuniWebia ufleba etarebina patriarqis tituli. aqamde am sasuliero pirs qarTlis kaTalikosi erqva. krebas ganuxilavs qarTuli eklesiis teritoriuli avtokefaliis sazRvrebi. Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom am dros imave CanarTis mixedviT, antioqiis sapatriarqomac qarTuli eklesiis meTaurs daudgina patriarqis, mociqulTa taxtze mjdomisa da mociqulTa magieris wodeba. antioqiis sapatriarqos es dadgenileba Semdgom maleve daumtkicebia VI msoflio krebas.43 antioqiam qarTuli eklesiis sazRvrad dasavleTiT daadgina Savi zRva _ `pontos zRvidam darubandis zRvamde~.44 VI msoflio krebas iurisdiqciis sazRvrad daudgenia: _ kaxeTi, Saqi, Sirvani, kavkasiis mTianeTi, svaneTisa da
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CerqezeTis sazRvramde, oseTi.45 konstantinopolis sapatriarqo im dros SavizRvispireTs epatroneboda, rac aisaxa kidec krebis dadgenilebaSi, vinaidan VI msoflio krebas (680-681 wlebSi) kanonebi ar gamoucia, am sakiTxze msjelobisas unda daveyrdnoT `qarTlis cxovrebis~ CanarTs. àmis krebisa mier brZanes esreT wmidisa eklesiisa saqarTvelosaTYs, romel ars wmida mcxeTa, raTa iyos swor pativiTa, viTarca wmidani samociqulo kaTolike eklesiani, sapatriaqoni, da iyos kaTalikosi qarTlisa swori patriaqTa Tana~.47 am msoflio krebam daadastura qarTuli eklesiis mier mironis adgilze kurTxevis ufleba. 692 wels konstantinopolSi kvlav Sedga saeklesio kreba, romelsac `gumbadis~, anu trulis kreba ewodeba. es iyo ara VI msoflio saeklesio kreba, aramed man, kanonikuri TvalsazrisiT, Seavso V-VI msoflio krebebis naRvawi da gamosca kanonebi. trulis krebis kanonebSi asaxva ver upovia 680-81 wlebis msoflio krebis gansazRvrebebs qarTuli eklesiis Sesaxeb, rac, SesaZloa, Secvlili politikuri viTarebis Sedegi iyo. qarTuli eklesia V saukunidanve avtokefaluri iyo, magram VII saukuneSi am sakiTxis kvlav wamoWra da dadastureba ganapiroba somxuri eklesiisagan ganyofis faqtma. qarTul eklesias aRar surs somxurTan èrTobis~ aRdgena. esaa SesaZlo Semotevisagan Tavdacva. 688-689 wlebSi iustiniane II-s sardals mouwyvia laSqroba amierkavkasiaSi, `...dauxocinebia iq myofi arabebi, xolo somxeTi, iberia da albania, agreTve sxva qveynebic, keisrisaTvis daumorCilebia~.48 nerse qarTlis erisTavs arabTa sardalic daumarcxebia da qarTlidan ganudevnia, xolo dasavleT saqarTvelo, piriqiT, aujanydeba bizantielebs da arabebis Zalis imedi aqvs.49 saqarTvelo VII saukunis bolosaTvis ibrZvis ara marto saeklesio, aramed politikuri damoukdeblobisaTvisac.
iurisdiqciis sazRvrebis cvlileba VII saukuneSi

qalkedonis krebis dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, eklesiis iurisdiqciis sazRvrebi unda emTxveodes saxelmwifo sazRvrebs, anu samoqalaqo-administraciuls. amitomac, saqarTveloSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis dros qarTuli eklesia Tavis uflebamosilebas dasavleT saqarTvelozedac avrcelebda, radganac es teritoria mirianis saxelmwifoSi Sedioda iseve, rogorc wina saukuneebSi, farnavazis Semdgom. `moqcevaA qarTlisaA~, VII saukunis Zegli, miiCnevs, rom qarTvelTa gansaxlebisa da qarTuli saxelmwifos dasavleTi sazRvari jer kidev qristeSobamde ramdenime saukuniT adre gadioda Sav zRvasa da mdinare egriswyalze. vaxtang gorgaslis
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mier daarsebuli saqarTvelos sakaTalikosos dasavleTi sazRvari, wesis Tanaxmad, unda damTxveoda saxelmwifos sazRvars, romelic gadioda Sav zRvasa da egriswyalze gorgaslis siWabukis dros, xolo Semdeg sazRvarma ukve Sav zRvas da mdinare klisuraze gadainacvla. VI saukune umZimesi saukune iyo qarTuli eklesiisa da saxelmwifosaTvis, magram sagangebod aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuli sazogadoebrivi institutebi ar cnobdnen qarTuli saxelmwifos gauqmebas VI saukuneSi. am saukunis katastrofa droebiT movlenad miaCndaT, romelic male gamoswordeboda. am ideidan gamomdinare, qarTuli eklesia VI saukuneSi dasavleT saqarTvelos Tavis kanonier iurisdiqciaSi Semaval teritoriad miiCnevda, cdilobda masze Tavisi iurisdiqciis gavrcelebas da axorcielebda kidec VII saukunis 30-ian wlebamde, herakle keisris mier dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispira teritoriebis mitacebamde. VI saukunis bolosa da VII saukunis dasawyisSi dasavleT saqarTveloze qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqcias adasturebs is faqtic, rom somexi istorikosebi kirions ara marto aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mamamTavrad, aramed dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikosadac miiCneven. mecnierTa umravlesobis mier aRiarebulia, rom `moqcevaA qarTlisaA~ aris VII saukunis Zegli, yovel SemTxvevaSi, is saqarTvelos gaerTianebaze adrea Sedgenili. misi avtori eyrdnoba `pirveli qarTveli istorikosis~ _ grigol diakonisa da Cven dromde mouRwevel werilobiT wyaroebs.50 grigol diakons, k. kakabaZis azriT, 380-400 wlebSi dauweria `mcire moqcevaA qarTlisaA~. m. TarxniSvili ki miiCnevs, rom `grigolis Sroma Sedgenili unda iyos araugvianes VII saukunis meore naxevrisa, SeiZleba V saukuneSic~.51 amas yuradReba miaqcia n. berZeniSvilma. is wers _ `moqcevaA~ ueWvelia, Zvel gadmocemebs emyareba, iberiis erTianobis xanas da `yoveli qarTli~... aq niSnavs iberias, romelSiac kaxeTic Sedis, kuxeTic, erwo-TianeTic da sakuTriv qarTlic~.52 mecnieri ar iziarebs miRebul Tvalsazriss Zeglis IX saukuniT daTariRebis Sesaxeb da wers, rom SeuZlebelia am Txzulebis avtors IX saukuneSi ecxovra. es wyaro mas ìberiis erTianobis xanaSi~ dawerilad miaCnia. iberia erTiani iyo VI saukunemde, sparsTa mier mefobis gauqmebamde da SeiZleba guaram kurapalatis drosac. n. berZeniSvils sjera am wyarosi da qarTlis aRmosavleTi sazRvrebis aRniSvnisas, romelSic Sedis kaxeTi da kuxeTi, mis monacemebs eyrdnoba. magram ratom ar unda daveTanxmoT am wyaros qarTlis dasavleTis sazRvrebis gadmocemisas? wyaros Tanaxmad, qarTlSi Sedioda ara marto kaxeTi da kuxeTi, aramed egrisic. `moqcevaA qarTlisaAs~ mimarTeba egrisTan dakavSirebiT sagangebod Seiswavla s. janaSiam. mkvlevari aanalizebs `moqcevaA qarTlisaAs~ cnobas _ `Tana
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hyvanda aleqsandres mefesa azoA ZH arian qarTlisa mefeisaA da mas miuboZa mcxeTaA sajdomad da sazRvari daudva mas hereTi da egriswyali da somxiTi da mTaA crolisa~ _ da ambobs: àmrigad, yovel eWvs gareSea, rom avtorisaTvis `qarTlis~ politikur cnebaSi Sedis ara marto kaxeTi, aramed egrisic. rac ar unda gvian gadmoitanon matianis saboloo redaqciis dro, IX saukunes igi mainc ver gadmoscildeba, e.i. es literaturuli Zegli bevrad adrindelia saqarTvelos gaerTianebis xanaze~.53 `matiane qarTlisaAs~ cnoba, rom egrisi qarTlSi uZvelesi droidan Sedis, rogorc erT-erTi provincia, srul TanxmobaSia `qarTlis cxovrebasa~, sxva qarTul da ucxour wyaroebTan, romelTa Tanaxmadac, samxreTidan gadmosaxlebuli qarTveli xalxi daesaxla vrcel teritoriaze egriswylidan, vidre hereTis CaTvliT. d. musxeliSvilis azriT, V saukuneSi dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo gaerTianebulia. qarTlSi Sedis egrisi _ `vaxtang gorgaslis mefobis periodi (V s-is meore naxevari) saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis TvalsazrisiT uaRresad mniSvnelovani movlenebiT aRiniSna: gaerTianda aRmosavleTi (iveria) da dasavleTi (egrisi, afxazeTis garda); am erTiani samefos farglebSi Semovida albaneTis momijnave mxareebic (hereTi, kambeCani)~.54 Tu V saukuneSi qarTuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi Sedioda dasavleT saqarTvelo Sav zRvasa da afxazeTamde, saeklesio kanonebis Tanaxmad, qarTul eklesias Tavisi iurisdiqcia kidevac unda ganexorcielebina dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriazec, sadac am dros (V s-Si) wirva-locva qarTul enaze aResruleboda. zemoT moyvanil wyaroebsa da mecnierTa daskvnebs efuZneba Cveni azri imis Sesaxeb, rom qarTuli eklesia gaerTianda ara VII da, miT umetes, ara IX-X, aramed IV-V saukuneebSi. am dros aRmosavleT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi arsebobda erTi eklesia mcxeTis meTaurobiT. mosazreba, rom V saukuneSi egrisis dasavleT nawilSi RvTismsaxureba aResruleboda ara qarTul, aramed berZnul enaze, dausabuTebelia, radganac ar arsebobs romelime wyaro, romelic am Sexedulebas daadasturebda. didi mecnieruli mniSvneloba aqvs d. musxeliSvilis mosazrebas, rom egrisis dasavleT nawilSi V-VI saukuneebSi wirva-locva qarTul enaze aResruleboda (da ara IX-X ss-dan, rogorc aqamde iyo miRebuli): àmgvarad, gamodis, rom uZvelesi droidanve (V s-dan?) egrisis aRmosavleT nawilSi oficialuri qristianuli kulti qarTul enaze sruldeboda, gansxvavebiT misi dasavleTi nawilisagan, sadac RvTismsaxureba berZnulad iyo. saamisod arc is aris umniSvnelo, rom VII-IX ss. bizantiur noticiebSi, sadac CamoTvlilia konstantinopolis sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebuli lazikis eparqiis fasidis samitropolitos oTxi saepiskoposo kaTedra, mxolod erTi _ rodopolisis (varcixis) kaTedraa, romelic qveynis Signi-
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Taa, danarCeni sami ki samitropolitosTan erTad an zRvispirasaa _ fasidi (foTi), petra (cixisZiri), ziganevi (gudayva), anda arcTu ise moSorebiT zRvisagan _ saisini, saisi (caiSi)~.55 arsebobda Tu ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi V-VI saukuneebSi berZnuli saepiskoposoebi? am faqtis damamtkicebeli araviTari sabuTi ar arsebobs. wyaroebSi mxolod VII saukunidan moixsenieba berZnuli saepiskoposoebis arseboba. amitomac unda davaskvnaT, rom V-VI saukuneebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi ar Cans berZnuli saepiskoposoebi. maTi arsebobis mtkiceba usafuZvloa. cnobilia, rom VI saukuneSi berZnebi TavianT garnizonebs ayenebdnen dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi (zogjer skanda-Sorapnamde), aages cixe-qalaqi petra. berZnebi TavianTi jariskacebisaTvis daaarsebdnen ara saepiskoposoebs, aramed eklesiebs aaSenebdnen. safiqrebelia, rom bizantielTa jars moZravi eklesiebi emsaxureboda. es mdgomareoba, garkveulwilad, SezRudavda qarTul eklesias dasavleT saqarTveloSi, magram VI saukuneSic qarTuli eklesia kvlav axorcielebs Tavis uflebamosilebas am qveyanaze. amis damadasturebelia rogorc werilobiTi wyaroebi, aseve arqeologiuri monapovari. werilobiTi wyaroebidan _ somexi istorikosebisa da vaxuStis cnobebi, arqeologiuri monapovridan gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa foTSi aRmoCenili masalebi, kerZod, foTis gareuban yulevSi arqeologebma aRmoaCines Tixis sabeWdavi, romelzedac amoWrilia qarTuli aso, agreTve samSeneblo masala, romelzedac amotvifrulia qarTuli asoebi.56 Tu dasavleT saqarTveloSi V saukuneSi qristianoba arcTu ise farTod iyo gavrcelebuli, VI saukuneSi aq misi gavrcelebisaTvis stimuli miucia aRmosavleT saqarTvelos qristianuli centrebidan mosaxleobis ltolvas. 523 wels qarTvelTa mefe ojaxiTa da didi amaliT, agreTve didebulebiT, gadavida dasavleT saqarTveloSi, mefes qristianobisa da, gansakuTrebiT, qalkedonitobis mimdevari mosaxleobac Tan gahyveboda, radganac aRmosavleTSi qalkedonitobas devnidnen. qalkedoniti qarTveli saeklesio moRvawenic gadavidodnen dasavleT saqarTveloSi. aseTi ltolva ara marto VI saukuneSi, aramed VII saukunis dasawyisSic yofila. magaliTad, z. aleqsiZe wers kirion qarTlis kaTalikosze: ès kirioni unda iyos kiros fazisis mitropoliti, romelic 623 wlidan Cndeba berZnul wyaroebSi~.57 mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom kirionic gadasula dasavleT saqarTveloSi. ltolvili qarTveli qalkedoniti saeklesio pirebis gadasvla dasavleT saqarTveloSi VI saukuneSi gamoiwvevda axali qarTuli saeklesio centrebis, eklesia-monastrebis daarsebasa da adgilobrivi qarTvelebis ufro aqtiur Cabmas saeklesio cxovrebaSi. qarTuli qalkedonuri monasteri unda yofiliyo vaSnaris nageboba das. saqarTveloSi (guriis wina qedebSi): `vaSnaris naSenoba sakmaod mogvagonebs ujarmisas, romelsac kidevac utoldeba vaSnari, raRac SualedebSi mainc~.58
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vaSnari SeiZleba swored V saukunis gorgaslisdroindeli Senobaa, an VI saukuneSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan ltolvil qalkedonitebs egrisSi gadautaniaT mSeneblobis wesi _ wyoba. vaSnaris `zRudisa da SenobaTa perangis Tanabarkvadratovani, horizontalurad wesieri wyoba imeorebs qarTlis aRmosavleT ganapiras mdgari ujarmis cixe-darbazisa da ramdenime Soriaxlo Zeglis wyobas, romelsac Cven pirobiTad ùjarmuls~, an `gorgaslurs~ vuwodebT da romelTac ar moepovebaT analogi arc sakuTriv bizantiursa da arc egrisSi, iqauri gavleniT naSen ZeglebSi. es ki egrisisa da qarTlis mWidro kulturuli urTierTobis erT niSnad unda miviCnioT~.59 qarTuli eklesiis arseboba dasturdeba ara marto foTsa da vaSnarSi, aramed TviT bizantielTa mier aSenebul qalaq petraSic (cixisZiri). petraSi eklesiaTa Senobebic qarTuli stiliT uSenebiaT. amaze miuTiTebs cixisZirSi samnaviani bazilikis Txrisas aRmoCenili `bolnur-jvriani~ qva.60 dasavleT saqarTveloSi qarTuli eklesiis gavlena sruliad bunebrivad aRiqmeba, Tu gavixsenebT, rom araTu dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed TviT siria-palestinasa da egvi pteSic ki (TebeSi) qarTvelebs VI saukunesa da VII s-is dasawyisSi monastrebi uSenebiaT. aq qarTvelebSi megrelebic (lazebi) igulisxmeba. amis damadasturebeli isaa, rom petre ibers Tavisi cnobili monasteri palestinaSi martos ki ar auSenebia, aramed mTavari qtitori petres Semdeg yofila ioane lazi. palestinis am monastris warwerebi, wirva-locvis ena aq qarTulia; misi maSenebeli da erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli _ winamZRvari egriselia. aqedanac Cans, rom egriselTaTvis wirva-locvis ena qarTuli yofila. VI saukuneSi, vaxuStis Tanaxmad, egrisis vakeze, quTaisidan foTis mimarTulebiT, mcxeTis mTavarepiskoposis iurisdiqcia vrceldeboda, xolo egrisis mTianeTze (raWa-leCxumze) _ niqozis saepiskopososi. somxuri wyaroebis mixedviT, VI saukunis bolos kirioni, `winandeli wesis Tanaxmad~, egrisis, gugarqisa da qarTlis arqiepiskoposad, anu kaTalikosad iqna nakurTxi. ras gulisxmoben `winandel wesSi~ somxuri wyaroebi? cxadia imas, rom V saukuneSi da VI saukunis dasawyisSic, kirionamdec, qarTlis kaTalikosis iurisdiqciaSi egrisic Sedioda. vaxuStis Tanaxmad, V-VII saukuneebSi qarTuli eklesia erTiani iyo, aRmosavleT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi arsebobda saeklesio erToba. amdroindel saeklesio erTobas ewodeba èrToba qarTlis mTavarepiskoposis dros~. VII saukunis Semdgom, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, 720 wels, dasavleT saqarTveloSi daarsda adgilobrivi sakaTalikoso, e.i. gaiyo erTiani eklesia. am process vaxuSti `ganyofas~ uwdebs. is wers: àrs xons eklesia didi, gumbaTiani, mSvenier-nagebi, zis episkopozi mwyemsi vakisa, es iyo erTobasa Sina qarTlis mTavarepiskopozisa: Semdgomad ganyofisa dasves aqa episkopozi~.61
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qarTuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, qarTuli eklesiis istoriaSi saeklesio erToba arsebobda orjer: pirvelad VIII saukunis dasawyisamde, xolo meored _ X-XIV saukuneebSi. amitomac, vaxuSti ganmartavs, rom xonis `vake~ qarTlis samwysoSi Sedioda `mTavarepiskopozobis~, anu kaTalikoz-mTavarepiskoposobis dros da ara kaTalikos-patriarqobis dros _ XI saukunis Semdeg. `vaxuStis am cnobidan, romelic, eWvi ar aris, mas romeliRac Zveli wyarodan unda hqondes, gamodis, rom erTiani samefos arsebobis pirobebSi vake imereTi, anu `samoqalaqo~, qarTlis mTavarepiskoposis iurisdiqcias emorCileboda. erTiani saqarTvelos monarqiis arsebobis dros aseTi movlenis warmoqmna gaugebaria. safiqrebelia, rom igi gacilebiT ufro Zveli drois nayofia da maincdamainc im droisa, rodesac egrisi Zlieri qarTlis kulturul eqspansias ganicdida. SesaZlebelia, es friad saintereso faqti dakavSirebuli iyos im movlenasTan, romelic fiqsirebulia somxur wyaroSi da romlis mixedviT, `winandel wesTa magaliTisamebr~, VII s-is dasawyisSi qarTlis kaTalikosis iurisdiqcia egrisis garkveul nawilze vrceldeboda~.62 `winandel wesTa magaliTisamebr~, qarTlis kaTalikosis iurisdiqcia unda gavrcelebuliyo ara egrisis erT nawilze, aramed mTel dasavleT saqarTveloze, radganac kanonikurad eklesiis sazRvari saxelmwifo sazRvars unda damTxveoda, saxelmwifo sazRvari ki Sav zRvasa da egriswyalze (imJamad ukve klisuraze) gadioda. asea V saukuneSi mainc. amitomac wirvalocvis ena _ qarTuli _ jer kidev VII saukunemde mTel dasavleT saqarTveloSi iyo gavrcelebuli. swored VII saukuneSi icvleba es mdgomareoba. 630-iani wlebidan herakle keisari SavizRvispireTs uerTebs bizantias, ris Semdgomac, dasavleT egrisSi aRikveTa qarTuli ena. qarTulis magier aq dawesda berZnuli RvTismsaxureba, daarsda berZnuli saepiskoposoebi. VII saukunis dasawyisSi, erekles laSqrobamde, dasavleT saqarTveloSi kvlav grZeldeba qarTuli ti pis saeklesio nagebobebis Seneba, rac am mxareSi qarTuli eklesiis uflebamosilebaze miuTiTebs. amis magaliTia, WyondidSi jvris ti pis taZris ageba. g. CubinaSvilis daskvniT, is 630-ian wlebamde aSenda. Wyondidis qarTuli eklesia martod ar gamoiyureba, manamde dasavleT saqarTveloSi msgavsi nagebobebi iyo, rasac adasturebs petras qarTuli eklesia, vaSnaris naSenoba, foTis adrefeodaluri xanis SenobaTa naSTebi, romelzedac qarTuli asoebia gamoyvanili. VI saukunis meore naxevarSi qveynis saerTo ekonomikuri aRmavlobisa da sparsTagan gaTavisuflebis Sedegad, `neladrH Sekrba qarTli~, `faqtiurad, es iyo qveynis konsolidaciis, `qarTlis Sekrebis~ da `yoveli qarTlis~ Seqmnis im mniSvnelovani procesis xelaxali wamowyeba, romelsac V s-is meore naxevarSi safuZveli Cauyara vaxtang gorgasalma, magram sagareo Zalis, sasanuri iranis Zalmomreobis gamo, daaxloebiT naxevari saukuniT Seferxda. VI s-is meore naxevridan axalgazrda feodaluri qarTli axa-
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li energiiT kvlav iwyebs am didi erovnuli saqmis ganxorcielebas. iseve rogorc vaxtang gorgasali, axlac qveynis mesveurebi Tavisi miznebisaTvis iyeneben qristianul eklesias. erovnul-ideologiuri konsolidaciis procesi axali ZaliT iSleba qarTlis da egrisis teritoriazec. amis SesaniSnavi mowmobaa jvris ti pis qristianuli taZrebis mSenebloba qarTlsa, kaxeTsa da egrisSi; kirionis xeldasxma gugarqis, qarTlis da egrisis kaTalikosad~.63 qarTuli eklesia ara marto V-VI saukuneebSi iyo erTiani, aramed VII saukuneSic, kerZod, VII saukunis 30-ian wlebamde, herakle keisris mier zRvispira teritoriebis mitacebamde. VII saukuneSi qarTuli eklesiis erTobis sakiTxs exeba z. aleqsiZis kirionisadmi miZRvnili naSromi, erTerT qveTavSi _ `qarTuli da somxuri wyaroebi VII saukunis damdegs qarTlisa da egrisis saeklesio erTianobis Sesaxeb~.64 mkvlevari saintereso azrs aviTarebs VI saukunis movlenebis Sesaxeb: àSkaraa, sparselTa SexedulebiT lazika, svaneTi da iberia erTmaneTs Camocilebulia garkveuli politikuri viTarebis gamo da saTanado pirobebi Tu Seiqmna, maTi erTianobis dasabuTeba SeiZleba. sparselebma, Cans, ician is, rac dRes Cven ukve gviWirs warmovidginoT: aRmosavluri da dasavluri gaerTianebebis politikuri mTlianoba...~65 amasve miuTiTebs balazoris cnoba, rom qarTli, anu jurzani moicavs ara marto aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, aramed dasavleT saqarTvelosac da gadis Sav zRvaze. `...balazoris cnobiT... eranis Sahma xosro anuSirvanma (VIs.) jurzanSi aago Semdegi cixesimagreebi: firuzkobadi, lazikis kari, barikas kari _ trapezuntis zRvasTan, darialani, samcxis kari, jardamani (qarT. _ gardabani) da samSvilde~.66 aRmosavleT-dasavleT saqarTvelos politikur mTlianobaze mudmivad da dabejiTebiT weren: `qarTlis cxovreba~, `moqcevaA qarTlisaA~ da VIII saukunemdeli sxva wyaroebi. qveynis politikuri erTianoba misi xalxis eTnikur erTobas emyareboda. aRniSnuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, mTel saqarTveloSi, anu `qarTlSi~, rogorc isini uwodebdnen, egriswylidan da SavizRvispireTidan, hereTis CaTvliT, erTi, qarTveli xalxi cxovrobda. VII saukunis dasawyisis Sesaxeb s. janaSia aRniSnavs: `Zalian mniSvnelovani iyo is garemoeba, rom sakmaod grZeli periodis ganmavlobaSi (daaxloebiT VI s-is 70-iani wlebidan VII s-is 60-ian wlebamdis) TiTqmis mimdemad (an mcire wyvetilebiT) egrisi da qarTli erT saerTo saeklesioreligiuri farvatersa da bizantiis erTiani politikuri egidis qveS eqcevian. ise, rogorc adre irani, axla bizantiis mTavrobac ecdeboda garkveuli organizaciuli Tanxmoba daemyarebina adgilobriv eklesiebs Soris. ra konkretuli saxiT xorcieldeboda igi, amJamad gadaWriT Zneli saTqmelia, magram swored am dros raRac saeklesio-kulturuli gavlena ki unda gavrcelebuliyo qarTlidan egrisSi... am mxriv, Zalian sainteresoa
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erTi Zveli somexi istorikosis cnoba, rom kirioni... qarTvelTa, gugarelTa (gugareTi _ qarTvelTa sapitiaxSo) da megrelTa arqiespikoposad yofila xeldasxmuli `pirvandel wesTa~ Tanaxmad...~67 s. janaSia `...jer aRniSnuli erTianobis TariRad daaxloebiT 610-650 wlebs Tvlida, Semdeg 630-650 wlebze SeCerda...~.68 `qarTlisa da egrisis eklesiebi VII saukunis damdegs erT organizmad Tu ara, mWidrod erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulad mainc warmoudgenia somex istorikos CamCians~68. `...analogiuria qarTul matianeebSi warmodgenili suraTic... juanSeriT VIII s-is damdegs egrisSi adgilobrivi dinastia sul ar Cans da mTeli qveyana afxazeTis samTavros sazRvramdis qarTlis erismTavrebs ekuTvnis~.69 àSkaraa, juanSers VII s-is meore naxevarSi egrisi qarTlis Semadgenel nawilad miaCnia. imis Tqma, rom juanSers meqanikurad gadaaqvs gviandeli viTareba adre xanaSi, ar iqneboda gamarTlebuli... amrigad, juanSeris monaTxrobidan aseTi viTareba warmogvidgeba: bizantiis politikuri uflebis qveS guaram kurapalatis mTavrobiT (Tu mefobiT) erTiandeba qarTli da aRdgeba leonti mrovelisagan aRwerili `yoveli qarTlis~ farglebSi (daaxloebiT im rva saerisTavos farglebSi), romelic farnavazma `ganaCina~.70 aRmosavleT-dasavleT saqarTvelos erTianobis periodi, z. aleqsiZis gamokvleviT, modis ara 630-650 wlebze, rogorc fiqrobda s. janaSia, aramed daaxloebiT 570-630/40 wlebze. aRmosavleT-dasavleT saqarTvelos erTianoba daarRvia herakle keisris laSqrobam. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, heraklem saqarTvelos (qarTlis) saxelmwifos mniSvnelovani SavizRvispira teritoriebi CamoaWra. z. aleqsiZe wers: `qarTul-sasanuri dramebi daaxloebiT VI saukunis ukanasknel 30 welze da VII saukunis pirvel 30-40 welze modis, e.i. swored im xanaze, romelSic Tavsdeba qarTul-somxuri tradiciiT aRmosavleT-dasavleT saqarTvelos erTianobis periodi...~71 z. aleqsiZem gaarkvia, rom gaerTianebul aRmosavleT-dasavleT saqarTvelos VI-VII saukuneebSi ewodeboda `yoveli qarTli~. ase rom, `qarTli~ dasavleT saqarTvelos pirvelad uwodes ara giorgi merCulis epoqaSi, aramed gacilebiT adre, wina saukuneebSi. qarTuli matianeebis Tanaxmad, dasavleTi saqarTvelo qarTlis saxelmwifoSi Sedioda farnavaz mefidan, vidre vaxtang gorgaslis CaTvliT da Semdgom.72 ìv. javaxiSvilis dakvirvebiT, àmisTana SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sityvas `qarTli~ farTo da sazogado mniSvneloba hqonda, umatebdnen xolme `yoveli~, an èrTobili~ da ambobdnen xolme `yoveli qarTli~, èrTobili qarTli~.73 qarTuli ti pis saeklesio nagebobebis mSenebloba dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispira provinciebSi grZeldeba herakle keisris Semosevebamde, ufro zustad, am miwebis aneqsiamde bizantiis mier, 630-ian wlebamde. martvilis jvris ti pis taZari swored 630 wlamde, herakles mier qarTuli zRvispireTis mitacebamde aSenda. amis Semdeg martvili da Wyondi-
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dis sanaxebi (ise, rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva miwebi) konstantinopolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqcias gadaeca da daaxloebiT 200 wlis Semdeg daibruna qarTulma eklesiam. cxadia, berZnuli saepiskoposoebi maT daqvemdebarebaSi myof miwaze qarTuli ti pis saeklesio Senobis agebis nebas aravis darTavdnen. amitomac, martvilis taZari berZnebis iurisdiqciamde, 630 wlamde, unda aSenebuliyo. es TariRi zustad daadgina g. CubinaSvilma: `marto jvris ti pis nagebobebis gaTvaliswineba kmara, rom Tvalwin dagvidges saeklesio-ideologiuri erTianoba `yoveli qarTlisa~, Tanac imave farglebSi, rogorc farnavazis dros, gvamcnobs leonti mroveli. mcxeTis jvari Sendeba kaxeTisa da qarTlis sazRvarze; aSenebdnen kaxeTis, Sida qarTlisa da klarjeTjavaxeTis patronebi. Sida qarTlSi _ ateni, kaxeTSi _ SuamTa, egrisSi _ martvili. yvela es Zegli sul ocdaaTiode wlis produqtia da daaxloebiT 600-630-ian wlebSi eteva. aRniSnuli wlebi ki stefanoz I da adarnase qarTlis erismTavrebis zeobaze modis... aRniSnuli 30 weliwadi zustad kirion kaTalikosis moRvaweobis xanaa, swored im kirionis, romelic ioane drasxanakertelis cnobiT, iyo qarTlis, gugarqisa da egrisis arqiepiskoposi~.74 VI saukunis bolo da VII saukunis dasawyisi iyo epoqa gorgaslisdroindeli qarTuli saxelmwifos aRorZinebisa. es iyo aRdgena, ayvaveba-restavracia qarTuli sazogadoebrivi institutebisa da am axladaRorZinebul `yovel qarTls~ fexze dadgomis saSualeba ar misca ara arabobam, aramed herakle keisris laSqrobam. arabebis Semosevis dros qarTuli saxelmwifo, faqtobrivad, ganadgurebuli iyo herakle keisris mier, ramac arabebs gauadvila daSlili qarTlis damorCileba. faqtobrivad, arabebs `qarTli~, rogorc erTiani politikuri erTeuli, arc daxvedriaT. heraklem daamxo ara marto sparsTa saxelmwifo, aramed misi nawilobriv mokavSire qarTlis saxelmwifoc, Zalze daasusta da dasaja igi. herakles mier qarTuli saxelmwifosa da eklesiis dasjas TiTqmis ar moepoveba analogiebi qarTveli eris xangrZlivi istoriis manZilze. swored am dros moxda qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciis sazRvrebis damcroba. saerTod Zneli gasagebia, Tu ra mizezis gamo dasaja heraklem qarTuli saxelmwifo da eklesia. Tu es ganapiroba mefe-erismTavar stefanozisa da
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qarTlis erTi kuTxis (Tbilis-gugarqis) sparselebTan TanamSromlobam, maSin keisris risxva ar unda dastexoda qarTlis udides qalkedonitur nawils. magram heraklem qarTli, misi mrwamsis miuxedavad, mTlianad, erTianad dasaja. saerTod, herakle Zalze sastiki kaci iyo, aRmosavleTis qristianebs ise sZuldaT is, rom sixaruliTa da aRtacebiTac ki Sexvdnen arabebs da, faqtobrivad, maT, musliman dampyroblebs gadasces aRmosavleTi. WeSmaritebasTan, albaT, axlos viqnebiT, Tu vityviT, rom heraklem qarTli dasaja ara sarwmunoebrivi aRmsareblobisaTvis, aramed keisars afrTxobda qarTlis saxelmwifos aRorZineba zRvidan albaneTamde. I-IV saukuneebSi da adrec qarTlis saxelmwifo, faqtobrivad, erTaderTi tradiciuli metoqe iyo kavkasiaSi jer romis, Semdeg ki rom-berZenTa imperiisa. herakles afrTxobda iberiis Zveli saxelmwifos aRorZineba da misi mezobloba. iberia CrdiloeTis karebis gasaRebis mflobeli iyo da am gasaRebs Tavis saxelmwifo interesebisaTvis xSirad gadascemda xolme xan romaelebs, xan sparselebs. sparseTis saxelmwifos damxobis Semdeg heraklem misi potenciuri momxre qarTli Zalze daasusta. man, `qarTlis cxovrebisa~ da sumbatis qronikis Tanaxmad, qarTlis samefo dinastiis _ bagrationebis xosroianebiT Secvlis Semdeg, qarTul saxelmwifos CamoaWra mniSvnelovani teritoriebi zRvispireTSi. es iyo Zalze mniSvnelovani faqti qarTuli eklesiis istoriaSi _ Seicvala eklesiis iurisdiqciis sazRvari. matiane wers: _ `maSin kualad wariRes berZenTa sazRvari qarTlisa: speri da bolo klarjeTisa, zRYs piri~.75 heraklem mTeli SavizRvispireTi miuerTa Tavis imperias. bunebrivia, es teritoriebi saeklesio (qalkedonis) kanonTa Tanaxmad, gamovida qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciidan da Sevida bizantiis (konstantinopolis sapatriarqos) iurisdiqciaSi, radganac eklesiis sazRvrebi saxelmwifo sazRvrebs unda damTxveoda. berZnuli saepiskoposoebis teritoriuli ganlagebidan kargad Cans, qarTuli eklesiis romeli teritoriebi Sevida konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi. cnobilia, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi ganlagebuli berZnuli saepiskoposoebi bizantiur noticiebSi Cndeba herakles laSqrobis Semdeg, VII saukunis pirveli mesamedidan. VII saukunemde arc erTi berZnuli saepiskoposo ar moixseneba binaztiur noticiebSi, aq igulisxmeba mdinare egriswylidan petras CaTvliT moqceuli teritoria. dasavleT saqarTvelos aneqsirebuli teritoriebi konstantinopolis sapatriarqom Seiyvana lazikis eparqiaSi. am eparqiis foTis (fazisis) samitropolitoSi Sedioda oTxi saepiskoposo, adre qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi myof teritoriaze ki Semdegi berZnuli saepiskoposoebi daarsda: 1. TviT foTis (fasoi) samitropolito kaTedra; 2. petras (petronis, cixisZiris) saepiskoposo kaTedra; 3. ziginevis (gudayva) saepiskoposo kaTedra;
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4. saisinis (caiSi) saepiskoposo kaTedra; 5. rodopolisis (vardcixis) saepiskoposo kaTedra. unda vivaraudoT, rom yvela es berZnuli saepiskoposo VII saukuneSi erTdroulad ki ar daarsebula, aramed TandaTan. Tu rodopolisi namdvilad baRdaTis raionis varcixea, maSin berZnuli saepiskoposoebis teritoriuli ganlagebidan gamomdinareobs, rom `qarTlis cxovrebis~ terminSi `zRvispiri~, igulisxmeboda mTeli istoriuli egrisi, anu teritoria Savi zRvidan da egriswylidan skanda-Sorapnis xazamde, romelic istoriulad iberia-egrisis sazRvrad iTvleboda. viwro mniSvnelobiT iberiis (qarTlis) sazRvari egrisTan gadioda skanda-Sorapnis xazze, xolo farTo gagebiT _ egrisi iberiaSi Sedioda. dasavleT saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani provinciis _ argveTis didi nawili kvlav qarTlis samefoSi darCa. igi ar Sesula bizantiis imperiaSi, amitomac masze iurisdiqcias kvlavindeburad axorcielebda qarTuli da ara berZnuli eklesia. aq wirva-locvis ena berZnuli arasdros yofila. Tu aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi herakle keisarma eklesiebSi qarTveli qristianebi daaxocina (èklesiaTa Sina mdinareni sisxlTani diodes~ _ sumbatis qronikidan), dasavleT saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani nawili Camoacila qarTul eklesias. VII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciis dasavleTi sazRvari Seicvala da amis Semdeg egriswyalsa da Savi zRvis nacvlad gadioda skanda-Sorapnis xazze _ argveTSi. istoriul egrisze konstantinopolma ganaxorciela Tavisi iurisdiqcia, rac kargad Cans trulis 692 wlis saeklesio krebis xelismomwerTa siidanac, romelSic bizantiel episkoposTa Soris moxsenebulni arian foTisa da petronis (cixisZiris) episkoposebi.
`ganyofa~ qarTul da somxur eklesiaTa Soris

k. kekeliZe wers: `somxebisagan eklesiurad CamoSoreba, romelsac adgili hqonda VII saukunis dasawyiss, moxda, rogorc cnobilia, sxvaTa Soris, erovnul-kulturuli ideologiis safuZvelzedac. qarTvelebi amieridan miznad isaxaven TandaTanobiT ganTavisuflebas aRmosavluri saeklesio tradiciebisagan. am niadagze warmoiSva gamwvavebuli polemika somxebTan, romelic iqamde mivida, rom qarTvelebma warsulSic ki uaryves yovelgvari kulturul-eklesiuri urTierToba somxebTan...~76 ganxeTqileba, romelsac qarTveli da somexi istorikosebis Tanaxmad, Sedegad mohyolia `ganyofa~ am eklesiaTa Soris, Sedegi yofila imdroindeli politikuri situaciisa.
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p. ingoroyva kargad gadmoscems qveynis mdgomareobas: ìberiaSi me-6 saukunis 70-ian wlebSi moxda ajanyeba iranelTa batonobis winaaRmdeg, rac dasrulda erovnuli xelisuflebis aRdgeniT iberiaSi, magram mdgomareoba iberiis am axali xelisuflebisa ar iyo mtkice; amis gamoxatulebaa, kerZod, is faqtic, rom iberiis xelisuflebis meTauri atarebs ara `mefis~, aramed èrismTavris~, anda `didi erisTavis~ tituls. im dros arsebul saerTaSoriso viTarebaSi iberiis Zveli `samefos~ aRdgena ver moxerxda. iberiis am axal xelisuflebas uxdeba meryeoba or gareSe Zalas _ iransa da bizantias Soris. 590-604 wlebSi iberia bizantiis gavlenis sferoSi moeqceva; Semdeg 605 wlidan, vidre 620-ian wlebamde, iberiaSi isev iranis batonoba damyarda; xolo 620-iani wlebidan irakli keisris aRmosavleTSi laSqrobis droidan, iberia kvlav bizantiis gavlenis sferoSia moqceuli~.77 570-iani wlebidan 604 wlamde, roca saqarTvelo moqceuli iyo bizantiis gavlenis sferoSi, qarTuli eklesia sruliad qalkedonituria da aRar imyofeba somxuri eklesiis zegavlenis qveS. miuxedavad amisa, am or moZme eklesias mainc aqvs urTierTkavSiri, albaT, kulturul-sulieri. magaliTad, momavali qarTlis kaTalikosi kirioni daaxloebiT am periodSi jer somxeTSi moRvaweobs, sadac is episkoposia, Semdgom ki gadmodis qarTlSi. mdgomareoba sruliad icvleba 604 wlidan, bizantiaze sparseTis warmatebiT gamarjvebebisa da amierkavkasiis sparseTisadmi daqvemdebarebis Semdgom. Tuki 570-iani wlebidan, vidre 604-605 wlebamde qarTuli eklesia somxuri eklesiisagan sruliad damoukidebeli iyo, 604/5 wlebidan somxeTs ucdia qarTuli eklesia kvlav moeqcia Tavisi zegavlenis qveS iseve, rogorc iyo VI saukunis 50-70-ian wlebamde. 604/5 wlebidan somxuri eklesiis cdas _ daemorCilebina qarTuli eklesia, saqarTveloSi gamouwvevia sapirispiro reaqcia, rasac 607-609 wlebSi Sedegad mohyva `ganyofa~ qarTul da somxur eklesiaTa Soris. somexTa kaTalikosma abraamma aukrZala somxebs raime kavSiri hqonodaT qarTvelebTan. TviT somxuri wyaroebis Tanaxmad, somxuri eklesiisagan sruli damoukidebloba qarTveli eris yvela fenis survili yofila. maT saerTo miswrafebas axorcielebda qarTlis didi kaTalikosi kirioni. rogorc smbat marzpanis epistoledan Cans, somxuri mxare qarTvelebs afrTxilebda, rom Tu qarTuli eklesia kvlav gaagrZelebda somxeTisagan damoukideblobis kurss, igi amas Seatyobinebda sparseTis mefes da dasjida ara marto eklesias, aramed saerTod qveyanas. marTlac, 614 wels sparseTis saxelmwifom gamosca brZaneba, romlis ZaliTac yvela qristiani ara marto amierkavkasiaSi, aramed mis mTel imperiaSi, unda damorCileboda somxur eklesias, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, maT gaasaxlebdnen. Cans, 614 wlis e.w. `sparsuli krebis~ Semdeg, saqarTveloSi mravali monofiziti gaCenila. amas xels isic Seuwyobda, rom TviT erismTavari stefanozi sparsuli orientaciisa iyo da mtrulad daxvda berZnebs.
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bunebrivia, antibizantiuri politikis gatarebisas, saqarTvelos mefemTavrebi antiqalkedonitebi iqnebodnen. antiqalkedonitoba ZiriTadi piroba iyo antibizantiurobisa. sparseTis TvalsazrisiT, antibizantiurobis gamoxatva dapyrobil qristianebs mxolod da mxolod antiqalkedonuri mrwamsis aRiarebiT SeeZloT. sparseTis mier dapyrobil saqarTveloSi antiqalkedonitoba aucilebeli iyo, magram es imave dros somxuri eklesiisadmi daqvemdebarebas niSnavda _ esec sparseTis mier moTxovnili antibizantiurobis gamoxatvis aucilebeli piroba iyo. Tu mosaxleobis, an qveynis romelime Temi im dros somxuri eklesiis mimarT loialur politikas daiWerda, Tavis Tavs somxuri sarwmunoebis matareblad, an somxuri eklesiisadmi daqvemdebarebulad gamoacxadebda, mas garantirebuli hqonda sparseTis imperiisagan garkveuli SeRavaTebi da uSiSroeba. aseTi mdgomareoba mosaxleobaSi popularuls xdida `somxur sarwmunoebas~ _ `somxobas~. somexi istorikosis, ioane mamikonianis matianidan irkveva, rom antibizantiur politikas, ara marto saqarTvelos erismTavari atarebda, aramed antibizantiuri orientaciisa yofila VII saukunis pirveli naxevris periodebSi mesxeTi (qvemo qarTlis, anu gugarqis antibizantiuroba cnobilia). ioane mamikonianis matianidan irkveva, rom `vaSden qarTvelTa (iverTa) mTavari, mflobeli mesxeTis mxareTa, iranis politikuri orientaciisa yofila, xolo misi diswuli hamami (mflobeli zRvispira mxarisa _ lazeTisa) bizantiis orientaciis moRvawed Cans. rac Seexeba, vaSdenis uSualo samflobelos, e.i. mesxeTis mxareebs (Woroxidan _ vanandamde, e.i. sakuTriv klarjeTis CaTvliT), aq vaSdenis sikvdilis Semdeg, mTavrad damjdara vaSdenis Ze jojiki. iranis Sahs xosro-farvizs qarTvelTa (iverielTa) mTavris jojikisaTvis uboZebia tituli marzpanisa... jojiki mesxeTis mxareTa mTavari yofila VII saukunis pirveli naxevaris manZilze. mematianis sityviT, `vaSdenis-Ze jojik, qarTvelTa (iverielTa) mTavari~ cocxali yofila VII saukunis Sua wlebSiac, rodesac kavkasiaSi pirvelad Semovidnen arabTa razmebi~.78 arabebma, iseve rogorc sparselebma, dapyrobil amierkavkasiaSi Seqmnes erTiani administraciuli erTeuli, romelsac uwodes àrminia~. dapyrobili qarTli àrminiaSi~ Sedioda, ise rogorc albaneTi da TviT somxeTi. ase rom, administraciuli centri kvlav somxeTSi iyo, rogorc sparsTa batonobisas. gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom sparselebma amierkavkasiaSi qarTuli, albanuri da somxuri eklesiebisagan erTi sarwmunoebrivsaeklesio erTeuli Seqmnes, xolo arabebma _ erTi administraciul-samoqalaqo erTeuli. mogvianebiT (IX saukuneSi) arabebma am administraciuli erTeulis meTaurad, anu vostikanad (amirad) erovnebiT somxebi daniSnes, romelTac somexTa, qarTvelTa da arabTa xelisufali _ ufalTufalic ewodeboda. safiqrebelia, rom qarTvelTa qveynis somexi xelisufali qarTlSi somxuri eklesiis poziciebs ganamtkicebda da ar Seasustebda.
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rogorc zemoT moyvanilidan Cans, `ganyofa~ asureli mamebis mier dawyebuli qarTul da somxur eklesiaTa Soris daagvirgvina kirion kaTalikosma 607-609 wlebSi, magram 613-614 wlidan somxur sarwmunoebas kvlav aqtiuri zemoqmedeba aqvs qarTlze, ase grZeldeba VII saukunis manZilze da Semdgom, TiTqmis X-XI saukuneebamde. amis erTi magaliTi mocemulia wyaroSi, romelsac mokled `sityvisgeba efTvime grZelisa sosTenis mimarT~ hqvia. aq gadmocemulia, rom TviT mefe bagratis iseTi upirvelesi saxelmwifo moxele, rogoricaa mwignobarTuxucesi, sarwmunoebiT iyo ara qalkedoniti, rogorc mosalodnelia, aramed monofiziti. es monofiziti mwignobarTuxucesi erovnebiT qarTvelia da ara somexi. es iqidan Cans, rom avtors qalkedonitoba qarTvelTa erovnul sarwmunoebad miaCnia, amitomac am monofozits, romelic ar misdevs Tavisi eris sarwmunoebas, `Sinagamcems~ uwodebs. is erovnebiT somexi rom yofiliyo, srulebiT ar eTqmoda `Sinagamcemi~. Sesabamisi teqsti aseTia: `maSin ukue iyo mwignobarTuxucesi mefisa saxelad efTvime. igica Tana-ziari iyo borotisa mis wvalebisa maTisa da Sinagamcemi sarwmunoebisa Cuenisa. aman azraxa sosTensa esreT, viTarmed...~79 Tu am saukuneSic ki mwignobarTuxucesi monofiziti iyo, maSin xalxSic mravlad iqnebodnen monofiziti qarTvelebi. k. kekeliZis daskvnebi, am mxriv, samarTliania. `qarTul da somxur eklesiebs Soris `ganxeTqileba mzaddeboda VI saukuneSi da damTavrda VII saukunis damdegs _ 608 wels~.80 im dros, roca qarTulma eklesiam Tavi daixsna mezobeli eklesiis zegavlenisagan, mas sWirdeboda avtoritetuli eklesiebisa da saeklesio moRvaweebis dadastureba sarwmunoebriv-kanonikuri TvalsazrisiT misi moqmedebis sisworis Sesaxeb. Tavisi moqmedebis sisworis dasadastureblad kirionma sarwmunoebriv sakiTxebze miwer-mowera gamarTa romis pap grigol didTan (590-604), ierusalimis patriarqTanac. `qronografis~ cnobiT, qarTlis kaTalikoss urTierToba hqonda antioqiis patriarq anastasi mRvdelmowamesTan, romelic kirionis Tanamedrove iyo.81 kirions mWidro urTierToba daumyarebia bizantiis imperiis sapatriarqoebTan. amis gamo mas brali dasdes saxelmwifo RalatSi. pirvelsave epistoleSi abraam somexTa kaTalikosi kirions bralad sdebs bunebiT Tanaziarisagan, anu somxuri eklesiisagan ganSorebas da ucxo samefosTan (albaT, bizantiis sapatriarqoebTan) `siyvarulis erTobas~: àris raRac, romelic daujereblad gveCvena: ucxo samefosTan rom Seqmna mefeTa-mefis monaTaganma siyvarulis erToba da bunebiT Tanamoziares gaSorde~.82 mefeTa-mefis monebaSi igulisxmebian TviT somexTa da qarTvelTa kaTalikosebi, da saerTod sparseTis imperiaSi moqceuli qveynebis mosaxleoba. kirioni sparseTis mier dapyrobili qveynis kaTalikosia, amitomac is mefeTa-mefis monaa. am `monis~ siyvarulis erToba ùcxo samefosTan~ imaSi
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gamoixateboda, rom qarTveli saeklesio moRvawe kavSirs daamyarebda ùcxo samefoSi~ Semaval saeklesio moRvaweebTan, antioqiisa da ierusalimis sapatriarqoebTan. marTlac, Tavis pasuxSi kirioni daufaravad wers, rom mas sarwmunoebrivi erToba aqvs ierusalimTan: `...TumcaRa mefeTa-mefis monebi varT, sarwmunoeba ierusalimisa gvaqvs da gveqneba~.83 ìerusalimis~ qveS, SesaZloa, ara marto ierusalimis, antioqiis sapatriarqoc igulisxmeba, radganac ierusalimi qristianobis samSobloa. marTlac, berZnuli `qronografi~, romelic Tavis naSromSi gamoiyena efrem mcirem (ùwyebaA mizezsa qarTvelTa moqcevisasa~) wers, rom qarTlis sakaTalikosos kavSiri aqvs antioqiis patriarq anastasi mRvdelmowamesTan. es cnoba kargad Seefardeba VI-VII saukuneTa mijnaze qarTlis sakaTalikosoSi Seqmnil viTarebas.
arseni safareli èrTobisdroindeli~ somexi kaTalikosebis Sesaxeb

VI-VII saukuneebSi qarTul da somxur eklesiaTa Soris èrTobis~ xasiaTis gamorkvevisaTvis moviyvanT arseni safarelis mier moxseniebul somex kaTalikosTa rigs, romelTac, ase Tu ise, gavlena hqoniaT qarTul eklesiaze. qarTul da somxur eklesiaTa `ganyofa~ ar unda gavigoT ise, TiTqosda kavkasiur adgilobriv eklesiaTa Soris moxda lokaluri saxis ganxeTqileba: sinamdvileSi aq globalur saeklesio movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme. arseni safarelica da qarTveli mematianeebic aRniSnaven, rom erTian msoflio, anu kaTolike-sayovelTao eklesiaSi moxda ganxeTqileba, ramac Tavisi gavlena iqonia qarTul eklesiaze. berZnuli (anu rom-berZenTa imperiis), somxuri, qarTuli da sxva eklesiebi erTian msoflio kaTolike, anu sayovelTao eklesias warmoadgenda. am erTian msoflio eklesias garkveuli mizezis gamo Camoscilda somxuri eklesia. roca qarTuli eklesiisaTvis cnobili gaxda, rom erTian msoflio eklesias Camoscilda somxuri eklesia, qarTulma eklesiam maSinve gawyvita saeklesio-kanonikuri urTierToba somxur eklesiasTan. sayovelTao msoflio eklesias qarTveli mematianeebi xSirad `berZnul~ eklesias uwodebdnen, radganac msoflio saeklesio centri, marTlac, berZenTa imperias moicavda. arseni safareli wers: `sparsTa mefeni aiZulebdes somexTa, raATa ganeSornen berZenTa sarwmunoebasa~.84 ufro adre sparsTa mefe avaldebulebs somxebs `ganyofisaTYs berZenTagan~85. jer xdeba `berZenTagan~ somxebis `ganyofa~, xolo Semdeg `qarTlisagan~ somxebis daSoreba. `xolo qarTli yoveli da meoTxedi somxiTisa ganeyennes KelT-dasxmasa mRdelobisasa somexTagan~.86
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ganyofisdroindeli somexi kaTalikosebi arian: 1. nerse mijini _ nerse II, kaTalikosi somexTa (548-557). moiwvia ori saeklesio kreba dvinSi, eklesia mimarTa monofizitobisaken. Tanamedrovea xosro I, anuSirvanisa (531-579), sparseTis Sahisa, romlis mmarTveloba sasanidebis saxelmwifos didi siZlieris periodi iyo. arsenis mixedviT, dvinis krebis Semdeg iqmna `cilobaA didi Soris somxiTisa da qarTlisa~.87 es ciloba naxevari saukune mainc gagrZelebula, vidre kirionamde. cilobis mizezi Semdegi yofila: `...krebaA yves somexTa qalaqsa dvinsa da SeCuenebiT gandges aRsarebisagan wmidisa kaTolike eklesiisa da ganeyennes oTxTa sapatriarqoTagan da gardaaqcies aRTqumai, igi, romeli daudva wmidaman grigoli kesaria eklesiisa, ukunisamde ara ganSorebad misgan KelT-dasxmaA episkoposebisa somxiTisaA da rameTu somxiTman brZanebaA moiRo sparsTa mefisagan KelT-dasxmaA episkoposebisa TaviT TYsiT... iqmna ciloba didi Soris somxiTisa da qarTlisa~. ese cilobaA iyo Soris somexTa da qarTvelTa dReTa nerse kaTalikozisa somexTasa...~88 wmida grigolis mier daarsebuli somxuri eklesia kesariis eklesias eqvemdebareboda. arsenis Tanaxmad, wmida grigols aRTqma hqonia dadebuli, rom somxuri eklesia ukunisamde ar ganSordeboda msoflio erTian kaTolike, anu sayovelTao eklesias, kerZod, ar ganSordeboda oTx sapatriarqos, romelTa erTobac msoflio eklesias warmoadgenda. somxuri eklesia msoflio eklesiasTan dakavSirebuli yofila kesariis eklesiis saSualebiT, romelic, Tavis mxriv, erT-erT sapatriarqoSi Sedioda. somxuri eklesia iseTi xarisxiTaa dakavSirebuli kesariis eklesiasTan, rom mas ufleba ara aqvs `TaviT TYsiT~ akurTxos episkoposebi. es kesariaSi unda moxdes, anda kesariis nebiT unda aRsruldes. nerses dros mowveul krebas somxuri eklesia, faqtobrivad, ganuSorebia msoflio eklesiisgan, radganac sparsTa mefis nebiT am krebas miuRia gadawyvetileba kesariis nebarTvis gareSe TviT somxur eklesiasve ekurTxebina episkoposebi _ moexdina `...KelT-dasxma episkoposebisa TaviT TYsiT~. im epoqaSi, msoflio eklesiis erTianobis ideidan gamomdinare, somxur eklesias (da albaT, sxva adgilobriv eklesiebsac, maT Soris, qarTulsac) ara hqonia ufleba, Tavisi episkoposebi, an kaTolikosi daesva ise, rom amis Sesaxeb ar miemarTa mezobeli eklesiebisaTvis. `faustos buzandis erTi cnobis analizis Semdeg n. adonci wers: `somxebs saSualeba ar hqondaT daedginaT Tavisi episkoposebi, an kaTolikosi, mezobel eklesiebTan mimarTvis gareSe~.89 arseni safarelis mixedviTac, imis Semdeg, rac somxurma eklesiam kesariasTan kavSiri gawyvita, somxeTSi aRar icodnen, sad ekurTxebinaT, anda rogor ekurTxebinaT TavianTi episkoposebi. aseTi dabneulobis dros maT sxva veraferi moifiqres _ ganmoarCies somexi episkoposi, romlis samwyso
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yvelaze axlos iyo kesariis eklesiasTan da mas daavales axali somexi episkoposebis kurTxevisaTvis Tanxmobis gacema. am somxurma saepiskoposom Secvala kesariis eklesia. taronis saepiskoposo, misi kesariasTan teritoriuli siaxlovis gamo, arsenis Tanaxmad, kesariis eklesiis Semcvleli gaxda. formalurad TiTqosda yvelaferi Zveleburadve iyo _ episkoposis axali kandidatis kurTxevis neba kvlav kesariis mxridan modioda: `... ara aqunda adgil, sadamca ikurTxes episkoposi, da ganisma somxiTsa, viTarmed gandges... Kel-dasxmisagan kesariisa... da mouvlines nerSapus, taronisa episkopossa... orTa Tana moyuasTa misTa, da hrques... Cuen ara guaqus saydari, sada Kelni davisxneT da mivhmarTeT Sensa keTilad msaxurebasa, raATa dagYdginne Cuen episkoposni~.90 arsenis Tanaxmad, episkoposTa kurTxevisaTvis aucilebeli iyo mezobeli eklesiis Tanxmoba, ufro metic, TiTqosda mezobeli eklesia adgenda episkoposebs. amitomac, srulebiT gasagebia arsenis gancxadeba imis Sesaxeb, rom `qarTli yoveli da meoTxedi somxiTisa ganeyenes xelTdasxmasa mRdelobisasa somexTagan~. arsenis Tanaxmad, msoflio sayovelTao eklesiasTan somxeTi kesariis saSualebiTaa dakavSirebuli, qarTuli eklesia ki _ somxuri eklesiis saSualebiT. `qarTvelni etyodes, viTarmed: `wmidaman grigoli saberZneTiT moguca Cuen sarwmunoebaA~.91 radganac somxeTis episkoposebi kesariaSi aRar iReben xeldasxmas, amitomac aRarc qarTveli samRvdeloeba miiRebs xeldasxmas somxeTSi. nerse kaTalikoss dvinSi meorejerac mouwvevia kreba iustinianesa (527565) da xosros dros: `da kualad SeaCuenes wmidaA igi kreba qalkidonisaA~.92 arseni safarelis mixedviT, `qarTlisagan somxiTis~ ganyofa xdeba am nerse II-s dros, VI saukunis meore naxevarSi. qarTl-somxeTs erToba hqonia VI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, kerZod 506-520-iani wlebidan 550-ian wlebSi mowveul dvinis I krebamde. arseni safarelis TxzulebaSi nerse II da kirioni (595-610) TiTqosda Tanamedroveni arian, magram arseni gulisxmobs imas, rom kirionis dros ukiduresad oficialurad gamwvavda is winaaRmdegoba, rac nerses dros daiwyo or eklesias Soris. 2. ioane II gabeleneli (557-574) somxeTis kaTalikosi agrZelebda nerses kurss. man SemoiRo somxur eklesiaSi jer kidev VI saukuneSi dadasturebuli praqtika ziarebisas aufuebeli purisa da wyalgaureveli Rvinis xmarebisa. arseni aRwers nerse II-is mier mowveul dvinis krebas da Semdeg iqve urTavs cnobas nerses Semdgomi kaTalikosis ioane gabelenelis mier manaskertSi mowveuli krebis Sesaxeb. `s. kakabaZe Tvlida, rom arsenis mier dasaxelebuli manazkertis kreba da misi meTauri ioane kaTalikosi _ arian ara 726 wlis kreba da ioane oZuneli (718-729), aramed kaTalikosi ioane gabeleneli (557-574) da mis mier VI saukunis 60_ian wlebSi mowveu-
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li somxuri adgilobrivi saeklesio kreba~.93 am krebas daudgenia ziarebisas wyalgareuli Rvinisa da safuariani puris miRebis akrZalva. marTalia, am krebis Semdgom VII saukunis garkveul periodebSi somxuri eklesiis qalkedonituri aRmsareblobis gamo es dadgenileba irRveoda, amitomac saWiro gaxda 726 wels manaskertis krebaze am dadgenilebis kvlav gamotana da damtkiceba. somxuri eklesiis praqtikaSi ziarebisas wyalgaureveli Rvinis xmarebas adasturebs VI msoflio kreba. `VI msoflio saeklesio krebis kanonebis 32-e muxli ukve am praqtikis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli~.94 arseni safarelis mixedviT, ziarebisas wyalgaureveli Rvinisa da aufuebeli puris xmareba SemouRia nerse II-is Semdgom kaTalikos ioanes, IV saukunis meore naxevarSi. am cnobas iqve adasturebs da amtkicebs arseni imiT, rom ioane gabelenelis Semdgomi kaTalikosi mose elivardeli (574604) Zalze mtkiced icavs ziarebisas wyalgaureveli Rvinisa da aufuebeli puris miRebis wess. ufro metic, is dascinis ziarebisaTvis saWiro RvinoSi wylis garevasa da puris afuebas. uwodebs am wess berZnebis mier SemoRebuls. afuebul purs dacinviT `furnids~ uwodebs, wyalgareul Rvinos ki _ `Termons~. aqedanac Cans, rom ara 726 wlis manaskertis krebas gulisxmobs arseni ìoanes mier mowveul krebaSi~, aramed VI saukunis meore naxevris somxuri eklesiis krebas, romelsac ziarebis zemoT moyvanili wesi daudgenia, da romelsac mtkiced icavs VI saukunis momdevno kaTalikosi mose. 3. mose elivardeli (574-604), somxeTis kaTalikosi, antiberZnuli orientaciisaa. is ar midis konstantinopolSi, sadac miwveuli iyo molaparakebisaTvis, amayad acxadebs: àra wiaRvKde mdinaresa azatsa, romel ars sazRvari sparsTaA, ara vWamo furnidi berZenTa da arca vsua Termoni maTi~.95 mose ar apirebs sparsTa saxelmwifos datovebas, romelSic somxeTic Sedioda, da araTu molaparakeba, aramed berZnebTan ziarebac ki ar surs. berZnuli ziarebis wesi misTvis sruliad miuRebelia. mose elivardelis dros somxuri eklesia orad gaiyo. erTi, monofizituri nawilis kaTalikosi TviT mosea, meore, qalkedonituri nawilisa ki _ ioane kogoviteli. `591 wels mavrikesa da xosros Soris dadebuli zaviT airaratis umetesi nawilis somxeTis bizantiur nawilSi moeqca, male gaqalkedonitda da kaTalikosadac qalkedoniti ioane kogoviteli daudga~.96 male srulebiT icvleba saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba, iniciativas iRebs sparseTi, gadadis Setevaze da ipyrobs qalkedonitur somxeTs. sebeosis cnobiT, `sparselebi basianSi Casulan xosros mefobis me-18 wels. (591+18=609), daumarcxebiaT berZnebi, alya SemourtyamT karnu qalqisaTvis da auRiaT...~97 arseni wers: ìqmna homi igi basianisa, romelsa iZlivnes ionni sparsTagan... amas welsa war-ityuena karnu-qalaqi ahmadisagan da iohane kaTalikosi, romeli iyo nawilsa berZenTasa da amave welsa gadasxna mose kaTalikozman mRdelni TYsisa Kelisagan. iohanes kerZni, da warvides romeln-
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ime taos romelnime ionTa Tana~.98 ueWvelia, am winadadebaSi gadamwers SemTxveviT erTmaneTisaTvis gadaubams ori, sul sxvadasxva winadadeba. sparsTa mier qalkedonituri somxeTis dapyrobis dros kaTalikosi iyo ara mose, aramed abraami, amitomac winadadeba _ `...amasve welsa ganasxna mose...~99 ar zis Tavis adgilze. Tu es ase ar aris da gadamwers Secdoma ar dauSvia, maSin gamodis, rom arsens tao ar miaCnia somxuri eklesiis nawilad, radganac sparselebma daipyres ara marto airarati, aramed taoc da samxreTi saqarTveloc _ mesxeTi. cxadia, tao somxeTis nawili rom yofiliyo, an somxur eklesiaSi Semavali provincia, masze Tavis uflebas ganaxorcielebda somxeTis monofiziti kaTalikosi taos sparsTagan dapyrobis dros (ise, rogorc airaratze) da somexi samRvdeloeba taoSi ar gadavidoda. SeiZleba tao _ qarTlis erT-erTi provincia _ somxuri eklesiis zegavlenis qveS, mis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali maSin iyo, roca saerTod qarTuli eklesia iyo somxuri eklesiis zegavlenis qveS 506-20iani wlebidan 551-570-ian wlebamde, 590-ian wlebSi is qalkedonitur somxur eklesiaSi Sedioda. qalkedonituri somxuri eklesiis gaqroba-ganadgurebis kvalobaze tao Tavis deda qarTul eklesias ubrundeba da nelnela iSorebs aramSobliur somxur enobriv kvals. 4. abraham albaTaneli (607-615), kaTalikosi somxeTisa. abraamis dros `gandevna kYrion qarTlisa kaTalikozman mose episkoposi curtavisaA saydrisagan TYsisa... iTxova abraham kYrionisagan saydari misi, xolo igi ara erCda mas da ganzYnda cilobaA igi Soris maTsa~.100 aqedan Cans, rom arsenis Tanaxmad, kirionma qarTul eklesiaSi Semavali curtavis eparqiidan gandevna episkoposi: `gandevna... saydrisagan Tvisisa~. aq igulisxmeba ara kirionis `saydari~, aramed curtavelis saepiskoposo `saydari~. abraami sTxovs kirions, gadasces somxur eklesias mTliani eparqia curtavisa: ìTxova abraham kYrionisagan saydari misi~. kirionma ar gadasca curtavis eparqia (`saydari~) somxur eklesias, ramac gamoiwvia urTierTSecileba _ `ganzYnda ciloba~. 5. komitasi (daaxl. 614-630), somxeTis kaTalikosi, monawileobda `sparsul krebaSi~ 614 wels. iyo mdidari, antiqalkedoniti. man gamoaCina ioane mairavaneli, anu mairagomeli. mis dros Seicvala `kanoni da wesni pirvelni~, TviT gamosca axali kanonebi, romlis gamoc àiSala Zueli da ver daamtkices axali, aramed yoveli kaci TYs-TYs saxeobs vidre moaqamomde~.101 e.i. komitasis droidan arseni safarelis dromde somxeTis saeklesio cxovreba aSlilia. arsenis azriT, èse yoveli qmna KeliTa gancofebulisa ioane maAreguemelisaATa.102 6. qristefore apahuneli (628-630), somxeTis kaTalikosi, mteri iyo ioane mairagomelisa. igi taxtidan Camoagdes. 7. ezra faraznakerteli (628-642), somxeTis kaTalikosi. mis dros `somxuri eklesia kvlav dauaxlovda diofiziturs, Tumca, monoTelitobis niadagze,
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rac wyvetilebiT 726 wlamde gagrZelda~.103 mis dros kvlav aRorZinebula komitas-mairagomelis wvaleba. aRivsoo, _ wers arseni, `queyanaA somxiTisaA sikudilisa momtyuebeliTa swavliTa~.104 misTvis herakle keisars sparseTis damarcxebis Semdeg ubrZanebia saeklesio krebis mowveva karnu-qalaqs. somxurma eklesiam, arsenis Tanaxmad, am krebaze aRiara `marTali~ sarwmunoeba, anu qalkedonitoba. karnu-qalaqis, anu Teodosiopolis kreba, romelzedac somexTa sapatriarqom qalkedonitoba aRiara, TariRdeba 632 wliT. arseni wers: `movida herakle mefe somxiTs da ixila wvalebaA somexTaA da friad Sewuxna warwymedisa maTisaTYs... brZana krebaA didi yofad episkoposTa da moZRuarTa somxiTisaTa da miwera wigni ezra kaTolikozisa da aznaurTa, raATa Semokrben karnu-qalaqs da gamoiZion sarwmunoebaA krebisaTYs. qalkidonisa da cnan WeSmaritad ori bunebaA qristHsi somexTa da moiwivnes yovelni erTobiT winaSe mefisa da gamoiwuliles mesamed mravliTa ZiebiTa da daamtkices marTali. da daemorCilnes somexni ficiT KeliTweriliTa... da viTar uk-moiqces dvins, miiqces masve nebasa wymedulsa...~105 kaTalikos ezras ebrZvis ioane mairagomeli. 8. nerse iSxneli (641-661), somxeTis kaTalikosi, kaci Rirsi da marTlmorwmune. gandevna da dasaja ioane mairagomeli. mas ixsenebs giorgi merCule IX saukuneSio, _ wers is, _ `nebiTa RvTisaTa iqmna saba episkopos iSxans zeda, netarsa nerse kaTalikozisa aRSenebulsa kaTolike eklesiasa da saydarsa missa, romeli weliwadTa mravalTa daqvrivebul iyo~.106 marTalia, nerse somxeTis kaTalikosi iyo, magram qalkedoniti, amitom mas merCule netars uwodebs, arseni ki _ marTlmorwmunes. SeiZleba nerse taoeli qarTveli iyo, somxuri eklesiis wevri ise, rogorc taos qarTveloba. SeiZleba misi qarTvelobis gamo, somex kaTalikosTa Soris gansakuTrebuli simpaTiiT TiTqmis mas erTaderTs moixsenieben qarTveli istorikosebi. 9. anastasi (661-667) somxeTis kaTalikosi, TiTqmis qalkedoniti. 10. israeli (667-677) somxeTis kaTalikosi. man ioane mairavanelis sikvdilis Semdeg gandevna misi mowafeebi. arseni am kaTalikosis Semdeg arc erT sxva somex kaTalikoss ar axsenebs (TariRebisaTvis ix. iqve, z. aleqsiZis komentarebi).
qarTuli eklesiis sapatriarqo eklesiad gamocxadeba VII saukuneSi

qarTul eklesias sapatriarqo eklesiad wodebis Rirseba miuRia VII saukuneSi. am saukunis meore naxevarSi jer antioqiis sapatriarqos uRiarebia es, ganusazRvravs misi iurisdiqciis sazRvrebi, xolo Semdeg VI msoflio saeklesio krebas daudasturebia. masac aseve ganusazRvravs qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciis sazRvrebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom msoflio krebis mier
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gansazRvruli iurisdiqciis sazRvrebi qarTuli eklesiisa gansxvavdeba antioqiis sapatriarqos mier aRiarebuli iurisdiqciis sazRvrebisagan. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ CanarTi, romelSic moyvanilia es cnobebi, gadmogvcems, rom qarTuli eklesiis meTaurs patriarqis titulis tarebis ufleba mieca, swored am dros, jer antioqiis sapatriarqos, xolo Semdeg VI msoflio krebis mier. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ CanarTis cnobebs, Cans, adasturebs ucxoeTSi aRmoCenili epigrafikuli masalac. saqarTvelos farglebs gareT guTeTSi aRmoCenila VIII saukunis dasawyisis berZnuli warwera, romelSic qarTuli eklesiis meTaurs `patriarqi~ ewodeba. xersonis arqeologiuri gaTxris dros aRmoCenila marmarilos fila berZnuli warweriT: `goTiis marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba 750 wels irCevs Tavis moZRvrad (winamZRvrad) Rirs (wmida) ioanes da gzavnis mas iberiis sapatriarqo taxtze, sadac igi episkoposad ekurTxa da sadac Seucvlelad icaven saeklesio WeSmariti sarwmunoebis dogmebs.107 guTeTis samwyso, rogorc am warweridanac Cans, Zveli saeklesio tradiciebisa da wesebis erTguli yofila. aq qarTul eklesias `sapatriarqo saydars~ ar uwodebdnen, mas es Rirseba karga xnis miRebuli rom ar hqonoda. am warweris Tanaxmad, 750 wels qarTuli eklesia ukve sapatriarqo eklesiaa. arsebobs sxva wyaroebic, romelTa analiziTac SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom qarTuli eklesiis meTauri iseve atarebda patriarqis tituls VII saukuneSi, rogorc mezobel eklesiaTa meTaurebi amierkavkasiaSi. cnobilia, rom amierkavkasiis sam _ qarTlis, albaneTis da somxeTis eklesiebs mWidro urTierToba hqondaT, magram Zvel somxur da albanur wyaroTa Tanaxmad, qarTuli eklesia tols ar udebda arc somxur da, miT umetes, arc albanur eklesias. qarTuli eklesia Tavis pativsa da Rirsebas albanurze ufro maRla ayenebda. uxtanesisa da sxva istorikosTa Tanaxmad, ganxeTqileba qarTul da somxur eklesiebs Soris imas gamouwvevia, rom raRac mizeziT somxuri eklesiis meTaurs albaneTis eklesiis mamamTavari ufro maRla dauyenebia, vidre qarTuli eklesiisa. qarTveli mamamTavari Zalze ganawyenebula, radganac mas Tavisi pativi ufro metad miaCnda, vidre albaneTis mamamTavris pativi. aqedan is daskvna SeiZleba gamovitanoT, rom Tu VII saukuneSi somxeTis eklesiisa da gansakuTrebiT ki, albaneTis eklesiis meTaurs hqonda tituli patriarqisa, aucileblad amave tituls qarTuli eklesiis meTauric atarebda. adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli eklesiis istoriis sakiTxebis rkvevisas, aucileblad mxedvelobaSi unda iqnas miRebuli albaneTisa da somxeTis eklesiaTa istoriis masalebi. am eklesiebs hqondaT msgavsi struqtura da erTnairad iyvnen mowyobilni. am eklesiaTa erTmaneTTan Sedareba da erTi eklesiis magaliTze meore eklesiisaTvis daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba
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TiTqmis IX-X saukuneebamde. es iTqmis gansakuTrebiT qarTlisa da albaneTis eklesiebze, radganac, Tu somxeTis eklesias lider eklesiad miaCnda Tavisi Tavi, qarTlisa da albaneTis eklesiebi Tanabar uflebriv mdgomareobaSi iyvnen, Tumca, qarTlis eklesiis meTaurs ufro meti pativi hqonia, vidre albaneTis eklesiisas (qarTvel ierarqTa mtkicebiT). bunebrivia, Tu qarTuli eklesiis pativi aRemateboda albaneTis eklesiisas, maSin qarTuli eklesia meti uflebebiT isargeblebda; Tu albaneTis eklesia V-VII saukuneebSi albaneTSive akurTxebda mirons, aseTi ufleba qarTul eklesiasac eqneboda; Tu albaneTis kaTalikosi atarebda patriarqis tituls, aseTive uflebiT isargeblebda qarTuli eklesiis meTauric da a.S. Tu SeiZleba bizantiis imperiis gareT myofi amierkavkasiis eklesiaTa uflebriv mdgomareobaTa Soris paralelis gavleba, SeuZlebelia am dros erTmaneTs SevadaroT bizantiis imperiaSi Semavali eklesiebisa da qarTuli eklesiis uflebebi. imis Semdeg, rac qarTuli eklesia Camoscilda amierkavkasiis eklesiebs da umWidroesi kavSiri daamyara bizantiis eklesiasTan, gansakuTrebiT XI saukunis Semdeg, qarTuli eklesiis yvela Zveli ufleba TiTqmis xelaxali msjelobisa da aRiarebis sagnad iqca. mose kalankatuelis àlvanTa qveynis istoria~ Zalze mniSvnelovani wyaroa albaneTis da agreTve saqarTvelos istoriisaTvisac. is Seicavs masalebs X saukunis naxevramde. zogierT mkvlevarTa TvalsazrisiT, am wignis I da III Tavis erTi nawili dawerilia VII saukunis TviTmxilveli avtoris mier. `... VII saukunis avtors movses kalankatuacis gauTvaliswinebia xalxuri Tqmulebebi da gadmocemebi... samoqalaqo Tu sasuliero pirTa oficialuri mimowera, rac daculi unda yofiliyo monastrebsa da sasaxleebSi~.108 mose kalankatuelis àlvanTa qveynis istoriis~ Tanaxmad, albanuri eklesiis mamamTavrebi patriarqis tituls atareben wina saukuneebidan VI saukunemde, aseve VI-VII da IX-X saukuneebSi. saerTod, am wignis Tanaxmad, albaneTis mamamTavari atarebs rogorc kaTalikosis, aseve patriarqis tituls. patriarqis tituli ara Tu ucxoa, aramed bunebrivicaa albaneTis kaTalikosisaTvis. mose kalankatuelis Tanaxmad, albaneTis eklesia garkveulad somxur eklesiazea daqvemdebarebuli; somxuri eklesia upiratesi eklesiaa. miuxedavad amisa, somxuri eklesiis mamamTavari albaneTis mamamTavars uwodebs patriarqs da ase mimarTavs: `Cvens Tanamosaydre alvaneTis patriarqs~.109 asea VII saukunis miwurulisaTvis. mose kalankatueli gadmogvcems aseT ambavs: albanTa qveynis erTi episkoposi gaigzavna honTa qveyanaSi maT gasaqristianeblad. episkoposma moaqcia honebi. honTa mTavrebma ramdenjerme dabejiTebiT sTxoves episkoposs, darCeniliyo maTi qveynis mwyemsad. episkoposma upasuxa: `me ar SemiZlia dag-
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eTanxmoT alvaneTis didi patriarqis wmida eliazaris gareSe... saWiroa Tqveni gonivruli azri werilobiT gaacnoT mTels alvaneTis qveyanas da patriarq eliazars, romelmac wmida eliSas droidan dRemde daamkvidra Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT erTi samociqulo taxti~.110 honTa mTavarma ratomRac werili gaugzavna somxuri eklesiis mamamTavars da sTxova am episkoposis honTa qveyanaSi datoveba. somexma mamamTavarma upasuxa: `...amis ufleba mxolod Cvens Tanamosaydre alvaneTis patriarqs, eliazars, aqvs...~111 zemoT moyvanili ambavi momxdara VII sakunis damlevs, anda VIII saukunis pirvel wlebSi. ara marto am dros, aramed sxva saukuneebSic, albanTa qveynis kaTalikoss patriarqs uwodeben. àlvanTa qveynis istoriis~ erT TavSi, romelsac àlvaneTis mamamTavarTa saxelebi, wlebi da maTi moRvaweoba~ ewodeba, naTqvamia: `... uwindel patriarqTa saqmeni, [moRvaweobis] dro da saxelebi dakargulan...~112 Cans, igulisxmeba Zveli droidan vidre VI saukunemde. VI saukuneSi moRvawe kaTalikos abass patriarqis tituli aqvs. masze naTqvamia: `Semdeg iyo ufali abasi, romelmac somxuri welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi sapatriarqo taxti Coridan partavSi gadaitana...~113 e.i. 551 wlisaTvis albanur eklesias gaaCnia `sapatriarqo taxtis~ Rirseba. 851 wlisaTvis albanTa kaTalikoss hovsefis dros, `misi patriarqobis mesame wels Sesrulda samasi weli somxuri welTaRricxvidan~.114 IX saukunis am kaTalikoss patriarqi ewodeba iseve, rogorc X saukunis kaTalikoss, gagiks `misi patriarqobis meoTxe wels Sesrulda 400 weli somxuri welTaRricxvidan~.114 VII saukuneSi patriarqis tituli aqvT ara marto albaneTis, aramed somexTa kaTalikosebsac. mose kalankatueli patriarqs uwodebs VI saukunis somexTa kaTalikoss _ moses da VII saukunis somexTa kaTalikoss _ abraams. `movses patriarqis gardacvalebis Semdeg... patriarqad dasves WeSmariti da rCeuli kaci abraami~.115 rogorc zemoT moyvanilidan kargad Cans, qarTuli eklesiis mezobeli albaneTisa da somxeTis kaTalikosebi atarebdnen agreTve patriarqis tituls. patriarqis wodeba albaneTisa da gansakuTrebiT somxeTis mamamTavrebisaTvis bunebrivi iyo da araviTar uxerxulobas ar iwvevda VII saukunisaTvis. albaneTis, qarTlisa da somxeTis mamamTavrebi da eklesiebi TiTqmis Tanabari uflebisa da Rirsebisa iyvnen. isini erTmaneTs tols ar udebdnen maSin, roca saqme eklesiis Rirsebasa da pativs Seexeboda, samive eklesia Tavs samociqulo eklesiad Tvlida; samive eklesiis meTaurs kaTalikosi ewodeboda, amitomac gasakviri ar aris, rom maT patriarqis titulic hqonodaT, amitom VII saukuneSi qarTuli eklesiis meTaurs iseve aqvs patriarqis tituli, rogorc misi mezobeli amierkavkasiis eklesiaTa meTaurebs. zemoT Cven moyvanili gvqonda erTi Zveli mematianis cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom iustinianes saeklesio reformis Semdeg, VI saukuneSi, rac man mo-
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ciqulTa nawilebi konstantinopolsa da ierusalimSi gadaitana da amiT sapatriarqoTa ricxvi gazarda, yvela qveynis eklesia, sadac mociquli iyo aRsrulebuli, Seecada sapatriarqo saydris Rirseba mieRo. aman sapatriarqoTa ricxvi gazarda. garda amisa, TviT sityva `mamamTavari~, romelic ewodeboda damoukidebel eklesiaTa meTaurebs, Targmania sityvisa `patriarqi~; uZveles dros yvela mamamTavars _ eklesiaTa meTaurs, patriarqi ewodeboda, mxolod Sua bizantiur epoqaSi mieniWa am sityvas gansakuTrebuli fasi _ imperiis interesebidan gamomdinare. somxuri da albanuri eklesiebi gansaxilvel VII saukuneSi TavianT Tavs `kaTolike samociqulo~ eklesiebs uwodebdnen. somxuri eklesia samociqulo iyo, radganac mociqul Tadeozis mier iyo daarsebuli; albanuri eklesia samociqulo iyo, radganac misi meTauri damkvidrebulia samociqulo taxtze mociqul eliSas Semdeg da kurTxeva uflis Zmis iakobisagan aqvs miRebuli.116 cxadia, Tu albanur da somxur eklesiebs samociqulo eklesiebi ewodebodaT, qarTul eklesiasac samociqulo ewodeboda. marTlac, Cveni eklesiis istoriisaTvis gansakuTrebulad saintereso `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Teimuraziseul nusxaSi VII saukunis dasawyisis ambavTa Soris mocemulia cnoba, romelSic, kerZod, naTqvamia, rom qarTul eklesias ewodeba sveticxovlis (anu rac igivea, mcxeTis) wmida kaTolike samociqulo eklesia, sapatriarqo eklesia. misi meTauri zis mociqulTa taxtze, mociqulTa magieria da aqvs wodeba patriarqisa. qarTul eklesias mcxeTis, anu sveticxovlis sapatriarqo ewodeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom sxva ucxour eklesiebsac mTavari qalaqebis mixedviT aqvT saxeli, magaliTad romis, aleqsandriis, konstantinopolis, ierusalimis, moskovis sapatriarqoebi. qarTulsac aseve hqvia _ `wmida kaTolike samociqulo eklesia sveti-cxoveli~, anu `mcxeTis~.117 qarTuli eklesia samociqulo eklesiaa, misi meTauri mociqulTa taxtze zis da mociqulTa magieria _ es ucvlel WeSmaritebad hqonda miCneuli qarTvelobas. qarTuli eklesia VII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, srulebiT damoukidebeli eklesiaa, romelmac miiRo sapatriarqo eklesiad wodebis Rirseba. male VII saukunis meore naxevarSi mowveul msoflio saeklesio krebas daudasturebia qarTuli eklesiis sapatriarqo Rirseba. amis Sesaxeb `broseseuli~, `baraTaSviliseuli~, `falavandiSviliseuli~ nusxebi weren: `qristes aqeT... iqna kreba meeqvse, 170 wmidaTa mamaTa konstantinopolis Sina meaTsametesa welsa poRonati konstantines mefobasa ... amis krebisa mier brZanes esreT wmidisa eklesiisa saqarTvelosaTvis, romel ars wmida mcxeTa, raTa iyos swor pativiTa, viTarca wmidani samociqulo kaTolike
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eklesiani, sapatriarqoni. da iyos kaTalikosi qarTlisa swori patriarqTa Tana da akurTxevdes, mwysides da ganagebdes simarTliT mTavarepiskoposTa, mitropolitTa da episkoposTa da sawmysosa Tvissa qarTlsa, gamoRma-gaRma kaxeTsa, Saqsa, Sirvansa da midgmiT-wamosvliT mTisa adgilisaTa, svaneTisa da Cerqezis sazRvramdis, sruliad ovseTsa da yovelsa zemo-qarTlsa, samcxe-saaTabagosa. misTvis migviTvlia saqarTvelos eklesiani _ pirveliTgan antioqiis krebisa mier ganpatiosnebul iyo, da am krebisa mier dagvimtkicebia patriarqad, rameTu nu iqnebian mitropoliti, nuca episkoposi kaTalikosisa Seundoblad ... odesca enebos Semzadeba da kurTxeva mironisa, akurTxos Tvissa eklesiasa....~118 680-681 wlebSi Sesdga VI msoflio kreba, romelic monoTelitTa winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, es kreba Semdgara konstantine poRonatis (konstantine IV _ 668-685) mefobis mecamete wels. konstantine IV zeobis mecamete weli aris 681 weli, rodesac marTlac Catarda VI msoflio kreba. es kreba monoTelitTa winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli, monoTelitTa eresiarqi sxvebTan erTad iyo lazikis (fazisis) mitropoliti kironi, romelic qarTveli istorikosebis msjelobiT, igive egrisis arqiepiskoposi, qarTlis kaTalikosi kirionia. aqedan gamomdinare, VI msoflio krebas, pirdapir Tu arapirdapir, Sexeba hqonia qarTul eklesiasTan, msjeloba hqonia mis erTerT _ lazikis qveyanaze, qarTuli eklesiis ierarqze. amitomac, srulebiT araa moulodneli, am krebas ganesazRvra qarTul eklesiasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxi. kerZod, ganesazRvra qarTul eklesiasTan msoflio (berZnuli) eklesiis mimarTeba, faqtobrivad eRiarebina iuridiulad ukve arsebuli qarTuli eklesiis sapatriarqo Rirseba, romelic manamde antioqiis sapatriarqosac ucvnia _ `pirveliTgan antioqiis krebisa mier ganpatiosnebul iyo~ _ igulisxmeba (630-660-ian wlebSi) antioqiis mier qarTuli eklesiis sapatriarqo Rirsebis aRiareba. aucileblad yuradReba unda mieqces im faqts, rom VII saukuneSi (ise, rogorc mimdinare saukuneebSi) qarTuli eklesiis mimxrobisaTvis, qarTuli eklesiis Tavis mxareze gadayvanisaTvis aqtiurad ibrZoda ori msoflio qristianuli banaki, romlebic siZlieriT tols ar udebdnen erTmaneTs aRmosavleTis regionSi. berZnul-bizantiuri banaki Tavisi didi samxedro ZaliT sxvadasxva xerxebiT cdilobda qarTuli eklesia yovelmxriv moewyvita aRmosavlur-somxur-albanuri eklesiisagan. qarTuli eklesiis Sinagani survili iyo CamoSoreboda aRmosavleTis eklesias, romelSic qarTveloba Tavisi erovnuli gadagvarebis safrTxes xedavda da daaxloeboda bizantiis eklesias. magram es procesi Zalze rTuli Sinagani winaaRmdegobebiT iyo aRsavse, garda amisa, arabi dampyroblebi, mose kalankatuelis Tanaxmad, yovelmxriv aZlierebdnen somxur eklesias, raTa igi win aRdgomoda bizan-
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tiuri eklesiis gavlenas amierkavkasiaSi. mose kalankatueli gadmogvcems aseT ambavs _ dampyrobel arabTa umaRles xelisufalTan Civis somxeTis kaTalikosi, rom albaneTis eklesia apirebs Tavi daaRwios aRmosavlursomxur eklesias da SeuerTdes bizantiur-berZnul eklesias. kaTalikosi wers arab xelisufals _ `Cven da alvanebic erT rwmenas vemsaxurebiT _ qristes RvTaebriobas, xolo alvaneTis axlandeli kaTalikosi, romelic partavSi zis, SeuTanxmda berZenTa keisars, ixseniebs mas locvebSi da qveyanas aiZulebs mis rwmenas daeTanxmos. icodeT Tqven es da gulgrilad nu SexedavT _ ubrZaneT, dasajon isini Tanaxmad TavianTi moqmedebisa...~119 albanuri eklesiis ltolva berZnuli eklesiisaken arabTa mier Sefasebul iqna rogorc arabTa xelisuflebisagan gandgoma. amitomac, alvanelTa dasasjelad gaigzavna arabTa didi jari. am jaris meTaurs davalebuli hqonda albanelebi moeqcia somxur rjulze. arabi xelisufali wers somex kaTalikoss: _ `... gavgzavne iq Cemi sarwmuno msaxuri didi jariT da vubrZane: Cveni xelisuflebisagan ganmdgari alvanelebi Tqveni rjulis mixedviT simarTleze moaqcion~.120 arabTa didi jariT albaneTSi Cavida somexTa kaTalikosi, somxuri sjulisagan ganmdgari albanelTa kaTalikosi daapatimra da erT qalTan jaWvebiT `fexiT-fexze~ gadaabmevina. berZnuli orientaciis momxre albanTa kaTalikosma es tanjva ver aitana da rva dRis Semdeg gardaicvala. xolo somexTa kaTalikosis win Seikriba albaneTis umaRlesi samRvdeloeba, romelTac dasdes mtkice fici, rom arasodes somxur sarwmunoebas ar gadauxvevdnen da maradis ierarqiul daqvemdebarebaSi iqnebodnen somxur eklesiasTan.121 es momxdara somxuri welTaRricxvis 148, anu 699 wels. rogorc zemoT moyvanilidan Cans, VII saukunis bolos, roca VI msoflio kreba Catarda, amierkavkasiaSi Zalze rTuli saeklesio viTareba iyo. bizantiuri orientaciis momxre eklesiebs arabebi sastikad sjidnen, arsebobda realuri safrTxe imisa, rom qarTuli eklesiac CamoeSorebinaT bizantiis saeklesio gavlenisagan, amgvar situaciaSi sruliad bunebrivi iqneboda msoflio krebas daekmayofilebina qarTuli eklesiis miswrafeba sruli damoukideblobisaken, aRiareba imisa, rom qarTuli eklesia arc erTi sxva romelime eklesiis ierarqiul damokidebulebaSi ar imyofeba, aravis ar eqvemdebareba, aramed TviTve aris samociqulo, Tanaswori sxva samociqulo eklesiebisa, sapatriarqo Rirsebis mqone, rom saqarTvelos eklesiis kaTalikosi (anu sayovelTao mTavarepiskoposi) msoflios sxva eklesiebis patriarqTa Tanasworia da TviTve aris patriarqi. unda SevniSnoT, rom albaneTis eklesias Tavisi damoukideblobis aseTi garantiuli dokumenti rom hqonoda VII saukuneSi, somxeTis kaTalikosi, albaT, naklebad gabedavda albaneTis kaTalikosis dasjas da misi eklesiis kidev ufro daqvemdebarebas, rogorc sarwmunoebrivi, ise ierarqiuli TvalsazrisiT.
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VII saukuneSi qarTuli eklesiis orive mezobeli qveynis _ somxeTisa da albaneTis kaTalikosebs patriarqebs uwodebdnen, rogorc zemoT vwerdiT, orive eklesia samociqulod iyo miCneuli, orive eklesias (somxeTisa da albaneTisa) gaaCnda zeTis _ mironis _ adgilze kurTxevis saukunovani praqtika. amitomac, igive uflebebi da igive praqtika gaaCnda qarTul eklesiasac, anu qarTuli eklesia iseve iyo samociqulo-sapatriarqo eklesia, rogorc somxeTisa da albaneTis eklesiebi da adgilzeve, qarTlSi, akurTxebda mirons, rac VI msoflio krebam aRiara da daamtkica. VII saukunis ideologiiT, sapatriarqo eklesias unda hqonoda samRvdeloebis cxra xarisxi: _ `berZnebma... Tqves, RmerTma daawesa cxra xarisxi eklesiaSi, rogorc zeviT zecaSi, aseve aqac dedamiwaze da saydris SigniTo: patriarqi, romelic igive mamamTavaria, arqiepiskoposi, romelsac episkoposTa Tavs uwodeben, mitropolitebi, episkoposebi, mRvdlebi, arqidiakvnebi, diakvnebi, wignis mkiTxvelebi, mefsalmuneni...~122 uTuod am ideologiis gavlena aqvs `qarTlis cxovrebis~ CanarTs qarTuli sapatriarqos daarsebis Sesaxeb, romelSic CamoTvlilia patriarqis xelqveiT myof ierarqTa igive xarisxebi, romelic kalankatuels aqvs gadmocemuli. aq naTqvamia _ ìyos kaTalikosi qarTlisa swori patriarqTa Tana da akurTxevdes, mwysides da ganagebdes simarTliT mTavarepiskoposTa, mitropolitTa da episkoposTa..~, kalankatuelisa da `qarTlis cxovrebis~ monacemebis erTgvarovneba VII saukunis saeklesio ierarqiis Sesaxeb ar aris ubralo damTxveva, rogorc erTi SexedviT Cans, aramed asaxavs im dros eklesiaSi arsebul Tvalsazriss. kalankatueli aRwers, rom berZnuli eklesia ekamaTeboda somxur eklesias ierarqiuli daqvemdebarebis Sesaxeb. berZnebi amtkicebdnen, rom msoflioSi arsebobs mxolod oTxi sapatriarqo _ aleqsandriis, antioqiis, romisa da efesosi. somxuri eklesia im dros arc erTs ar eqvemdebareboda. berZnebi mouwodebdnen somxebs, damorCilebodnen romelime patriarqs, ise, rogorc pirveli mTavarepiskoposi somxeTisa grigoli emorCleboda. `...gviCveneT patriarqi, romelsac emorCileba Tqveni arqiepiskoposi, is, romelic dRemde Cvens xelqveiT iyo, xolo Tu Tqven patriarqi da sxva samRvdeloni ara gyavT eklesiebSi, maSin arioziviT gzasacdenili mwvaleblebi yofilxarT... amaze somxebma veraferi upasuxes, radganac maTi eklesia marTlacda amgvar viTarebaSi imyofeboda~.123 es iyo daaxloebiT VI saukunis Sua wlebSi. male TviT somxeTSive Seiqmna sapatriarqo eklesia. amis ufleba somxur eklesias misca iman, rom iustinianem TviTneburad gazarda sapatriarqoTa ricxvi. Seiqmna axali sapatriarqoebi: aman ki stimuli misca kidev axali sapatriarqoebis Seqmnas _ `maSin daiZrnen erTianad gulzviadni da sadac ki aRsrulebulni iyvnen mociqulni, yvela taxti sapatriarqod aRiares~.124 es xdeba VI saukunis bolodan. somxuri eklesia am dros Tavis Tavs acxadebs sapatriarqo eklesiad. magram sapatriarqo eklesiis ierarqia cxra xarisxiani unda yofiliyo.
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patriarqs Tavis xelqveiT unda hyoloda arqiepiskoposi da mitropoliti. aseTi xarisxebi ki imdroindel somxur eklesiaSi ar iyo. Tu rogor moiqcnen am saqmis gadasawyvetad, movses kalankatuaci wers: `rac Seexeba cxra xarisxs, eklesiaTa mesveurebma TviTneburad, somexTa ampartavani xasiaTis gamo, patriarqad abraami daadgines, arqiepiskoposad _ alvaneli, xolo mitropolitad _ qarTveli. ganawyenda qarTveli, romelsac kirioni erqva da ganxeTqilebisaTvis mizezs eZebda~.125 somxeTis sapatriarqo misi Semqmnelebis surviliT moicavda mTel amierkavkasias, masSi Sedioda saqarTvelo, somxeTi da albaneTi. patriarqi iyo somxeTis kaTalikosi, mTavarepiskoposi _ albaneTis kaTalikosi, mitropoliti ki qarTlis kaTalikosi. qarTlis kaTalikosi albaneTis kaTalikosze ufro dabal xarisxze iqna dayenebuli. aseTi sapatriarqo mxolod Teoriulad arsebobda. es kargad miuTiTebs, Tu ratom iyo aucilebeli qarTuli eklesia sapatriarqo eklesiad aRiarebuliyo VII saukuneSi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, qarTuli eklesia romelime ucxour sapatriarqos unda daqvemdebareboda. arsebobda ori gza. imdroindeli SexedulebiT, adgilobrivi eklesia an TviTve unda yofiliyo sapatriarqo eklesia, anda romelime sxva sapatriarqos unda daqvemdebareboda. Tu sapatriarqo eklesia iyo, mas patriarqis garda, arqiepiskoposi da mitropolitic unda hyoloda. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, VII saukuneSi daarsebul saqarTvelos sapatriarqos hyavda ara marto patriarqi, aramed mTavarepiskoposni da mitropolitni. im dros dawesda, rom qarTlis kaTalikosi patriarqTa Tanasworia da is ganagebs `mTavarepiskoposTa, mitropolitTa da episkoposTa...~126 unda davaskvnaT, rom saqarTvelos sapatriarqo daarsda ara XI saukuneSi, rogorc dRevandel mecnierebaSia miRebuli, aramed VII saukuneSi. tradiciuli qarTuli saeklesio istoriografia dabejiTebiT miuTiTebs saqarTvelos sapatriarqos VII saukuneSi daarsebis Sesaxeb. saukuneTa manZilze miRebuli es Tvalsazrisi kidev ufro mtkicdeba axali masalebiT, kerZod, rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, amaze miuTiTebs VIII saukunis berZnuli warwera. msoflio eklesiis mier VII saukuneSi aRiarebul iqna, rom saqarTvelos (anu mcxeTis) eklesia aris sxva kaTolike samociqulo eklesiebis Tanaswori samociqulo eklesia, is aris sapatriarqo, misi meTauri ki patriarqia. rogorc `qarTlis cxovrebis~ zemoT moyvanili amonawerebidan Cans, VII saukuneSi saqarTvelosa da somxeTis axalformirebuli sapatriarqoebi aqtiurad ibrZvian albaneTis eklesiis teritoriis TavianT sazRvrebSi moqcevisaTvis. es bunebrivad mogveCveneba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom albaneTis eklesia am droidan denacionalizacias ganicdida, rasac Sedegad albaneli xalxis sxva xalxebSi gaTqvefa da gaqroba mohyva. albaneTis eklesiis magaliTi kargad gviCvenebs qarTuli eklesiis mier damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis droulobas.
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VII saukuneSi formirebuli saqarTvelos sapatriarqo arsebobda VIII saukunis Sua wlebamde. am dros erTiani qarTuli nominaluri `qarTlis samefos~ daSlas Sedegad mohyva qarTuli sapatriarqos daSla, ramac im saukuneSive ori _ àfxazeTisa~ da `qarTlis~ sakaTalikosoebis warmoSoba gamoiwvia.
movses kalankatuacis mier aRwerili VII saukunis ambebi

movses kalankatuacis àlvanTa qveynis istoria~ (Zveli somxuridan Targmnili l. davlianiZe-tatiSvilis mier) gamoica 1985 wels. gadmovcemT am wignis VII saukunis zogierT ambavs, dakavSirebuls qarTuli eklesiis istoriasTan.
Tavi XI. herakle xazarebs ixmobs sparseTze salaSqrod

herakles brZanebiT xazarebis Zlieri urdo daiZra amierkavkasiisaken. sparsTa mefe maT daemuqra, amitom im weliwads dacxrnen da ukan dabrundnen. Semdeg wels jebu xaqanma Sekriba Tavisi xelqveiTi yvela tomi da xalxi da Tavis SvilTan erTad albaneTSi Sevida uTvalavi jariT. albaneTis mTavari da mosaxleoba partavis cixeSi Caiketa. sparsTa mier albaneTis Crdilo sazRvarze kavkasiis mTidan zRvamde gavlebuli iyo didi kedeli, romlis aSenebis xarjebmac albaneTi daauZlura. xazarTa jarma es kedeli daamxo. albanelebi SeaSina boroti, utifari, farTosaxiani, uwamwamo, qaliviT TmagaSlili brbos saSinelma risxvam, romelmac Seubraleblad daxoca xalxi qalaqis quCebSi. ar indobdnen axalgazrdebsa da moxucebs, ar ebralebodaT bavSvebi, romelnic daxocili dedis mkerdidan rZis nacvlad sisxls wovdnen. didi qalaqi partavi ubrZolvelad aiRes, ltolvili mosaxleoba amowyvites. qveyana mxecebis namoqmedars daemsgavsa.
berZenTa da xazarTa laSqari ` qarTvelTa qveynis winaaRmdeg ~

`yovelive amis Semdeg, daiZra azvirTebuli niaRvari da aboboqrebuli mdinare qarTvelTa qveynis winaaRmdeg, garemoicves nebieri, savaWro da saxelovani didi qalaqi tfilisi~ (gv.70) rodesac herakle keisarma Seityo, rom xazarTa (Crdilokavkasiel tomTa) jarma alya Semoartya Tbiliss, swrafad wavida Tavisi jariT... Sexvda xazarTa meTaurs. `mefuri saCuqrebisa da saboZvrebis mirTmevasTan erTad, metad gaixares erTmaneTis xilviT~. Tbilisis cixesimagreSi Caketili mosaxleoba cud dReSi Cavarda. sparseTis mefe xosrom, roca Seityo berZenTa da xazarTa mefeebis TbilisTan Sexvedris ambavi, Tbilisis garemocvis dawyebamde qalaqis dasacavad da dasaxmareblad saswrafod gagzavna marjve da mamaci mxedarmTavari, 1000mde rCeuli mxedriTa da mxleblebiT.
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berZnebi da xazarebi Tbiliss ver iReben

Tbiliselebma, roca ixiles sparsTa maSveli Zala Zlieri da gamocdili meomrebiT, metad gamxnevdnen da orive mefis dacinva daiwyes. Tumca, xedavdnen, CrdiloeTis (xazarTa) da dasavleTis (berZenTa) jarebis did simravles. isini mTebiviT Semortymodnen qalaqs garSemo. hqondaT bizantiel ostatTa mier gakeTebuli oTxTvliani manqanebi da nair-nairi saSualebebi, romlebic zustad isrodnen da uzarmazari qvebiT kedels angrevdnen, sxva saSualebiT mdinare mtkvars ukan, qalaqis kedlisaken abrunebdnen. Tbiliselebs ar SeSinebiaT, mamacurad ibrZodnen, erTmaneTs amxnevebdnen, dangreuls iqve aSenebdnen da amitomac mterma Tbilisi ver aiRo. berZenTa da xazarTa mefis jarebi dasustdnen, daZabundnen Tbilisis karTan da gadaiqcnen. maTi qveiTi laSqris nawili omSi daeca. erekle keisarma bWoba gamarTa xazarTa mefesTan. maT Tqves: `risTvis davRupoT Cveni jarebi Tbilisis karTan. umjobesia sparsTa mefes SevebrZoloT~. erekle keisarma uTxra xazarTa mefes: ùmjobesia am weliwads Sens qveyanaSi dabrunde, radganac Seni jarebi daqanculia. axla zafxulis sicxeSi veRar SevZlebT sparseTis dedaqalaqSi Sesvlas. momaval wels ki SemodgomiT saswrafod gamoeSure aqeT, raTa Cveni survili SevisruloT. me ki ar davcxrebi, Severkinebi sparseTis mefes, Sevaviwroveb mis qveSevrdomebs~.
ukandaxeul berZen-xazarTa mefeebs Tbiliselebi dascinian

rodesac mtris ukandaxeva gaiges, Tbiliselebi gaamaydnen da gaiTamaSes oini _ moitanes erTi uzarmazari gogra, zed daaxates honTa (xazarTa) mefis saxe, Tval-wamwamis adgilas daxazes motexili toti, romlis SemCneva arc ki SeiZleboda, wverebis adgili utifrad moaSiSvles, cxviris nestoebi mtkavelis siganeze gamosaxes, xolo ulvaSebad meCxeri Tmebi (mongoloiduri saxe gamoxates). es gogra dadges kedelze, uyvirodnen mibrunebul xazarebis jars _ ài Tqveni mefe, ukan dabrundiT, Tayvani eciT mas, es jebu xaqaniao~. aiRes Subebi da xvretdnen gogras. uaresad dascinodnen da abuCad igdebdnen herakle keisars. Seuracxmyofeli bilwi sityvebiT aginebdnen mas.
bizantielTa da xazarTa mefeebma fici dasdes, rom arc erT suliers ar datovebdnen qarTvelTa samefoSi
dacinvis `... mnaxveli da gamgone mefeebi mZvinvarebdnen, ifxorebodnen, gulSi siZulvils igrovebdnen, Tavebs aqnevdnen, udidesi wyevliT ificebodnen, rom arc erT suliers ar datovebdnen maT samefoSi, vidre Surs ar iZiebdnen am SeuracxyofisaTvis, romelic maTgan miiRes. Semdeg ki piri ibrunes da imave muqariT wavidnen~. (gv.72)
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Tavi XII. herakle eZebs saSualebebs TbilisTan miyenebuli Seuracxyofis autaneli senisgan gansakurneblad
TbilisTan miyenebuli Seuracxyofis Semdeg `... keisari Tavis gonebaSi saSualebebs eZebda, Tu rogor gankurnebuliyo Seuracxyofis autaneli senisagan~ (gv.72) am xnis ganmavlobaSi daibruna sparsTa mier dapyrobili bizantiuri miwebi. is eZebda gzebs, rom Crdilo kavkasiidan `... wamoeyvana barbarosTa sxvadasxva tomebi da maTi saSualebiT gaeZevebina sparseTis amayi mefe xosrovi~ (gv. 72). gagzavna CrdiloeTiT honebTan erTi Tavisi didebulTagani, romelic honebs (xazarebs) hpirdeboda uricxv da uTvalav ganZeulobas Tu daexmarebodnen. CrdiloeTis mefis nacvali jebu xakani daTanxmda keisars. xakanma keisars Tavisi Tanxmoba gaugzavna 1000-mde mxedris xeliT, romelnic iyvnen rCulni simamaciT da Zlierni mSvildosnobiT. maT advilad aiRes Coris kari, arwivebiviT gafrindnen mtkvrisaken _ àravis indobdnen, vinc maT winaaRmdeg gamovidoda. gezi aiRes qarTvelTa da egerTa qveynebisaken~ (gv. 72). gadalaxes Savi zRva da warudgnen herakle keisars. am mxedrebma mas gadasces xakanis Tanxmoba sparselebTan omSi monawileobaze. CrdiloeTis mefem Sepirebis Tanaxmad gagzavna jari SaTis meTaurobiT herakles dasaxmareblad. es jari sparseTis mxareebs ekveTa. xosro gaiqca da Tavis namdvil dedaqalaqSi, did tibzanSi Cavida. sparsi mxedarTmTavrisaTvis ukve cnobili iyo, rom xosrovis mier naCqarevad Sekrebili susti jari keisris winaSe damarcxdeboda. is afrTxilebda Tavis mefes, rom moispoboda sparselTa jari am uTanasworo omSi. sparsTa jari damarcxda. rodesac sparseTis didebulebma dainaxes is didi marcxi, rac maTma laSqarma ganicada, daiwyes fiqri amboxebisaTvis. xosrovis Svili kavati aujanyda Tavis mamas, Camoagdo taxtidan da gamefda.
Tavi XIV. Tbilisis aReba da dasja dacinvisaTvis

axalgamefebuli kavatisgan yvelam moipova Tavisi danaSaulis miteveba. gaaTavisufles patimrebi, maT Soris alvaneTis kaTalikosi viro. amierkavkasiaSi SemoWrili CrdiloeTis jarebi gamanadgurebeli ZaliT ekveTnen sparselebs. es jarebi pirvel rigSi ekveTnen qarTvelTa qveyanas _ qalaq Tbiliss. axla maT saSualeba miecaT, gaefantaT winandeli Seuracxyofis gamo dagrovili SurisZieba. Tbiliss alya Semoartyes, daiwyo brZola. Tbiliselebi ori Tvis manZilze mxned icavdnen Tavs, Semdeg ki dasustdnen. ukanaskneli Tavdauzogavi brZolis Semdeg Tbiliselebma ukan daixies galavnisaken. mebrZolebi imalebodnen saxlebis saxuravebze, wyalsaden milebSi, eklesiebSi. maTi godeba emsgavseboda cxvris didi faris bRavils kravebisadmi, anda dedis mwuxare kvnesas Tavisi yrmis mimarT (gv.
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77). mTeli mosaxleoba amowyvites. Semdeg gamoiyvanes ori mTavari, erTi sparseli mmarTveli am mxarisa, da meore ki qarTveli, qveynis adgilobrivi mcxovrebi. CrdiloelTa mefem maT daTxara Tvalebi, imis samagierod, rom Seuracxyofis mizniT misi saxe suraTze brma daxates. Semdeg ki daaxrCo isini, tyavi gaaZro da TiviT gatenili fitulebi galavans zemoT Camohkida. jariskacebma naZarcvi qalaqis qoneba zvinebad daawyves mbrZaneblis winaSe _ `mis win imdenad xSrad mohqondaT, rom damqancveli gaxda uTvalavi oqrosa da vercxlis talantebis yureba, xolo vis SeuZlia zedmiwevniT aRweros margalitebiT mooWvili saeklesio WurWeli~ (gv. 77). alvaneTis kaTalikosi viro gaemarTa mterTan mosalaparakeblad. alvanelebma ixiles Rreoba mtris uTvalavi jariskacisa. maT òqroTi movarayebuli vercxlis Wiqebi da sasmisebi wamoRebuli hqondaT tfilisis aoxrebisas~ (gv. 81).
Tavi XIX. qarTvelebi exmarebian alvanelebs

alvanelTa mTavar juanSers ebrZvian sparselebi, romelTac daatyveves misi mama da Zmebi. juanSeri Tavisi jariT _ `swrafad gavida Tavisi samSoblos sazRvrebidan da gadavida mtkvris iqiTa mxares kapiWanis gavarSi~ (gv. 91). (`kapiWani anu kambeCani alvaneTSi ki ar mdebareobs, aramed mis gareT, alvaneTis mTavari `kapiWanSi~ Sedis `Tavis samSoblo sazRvrebidan~ gasvlis Semdeg). qarTvelTa sazRvrebTan juanSers Sexvda qarTvelTa mTavari adarnase _ `... qarTvelTa sazRvrebTan iq qveynis didad pativcemuli iSxani atrnerse, romelsac hromaelTa samefosagan sammagi pativi hqonda miRebuli, movida masTan da TviTon uxvevda Wrilobebs, radganac uxaroda misi didi guladobiT mopovebuli gamarjveba. im dros maT mSvidobis urRvevi kavSiri Sekres erTmaneTTan. juanSerma Tan waiyvana saSvelad qarTvelTa jari...~ (gv. 92), qarTvelTa jaris daxmarebiT mravalgzis daamarcxa sparselebi, rac dainaxes `... somexTa da qarTvelTa qveynebis naxararebma...~ (gv. 92).
Tavi X LII. honTa qveyanaSi `sapatriarqo taxtis~ daarsebis survili

honTa didi mTavari eTaTbireba Tavis mTavrebs imis Sesaxeb, rom israelma episkoposma honTa qveyanaSi daawesos `sapatriarqo taxti~ (gv. 121). honebi sTxoven albanel episkoposs, darCes maT qveyanaSi. episkoposi pasuxobs _ `me ar SemiZlia dageTanxmoT alvaneTis didi patriarqis wmida eliazaris gareSe, radganac mxolos mas aqvs amis ufleba... saWiroa Tqveni gonivruli azri werilobiT gaacnoT mTel alvaneTis qveyanas da patriarq eliazars, romelmac wmida eliSas droidan dRemde daamkvidra Crdilo-
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aRmosavleTiT erTi samociqulo taxti RvTis samyofel qalaq ierusalimidan da kurTxeva miiRo uflis Zmis wmida iakobisagan~ (gv. 123). Tavi XLIV. honTa mTavari imave saqmeze werils ugzavnis somexTa mamamTavars, somexTa mTavarsa da zorapets. is maT sTxovs albaneli episkoposi israeli gagzavnon honebis sulier mwyemsad. Tavi XLV. somexTa kaTaliskosi da mTavari pasuxoben _ ìsraeli ekuTvnis ara Cvens samwysos, aramed _ alvaneTisas, Tumca Cveni survilia, rom is samudamod TqvenTan iyos, magram amis ufleba mxolod Cvens Tanamosaydre alvaneTis patriarqs eliazars aqvs. es misi saqmea~ (gv. 125).
Tavi X LVI. somxeTis sapatriarqo taxtis gayofa VI saukunis bolos

`somxeTis sapatriarqo taxtis gayofis dros (igulisxmeba VI s-is bolo) didi brZola moxda movsessa da karinis episkoposs Teodoss Soris... marTlmadideblebi lanZavdnen berZenTa yovelgvar wess. movsesma (igulisxmeba somxeTis kaTalikosi mose elivardeli (590-607) Sekriba Tavisi mxareebis vardapetebi da ubrZana amieridan urTierToba gaewyvitaT berZnebTan, romlebic qalkedonis krebas emorCilebodnen, arc wignebi, arc xatebi, arc nawilebi ar mieRoT maTgan. maSin Teodosma brZana Sekrebiliyvnen mis xelisuflebaSi arsebuli mxaris somexi episkoposebi qalaq karinSi da uTxra: saWiroa kaTalikosi avirCioT, moiyvanes vinme ioane sivnieli (igulisxmeba ioane gogoviteli), akurTxes da qalkedonur sarwmunoebas daemorCilnen~ (gv. 126). `movses patriarqis gardacvalebis Semdeg da somxeTSi xosrovis gamefebisas qveyana gaerTianda. patriarqad dasves WeSmariti da rCeuli kaci abraami (igulsxmeba abraam albaTaneli, 607-615), romelmac jer wyevlakrulviT aRmofxvra qalkedonis kreba, xolo Semdeg ekurTxa. xatmebrZolebi ki wamovidnen alvaneTSi da aRaSfoTes Tqveni qveyana, maSin gadmanis mTavarma Sei pyro is sami kaci, romelTa saxelebi zemoT vaxseneT da borkildadebuli somxeTSi miiyvana~... (gv. 127). (albaneTSi Sepyrobil xatmebrZolebs dasasjelad somxeTs ugzavnian).
Tavi X LVII. qarTvelTa da somexTa ` ganyofa ~

`...hromaelTa keTilmsaxuri mefeebis zenonisa da anstasis brZanebiT erTsulovnad SeaCvenes qalkedonis kreba da leonis tomari. 47 wlis Semdeg (z. aleqsiZis TargmaniT, 87 wlis Semdeg), somexTa kaTalikosis _ abraamis dros qarTvelebi somxebs gamoeyvnen kirionis mier. maTTanve iyvnen
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berZnebi da italielebi. alvanelebs ki ar uaruyviaT marTlmadidebloba, magram somxebTan erToba SeinarCunes. abraamma yvelas gaugzavna kirionis gandgomilobis cirkularuli sigeli da ganaZeva is sulieri xmliT...~ (gv. 128).
Tavi X LVIII. cxra saeklesio xarisxis Sesaxeb

`berZnebma xom Tqves, RmerTma daawesa cxra xarisxi eklesiaSi, rogorc zeviT zecaSio, aseve unda iyos aqac, dedamiwaze da saydarSi. patriarqi, romelic igive mamamTavaria, arqiepiskoposi, romelsac episkoposTa Tavs uwodeben, mitropolitebi, episkoposebi, mRvdlebi, arqidiakvnebi, diakvnebi, wignis mkiTxvelebi, mefsalmuneni, _ yvela amaT SeerTebulad SeuZliaT xeli daasxan mamamTavars, xolo mamamTavars SeuZlia _ yvelas. Tu gulwrfelad gwamT (mimarTaven berZnebi somxebs), aRiareT vin aris Tqveni patriarqi? isini mxolod oTxni iyvnen qveyanaze: aleqsandriisa _ markozis saydari, antioqiisa _ maTesi, romisa _ lukasi, efesosi _ ioanesi. _ qveynis oTxi kuTxis mixedviT, edemis oTxnakadiani mdinaris mixedviT, oTxi maxareblis mixedviT, moses oTxi kanonis mixedviT...~ Cven yovelive amas vemorCilebiT. daemorCileT Tqvenc erT amaTgans, anda yvelas erTad, raTa erTi sarwmunoeba gvqondes. Tqvenma wmida grigorma mTavarepiskoposad xeldasxma kesariaSi miiRo da mas Semdeg aseve xdeba dRemde. Tu Tqven misgan gansxvavebuli sxva eklesiis marTlmadideblebi xarT, maSin gviCveneT patriarqi, romelsac emorCileba Tqveni arqiepiskoposi, is, romelic dRemde Cvens xelqveiT iyo. xolo Tu Tqven patriarqi da sxva samRvdeloni ara gyavT eklesiaSi, maSin arioziviT gzasacdenili mwvaleblebi yofilxarT... amaze somxebma veraferi upasuxes, radganac maTi eklesia marTlacda amgvar viTarebaSi imyofeboda. iustinianem Tavis gamefebisTanave wmida ioane maxareblis nawilebi konstantinopolSi gadaitana da iq samamamTavro taxti daawesa, ZiriTadi taxti ki efesoSi darCa. agreTve maTes nawilebi antioqiidan ierusalimSi iqna gadatanili. Tan ambobda: ès qalaqi didi mefis qalaqiao~, ZiriTadi taxti ki isev antioqiaSi datova. maSin daiZrnen erTianad gulzviadni da sadac ki aRsrulebulni iyvnen mociqulni, yvela taxti sapatriarqod aRiares... rac Seexeba cxra xarisxs somxeTSi, eklesiaTa mesveurebma TviTneburad somexTa ampartavani xasiaTis gamo patriarqad abraami daadgines, arqiepiskoposad _ albaneli, xolo mitropolitad _ qarTveli. ganawyenda qarTveli, romelsac kirioni erqva da ganxeTqilebisaTvis mizezs eZebda. maSin wminda mRvdelmTavarma abraamma Tqva: àlvanelebma qarTvelebze adre miiRes qristianoba da amitomac ufro Seefereba mTavarepiskoposobao~. am marTlmadidebluri rwmenis ZiebaSi kamaTis dros qarTvelebma datoves marTlmadidebloba da qalkedonitebi gaxdnen. berZeni mxedarTmTavrebi aqezebdnen somxebs, moeTxovaT sasuliero pirveloba alvanelebze, rasac alvanelebi ar emorCilebodnen, isini uTiTebdnen
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erT pirvandel mociqulze, romelic alvaneTSi movida. mas eliSa erqva, uflis mowafeTagani iyo da xeldasxmuli uflis Zmis _ iakobisagan. eliSas iq uqadagia da aRuSenebia eklesia somxebze ufro adre. es aris aRmosavleTSi pirveli deda-eklesiao. am gisis eklesias erwmunen alvanelebi da somxebisagan gaiTiSnen, raTa ar darCeniliyvnen sxvisi xelisuflebis qveS (aseve aqvs arseni safarelsac _ herTa kaTalikosi abazi (552-596) kirionTan erTad ganSorebia somxur eklesias). maSin somxebma, ampartavnebis gamo berZenTa, romelnic cdilobdnen daemcirebinaT Tadeoz mociqulis gansasvenebeli da ambobdnen, ara gyavT mTavarepiskoposi da mitropolitio, gadawyvites savardapetos episkoposi mitropolitad eqciaT. misces mas jvari da pativi...~ (gv. 131).
wigni III Tavi III. albanelTa qalkedoniti kaTalikosis Sesaxeb

albaneTis sakaTalikoso taxtze adis nersesi, romelic qalkedonitia, magram malavs. eriskacobisas bakuri erqva, Semdeg gardmanis episkoposi iyo. mas mxars uWers albaneTis dedofali, qalkedoniti sparami, varaz Trdatis meuRle. roca Sesaferisi dro dadga, nersesma gaamJRavna Tavisi qalkedonitoba, mas dedofali aqezebda. sxva qalkedonit mTavarTa daxmarebiT man mravali eklesia qalkedoniturad aqcia, gandevna zogi monofiziti episkoposi, maT Soris xazarTa momaqceveli israeli, sxvebi ki TviTonve ganSordnen. monofizitebs emxroboda alvaneTis didi mTavari Sero. amaT moiwvies kreba da SeaCvenes nersesi sxva qalkedonitebTan erTad. krebam werili miswera somxeTis kaTalikoss _ elias.
Tavi IV. albanel monofizitTa werili somexTa kaTalikoss

albanel monofizitTa kreba Tayvaniscemas ucxadebs somexTa kaTalikoss da swers: `Cvens mamebs Tqvens mamebTan erTad saerTo marTali rwmena hqondaT _ imZlavra qalkedonurma rwmenam da aavso qveyana... nersesi mglad iqca da daiwyo qristes gonieri samwysos gadabireba. amis gamo moviwadineT Segvetyobinebina es... raTa moxvideT CvenTan, rogorc Tqvens nawilTan da gankurnoT Cveni Wrilobebi...~ (gv. 138). (albanel monofizitebs miaCniaT, rom albanuri eklesia somxuri eklesiis nawilia, rom albanelTa da somexTa `mamebs~ saerTo rwmena hqoniaT. mouwodeben somexTa kaTalikoss, raTa is mivides albaneTSi, rogorc `mis nawilSi~ da imoqmedos. es xdeba VII saukunis miwuruls, am saukunis dasawyisSi ki srulebiT identuri ambavi xdeba qvemo qarTlSi _ gugarqSi. èpistoleTa wignis~ Tanaxmad gugarqeli, anu qarTveli monofizitebi TavianT eklesias miiCnevdnen somxuri eklesiis nawilad da mouwodebdnen somxeTis
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sakaTalikosos èmoqmeda~ gugarqelTa dasaxmareblad. (gugarqel qarTvelTa, iseve rogorc albanelTa, saeklesio ena somxuri iyo).
Tavi V. somexTa kaTalikosi arab amirasTan uCivis albanel qalkedonitebs

arab xelisufals somexTa kaTalikosi swers, rom somxeTi arabebs emorCileba da emsaxureba RmerTis nebiT, albanelebi da somxebi qristianebi arian, magram albanelTa kaTalikosi, romelic partavSi zis, SeuTanxmda berZenTa imperators, ixseniebs mas locvebSi da albanelTa qveyanas aiZulebs, miiRos bizantiuri sarwmunoeba. somexTa kaTalikosi Semdeg mouwodebs amiras, rom is albanelTa qalkedonitobas gulgrilad nu Sexedavs, dasajos isini TavianTi moqmedebis Sesabamisad (msgavsad aseve somexTa sakaTalikosom da marzpanma qarTuli eklesiis qalkedonitobis, anu `berZnuli sarwmunoebis~ Sesaxeb Seatyobines sparsTa mefes kirionis dros da mouwodes, daesaja qarTuli eklesia bizantiuri rjulisaTvis).
Tavi VI. arabi amira pasuxobs somexTa kaTalikoss

arabi amira somexTa kaTalikoss `RvTis kacs~ uwodebs da atyobinebs, rom man albaneTSi gagzavna didi jari erTguli msaxuris meTaurobiT. am jars nabrZanebi aqvs arabTa xelisuflebisagan gamdgari alvanelebi moaqcios somxur sarwmunoebaze. `...Cveni xelisuflebisagan gamdgari alvanelebi Tqveni sjulis mixedviT simarTleze moaqcion~ (gv. 139). (aqedan Cans, rom arabebs qalkedonitebi miaCniaT arabTa xelisuflebisagan gandgomilebad, xolo `somxuri sarwmunoebis~ mqoneni erTgul RvTis kacebad). Semdeg atyobinebs, rom `Cveni msaxuri Sens winaSe partavSi sisruleSi moiyvans sasjels, nersessa da mis Tanamoazre qals rkinis jaWviT gadaabamen da Sercxvenilebs samefo karze moiyvanen, raTa yvelam ixilos meamboxeTa Seuracxyofa~ (gv. 139). (yvela qalkedoniti arabTaTvis meamboxea. aseve uwodeben qalkedonitebs _ `Cveni xelisuflebiasagan gandgomilebs~, amitomac isini sastikad unda daisajon. albanelTa kaTalikosi nersesic `meamboxea~ Tavisi qalkedonitobis gamo, is unda daisajos somexi kaTalikosis winaSe, xolo somxebs ufleba aqvT albanelebi `TavianT sarwmunoebaze~, anu somxur sarwmunoebaze moaqcion).
Tavi VII. somexTa kaTalikosi albaneTSi sjis albanTa kaTalikoss

somexTa kaTalikosi sagangebod Cavida albaneTSi, dajda mTavar taZarSi da brZana misTvis dasasjelad miegvaraT albanTa kaTalikosi nersesi. SeSineb-
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uli albanelTa kaTalikosi daimala, Semdeg Sei pyres da miiyvanes somexTa kaTalikosis winaSe. `mravalricxovan SekrebilTa Soris elias winaSe upasuxod idga ubeduri. mefis brZanebiT mas mZime sasjeli gamoutanes: gadaabes fexiT fexze im qalTan da Soreul qveyanaSi gasagzavnad moamzades, magram ver aitana es tanjva da rva dRis Semdeg gardaicvala~ (gv. 140). (aqedan Cans, rom arabebma sastikad dasajes ara marto qalkedoniti samRvdeloeba, nersesi da masTan daaxloebulni, aramed saero qalkedoniti xelisuflebac, magaliTad, albaneTis qalkedoniti dedofali sparami, romelic dasamcireblad albanTa kaTalikosis fexze gamoabes da gadaasaxles). qalkedonituri literatura gaanadgures. arabebma da albaneTSi sagangebod Casulma somxebma albanTa kaTalikos nersesis qalkedonituri wignebi, romliTac savse iyo zanduki, wyalSi Cayares. `... nersesis `wvalebiT~ savse wignebi, romliTac avsebuli iyo zanduki, waiRes da mTlianad mdinare trtutSi Cayares...~ (gv. 140)
Tavi VIII. somexTa kaTalikosi erTgulebis xelwerils, anu ` Semomtkicebis wigns ~ , arTmevs albanelebs
RmerTmao, _ weren albanelebi `Semomtkicebis wignSi~, _ `Segvibrala Cven uZlurni, Seiwyala Cveni xalxi da gamogvigzavna RvTis madliT Rirseuli mama elia _ somexTa kaTalikosi, kaci wmida da marTali, wmida grigoris taZris mflobeli, episkoposebTan da vardapetebTan erTad~. somexTa kaTalikosi albaneTSi Casula sami somexi episkoposisa, vardapetisa da mraval mowafeTa TanxlebiT (gv. 141). (SeiZleba Sedareba _ somxeTis eklesia kirionis drosac apirebda qarTlSi somexi episkoposebis gagzavnas, raTa maT kirionisaTvis èswavlebinaT swori sarwmunoeba~). albanelebi Semdeg weren somxeTidan Casuli samRvdeloebis Sesaxeb _ `moxvediT Tqven Cvens dedaqalaq partavSi da tkbili moZRvrebiT aRkveTeT boroti Cvens Soris. gagvaxseneT Cveni winapris anderZi...~ (gv. 141). Semdeg _ `rodesac gansacdelma moaRwia Cvenamde, RmerTma aRmogviCina Semweoba wmida grigoris monacvlis meSveobiT, romlis marTlmorwmuneobis mowafeni varT da viqnebiT. elia somexTa kaTalikosi gaxda simarTlis mterze SurismaZiebeli da axla Cven yvelani vwyevliT `mwvaleblebs~ ... qalkedonis krebasa da leonis tomars... SevaCveneT Cveni sacodavi nersesic, romelic saTnoeyo orbunebianTa `wvalebas~ da misi mimdevarni. Cven SevadgineT es sabuTi RmrTisa... raTa amis Semdeg aRarvin gabedos gadauxvios Cveni mamebis naanderZevs. xolo Tu gamoCndeba vinme utifari... aseve SeCvenebuli iqneba... Tu episkoposTagani iqneba vinme _ Rirseba CamoerTvas da taxtidan Camogdebul iqnas. Tu mRvdeli _ aseve mouvides, Tu vinme berTagani, _ SeCvendes da ganidevnos, xolo Tu azatTagani iyos _ eklesi-
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idan moikveTos da amxanagebSi gareva aekrZalos, vidre marTlmadideblur rwmenaze ar Semobrundes~. (aqedan Cans, rom arabTa zemoqmedebiT albanelebi (da ara marto albanelebi, aramed kavkasiis qalkedonitebi) iZulebulni arian TavianTi Tavi somxuri eklesiis wevrebad gamoacxadon da dagmon qalkedonitoba. qalkedoniti samRvdeloeba ganikveTeba da ganidevneba, qalkedoniti eriskacebi moikveTeba sazogadoebidan _ àmxanagebidan~ da eklesiidan, mas ekrZaleba sazogadoebasTan raime kavSiri manam, sanam ar miiRebs `somxur sarwmunoebas~. unda vifiqroT, rom albaneTis mezobel qvemo qarTlSi, sadac arabobas gansakuTrebiT hqonda fexi mokidebuli, mravalma qarTvelma qalkedonitma iZulebiT miiRo `somxuri sarwmunoeba~).
albaneTis kaTalikosi somxeTSi unda ekurTxos

amis Semdeg albanel monofizitTa krebis monawileni _ samRvdeloeba, mTavrebi da aznaurebi deben SeTanxmebas somxeTis kaTalikosTan albaneTis kaTalikosis kurTxevis wesis Sesaxeb. am SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, albaneTis kaTalikosis kurTxeva xdeba somexTa kaTalikosis mier. albanTa kaTalikosis kurTxeva unda moxdes somxeTSi `wmida grigoris taxtze~. Tu romelime albaneTis kaTalikosi gabedavs da ar ekurTxeba somxeTSi _ is kaTalikosad ar CaiTvleba. krebis monawileTa azriT, albaneTis kaTalikosi somxeTSi unda ekurTxos, imitom rom albaneTi somxeTis meSveobiT ganaTlda da wmida grigoris droidan misi kurTxeva somxeTSi xdeboda, bolo dros ki aseTi wesi darRveula. kreba aRadgens `Zvel wess~. `Cven Tavidan davaweseT agreTve alvaneTis kaTalikosis xeldasxma, radgan bolo xanebSi Cvenma kaTalikosebma daarRvies episkoposTa dadgenis wesi. gamoucdelobiT da ucodinarobiT Cvens qveyanaSi ganxeTqilebam iCina Tavi. amitom SevTanxmdiT RvTisa da Tqveni mamamTavrobis winaSe, rom albaneTis mRvdelmTavris kurTxeva wmida grigoris taxtze moxdes, Cveni qveynis TanxmobiT, rogorc es xdeboda wmida grigoris dros. radganac Cven Tqvenidan gavnaTldiT, WeSmaritad gvwams, rom visac Tqven airCevT, is sasurveli iqneba RvTisTvisac da CvenTvisac, nuravin gabedavs am SeTanxmebis darRvevas da sxvanair moqmedebas, xolo Tu vinme daarRvevs _ misi xeldasxma gauqmebulad CaiTvleba... rwmena iyos mtkice da Seuryeveli Cven orive xalxs Soris~... (gv. 143). SeTanxmeba daido somxuri welTaRricxviT 148, anu 699 wels. krebas somexTa kaTalikosi elia Tavmjdomareobda. aqedan Cans, VII saukunis bolos rogor SeZlo somxurma eklesiam mTlianad gabatonebuliyo albanur eklesiaze. amis Semdeg albanur eklesiaSi arabTa ZaldatanebiT aikrZala qalkedonitoba da albanelebma `somxuri sarwmunoeba~ miiRes, rasac Sedegad mohyva albanur eklesiaSi ukve daner-
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gili somxurenovani wirva-locvis sruli gabatoneba. albanuri eklesia mTlianad gaiTqvifa somxur eklesiaSi. erovnuli eklesiis gareSe darCenili albanelTa didi nawili mahmadiandeba da asimilirdeba sxva xalxebSi, morwmune qristiani albanelebi ki monofizitebi arian da somxuri eklesiis nawili xdebian. arabebma, ise rogorc adre sparselebma, `somxuri sarwmunoeba~ savaldebulod aqcies kavkasieli xalxebisaTvis. Tu VII saukunis dasawyisSi albanurma eklesiam gabeda da somxur eklesias gamoeyo, msgavsad kirionisa, VII saukunis bolos arabebi albanelebs sabolood uqvemdebareben somxur eklesias. arseni safareli da mose kalankatueli erTxmad weren albaneTis somexTagan gamoyofis Sesaxeb VI-VII saukuneTa mijnaze. isini am dros uTiTebdnen pirvel mociqul eliSaze, romelmac albanuri eklesia daafuZna _ `...mxedarmTavrebi aqezebdnen somxebs, moeTxovaT sasuliero pirveloba alvanelebze, rasac alvanelebi ar emorCilebodnen. isini uTiTebdnen erT pirvandel mociqulze, romelic alvaneTSi mivida, mas eliSa erqva. iq uqadagia da aRuSenebia eklesia somxebze ufro adre. es aris aRmosavleTSi pirveli deda eklesiao. am gisis eklesias erwmunen alvanelebi da somxebisgan gaiTiSnen, raTa ar yofiliyvnen sxvisi xelisuflebis qveS~. axla ki VII saukunis bolos albanelebma aRar wamoayenes idea ierusalimidan, uflis Zma iakobisagan qristianobis albaneTSi Semotanis Sesaxeb, axla isini ukve acxadeben, rom maT somxeTisagan miiRes qristianoba. pirdapir weren kidec _ `... Cven Tqvengan gavnaTldiT...~ (gv. 143). amitomac albanuri eklesia unda daeqvemdebaros somxurs.
Tavi IX. somexTa kaTalikosi SeTanxmebis werils aZlevs alvanelebs

ùTanxmoebani, romlebic alvaneTSi moxda rwmenis gamo urjulo nersesisagan, mravalTa sulebSi qalkedonitur rwmenas aRvivebs da Tavisi cbieri borotebiT saSiSroebas uqmnis episkoposebs, mRvdlebsa da berebs. rodesac gavige me, somexTa kaTalikosma eliam, Cems episkoposebTan erTad mivedi alvaneTSi, didebul qalaq partavSi. CemTan Seikribnen sasulieroni da saeroni... episkoposebma da eklesiis mTelma dasma xelweriliTa da beWdiT... daadgines: Tavisi nebiT mtkiced daicvan rwmena da ar Seerion qalkedonituri rwmenisa da bakuris moZRvrebis mimdevrebs... Tu vinme kaTalikosi an episkoposi gadauxvevs am SeTanxmebas, maSin mas aRar unda hqondes ufleba mrevlze... me elia, somexTa kaTalikosma Cems episkoposebTan erTad miviRe Semomtkicebis wigni alvanelTa krebisagan da momeciT Tqven es SeTanxmebis werili...~ (gv. 144).
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Tavi X. arabTa amiras divanSi aTavseben sias albaneli mTavrebisa, imisaTvis: Tu romelime maTgani qalkedonitobas miiRebs, sikvdiliT dasajon
arabi amiras samdivnoSi moaTavses sia albaneli naxararebisa, maT Soris erTi mTavrisa, erTi spaspetisa, patrikebisa, iSxnebis mflobelebisa _ isini monofizitebi iyvnen, erTi ki iakobitia. _ `yvela eseni Cawerili iyvnen abdal meliq amir mumnis divanSi, imisaTvis, rom Tu vinme maTgani aRiarebda orbunebianobas, sikvdiliT daesajaT~ (gv. 144). (aqedan Cans, Tu ra sastikad devnidnen arabebi qalkedonitebs da aZlierebdnen `somxur sarwmunoebas~. TviT qveynis mfobeli mTavrebic ki sikvdiliT isjebodnen qalkedonitobisaTvis. dabali fenebi kidev ufro sastikad daisjebodnen, Tu isini gabedavdnen da `somxur sarwmunoebas~ ar aRiarebdnen. sastikad idevneboda qalkedoniti samRvdeloebac. qarTlSic aseTive viTareba iyo. qarTlis mflobeli xosroiani mefeebi TavianTi qalkedonuri sarwmunoebisaTvis sastikad daisajnen VIII saukunis dasawyisSi. idevneboda qarTuli qalkedonituri eklesiac. mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelo da mesxeTi _ bizantiis mfarvelobis wyalobiT gadarCa `somxuri sarwmunoebis~ iZulebas).
Tavi XXI. arabul administraciul erTeul _ ` armeniaSi ~ Sedis qarTvelTa da albanelTa qveynebi, misi amira erovnebiT somexia
somex mTavars sahl smbatians 837 wels `...samefodan didi jildo ergo. mas uwyalobes somxeTis, iberiisa da alvaneTis mTliani gamgebloba mTavris uflebiT~. (gv. 161) 838 wels _ `... ufalTufalma iunesma, romelic somexTa, iberTa da alvanelTa xelisufali iyo, samefosagan kidev iTxova sami qveyana...~ (gv. 161) (iberia anu qarTli, an misi erTi nawili) Sedis arabTa mier Seqmnil adminitraciul erTeulSi _ àrmeniaSi~, romelSic qarTlis garda, somxeTi da albaneTi Sedioda. am administraciuli erTeulis amirebi (anu vostikani) IX saukunis Sua wlebSi somxebi arian. maTTvis mefuri ufleba miuniWebiaT. isini, cxadia, xels Seuwyobdnen qarTlSi `somxuri sarwmunoebis~ gavrcelebas).
Tavi XXII. alvaneTis kaTalikosi samueli somexTa gareSe ekurTxa, ris gamoc SeaCvenes
albanelTa kaTolikosma samuelma xeldasxma miiRo ara somxeTSi, aramed Tavisi albaneli episkoposebis xeliT. am ambavma `...metad aaRelva alvaneTis iSxanebi. maT erTxmad acnobes es somexTa kaTalikoss, ufal gevorgs,
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xolo man kanonieri ganCinebiT miswera somexTa iSxanebs da sTxova daxmareba ... amasobaSi kaTalikosi samueli brZnulad mourigda alvaneTis Tavkacebsa da iSxanebs da maT Soris mSvidoba damyarda. amis gamo somxebma SeaCvenes alvanelebi. somexTa iSxani aSoti moiTxovda wmida grigoris mier ganwesebas da somexTagan xeldasxmas... somexTa didma mTavarma miswera gevorg mRvdelmTavars amis Sesaxeb, amasTanave daarwmuna samueli daTanxmeboda mTeli alvaneTis survils da Tundac Tavisi nebis gareSe wasuliyo dvins da... xelmeored mieRo xeldasxma somexTa kaTalikos gevorgisagan~. es moxda 877 wels. daaxloebiT 893 wels arabi mxedarTmTavari `...Tavs daesxa qarTvelTa qveyanas. mis winaaRmdeg gamovida ori mamaci qarTveli mxedarTmTavari giorgi da misi Zma aravesi. orive wamebiT daxoca~ (gv. 164).
Tavi XXIV. albanelTa mamamTavrebi

albaneTis `...uwindel patriarqTa saqmeni, dro da saxelebi dakargulan...~ (gv. 168). albanTa ganaTlebis wyaro yofila wmida eliSa, wmida Tadeozis mowafe (miaqcieT yuradReba am Txzulebis VI saukunis dasasrulisa da VII saukunis damdegis avtoris ideiT, albanTa ganmanaTlebeli wmida eliSa uflis Zmis, iakobis mowafea, dakavSirebulia ierusalimTan da araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs somxeTTan, ufro metic, is somxebze ufro adre aarsebs samociqulo taxts albaneTSi. es idea icvleba VII saukunis dasasruls. am dros albaneTSi Casuli somexTa kaTalikosi elia mTlianad ucvlis am ideas saxes da gadmogvcems, rom mociquli eliSa mowafe iyo Tadeoz mociqulisa. es idea meordeba X saukunemde. Tadeozi somxuri eklesiis damaarseblad iyo aRiarebuli. Tu eliSa Tadeozis mowafe iyo, maSin albanTa ganmanaTlebeli mowafe yofila somexTa ganmanaTleblisa. amitomac albanuri eklesia somxurs unda daemorCilos). `Semdeg iyo yrma grigorisi, somexTa ganmanaTleblis grigoris SviliSvili~... (e.i. albanTa kaTalikosi iyo); `...Seqmna netarma mesropma alvanuri damwerloba. manve didi Sromis Sedegad anbani misca somxebsa da qarTvelebs. Semdeg iyo ufali abasi, romelmac somxuri welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi sapatriarqo taxti Coridan partavSi gadaitana... misi droidan Cveulebad iqca daeweraT aseTi pativi: àlvanTa, lfinTa da Coris kaTalikosi~. dvinis krebdan mas miuTiTes, raTa eRiarebina mxolod erTbunebianoba qristesi...~ (gv. 168). ùfali viro... man xazari SaTis tyveobidan gaaTavisufla somxebi, qarTvelebi da alvanelebi... ufali zaqaria... (man) siunqis episkoposad akurTxa vinme vrTanesi, rac moxda somexTa nebis gareSe~ (gv. 168). ùfali nersesi... mas goneba aeria, moindoma alvanelTa keTilSobili saxli CamoeSorebina da qalkedonituri rwmenisaTvis daemorCilebina~.
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ùfalma miqaelma daswyevla agreTve qarTvelTa mwyemsi Talale, radganac man neba darTo ukanono qorwinebas~. ùfali samueli... man TviTon, xeldasxmis gareSe miiRo samamamTavro pativi, ris gamoc ganTavisuflebul iqna. xelmeored xeldasxma miiRo somexTa kaTalikos georgisagan dvinSi. ufali iunani... kaTalikos georgis daukiTxavad mivida alvaneTSi da xeldasxmac mis gareSe miiRo, Semdeg TviTon georgma xelmeored akurTxa is~ (gv. 170).
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T a v i VI I
qarTuli eklesia VIII-X saukuneebSi
` C v e n m a s a m R v d e l o e b a m k a r ga d i c o d a , rom mamuli da erovneba rjulTan erTad S e e r T e b u l i , r j u l T a n S e x o r c- T v i s e b u l i , u Z l e v e l i x m a l i a d a S e u l ewe l i f a r i m t r i s a wi n aS e~.

ilia marTali

`qarTlis~ istoriuli geografia VIII saukunisaTvis
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qarTlis wyaroTa Tanaxmad, V saukunesa da wina saukuneebSi sityva `qarTlis~ qveS igulisxmeboda mTeli saqarTvelo. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ukiduresi aRmosavleTi provinciebic _ kaxeTi da hereTi _ qarTlis nawili iyo. V saukunis avtors ase aqvs gadmocemuli: `viTarca moiwia igi sazRvarTa qarTlisaTa qveyanasa mas hereTisasa... wina miegebnen mas aznaurni~.1 hereTi qarTlis erT-erTi Semadgeneli qveyanaa, xolo qarTlis sazRvrebi mtkiced aris gansazRvruli. iakob xucesma kargad icis, Tu sad gadis qarTlis saxelmwifos sazRvari da iseve, rogorc leonti mroveli, juanSeri da sxva Zveli qarTveli mematianeebi, xmarobs termins `sazRvari qarTlisaA~. hereTi, misi sityviT, qarTlis sazRvrebs SigniT moqceuli qveyanaa. hereTSi wamebuli wmida SuSanikis ambavi mTel qarTls moefina, `ganiTqva yovelsa qarTlsa saqme misi~, wmidanis sanaxavad àznaurni da uaznoni soflisa qarTlisani movides~.2 qarTli sxvagan ki ar aris, aramed TviTve hereTia qarTli, aseve dasavleT saqarTvelo, kerZod, egrisis zRvis sanapiro klisuramde qarTlis erT-erTi qveyana iyo. swored amitom am teritoriebis berZnebis mier dapyrobis dros, mTel iveriaSi _ qarTlSi urva da wuxili daiwyo. qarTlsa da saberZneTs Soris Tavidanve iyo sazRvari dadebuli, qarTlis samefos SeqmnisTanave, farnavazis dros. farnaozma `qujis misca qveyana... egrisis wylamde...~, xolo gorgasals _ `...ukusca keisarman sazRvari qarTlisa cixe Tuxarisi da klarjeTi... gamoikiTxa keisarman sazRvari saberZneTisa da qveyana zRvispirisa, romel ars afxazeTi da hrqua: egrisis wyliTgan vidre mdinaremde mcirisa xazareTisa ese sazRvari ars saberZneTisa aleqsandrobiTgan~.3 keisarma vaxtang gorgaslis saxelmwifos daubruna is teritoriebi, romelnic istoriulad Sediodnen qarTlSi. egriswyals iqiT mdebare qveyana qarTls ekuTvnoda. marTlac, arsebobs ègriswyalsaqeTis~ Sesabamisi ZvelqarTuli termini _ ègriswyalqvemo qveyana~, vaxtang gorgaslis Zem daCim ùkumoixvna egriswyalsquemoTi queyana~.4 vaxtang gorgasalis meoxebiT qarTlis sazRvari gadaweuli iqna CrdiloeTiT da qarTlsa da saberZneTs Soris saxelmwifo sazRvari mdinare egriswylis nacvlad daido md. klisuraze _ `klisura romeli masa Jamsa iyo sazRvari saberZneTisa da saqarTveloAsa~, `zRude igi sazRvari klisurisa~.5 ase rom, qarTli vaxtang gorgaslis dros, iseve rogorc manamde da mis Semdeg, vidre VIII saukunis Sua wlebamde, erTiani qveyanaa, romelsac aqvs mtkiced gansazRvruli sazRvrebi mezobel saxelmwifoebTan. dasavleTiT qarTlis cnebaSi Sedis egrisi, aRmosavleTSi ki _ hereTi, xolo samxreTiT cixe-Tuxarisi da klarjeTi. aseTia mtkicebani qarTuli wyaroebisa.
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`vaxtang gorgaslis mefobis periodi _ uaRresad mniSvnelovani movlenebiT aRivso: gaerTianda aRmosavleTi ìveria~ da dasavleTi ègrisi~. qarTl-kaxeTis garda; am erTian samefos farglebSi Semovida alvaneTis momijnave mxareebic (hereTi, kambeCani)~6. vaxtang gorgaslis Semdeg maleve, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi qveyana sparselebma da bizantielebma dai pyres, qarTli mainc erTiania, mas erTi kanonieri mmarTveli hyavs (nominaluri) samefo gvaridan. qarTlis cxovrebis mixedviT, vaxtangis Ze daCic mTel qarTls marTavs. man qarTls daubruna ègriswyalsqvemoTi qveyana~. XXXVI mefe farsmanmac `dai pyro yoveli giorgia~ _ anu mTeli qarTli _ saqarTvelo. mis drosve qveynis SigniT sxvadasxva politikuri dajgufebis warmoqmna, urTierTgamijvna mimdinareobda (528-542 wlebSi). mefe farsmani sparselebis momxrea, xolo Zeni mirdatisani _ berZnebisa. XXXVII mefis farsman VI-is dros (542-557) àrRara moiyvandian kaTalikossa saberZneTidan~. mis dros Semosula 12 sirieli mama. XXXVIII mefis bakuris Semdeg qarTli, anu saqarTvelo daiSala saerisTavoebad. guaram kurapalatma (575-600), romelsac `mosca mefoba saqarTvelosi keisarman~...7 _ èrisTavni ver scvalna, vinaidgan gujriT aqvndaT mflobeloba keisrisa da sparsTa mefisagan, garna morCilebasa Sina guaramisa iyvnen~.8 aqedan Cans, rom qveyana, faqtobrivad, gayofilia sparseTsa da saberZneTs Soris. es qveynebi TviTon amtkiceben erisTavebs saqarTveloSi, magram saqarTvelo, anu qarTli mainc erTiani qveyanaa da erisTavebi erT qarTvel mefes _ qarTlis mefes emorCilebian. ra iyo amis mizezi, ram SeunarCuna aseT pirobebSi qarTls erTianoba? `faqtia isic, rom miuxedavad politikuri damoukideblobis dakargvisa, qarTli VI saukunis ganmavlobaSi... ekonomikur aRmavlobas ganicdis...~9 am dros gacxovelebula-gaRrmavebula saqarTvelos sxvadasxva provinciebs Soris ekonomikuri kavSiri, gafarTovebula Sinagani bazari. `yvelaferi es, ra Tqma unda, xels uwyobda da apirobebda am calkeuli provinciebis Serwyma-gaerTianebis process. amdroindeli qarTlis ekonomikuri da kulturuli aRmavlobis maCvenebelia mniSvnelovani arqiteqturuli nagebobani, romlebic am periodSi iqmneba da romelTa dagvirgvinebasac warmoadgens qarTuli xelovnebis brwyinvale Zegli _ mcxeTis jvari~.10
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ase rom, vaxtang gorgaslis Semdeg qarTli ki ar daSlila, piriqiT, mimdinareobda `calkeuli provinciebis Serwyma-gaerTianebis procesi~ da èkonomikuri kulturuli aRmavloba~. swored amiT iyo gamowveuli is, rom sxva saxelmwifoebis mier `mflobeloba~ miniWebuli erisTavebi erT qarTlis mefes, anda mTavars emorCilebian. adarnase mTavarsac, mcxeTis jvris erT-erT aRmSenebels, yvela erisTavi emorCileba. magram erisTavebis Secvla mas ar SeuZlia. adarnases Ze stefanoz mTavari da misi Zeni _ arCili da miri gadadian dasavleT saqarTveloSi, egrisSi da iqidan marTaven saxelmwifos: egrisi rom qarTlis samefoSi Semavali qveyana ar yofiliyo, qarTlis mefe-mTavrebi iq ver dadgebodnen. arCil mefis erT-erTi Ze, iovane, egrisis mmarTveli mTavari iyo. mas mematiane ìovane erisTavs~ uwodebs. egrisi qarTlis erT-erTi qveyana iyo imiTac, rom qarTlis kaTalikosi kirioni xeldasxmulia `...gugarqis, qarTlis da egrisis kaTalikosad~.11 amasve miuTiTebs atenis sionSi axladaRmoCenili warwerebi, sadac qarTlis erisTavi amave dros egrisis erisTavicaa. wmida mefe arCilis mematianes erT-erT wyarod gamouyenebia anonimis Txzuleba, romelic asaxavs swored im epoqas, romelsac igi gulisxmobs, e.i. arCilis moRvaweobis xanas. arCili ki, Cveni azriT, VIII saukunis pirveli naxevris moRvawea.12 am anonimis koncefciiT `...dasavleTi saqarTvelo, anu egrisi, afxazeTis gamoklebiT, qarTls warmoadgens, anu ukeT, dasavleT saqarTvelos Semadgeneli mxareebi arian igive `qveyanani qarTlisani~. rogorc viciT, aseTi koncefcia saerTod axasiaTebs `qarTlis cxovrebas~ da mas garkveuli safuZvelic unda hqondes. anonimis mixedviT, `qarTlis mefeebs~ mirs da arCils, romlebic murvan yrus Semosevisas dasavleT saqarTvelos afareben Tavs, am ukanasknelze suverenuli uflebebi aqvT~.13 `sikvdilis win miri eubneba arCils: `mamaca Cveni mokvda SfoTsa amas Sina da ver warveciT igi mcxeTas. warscen Zvalni misi da daflen saydarsa quTaissa, raTa ipovos igi sawameblad samkvidrosa Cvenisa~. e.i. quTaisis saydari, sadac stefanoz qarTlis erisTavis saflavia, iqneba simbolo qarTlis mmarTvelTa axali rezidenciisa. es tendencia saxelmwifos kulturulpolitikuri centris dasavleTSi, kerZod ki quTaisSi gadatanisa, marTlac, SesaZlebelia ukve maSin arsebuliyo, ramdenadac VIII saukunis 40-iani wlebidan, rogorc viciT, Tbilisi arabi amiras adgil-samyofeli xdeba~.14 rogorc aRniSnuli gvqonda, sazRvari qarTlsa da `saberZneTs~ Soris gadioda mdinare klisuraze. arabobis dros mefe arCili gadasuli iyo `saberZneTSi~, mdinare klisuras iqiT. qveynis dawynarebis Semdeg mefe arCilma adgilobriv erisTavs _ afxazeTis mmarTvels, romelic `keisris-
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gan~ iyo dadginebuli (èrisTavi keisrisa leon~), uTxra _ `...aw uwyies Seneba adgilTa CvenTa klisuriTgan aRmarT. warval da daveSenebi cixe gojs da quTaiss~.15 klisuriTgan àRmarTi~ qveyana qarTlis mefeTa sakuTari àdgilia~ _ qarTlia. arCili arabebTan omis win agonebs mirs, rom qarTlidan wamoRebul saganZurTa Soris òrni igi gvirgvinni oqroisa da anTrakisani: erTi mirian mefisa da erTi vaxtangisi. Sen da mamaman Cvenman dasdeviT igi quTaTis da cixe gojis~.16 samefo niSnebis, Zveli qarTlis mefeTa samefo gvirgvinebis quTaissa da cixe gojSi `dadebiT~, es qalaqebi qarTlis politikur centrebad unda qceuliyvnen. ase rom, VIII saukunis 50-ian wlebamde sityva `qarTlis~ qveS igulisxmeboda mTeli saqarTvelo, rogorc misi aRmosavleTi, aseve dasavleTi nawili. amitomac, qarTlis sakaTalikoso Tavis iurisdiqcias axorcielebda ara marto aRmosavleT saqarTveloze, aramed dasavleT saqarTvelozec, sakaTalikosos daarsebis droidan _ V saukunidan, xolo qarTuli eklesia Tavis uflebamosilebas axorcielebda dasavleT saqarTveloze qarTuli eklesiis warmoqmnis droidanve. VIII saukunis meore naxevarSi (80-90-ian wlebSi) arCilis Zis, iovane egrisis erisTavis gardacvalebis Semdeg, iSleba qarTuli samefo. erTiani qarTlis samefo gaiyo sam nawilad: warmoiqmna àfxazeTi~, `qarTli~ da `kaxeTi~. am dromde, e.i. VIII saukunis 80-90-ian wlebamde _ farnavaz pirveli mefidan arCil mefis Svilebamde, yovelTvis sityva-termini `qarTli~ aRniSnavda mTel saqarTvelos, xolo amis Semdeg dasavleT saqarTvelos ukve aRar ewodeboda qarTli, aramed ewodeboda afxazeTi. qarTlis samefo TiTqmis uwyvetad arsebobda farnavaz mefis Semdeg VIII saukunemde, TiTqmis 1000 wlis ganmavlobaSi, xolo VIII saukuneSi qarTlis saxelmwifos daSlis Sedegad, rogorc aRvniSneT, warmoiSva afxazeTis, taoklarjeTis (qarTlis), kaxeTisa da hereTis samefoebi. `xolo amieridgan iwyo Semcirebad mefobaman didTa mefeTa xuasroanTaman. pirvelad ufleba sarkinozTa gandidna da mieridgan mieca yoveli ese qveyana JamiTi Jamad rbevasa da oxrobasa~. `ganiryvna qveyana, rameTu romeli gamoCndis Rirsi mefed xosrovani agarianTagan Semcirdian, vinaATgan gandidna Zali sarkinozTa da dai pyres qarTli da tfilisi da ganmravldnen mTavarni~.17 arabebis Semosevis gamo `klisuris iqiTa qveyana~ _ afxazeTi berZenTa batonobisagan gaTavisuflda, `rameTu mouZlurebul iyvnen berZennica agarianTagan, vinaiTgan miuRies zRvis gareTi~.18
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e.i. saberZneTis `zRvisgareTi~ qveyana _ mcire azia, arabebs daupyriaT. amis gamo, saberZneTi mouZlurebula. amiT usargeblia afxazeTis erisTavs, leon II-s da Tavisi qveyana gauTavisuflebia. es qveyana ìstoriulad~ `berZnebs~ ekuTvnoda da mdebareobda qarTlis mdinare klisuras gadaRma. am qveyanaSi _ afxazeTSi, erisTavebs niSnavda keisari. am afxazeTs Seafares Tavi murvan yrusagan devnilma mefe mirma da arCilma. aqve maT daamarcxes mteri _ `sarkinozni ukun iqcnen meotni~. afxazeTSi bizantiis mtrebze qarTvel mefeTa gamarjvebiT kmayofil keisars `leonisaTvis mieca mkvidrad erisTaoba afxazTa msaxurebisaTvis mefeTasa, rameTu ese leon I erisTavi iyo mun keisrisagan~.19 aqve gardaicvala mefe miri, xolo misi qaliSvili miaTxoves leon afxazTa erisTavs. leoni afxazeTis erisTavia, xolo arCilis Svili iovane _ egrisis erisTavi, iovane erisTavis sikvdilis Semdeg, afxazeTis erisTavi leon II xdeba egrisis, anu mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos mmarTveli _ `...leon daipyra sruliad egrisi da iwoda mefe afxazTa. `mematiane qarTlis samefos kuTvnil teritoriaze àfxazTa samefos~ warmoSobis mizezad iovane erisTavis sikvdilis garda, asaxelebs mefe arCilis Zis, qarTlis mTavris, juanSeris siberesac _ `juanSerica daberebul iyo~. namdvili mizezi, cxadia, arabebis mier qarTlis samefo saxlisa da samefos centraluri nawilis ganadgureba iyo~. qarTlis samefos VIII saukuneSive gamoeyo kaxeTis damoukidebeli samTavro _ `kaxeTis samTavro qarTls agreTve VII saukunis meore naxevarSi unda gamoyofoda, yovel SemTxvevaSi 764 wlis Semdeg~.20 qarTveli mematianis Tanaxmad, àfxazTa samefos~ warmoqmnisTanave warmoiqmna kaxeTis samTavro _ `...juanSerica daberebuliyo da mokuda igica... kualad gandga grigoli mTavari. aman dai pyra kaxeTi~.21 es iyo qarTuli samefos saboloo daSla; Tumca, es samefo mainc ganagrZobda arsebobas Sida qarTlsa da tao-klarjeTSi. erTiani qarTlis, erTi politikuri erTeulis, adgilze warmoiqmna sami politikuri erTeuli _ àfxazeTi~, `qarTli~, `kaxeTi~. afxazeTis samefos warmoSobis, anu dasavleT saqarTvelos qarTlis saxelmwifosagan Camocilebis Semdeg, Cans, moxda eklesiis administraciuli gayofac _ qarTlis sakaTalikosos SigniT Camoyalibda dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesia da warmoiqmna afxazeTis sakaTalikoso. rogorc aRniSnuli gvqonda, VIII saukunis 20-ian wlebamde dasavleT saqarTvelos qristianebi eqvemdebarebodnen qarTlis kaTalikoss, iseve rogorc kaxeTisa. àmis SesaniSnavi mowmobaa jvris ti pis qristianuli taZrebis mSenebloba qarTlsa, kaxeTsa da egrisSi; kirionis xeldasxma gugarqis, qarTlisa da egrisis kaTalikosad~.22 `,...am TvalsazrisiT, uaRresad mniSvnelovnad gveCveneba vaxuSti batoniSvilis erTi Cveneba: àrs xons eklesia didi gumbaTiani, mSvenieri nagebi, zis
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episkoposi, mwyemsi vakisa. es iyo erTobasa Sina qarTlisa mTavarepiskopozisa Semdgomad ganyofilsa dasves aqa episkopozi~. vaxuStis es cnoba erTxel kidev amtkicebs im azrs, rom saqarTveloSi qristianobis pirvel saukuneebSi, qarTuli eklesiis erTobis dros, dasavleT saqarTvelos mrevli emorCileboda qarTlis mTavarepiskoposs, qarTlis kaTalikosobis warmoqmnis Semdegac, es mrevli mcxeTis (samTavros) episkoposis mrevlia. rogorc aRvniSneT, es iyo qarTuli eklesiis erTobis dros (V-VII saukuneebSi, VIII saukunis Sua wlamde), vaxuSti wers, _ `...es iyo erTobasa Sina qarTlisa mTavarepiskopozisa~, xolo erTiani qarTuli eklesiis gayofis Semdeg, anu afxazeTis sakaTalikosos warmoqmnis Semdeg, xonSi, anu dasavleT saqarTvelos centrSi _ vake samoqalaqoSi dausvamT episkoposi _ `... Semdgomad ganyofisa dasves aqa episkopozi~. `vaxuStis am cnobidan, romelic, eWvi ar aris, mas romeliRac Zveli wyarodan unda hqondes, gamodis, rom erTiani saqarTvelos samefos arsebobis pirobebSi vake imereTi, anu samoqalaqo, qarTlis mTavarepiskoposis iurisdiqcias emorCileba...~23 vaxuSti èrTobasa Sina~-Si gulisxmobs ara qarTuli saxelmwifos erTobas, aramed qarTuli eklesiis Zvel erTobas VIII saukunemde, magram qarTuli eklesia XI saukunis Semdeg kvlav gaerTianda, amitom mkiTxveli rom ar daibnes, Tu eklesiis romel erTobazea saubari, vaxuSti brZanebs: `... erTobasa Sina qarTlis mTavarepiskopozisa...~ vaxuStis dros mkiTxvelma kargad icis, rom mTavarepiskoposoba, anu mTavarepiskopoz-kaTalikosoba arsebobda V-VIII saukuneebSi, xolo kaTalikos-patriarqoba XI saukunis Semdgom. vaxuSti mTavarepiskopozisdroindeli erTobis qveS gulisxmobs V-VIII saukuneebs. `marTlac, SeuZlebelia XI saukunis erTiani saqarTvelos monarqiis Camoyalibebis Semdeg, roca qristianoba ayvavebuli iyo da saepiskoposo uamravi, dasavleT saqarTvelos erTi nawilis saepiskoposo damorCileboda mcxeTis mTavarepiskoposs da ara saqarTvelos `mcxeTis~ patriarqs~.24 èrTiani saqarTvelos monarqiis arsebobis dros, aseTi movlenis warmoqmna gaugebaria. safiqrebelia, rom igi gacilebiT ufro Zveli drois nayofia da maincdamainc im droisa, rodesac egrisi Zlieri qarTlis kulturul eqspansias ganicdida. SesaZlebelia, es friad saintereso faqti dakavSirebuli iyos im movlenasTan, romelic fiqsirebulia somxur wyaroSi da romlis mixedviT `winandel wesTa magaliTisamebr~ VII saukunis dasawyisSi qarTlis kaTalikosis iurisdiqcia egrisis garkveul nawilze vrceldeba.25 àmgvarad gamodis, rom uZvelesi droidanve (V s-dan) egrisis aRmosavleT nawilSi oficialuri qristianuli kulti qarTul enaze sruldeboda... mTel im teritoriaze, romelic moicavs swored vake imereTs _ argveTis udides nawils, raWa-leCxumianad, arc erTi bizantiuri saepikoposo kaTedra ar moixsenieba. es garemoeba ar unda iyos umizezo da amdenad, yve-
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laferi zemoT Tqmuli gvaiZulebs vifiqroT, rom am teritoriaze ukve maSin mcxeTis kaTalikosis iurisdiqcia moqmedebda qarTuli eniT, qarTuli mwignobrobiT da, aqedan gamomdinare, yvela Rrma SedegebiT. am konteqstSi saamiso myar argumentad moCans VII saukunis mcxeTis jvris ti pis taZris ageba WyondidSi~.26 Tu qarTlis kaTalikosis iurisdiqcia vrceldeboda mTel saqarTveloze, rogorc aRmosavleTze, ise dasavleTze, maSin unda aixsnas dasavleT saqarTveloSi berZnuli saepiskoposoebis warmoqmnis mizezebi. Cans, berZnuli qristianuli centrebi saqarTvelos Savi zRvis sanapiroze TandaTan gaqristianebuli adgilobrivi mosaxleobis saWiroebisaTvis ki ar warmoiqmna, aramed es centrebi Seiqmna erTdroulad `berZnul-romauli jariskacebisa da garnizonisaTvis~, agreTve, zRvispira polisebis savaWro araqarTuli qalaqebisaTvis. saqarTvelos zRvispireTis yvela berZnuli saepiskoposo biWvinTis garda, Seiqmna VII saukunis Semdgom. am dros saqarTveloSi SemoWrilma imperatorma heraklem garkveuli mizezebis gamo, mcxeTis sakaTalikosos CamoaWra dasavleTis zRvispira teritoriebi, sadac konstantinopolma Tavisi iurisdiqcia ganaxorciela. saqarTvelos SavizRvispira berZnuli saepiskoposoebi, erovnuli saepiskoposoebi rom ar iyvnen, es iqidanac Cans, rom dasavleT saqarTvelodan bizantielebis garnizonebis gayvanisa da qveynis gaTavisuflebis Semdeg, VIII-IX saukuneebSi, es saepiskoposoebi gauqmdnen, xolo teritoria afxazeTis sakaTalikosos iurisdiqciaSi Sevida. sulieri TvalTaxedviT, Tavis mxriv, afxazeTis sakaTalikoso iyo mcxeTis sakaTalikosoze damorCilebuli, qarTuli saeklesio eniT, qarTuli mwignobrobiT. is iyo erTiani qarTuli eklesiis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawili. misi meTauri mcxeTis kaTalikoss eqvemdebareboda sulierad, xolo mirons afxazeTis sakaTalikoso mcxeTis sakaTalikosodan iRebda. afxazeTis sakaTalikoso, `qarTlis cxovrebisa~ da ucxour wyaroTa mowmobiT, daarsebula bizantieli imperatoris, lev isavrosis dros, 720 wels, xolo iuridiuli gaformeba miuRia, anu qarTvel mefeebs afxazeTis sakaTalikosos arseboba ucvniaT 830 wels. giorgi merCulisaTvis Zalze kargad aris cnobili, rom istoriulad qarTli ewodeboda, rogorc aRmosavleT, aseve dasavleT saqarTvelos uZvelesi droidan VIII saukunis Sua wlebamde. marTalia, mis dros dasavleT saqarTvelos ewodeba ara qarTli, aramed afxazeTi, magram man icis, rom es aris politikuri mdgomareobis Sedegi, xolo sulierad da kulturulad, afxazeTi, e.i. dasavleT saqarTvelo, IX-X saukuneebSic qarTlia, afxazeTis samefos udidesi Zlierebis drosac ki. es, rogorc grigol xanZTelis cxovrebidan Cans, cnobilia ara marto qarTuli da saeklesio politikuri wreebisaTvis, aramed ierusalimis sapatriarqosTvisac, romelic avalde-
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bulebs afxazeTis sakaTalikosos, mironi miiRos qarTlis sakaTalikosodan. es sakiTxi ganxilulia qvemoT.
qveynis zogadi mdgomareoba VIII-X saukuneebSi

juanSeri gadmogvcems, rom arabTa SemosevebiT Sewuxebulma mefe stefanozma Tavisi samefo saganZuri Suaze gahyo. erTi naxevari gadaitana Tavisi samefos dasavleT nawilSi _ egrisSi, egrisSive Tan waiyvana Tavisi pirmSo _ taxtis memkvidre mihri. saganZuris meore naxevari misca umcros vaJs arCils, romelmac es ganZi gadaitana qveynis aRmosavleT nawilSi da iq dafla (Seinaxa). ganZis nawili gorSic Seinaxa, xolo saeklesio saganZuri mTliani saqarTvelosi (yovlisa qarTlisa) dafles mcxeTaSi. male arCilic egrisSi gadavida. 736-38 wlebSi saqarTveloSi murvan yru SemoiWra. saqarTvelos mTavrebi da erisTavebic ki kavkasiis mTebis tyeebSi da RreebSi imalebodnen. `da yovelni mTavarni da pitiaxSni naTesavni erisTavTa da warCinebulTani Seimeotnes kavkasiad da daimalnes tyeTa da RreTa da movlo yruman yoveli kavkasia... Semusrna yovelni qalaqni da umravlesni cixeni sazRvarTa qarTlisaTa~.27 rogorc aRiniSna, am dros sazRvari qarTlisa (anu saqarTvelosi) gadioda klisuraze da egrisi qarTlis mefeTa samefoSi Sedioda. murvan yrum, roca gaigo, rom qarTlis mefeebi egrisidan afxazeTSi gadavidnen, gahyva maT kvals da bizantiis sazRvrebSi (romelic im dros klisuras marjvena sanapiroze mdebareobda) gadavida. `Sevlo yruman klisura, romel mas Jamsa iyo sazRvari saberZneTisa da saqarTveloAsa~.28 RvTis SewevniT, murvan yrus laSqari Seimusra qarTvel mefeTa xeliT. wyaldidobisagan Zaladakargulma arabebma datoves saqarTvelo. arabTa ukuqceviT gaxarebuli bizantiis imperatori swers Tavis moxeles, afxazeTis mmarTvels, erisTav leons Semdegi saxis brZaneba-miTiTebas _ Cven xSirad varRvevdiT da varRvevT qarTlis samefos sazRvrebs (romelic im dros gadioda mdinare klisuraze). amJamad mahmadianTa Semosevebis gamo, unda gavixsenoT, Tu rogor gvarges da Tanagvidgnen qarTlis axlandeli mefeebi, unda gavixsenoT is Zveli saqmeni, rac maT mefeebs gaukeTebiaT bizantiis imperiis sasargeblod, amitomac gibrZaneb, ar daarRvio qarTlisa da bizantiis sazRvari, romelic gadis egrisSi _ `yovladve sazRvarTa qarTlisasTa Cvengan qmnil ase vneba da mefeTa maTTagan Cvenda momarT Tanadgoma da rgeba. aw ese mesame msaxureba da rgeba dadves CvenTana... keTilad pativscemdi mefeTa da erTa magaT qarTlisaTa, da amieriTgan nuRaramca xelgewifebis vnebad maTda da sazRvarTa maTTa egrisaTa~.29 imperatori Tavis erisTavs ubrZanebs: `keTilad pativscemdi... erTa magaT qarTlisaTa~. Cans, `qarTlis erSi~ keisari gulisxmobs mdinare klisuras
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aqeT mcxovreb mosaxleobas, radgan swored am mdinareze gadioda egrisSi is sazRvari bizantiisa, romlis gadalaxvac man aukrZala afxazeTis erisTavs. mcxeTa isea dangreuli arabebis Semosevis gamo da qarTli mooxrebuli, rom egrisSi gadasuli `mefe~ stefanozis gvami mcxeTaSi, sagvareulo saflavze ver dakrZales. igi quTaisSi dakrZales _ qveynis axal politikur centrSi. is gamxdara samefo dinastiis axali samkvidro da imis dasamtkiceblad, anu `sawameblad~, rom is mcxeTis magieri `samkvidro~ iyo, mefemTavari stefanozi am centrSi, quTaisSi dakrZales. `saydarsa quTaissa, raTa ipovos igi sawameblad samkvidrosa Cvenisa~.30 quTaisi qarTlis samefos axal dedaqalaqad iqca. SeuZlebelia, am dros quTaisis saydari, sadac mefe dakrZales, ar yofiliyo qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi. arCil qarTlis mefes sauxucesod (anu samefo domenad _ saufliswulod) mefe miris anderZiT, ergo dasavleT saqarTvelo. amave anderZiT, axal mefe arCils `qveyanani qarTlisani~ orad unda gaeyo. erT-erTi nawili unda mieca miris qaliSvilebisaTvis, meore TviTonve unda daetovebina. arCils Sexvda dasavleT saqarTvelos kuTxeebi. sikvdilis win miri eubneba arCils: `...ganuyavi maT qveyanani qarTlisani, naxevari Sen da naxevari maT... gqondes sauxucesod: egrisi, svaneTi, Tavkveri, argveTi da guria~, aqedan aSkaraa, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo qarTlis samefos nawilia. arabTagan dapyrobili Tbilisis nacvlad, qarTlis mefeebs quTaisi dedaqalaqad miaCniaT. arCili eubneba sakuTriv afxazeTis erisTav leons: `...aw uwyies Seneba adgilTa CvenTa klisuriTgan aRmarT. warval da daveSenebi cixe-gojs da quTaiss...~31 arCilis gancxadeba àw uwyies Seneba adgilTa CvenTa klisurTagan aRmarT~ niSnavda imas, rom arabTa mier darbeuli qarTlis samefoSi Senelebula dampyrobTa gamanadgurebeli moqmedeba, ris Sedegadac, samefoSi dawyebula aRmSeneblobiTi procesi. qarTlis samefo swored `klisuriTgan aRmarT~ iwyeboda. mdinare klisuris marcxena napiridan iwyeboda qarTlis qveyanani _ egrisi, guria, argveTi, svaneTi, Tavkveri. arCil mefe Tavis samefoSi Semaval qveynad miiCnevs dasavleT saqarTvelos da ucxadebs sakuTriv afxazeTis erisTavs _ `warval da daveSenebi cixe-gojs da quTaiss~. sakuTriv afxazeTi ki, mdinare klisuras marjvena sanapirodan iwyeboda. arCilis gardacvalebis Semdeg, umalve, dasavleTi saqarTvelo, anu qarTlis samefos is nawili, romelic mdinare klisuras marcxena sanapirodan iwyeboda, Tavis samTavros SeuerTa sakuTriv afxazeTis erisTavma da dasavleT saqarTvelos ewoda afxazeTi. imitom, rom am qveyanas marTavda dinastia, romlis tituli iyo àfxazTa erisTavi~, e.i. dasavleTi saqarTvelo politikurad iqca
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àfxazeTad~, xolo manamde saqarTvelos am nawils politikurad ewodeboda `qarTli~. misi mpyrobeli iyo qarTlis samefo saxli. dasavleT saqarTvelos manamde marTavda _ `qarTlis mefe~, anu `qarTvelTa mefe~. ra mizeziTac dasavleT saqarTvelos afxazTa erisTavis mier `dapyrobis~ Semdeg ewoda àfxazeTi~, im mizeziT mas iq qarTlis mefeTa batonobis dros ewodeboda `qarTli~. Secdomaa amJamad sayovelTaod miRebuli azri, TiTqosda am mxares qarTli ewoda IX-X saukuneebSi. sinamdvileSi, piriqiT iyo. uZvelesi droidan swored VIII saukunis bolomde ewodeboda am qveyanas qarTli, IX-X saukuneebSi ki mas afxazeTi ewodeboda. amis miuxedavado, wers giorgi merCule, Tumca, dasavleT saqarTvelos amJamad afxazeTi ewodeba, is Tavisi arsiT qarTlia, qarTvelTa qveyanaa, radganac Zveleburadve aq RvTismsaxureba qarTul enaze aResrulebao. àfxazTa samefo~ Seiqmna qarTlis samefos teritoriis nawilze. amis Semdeg dasavleT saqarTvelos politikurad aRarasodes ewodeboda `qarTli~, politikurad is àfxazeTi~ iyo. erTiani qarTuli samefos Seqmnis Semdeg ki _ dasavleT-aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ukve ewodeboda ara `qarTli~, aramed `saqarTvelo~. wina saukuneebisagan gansxvavebiT, X-XI saukuneebSi `qarTli~ geografiuli termini gaxda, Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom, marTalia, VIII saukunis Semdeg dasavleT saqarTvelos politikurad `qarTli~ ar ewodeboda, magram kulturulad mas zogjer Zveleburadve `qarTls~ uwodebdnen. swored am kulturul `qarTlzea~ giorgi merCulis TxzulebaSi naTqvami _ `qarTlad friadi queyanaA aRiracxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis, da locvani aResrulebis~. aq `qarTlSi~ igulisxmeba `dasavleT saqarTvelo~, magram ara politikuri, aramed kulturuli mniSvnelobiT. politikurad, am Txzulebis daweris dros, dasavleTi saqarTvelo afxazeTia. sakulto msaxurebam, eklesiam Tavisi tradiciebisadmi erTgulebis gamo, ar Secvala `qarTlis~ VIII saukunemdeli gageba da X saukuneSic ki dasavleT saqarTvelos `qarTls~ uwodebda. cnobilia, rom teritoria, romelsac sakuTriv àfxazeTi~ ewodeba, adre Sedioda bizantiis imperiaSi. mas qarTvelebi saberZneTs uwodebdnen. sazRvari `saqarTvelosa da saberZneTs~ Soris mdinare klisuraze gadioda. imis Semdeg, rac arCilis dros bizantia dasustda, mdinare klisura gadaiqca sazRvrad qarTlis samefosa da sakuTriv afxazeTis saerisTavos, e.i. saberZneTs Soris. afxazeTis erisTavi arCils ucxadebs _ àmieriTgan ars ese mamulobiT samkvidrebel Cemda klisuriTgan, vidre mdinaremde did xazareTad~, e.i. afxazeTis saerisTavos sazRvrebi gadis: samxreTiT _ mdinare klisura, xolo CrdiloeTiT mdinare yubani, anu `mcirisa xazareTisa~ wyali. afxazeTis am saerisTavos Semqneli leoni male danaTesavebis gziT xdeba memkvidre dasavleT saqarTvelos `sauxucesosi~ _ `qarTlis same-
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fos~ nawilisa, rac ase momxdara: qarTlis mefe mirma Tavisi samefos orad gayofis Semdeg, samefos erTi naxevari _ dasavleT saqarTvelo `sauxucesod~ gadasca Tavis Zma arCils, xolo meore naxevari gaunawila qarTlisave erisTavebs _ guaram kurapalatis erT-erT STamomavals, ferozis naTesav pitiaxSs, nerses nersesians, adarnase adarnasians, varazmans, juanSers juanSerians, romelTac Tavisi qaliSvilebi miaTxova. mefe miris anderZis Tanaxmad, misi qaliSvilebi mxolod qarTlis erisTavebs unda SeerToT. ucxo qveynels ufleba ar hqonda siZeobisa. afxazeTis erisTavs surda mefe miris qaliSvilis SerTva, magram afxazeTi sazRvris gadaRma mdebareobda, amitomac leoni ar iTvleboda qarTlis erisTavad da mas ufleba ar hqonda siZeobisa. mefe miris anderZi arCilisadmi aseTia: _ àra mivis Ze wuli Svilad mkvidrad, aramed misxen Svidni qalni. aw Sen xar mkvidri saxlisagan mefobisa Cvenisa... da Cven Semcirebul varT, rameTu Sen xar ucolo da me var uZeo. aw radgan moyvanian mamaTa CvenTa colni asulni erisTavTa CvenTani, miscen maT asulni Cemni da ganuyven qveyanani qarTlisani: naxevari Sen da naxevari maT. xolo sauxucesod romel mqonda, momicemia Senda da gqondes sauxucesod: egrisi, svaneTi, Takveri, argveTi da guria. xolo klarjeTi da SuamTiuleTi miec asulTa CemTa~.32 e.i. anderZi aseTi Sinaarsisaa: marTalia, Cveni samefo saxlis siZlieris dros Cveni winaprebi irTavdnen ucxo mefeTa asulebs, magram dauZlurebis Semdeg winamorbedi mefeebi Cvenive (qarTlis) erisTavebis asulebs irTavdnen, amitomac amJamadac ase moiqec _ SerTe Cemi asulebi Cvensave (qarTlisave) erisTavebs da ganuyavi maT Cemi samefoo. dasavleTi saqarTvelo, romelic adre mefe miris sauxuceso iyo, arCils gadaeca. mefe arCilma ganaxorciela anderZi. mefe miris qaliSvilebi SerTo qarTlisave erisTavebs da `ganuyo maT qveyanani qarTlisani~. am proceduris damTavrebisTanave arCil mefesTan TxovniT midis sakuTriv afxazeTis erisTavi leoni. Txovs, raTa arCil mefem miiRos rogorc Tavisi `mona~. konteqstidan Cans, rom iTxovs CarTos qarTlis erisTavTa siaSi da miaTxovon mas mefe miris erT-erTi qaliSvili. juanSeri wers _ rogorc ki arCilma miris qaliSvilebi SerTo qarTlis erisTavebs da amiT es erisTavebi Tavis `Svilebad da Zmebad hyo~, maSinve afxazTa erisTavi leoni mefes ucxadebs: _ `...ars ese mamulobiT samkvidrebel Cemda: _ klisuriTgan, vidre mdinaremde didad xazareTad, sada daswvdebis wveri kavkasiisa. SemrTe meca monaTa SenTa Tana, romelni ese dRes Rirs yven Svilad da Zmad Senda. ara minda nawili Sengan, aramed Cemica ese Senadve iyos, maSin misca leons colad Zmiswuli misi guranduxt...~.33 juanSeri iyo erT-erTi siZe arCilisa, romelic TviTmxilveli da msmeneli yofila Tavismierve matianeSi moTxrobili ambisa. juanSeris Tanaxmad,
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moxda aseTi saxis politikuri garigeba _ erisTavma leonma Tavisi samTavro Seiyvana arCilis samefoSi _ `Cemica ese klisuriTgan mdinaremde mcirisa xazareTisa Senadve iyos~, samagierod, arCilma mas miaTxova mefis qaliSvili, aqcia is Tavis `Svilad da Zmad~, misca mas Zveli samefo gvirgvini. am gziT afxazeTis erisTavi qarTlis samefo taxtis erT-erT memkvidred, samefo saxlis Svilad iqca. ivane javaxiSvili wers, rom juanSerso `...VII-VIII s.s. Sesaxeb ufro sayuradRebo cnobebi moepoveba~.34 marTalia, iv. javaxiSvils ar sjera, rom juanSerma aRwera vaxtang gorgaslis cxovreba, rac sruliad SesaZlebelia, radganac `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, juanSerma vaxtangis cxovreba ki ar aRwera, aramed `...vaxtang mefisiTgan vidre aqamomde aRwera juanSer juanSerianmao~.35 e.i. juanSeris matiane Seicavda ara gorgaslis cxovrebas, aramed mis Semdeg, VII-VIII saukuneTa aRweras. unda iTqvas, rom `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, `qarTvelTa cxovreba vidre vaxtangisamde aRiwereboda JamiTi-Jamad~, xolo vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebis avtori cnobili ar yofila. leonti mroveli ki mxolod redaqtor-aRmwereli yofila da ara avtori `mefeTa cxovrebisa~ da `ninos mier qarTlis moqcevisa~. am TxzulebaTa avtorTa vinaoba ar scodniaT, magram scodniaT, rom isini drodadro, JamiTi Jamad iwereboda qronikebis saxiT. leonti mroveli mxolod arCil mefis wamebis momTxrobeli orfurcliani Txzulebis avtoria da redaqtori mTeli wignisa. juanSeris Tanaxmad, TiToeul qarTlis erisTav-siZes Sexvda qarTlis samefos romelime nawili samemkvidreod. yovel siZes amis Semdeg potenciurad SeeZlo Tavisi Tavi qarTlis samefo taxtis memkvidred gamoecxadebina. erT aseT memkvidred iqca leon afxazTa erisTavi. teritoria mdinare klisuriTgan mdinare yubanamde leon erisTavis surviliT Sevida `qarTlis samefoSi~. aRsaniSnavia, rom leon erisTavamde es teritoria `bizantiis imperiaSi~ Sedioda. am aqtis Semdeg, rac leonma mefis asuli guranduxti SeirTo, afxazTa erisTavi iqca arCilis sauxuceso dasavleT saqarTvelos erTaderT kanonier memkvidred, radganac arCils im dros Svilebi ar hyavda. yvela sxva memkvidre siZe-erisTavi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi cxovrobda, miT umetes, rom arCilma leons uboZa samefo niSani _ `gvirgvini romeli berZenTa mefesa warmoeca mirisaTvis~. qarTlis mefis, miris, samefo gvirgvini mefis asulis, guranduxtis meuRlis, leonis, sakuTreba gaxda. afxazTa erisTavebi qarTlis mefeTa ojaxis wevrebi da taxtis memkvidreni gaxdnen, iseve rogorc sxva siZe-erisTavebi. mkvlevarebi miiCneven, rom qarTlis cxovrebaSi gadmocemuli mefe miris da arCilis mier saqarTvelos samefos dayofa warmoadgens ara realur
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aRweras, aramed legendas, romelic Seiqmna saqarTvelos erisTavTa wreSi maTi interesebis dakmayofilebis mizniT. cnobili mkvlevari wers _ `mkvlevarebi usafuZvlod ar Tvlian, rom es legenda aRmocenda qarTvel erisTavTa wreSi da mimarTuli iyo im mZafri brZolis sawinaaRmdegod, romelsac centraluri xelisufleba eweoda separatist feodalTa sawinaaRmdegod X-XI saukuneebSi erTiani monarqiis SeqmnisaTvis~.36 àm pirobebSi Seiqmna kidec legenda mefe arCilis `reformebis~ Sesaxeb, arsi romlisa imaSi iyo, rom TiTqosda arCilma jer kidev VIII saukuneSi, Tavis Zmis, miris anderZis Tanaxmad, miaTxova misi qaliSvilebi erisTavebs da mziTvis saxiT misca maT saqarTvelos naxevari~.37 davuSvaT, arCilisa da miris mier qarTlis samefos dayofa da gadacema Svid siZe-erisTavze, marTlac legendaa da is warmoiSva erTiani monarqiis sawinaaRmdegod, separatist erisTavTa moZraobis gasamarTleblad. am SemTxvevaSi auxsneli rCeba yvelaze arsebiTi da mTavari, kerZod, legendis mixedviT, miris eqvsi qaliSvili miaTxoves aRmosavleT saqarTvelos erisTavebs, xolo erTi _ afxazeTis erisTavs, amitomac legendis Tanaxmad, rogori uflebac aqvT aRmosavleT saqarTvelos erisTavebs qarTlis samefo taxtze, igive ufleba aqvs afxazeTis erisTavs. aqedan gamodinare, afxazTa mefeebs ufleba hqondaT elaSqraT tao-klarjeTSi, Sida qarTlsa Tu kaxeTSi _ qarTlis samefo taxtze Tavisi memkvidreobiTi uflebis ganxorcielebis mizniT, rasac marTlac hqonda adgili. afxazTa mefeebi mudmivad laSqrobdnen Sida qarTlSi, saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi, `legendis SemTxzvel~ erisTavebis mamulSi, itacebdnen maT samkvidrebels da uerTebdnen TavianT samefos. aSkarad Cans, rom Tu `legenda SeTxzulia~ qarTlis erisTavTa wreSi, igi ver asrulebda Tavis daniSnulebas. Tu davuSvebT, rom legenda marTlac SeiTxza, unda vifiqroT, rom igi afxazTa mefeebis karze, maTi aRmosavluri laSqrobebis gamarTlebis mizniT SeiTxza, magram CvenTvis am SemTxvevaSi mTavaria is, rom Zveli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, afxazeTis mefeebs hqondaT erTiani saqarTvelos samefo taxtze pretendentobis kanonieri, memkvidreobiT miRebuli ufleba. rogorc aRvniSneT, leon I-ma politikuri mosazrebiT Tavisi samTavro afxazeTi iuridiulad SeuerTa qarTlis samefos, raTa amiT mieRo ufleba qarTlis erisTavis titulis tarebisa da mefis memkvidre asulis SerTvisa. guranduxtis SerTvis Semdeg, marTlac, mTel dasavleT saqarTveloSi samefo taxtis ori kanonieri memkvidre aRmoCnda _ mefis Zma arCili da mefis qaliSvili guranduxti, aRmosavleTSi ki ufro meti. arCili uSvilo iyo im dros, amitomac guranduxts (leonis meuRles) arCilis aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi (kaxeTSi) gadasvlis Semdeg SeeZlo kanonierad emarTa mTeli saqarTvelo. guranduxtis meuRles, leon I-s, davalebulic eqneboda arCilisagan es. arCilma mas xelisuflebis niSani _ samefo gvirgvini uboZa.
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aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi arCils SeeZina ori vaJi. aqedan erT-erTi, ioane, gadadis dasavleT saqarTveloSi. ioane arCilis Ze, cxadia, amis Semdeg aris `mpyrobeli~ mmarTveli am mxarisa, magram saqarTvelos verc erT kuTxeSi arabTa Zalebi ver iTmenen qarTlis samefo taxtis pirdapiri memkvidreebis gaZlierebas. amis Sesaxeb mematiane wers: _ ùkeTu vinme gamoCndis SvilTa Soris vaxtangisaTa, romelica Rirs iyo mefed, iqmnis Semcrobil sarkinozTagan~, amitomac, unda vifiqroT, rom mterTagan Zaladakarguli ioane arCilis Ze xosroian-gorgasliani _ dasavleT saqarTvelos kanonieri `mpyrobeli~, ufro TanammarTveli, anu ufro sworad, formaluri mmarTveli iqneboda, xolo leon I _ faqtobrivi mmarTveli. leons arabebi ar sdevnian, da rac mTavaria, mas xazarTa samxedro da politikuri mxardaWera aqvs, xazarebi ki arabTa tolfardi da arabTa mowinaaRmdege Zala iyo amierkavkasiis arenaze. amitomac, ioanes gardacvalebisTanave gaerTianebuli egris-afxazeTis `mpyrobeli~ xdeba ara ioanes STamomavali, aramed leon I-is STamomavali _ leon II. leon II-is Sesaxeb wers mematiane _ `dai pyra afxazeTi da egrisi vidre lixamde~. aq `dai pyra~ niSnavs ara ZaliT dapyrobas, aramed imas, rom afxazeT-egrisis TviTmpyrobeli mmarTveli gaxda leon II, nacvlad ioanes STamomavlebisa. ioanes STamomavlebs am politikur erTeulze igive ufleba hqondaT, rac leons, radganac oriveni qarTlis mefe miris kanonieri politikuri memkvidreebi iyvnen. swored am `kanonierebis~ gamo, afxazeT-egrisis samefos Seqmnas, anu leonis mier dasavleT saqarTvelos `dapyrobas~ ar gamouwvevia araviTari winaaRmdegoba qveynis SigniT, radganc moxda `dapyroba~ ara ZaliT, aramed moxda erTi mmarTveli dinastiis Secvla meore kanonieri mmarTveli dinastiiT. dapyrobas, am sityvis Tanamedrove gagebiT, adgili ar hqonia. g. wulaia wers: àseT dapyrobas adgili rom hqonoda, maSin bunebrivia, mas ar SeeZlo ar gamoewvia sapasuxo reaqcia egrisis mxridan _ amitomac `matiane qarTlisaASi~ aRwerili ambavi kvalificirebul unda iqnas, rogorc mSvidobiani SeerTeba egrisisa da afxazeTisa. da moxda es, rogorc Cans, jer kidev VIII saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, sakuTriv afxazeTis samefos Seqmnamde~.38 marTlac, afxazeT-qarTlis SeerTeba moxda jer kidev afxazeTis samefos warmoqmnamde, ris Sesaxebac mogviTxrobs `matiane qarTlisaA~, ufro dawvrilebiT ki juanSeri. qarTlSi im dros egrisic Sedioda, amitomac qarTlisa da afxazeTis SeerTeba, imavdroulad afxazeT-egrisis SeerTebasac gulisxmobda da es afxazeTis samefos Seqmnamde moxda. leon II-m miiRo afxazeTis mefis tituli, dasavleT saqarTvelos ewoda afxazeTi, mmarTveli dinastiis warmomavlobis mixedviT. àfxazTa samefos~ daarsebis Sesaxeb ivane javaxiSvili wers: `VIII saukuneSi bizantia dasustebuli iyo arabebTan brZolisa da Sinauri saeklesio uTanxmoebisa da gamwvavebuli brZolis gamo xatebis Tayvanismcemlebsa da uarmy-
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ofelTa Soris. amiT usargeblia afxazeTis imdroindel erisTavs ... leon I gamefebula 746 wels da umefia 791 wlamde... am drois ganmavlobaSi qarTlSi arabTa mkacri batonobis qveS erisTavobdnen jer nerse, xolo mis Semdgom stefanozi, Ze gurgenisa. VIII saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedSi ki erisTavad qarTlSi aSot didi yofila, magram raki qarTlSi arabebi xangrZliv mSvidobianad aravis aboginebdnen, verc qarTlis erisTavma aSot kurapalatma (786-826) gauZlo... igi daesaxla artanujSi da `misca RmerTma gamarjveba da axelmwifa igi SavSeT-klrjeTsa zeda~... `berZenTa mefeman miuboZa kurapalatoba aSots~.39 `...swored am dros, rogorc etyoba, kaxeTis mTavari grigoli daZrula da qarTlis erTi nawili, qsnis xeoba da qsnis dasavleTiT mdebare Sida qarTli daupyria... amitom `gamoilaSqra aSot kurapalatman da uSvela Teodosi afxazTa mefeman, Zeman meoris leonisaman, romeli igi iyo siZe aSot kurapalatisa~.40 es ambavi 791-818 w. Sua unda momxdariyo. magram arc aSot kurapalatis gamarjveba da batonoba yofila qarTlSi xangrZlivi: `movida xalid iazidis Ze arabi da dai pyra somxiTi, qarTli da hereTi... gaqceuls kurapalats arabebi kvaldakval daedevnen, moewivnen da 29 ianvars 826 wels eklesiaSi zed sakurTxevelze maxvliT mohkles~.41 853 wels SemoiWra buRa Turqi da Tbilisi gadawva. `...bagrat kurapalati moxerxebulad iqceoda da arabebis urTierTSoris mtrobiTa da uTanxmoebiT TavisTvis sargeblobda. magram Tu arabebis Zalis daxmarebiTa da mfarvelobiT bagrat kurapalati kargad afarToebda Tavis samflobelos da amave dros, afxazTa mefis moZraobas aRmosavleTisaken gzaze eRobeboda, calke TviTon SavSeT-klarjeTis batons misi winaaRmdegobis gaweva ar SeeZlo. aki amitomac iyo, rom `mas Jamsa Sina gamovida igi afxazTa mefe giorgi Zma Teodoresi da dimitrisi, Ze leonisa, dai pyra qarTli da dauteva erisTavad Cixa Ze dimitrisi~ da bagrati iZlebuli iyo gaCumebuliyo~.43 IX saukunis meore naxevarsa da X saukunis dasawyisSi ara marto qvemo qarTli _ Tbilisis samxreTiT myofi teritoria, aramed qarTlis centraluri nawili, Sida qarTli, xSirad somxeTis `samefoSi~ SehyavdaT da mas somexi mmarTvelebi marTavdnen. sakiTxavia, qarTvel qalkedonitTa da qarTuli eklesiis mdgomareoba, qarTlze somex monofizitTa da arab musulmanTa batonobis dros, miT umetes, rom am droisaTvis amierkavkasiis arabTa mier dapyrobil nawilSi Seqmnili iyo administraciuli erTeuli àrmeniis~ saxelwodebiT. am erTeulSi qarTlic Sedioda da mas zogjer arabTa nacvlad, erovnebiT somxebi marTavdnen. 891 wels adarnase kurapalati, qarTvelTa mefe, somexTa mefis biZam abasma gzad mimavali Sei pyro. `904 wels `gamovida konstantine afxazTa mefe~ da `dai pyra qarTli~, romelic am dros qarTlis aznaurebis xelT iyo. amis gamo `daemtera
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somexT mefe sumbat tiezerakali da moilaSqra spiTa didiTa da moadga ufliscixesa... da wariRes cixe xerxiTa~. somxebs ufliscixe auRiaT. `konstantine afxazTa mefe... miuval adgilebSi Seixizna, magram raki mokavSireni mis sabrZanebels aoxrebdnen, isev dazaveba airCia da sumbats mociqulebi miugzavna. somexTa mefem Tavis mxriv warmomadgenlad zavis pirobaze mosalaparakeblad somexi didebulebi gagzavna. roca afxazTa mefe konstantine maTTan saubriT garTuli iyo, somexTa didebulebi adarnase qarTvelTa mefis brZanebisamebr moulodnelad miscvivdnen konstantines da daatyveves. ueWvelia, am veragi ganzraxvis monawile somexTa mefe unda yofiliyo. somexTa mefem igi anisSi gagzavna~.44 somex monofizitTa Sida da qvemo qarTlze zegavlenis gaZlierebis dros, arabTa mxardaWeriT, qarTuli eklesiis qalkedonurma centrebma IXX saukuneebSi gadainacvla mesxeTsa da dasavleT saqarTveloSi. dasavleT saqarTveloSi mainc qarTuli eklesiis pozicia ise Zlieri ar iyo, rogorc mesxeTSi, radganac dasavleT saqarTveloSi bizantias Tavisi berZnulenovani saepiskoposoebi hqonda daarsebuli. afxazTa mefeebma Tavis upirveles saqmed aqcies TavianT samefoSi berZnuli saepiskoposoebis gauqmeba da maT nacvlad qarTuli saepiskoposoebis daarseba. mesxeTSi ki imis Semdeg, rac iq tao-klarjeTis `qarTvelTa samefo~ daarsda, qarTulma qalkedonurma eklesiam frTebi gaSala. amis Semdeg IX-X saukuneebSi aq sarwmuneobiT `somexi~, magram erovnebiT qarTveli mosaxleoba ubrundeboda Tavis deda-qarTulenovan eklesias. aseTi `sarwmunoebiT somexTa~ (grigol bakurianis mier gamoyenebuli terminia _ `sarwmunoebiT somexi~) raodenoba mkvidr qarTul mosaxleobaSi arc Tu ise mcire iqneboda, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom taosa da klarjeTze VI-VII saukuneebSi rogorc somxuri monofizituri, ise somxuri qalkedonituri eklesiebi hegemonobdnen, qarTuli eklesiis mnaTobis, wmida mama grigol xanZTelis da misi mowafeebis dros ufalma RmerTma aayvava da gaaZliera qarTuli eklesia tao-klarjeTSi. dasavleT saqarTveloSi damoukidebeli àfxazTa samefos~ daarsebas, saeklesio kanonebis Tanmaxmad, unda gamoewvia da gamoiwvia kidec am saxelmwifoSi TavisTavadi eklesiis daarseba. afxazeTis sakaTalikosos daarsebis politikuri safuZveli iyo afxazeTis samefo. VIII saukunidan afxaze-
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Tis qarTuli sakaTalikoso ukve arsebobs. IX saukuneSi misi arseboba aRiara `qarTvelTa mefem~. qarTlis yofili samefos teritoriis nawilze, afxazeTis samefos warmoqmnis Semdeg, iq TavisTavadi eklesiis daarsebas araviTari garTuleba da winaaRmdegoba ar unda gamoewvia aRmosavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio moRvaweTa mxridan, radganac qalkedonisa da sxva msoflio krebaTa Tanaxmad, eklesiis iurisdiqciis sazRvrebi unda emTxveodes saxelmwifo _ administraciul sazRvrebs. amitomac, Tu saeklesio moRvaweni cnobdnen afxazeTis damoukidebeli saxelmwifos arsebobas, kidevac unda ecnoT am saxelmwifoSi TavisTavadi afxazeTis qarTuli sakaTalikosos arseboba. VIII-X saukuneebSi qarTlis sakaTalikosos Sesaxeb unda iTqvas Semdegi: rogorc aRvniSneT, TavisTavadi da avtokefaluri eklesiis politikuri safuZveli iyo saxelmwifo, romlis sazRvrebs SigniTac eklesia Tavis iurisdiqcias axorcielebda. am Teoriidan gamomdinare, tao-klarjeTis `qarTvelTa samefos~ Seqmnas TiTqosda tao-klarjeTSi avtokefaluri eklesiis Seqmna unda gamoewvia. mkvlevarTa erTi nawili aviTarebda kidec am Teorias da amtkicebdnen, rom `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ aRwerili avtokefaliis dadasturebani VIII saukuneSi, qarTuli eklesiisadmi antioqiis sapatriarqos mier, Seexeboda ara mcxeTis sakaTalikosos, aramed taoklarjeTis avtokefalur eklesias. Cans, aseTi mosazrebani arasworia. `qarTlis cxovreba~ gadmogvcems, rom tao-klarjeTis `qarTvelTa samefo~ axalwarmoqmnili, axaldaarsebuli saxelmwifo ki ar iyo, Seqmnili VIIIIX saukuneebSi, aramed warmoadgenda im `qarTlis samefos~ memkvidres, romelic daaarsa farnavaz mefem. Zvel istorikosTa Tanaxmad, `qarTvelTa samefo~, romelic realurad im dros samxreT saqarTveloSi, taosa da klarjeTSi arsebobda, igive Zveli samefo iyo xosroian-farnavazian-gorgaslianTa, mxolod am samefos mmarTveli Zveli dinastiebi axalma, bagrationTa dinastiam Secvala. `qarTvelTa mefeebi~ ara marto tao-klarjeTis mefeebs ewodebodaT, aramed Zveli `qarTlis samefos~ farnavazian-xosroian-gorgaslian mefeebs, maT Soris, ukanasknel xosroian mefes, arCil II-sac. ase rom, bagrationebis `qarTvelTa samefo~ ara axali, aramed Zveli samefos politikuri memkvidre iyo. zemoT moyvanilis gamo, radganac `qarTvelTa samefo~ VIII-X saukuneebSi warmoadgenda igive Zveli `qarTlis samefos~, amitomac iq axali avtokefaluri eklesia ki ar daarsda, aramed Zveli qarTlis sakaTalikoso kvlavindeburad, Zveleburadve axorcielebda Tavis iurisdiqcias tao-klarjeTze da saerTod Tavis Zvel iurisdiqciisqveSa teritoriebze. aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela xelisufali dinastia VIII-X saukuneebSi arsebuli qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebisa _ afxazeTis, tao-klarjeTisa, Tu kaxeT-
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hereTisa, TavianT dinastiebs warmosaxavdnen Zveli, erTiani qarTlis samefos mmarTveli farnavazian-gorgaslianebis memkvidreebad. es imas niSnavs, rom axali xelisufalni ar cnobdnen erTiani qarTlis samefos daSlas da pretenzia hqondaT gaeerTianebinaT mTeli saqarTvelo Zveli qarTlis samefos sazRvrebSi, Savi zRvidan alvaneTamde, TavianTi dinastiis meTaurobiT. VIII saukunis Semdeg qarTul eklesiaSi arsebobs ori qarTuli sakaTalikoso _ afxazeTis da qarTlis. amaTgan mcxeTis, anu qarTlis kaTalikosi ufros ùxuces~ kaTalikosad iTvleboda, xolo afxazeTisa _ umcros, anu ùmrwmes~ kaTalikosad. aseTi urTierTdamokidebuleba imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom mcxeTis, anu qarTlis kaTalikosi (igulisxmeba VIII-X saukuneebi) zis (ijda) mcxeTis kaTalikosis Zvel taxtze (igulisxmeba IV-V-VI-VII ss) romelic iurisdiqcias mTels qarTlze _ aRmosavleT-dasavleT saqarTveloze axorcielebda, amitomac VIII-X saukuneebSi mcxeTeli kaTalikosi Zveleburadve uflebis mqonea mTel qarTul eklesiaze, rogorc aRmosavleTSi, ise dasavleTSi. Tumca, am dros dasavleT saqarTveloSi ukve arsebobda afxazeTis sakaTalikoso. rogorc afxazTa kaTalikosi, ise dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio wreebi cnobdnen mcxeTis kaTalikosis uzenaesobas. or qarTvel kaTalikoss Soris ufros-umcrosobiTi urTierTdamokidebuleba iseTivea, rogorc `qarTvelTa~ mefesa da afxazTa mefes Soris. rogorc `qarTvelTa mefea~ ufrosi, xolo afxazTa mefe umrwmesi45 (asea wyaroTa Tanaxmad), aseve `qarTlis~, anu mcxeTis kaTalikosi ufrosia, xolo afxazTa kaTalikosi _ umrwmesi, amas naTlad miuTiTebs grigol xanZTelis cxovreba. aq, kerZod, aRwerilia aseTi ambavi _ imis Semdeg, rac `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, 830 wels `mefe~ bagrat kurapalatma cno (aRiara) _ `gaaCina da ganawesa kaTalikosi afxazeTs~, saWiro gaxda garkveuliyo mironis kurTxevis sakiTxi. arsebobda ori gza, _ mironi axali afxazeTis sakaTalikosos an TviTve unda ekurTxebina, anda mieRo sxva uzenaesi eklesiidan. sakiTxiT dainteresebul ierusalimis sapatriarqos gadauwyvetia ase: radganac dasavleTi saqarTvelo ZvelTaganve igive qarTlia, amitomac aq mironi ar unda ekurTxos, aramed afxazeTis sakaTalikosom mironi qarTlis sakaTalikosodan miiRoso. ase rom, qarTlis kaTalikosis uzenaesoba ucxoelebmac aRiares; _ àramed didi efrem mravlisa keTilisa momatyvebel iqmna qveyanasa Cvensa, rameTu pirvelad afxazeTisa (da ara àRmosavalisa~, rogorc Cans, SecdomiT dauweria gadamwers qaragma à-sa~-s gaxsnis dros) kaTalikosTa mihroni ierusalemiT mihyvanda. xolo efrem qristesmieriTa brZanebiTa mihronisa kurTxeva qarTls ganawesa ierusalimisa patriarqisa ganwesebiTa da wamebiTa sixaruliT. aramed qarTlad friadi qveyana aRiricxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis, locva yoveli aResrulebis~, _ wers giorgi merCule.
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aqac gadmocemulia igive formula, romelzedac Cven vilaparakeT, rom Zvel qarTul wyaroTa Tanaxmad, qarTli mudam ZvelTaganve ewodeboda aRmosavleT-dasavleT saqarTvelos. giorgi merCule wers, rom marTalia, dasavleT saqarTveloSi daarsda afxazeTis sakaTalikoso, magram miuxedavad amisa, mainc dasavleTi saqarTvelo _ qarTlia, radganac aq qarTvelebi cxovroben da wirva-locvis ena qarTuli enaa. amis gamo, mcxeTis Zvel sakaTalikosos uzenaesoba aqvs afxazeTis axal sakaTalikosoze, afxazeTis kaTalikosi umrwmesia, qarTlisa _ uxucesi, amitom afxazeTma mironi qarTlidan unda miiRoso.
afxazeTis sakaTalikosos daarseba

qalkedonis IV msoflio krebis me-17 da sxva kanonebis Tanaxmad, eklesiis iurisdiqciis sazRvari unda emTxveodes saxelmwifo-administraciuls, anu yoveli saxelmwifos SigniT SeiZleba arsebobdes Tavisufali eklesia Tavisi iurisdiqciis sazRvrebiT. afxazeTis samefos _ damoukidebeli saxelmwifos daarsebam safuZveli daudo afxazeTis samefoSi Tavisufali qarTuli saeklesio erTeulis _ afxazeTis sakaTalikosos daarsebas. VII s-dan Seqmnili politikuri viTarebis gamo, dasavleT saqarTvelos mrevli sxvadasxva saeklesio centrebs eqvemdebareboda, zRvis piras arsebobda lazikis _ foTis samitropolito. misi iurisdiqciis sazRvrebi aRmosavleTiT iyo skanda-Sorapnis xazi, CrdiloeTiT ki _ mdinare klisura. am mdinaris marjvena sanapiro, vidre jiqeTamde, abazgiis saarqiepiskoposoSi Sedioda, skanda-Sorapnis xazis aRmosavleTiT mdebare teritoria Sedioda mcxeTis sakaTalikosoSi, foTis samitropolitosa da abazgiis eklesiebi Sedioda konstantinopolis sapatriarqoSi. afxazeTis samefom am eklesiebis teritoriebi moicva, amitom, saWiro gaxda am samefoSi erTiani eklesiis daarseba da daarsda kidec afxazeTis qarTuli sakaTalikoso. is daarsebisTanave 750-ian wlebSi cno antioqiis sapatriarqom da konstantinopolze misi damokidebuleba gaauqma, avtokefalia mianiWa mas. mcxeTis sakaTalikosom is mogvianebiT, IX saukuneSi cno, radganac mcxeTas mTeli dasavleTi saqarTvelo Tavis samwysod miaCnda. konstantinopolis sapatriarqoc, albaT, iZulebuli gaxda ecno axali eklesia X saukunis bolos.46 VIII saukunis meore naxevarSi Seqmnil àfxazTa samefoSi~ Sevida da misi ZiriTadi nawili gaxda iberiis samefos yofili teritoriebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ egrisi, guria, Takveri, argveTi, svaneTi, amitomac afxazTa samefos VIII-X saukuneebSi `qvemo iberias~ uwodebdnen. arsebobda ori iberia: zemo iberia _ anu aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo da `qvemo iberia~ _ anu dasavleTi saqarTvelo.
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XVII saukunis ierusalimeli patriarqi dosiTeosi wers _ ìberiaSi ori avtokefaluri arqiepiskoposia, romelTac qarTvelebi uwodeben kaTalikosebs. qvemo iberia, romelsac Zvelad kolxeTs da lazikas uwodebdnen, aqvs eparqiebi imereTSi, guriaSi, samegreloSi, afxazeTSi, svaneTsa da mesxeTis nawilSi. es eparqiebi eqvemdebarebodnen konstantinopolis saydars fasidis mitropolitis saSualebiT... ase rom, erekles Semdeg _ lev isavrosamde qvemo iberia ukve iyo avtokefaluri saarqiepiskoposo, magram Cven ar viciT, romeli imperatoris dros da romel krebaze mianiWes mas avtokefalia... zemo da qvemo iberias Soris sazRvari aris qedi, romelic kavkasiis mTebSi iwyeba, qarTulad qulfargi ewodeba, qvemo iberiis kaTalikosi pativiT ufro metia zemo iberiis kaTalikosze, radganac is ukve isavrosis dros, 720 wels, kaTalikosi iyo qvemo iberiisa ... iberebi qvemo iberiis kaTalikoss miiCneven ufros kaTalikosad, radganac mefe, e.i. imereTis Tavi, maTTan iwodeba mTeli iberiis mefeTa-mefed~.47 meore ierusalimeli patriarqi xrisanfi ambobs: `...saqarTveloSi, romelsac adre iberia erqva, iyo ori avtokefaluri arqiepiskoposi, romelTac Cveulebis Tanaxmad uwodeben kaTalikosebs da ara arqiepiskoposebs. ase maT marto qarTvelebi uwodeben. amaTgan erTi, e.i. arqiepiskoposi qvemo iberiisa, iwodeba imereTis, oseTis, guriis da sruliad qvemo iberiis unetares kaTalikosad, anu martivad, sruliad iberiis unetares kaTalikosad, rogorc ufrosi zemo iberiis kaTalikosze. xolo meore, e.i. zemo imereTisa, iwodeba qarTlis, kaxeTis, alvaneTis da sruliad zemo iberiis unetares kaTalikosad... romeli imperatoris dros, an romel krebaze gaxda is saarqiepiskoposo, Cven zustad ver davadgineT, magram 26 ivnisis svinaqsarSi vpoulobT, rom ioane, goTeTis episkoposi, xeldasxmuli iqna iberiis kaTalikosis mier (gulisxmobs ara mcxeTis, aramed `qvemo iberiis~ kaTalikoss, e.p. an.), radganac romaul qveynebSi batonobda xatmebrZolTa eresi, ase rom, rogorc Cans, erekles Semdeg isavramde qvemo iberia saarqiepiskoposo gaxda...~.48 es ierusalimeli patriarqebi XVII saukuneSi cxovrobdnen. fasisis samitropolito konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi Sevida VII saukunis 30-iani wlebidan herakle keisris Semdeg. manamde is Sedioda iberiis eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi.49 herakle keisarma raRac mizezis gamo dasaja iberiis samefo da mas matianeTa Tanaxmad, CamoaWra zRvispira miwebi. es CamorTmeuli teritoriebi uSualod imperiaSi Seiyvana. amis gamo, am teritoriebze iurisdiqcia VII saukunidan ganaxorciela konstantinopolis sapatriarqom. fasisis samitropolitoSi Sedioda oTxi saepiskoposo. am mitacebul miwebze, romelic imperiaSi Sevida, Tavisi iurisdiqcia ganaxorciela konstantinopolis sapatriarqom VII saukunis 30-iani wlebidan. konstantinopolis sapatriarqom am dros Tavisi iurisdiqcia ganaxorciela ara mTel dasavleT saqarTveloze, aramed `zRvis pirze~, anu sakuTriv
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egrisze, romelic jer kidev Zvel dros vrceldeboda `skanda-Sorapnis xazamde~, marTalia, iberia ewodeboda mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos (klisuramde) aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan erTad, magram `sakuTriv iberia~ ewodeboda miwebs skanda-Sorapnis aRmosavleTiT, sadac es cixeebi idga. aseve egrisi vrceldeboda lixis qedamde, magram sakuTriv egrisi skandaSorapnis xazis dasavleTiT mdebareobda. iberiis im teritoriaze, romelic dasavleT saqarTveloSi skanda-Sorapnis xazis aRmosavleTiT mdebareobda, Tavis iurisdiqcias VII saukunis Semdegac Zveleburadve axorcielebda iberiis (mcxeTis) sakaTalikoso. aq wirva-locvis ena ZvelTaganve, V saukunidan qarTuli iyo.50 ase rom, afxazeTis samefos Seqmnis droisaTvis mis teritoriaze aRmoCnda sami erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli eklesia _ afxazeTis (abazgiis) saarqiepiskoposo, mdinare klisuras CrdiloeTiT, fasisis samitropolito, skanda-Sorapnis xazamde da argveT-egrisis eklesia (am xazidan lixis qedamde), aqedan ori bizantiis eklesiaSi Sedioda, mesame ki, argveTis saepiskoposo _ iberiis sakaTalikosoSi. vaxuSti afxazeTis sakaTalikosos Sesaxeb wers: `.... ara saCinod uwyebuli cxovrebidam Tu rodis ganTavisuflda, aramed mwerali ityvis cxovrebisaganve: odes gandga leon da iwoda afxazTa mefed, maSin mouZlurebul iyvnen berZennica da am levanis mier, anu SemdgomTa misTagan, ganTavisuflda TxovniTa berZenTaganve~.51 vaxuStis Tanaxmad, afxazeTis avtokefaluri eklesia Seiqmna ara arakanonikurad, aramed am eklesias avtokefalia mianiWa `berZnulma~ sapatriarqom. ismis kiTxva: romelma sapatriarqom mianiWa afxazeTis, anu `qvemo iberiis~ eklesias avtokefalia _ antioqiis Tu konstantinopolis sapatriarqom? saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom 720 wlisaTvis (am TariRs uTiTebs, rogorc qarTuli, ise ucxouri wyaroebi) afxazeTis mTavar leon I-is dros, roca is TanammarTveli iyo dasavleT saqarTveloSi arCil mefisa, konstantinopolSi lev isavrosis zeobisas (717-741) mZvinvarebda xatmebrZoloba. jer kidev 713 wels Tavisi Camogdebis win imperatori fili pike vardane apirebda gamoeca kanoni xatebis Tayvaniscemis akrZalvisa, 726 wels imperatorma levma aSkarad gamoTqva Tavisi uaryofiTi azri xatebis Sesaxeb.52 xolo iberiaSi (egris-afxazeTSi) xatebis Tayvaniscema Zalze iyo miRebuli. garda konstantinopolTan sarwmunoebrivi uTanxmoebisa, afxazeTis mTavari saerTod mtrulad iyo ganwyobili bizantiis (konstantinopolis) mimarT. 750-ian wlebSi gaerTianebuli qvemo iberiis, anu egris-abazgiis eklesiidan antioqiis sapatriarqoSi gagzavnil iqna samRvdeloeba. antioqiis sapatriarqom, rogorc mTeli aRmosavleTis dedaeklesiam, cno axalSeqmnili eklesia, mianiWa mas avtokefalia da akurTxa misi pirveli kaTalikosi. es eklesia Tavis iurisdiqcias jer kidev ar axorcielebda skanda-Sorap-
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nis xazs iqiT _ argveTSi, magram 830 wels, matianis Tanaxmad, aRmosavleT (zemo) iberiis samefom cno egris-afxazeTis sakaTalikoso da mis iurisdiqciaSi gadasca argveTis eklesia. amis Semdeg 830 wlidan afxazeTis sakaTalikoso Tavis iurisdiqcias mTel dasavleT saqarTveloze axorcielebda. rogorc aRiniSna, 720-iani wlebidanve axalSeqmnil eklesias ucxoelebi uwodebdnen `qvemo iberiis~, anda ubralod ìberiis~ eklesias. swored amiTaa gamowveuli is, rom cnobebi am ori eklesiis (e.i. qvemo da zemo iberiis) Sesaxeb erTmaneTSia areuli da xSirad is cnoba, rac Seexeba qvemo iberiis eklesias, miiCneva rogorc zemo iberiis (mcxeTis) eklesiis Sesaxeb cnobad. amgvar Secdomas ver ascda cnobili moRvawe efrem mcire. man qvemo iberiis eklesiisaTvis avtokefaliis miniWebis Sesaxeb cnoba miiCnia zemo iberiis (mcxeTis) eklesiisaTvis avtokefaliis miniWebis cnobad. cnobebi efrem mcires XI saukunis 50-ian wlebSi amouRia `xronografsa Sina antioqias aRwerilsa~. àntioqiur qronografs~ Cvenamde ar mouRwevia, magram radganac efremis Tanamedrovesa da TanamoRvawes nikon SavmTels Tavis `pandeqtebSi~ qarTuli eklesiis Sesaxeb igive masala aqvs gadmocemuli, rac efrems, fiqroben, rom orive avtors Sav mTaze arsebuli erTi da imave wyaroTi unda esargebla. mkvlevarTa Tanaxmad, àntioqiuri qronografis~ uZvelesi variantis arsebobaze ìsic miuTiTebs, rom misiT jer kidev VI saukunis bizantiel istorikoss ioane malalas usargeblia~, _ wers v. goilaZe. Cans, àntioqiur qronografSi~ ewera ìberiis~ eklesiam rogor miiRo avtokefalia VIII saukuneSi, magram ar iyo miTiTebuli, rom es iyo `qvemo~, da ara `zemo~ iberiis eklesia. efrem mcires pirdapir aqvs gadmowerili qronografiidan: _ `dReTa konstantine skoris (741-775) mosaxelisaTa, antioqias patriarqobasa netarisa Teofilaqtessa (744-751) movidnen qarTliT (iberiidan) mociqulad monazonni orni da mouTxres netarsa Teofilaqtes, viTarmed didsa Wirsa arian qristianeni mkvidrni qarTvelTa (iberielTa) soflebisani, rameTu dRiTgan netarisa anastasi mRvdel-mowamisa antioqiel patriarqisa (561-599) ara kurTxeul ars maTda kaTalikosi _ mTvarepiskoposi siZnelisaTvis gzisa, rameTu agarianTagan veravin ikadrebs svlad. xolo man bWobiTa krebisaTa _ mTavarepiskoposTa, mitropolitTa da episkoposTa TvisTa misca qarTvelTa protreptikoni, romel ars ganxsniTi, raATa TviT maTisa sazRvrisa episkoposTagan xelni daesxmodin Jamad-Jamadsa kaTalikossa qarTlisasa, raAca saRmrToman madlman uCvenos maT da romeli gamoirCion moyvasTa mis eklesiisaTa TanadgomiTa da wamebiTa episkoposTaATa wesTaebr saeklesioTa. da Seuqmna maT aRweriT mosaxsenebeli Tavisa TvisisaTvis da mun Semokrebulisa krebisaTvis da xelT-dasxmul yo erTi orTa maT missa movlinebulTa. monazonTagani saxeliT ioane mis Jamisa kaTalikosad maTda~.53
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am cnobis Tanaxmad, iberiidan (das. saqarTvelodan) antioqiaSi Casuli ioane iberiis (igulisxmeba qvemo iberia) kaTalikosad xatmebrZoli imperatoris, konstantine kopronimis Tanamedrove Teofilaqte antioqelma akurTxa. am cnobidan gamomdinare, ioanes kaTalikosobis dasawyisi 744 wlis Semdeg ivaraudeba. es ki is droa, roca bizantiis vasali leon afxazTa erisTavi jer aerTianebs egris-afxazeTs, Semdeg ki Tavs iTavisuflebs bizantiis vasalobisagan da `samefod yalibdeba~.54 uZvelesi droidan antioqiis sapatriarqos kuTvnili dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesia... da politikuri damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZoli leon I, ra Tqma unda, Seecdeboda politikuri damoukideblobis mopovebis paralelurad Tavisi qveynisTvis saeklesio Tavisuflebac moepovebina~.55 àfxazTa erisTavis leon I-is zeobas 720/30-740-iani wlebiT, xolo misi memkvidris (Zmiswulis) leon II-is (753/58-798) wlebiT varaudoben. rogorc vxedavT, leon I-s politikuri damoukideblobis mopovebasTan erTad qveynisaTvis eklesiuri damoukideblobis mopovebac ucdia. rogorc iv. javaxiSvili fiqrobs, aseTi nabijisaTvis mas droc Sesaferisi SeurCevia. saqme is iyo,rom imperatori lev III (719-740) 726 wels xatTayvanismcemelTa winaaRmdeg gamovida, xolo 730 wlis ediqtiT xatTayvanismcemloba akrZala mTeli imperiis masStabiT. daiwyo monastrebis daxurva, saeklesio miwebis gayidva da eklesiis saganZuris konfiskacia. xatTayvanismcemelTa winaaRmdeg gansakuTrebiT konstantinopolSi ibrZodnen, amitom im droisaTvis konstantinopolis sapatriarqoSi Semaval dasavlur-qarTul eklesias marTlac SeiZleboda Tavisi eklesiis umaRlesi saWeTmpyroblis xeldasasxmelad Zveli siuzerenis _ antioqiis sapatriarqo kaTedrisaTvis miemarTa. garda imisa, rom antioqiis eklesia dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis Zvel siuzerenad iTvleboda. am droisaTvis antioqiidan gaismoda damaskeli moZRvris, ioane damaskelis (gard. 753) xma xatTayvanismcemelTa dasacavad. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, miuxedavad imisa, rom imxanad dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesia konstantinopolis sapatriarqos eklesiis eparqias warmoadgenda, dasaSvebia, Teofilaqtes am qveyanaze antioqiis sapatriarqos Zveli Zalauflebis da rac mTavaria, konstantinopolSi arsebuli xatmebrZolobis gamo, marTlac, ekurTxebina ioane afxazeTis damoukidebel kaTalikosad. ase rom, 744 wlis Semdgom xanaSi qarTlis kaTalikosTa Soris, radganac ioanes saxelis mqone pirovneba ar Cans, Teofilqate antioqelis mier 744-750 wlebSi saqaraTvelos (iberiis) kaTalikosad xeldasxmuli ioane dasavleT saqarTvelos (afxazeTis) pirvel avtokefalur kaTalikosad unda iqnas miCneuli. misi moRvaweoba 744 wlis Semdgom xanaze mova~.56 v. goilaZis mosazrebas, antioqiis eklesiis mier qvemo iberiis kaTalikosis kurTxevis Sesaxeb, adasturebs XVII saukunis antioqeli patriarqi makariosi da amave saukunis ierusalimeli patriarqebi dosiTeosi da xrisanfi.
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makariosi wers, rom antioqel patriarq Teofilaqtes dros afxazeTis mefem daviTma antioqiaSi episkoposad xeldasasxmelad gagzavna mravali pirovneba _ àfxazeTidan antioqiaSi gagzavnilebs, gzaze yaCaRebi daxvdnen da daxoces. ori maTgani gadarCa... Teofilaqtem moiwvia kreba, romelzedac gadawyda afxazeTisTvis daeniSnaT damoukidebeli kaTalikosi, romelic afxazeTisaTvis akurTxebda mRvdelmTavrebs, magram im pirobiT, rom igi moixseniebda antioqiis patriarqebs... erTi maTgani, ioane, patriarqma kaTalikosad akurTxa. mas mudmivad unda ecxovra afxazeTSi. meore afxazi patriarqma episkoposad akurTxa da orive saxlSi, afxazeTSi gamoistumra~. goilaZe wers: _ es ambavi qarTlis (zemo iberiis, mcxeTis) eklesias rom Seexebodes, maSin ioane qarTlisaTvis, ra Tqma unda, pirveli kaTalikosi ar iqneboda.57 makariosi ioanes Sesaxeb werda, rom ioane iyo pirveli kaTalikosi Tavisi eklesiiso. efrem mcire, makariosi, nikon SavmTeli erTsa da imave ambavs mogviTxroben. goilaZis azriT, makariosis cnobebi dasavleT saqarTvelos rom exeba, iqidanac Cans, rom makarioss iqve mohyavs VI saukunis istorikosis, evagre sqolastikosis cnoba imperator iustinianes mier afxazeTSi taZris aSenebisa da afxazeTidan konstantinopolSi bavSvebis Camoyvanis Sesaxeb iustinianes dros. `makareosis cnobebs ioanes dasavleT saqarTvelos pirvel kaTalikosad kurTxevis Sesaxeb mxars uWers: 1. IX saukunis bolos Sedgenili konstantinopolis sapatriarqosadmi daqvemdebarebul kaTedraTa nusxebSi àfxazeTis avtokefaluri arqiepiskoposis~ moxsenieba. 2. ioane guTelis saqarTveloSi xeldasxmis cnoba~.58 744-750 wlebSi Teofilaqte antioqelis mier dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikosad ioanes xeldasxmis Sesaxeb cnoba, Cans, àntioqiur qronografiaSi~ Sevida da, roca XI saukuneSi mas efrem mcirem miakvlia, mTeli saqarTvelos eklesiaze gavrcelda. namdvilad ki, rogorc makariosis Txzulebidan Cans, es cnoba qvemo iberiis eklesias exeboda da ara zemo iberiis an mTliani iberiis eklesias. es kargad gaugiaT ierusalimel patriarqebs dosiTeossa da xrisanfs, romelTa cnobebic zemoTaa citirebuli. dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia konstantinopolis sapatriarqos ucvnia da uRiarebia X saukunis damdegs.59 matiane wers _ `xolo aman bagrat gaaCina da ganawesa kaTalikosi afxazeTs qristes aqeT 830 wels~.60 bagrat kurapalati mmarTveli iyo zemo iberiisa da ijda xosroianTa (erTiani iberiis mmarTveli dinastia, gorgasali am dinastias ekuTvnoda) taxtze. amdenad, Sesabamis wreebSi miaCndaT, rom mas uflebebi gaaCnda mTels iberiaze, maT Soris `qvemo iberiaze~, anu afxazeTze. bagrat kurapalatis dros saqarTvelos eklesiis mnaTobma grigol xanZTelma ineba afxazeTis eklesiis moxilva. afxazeTis mefem, demetrem, didi
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pativiT miiRo is. grigoli darwmunda, rom afxazeTSi wirva-locvis ena, kvlav, Zveleburadve qarTulia, xolo `qarTlad friadi qveyana aRiricxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locva yoveli aResrulebis~. imis Semdeg, rac àqa gamoCnda kaTalikozi afxazeTisa, Jamsa mas leon isavrosisasa, qristes aqeT 720 wels~,61 aRmoCnda, rom qarTvel ers Tavisi samSoblos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi hqonda ori avtokefaluri eklesia, erTmaneTze administraciulad damoukidebeli, magram sulierad erTiani, amaSi gasakviri araferia. berZnebs oTxi sapatriarqo da ramdenime damoukidebeli saarqiepiskoposo hqondaT, aseve sxva erebs. bagrat kurapalatis mier 830 wels afxazeTis kaTalikosis `gaCena~ unda gavigoT im mniSvnelobiT, rom faqtobrivad, 720 wlidan afxazeTis sakaTalikosos arseboba 830 wels aRiara da cno qarTlis sakaTalikosom. Cans, am faqtSi garkveuli Rvawli miuZRoda grigol xanZTels, xolo misi mowafis efrem mawyverelis RvawliT ganwesda, rom afxazeTis sakaTalikoso mirons miiRebda qarTlis (mcxeTis) sakaTalikosodan, rogorc ùmrwmesi~ _ ùxucesisagan~. afxazeTis sakaTalikosos warmoqmniT, faqtobrivad, aRsdga qarTuli eklesiis mTlianoba, radgan dasavleT saqarTvelos erTi mniSvnelovani nawili gaTavisuflda konstantinopolis iurisdiqciisagan da iq aRdgenili iqna qarTulenovani RvTismsaxureba.
mironis kurTxevis Sesaxeb

Tanamedrove qarTul mecnierebaSi damkvidrda azri, rom qarTulma eklesiam mironis kurTxevis ufleba miiRo IX saukuneSi. marTlac, grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi weria, rom mironis kurTxevis neba ierusalimis patriarqs gamosTxova efremma. Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi damkvidrebuli azriT, mironis kurTxevis neba qarTulma eklesiam miiRo qalkedonis krebis _ 451 wlis Semdeg. ekurTxeboda Tu ara qarTul eklesiaSi mironi V saukunidan, am sakiTxis garkvevisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs am mxriv mezobel somxeTsa da albaneTSi arsebul mdgomareobas. somxur istoriografiaSi Semonaxuli cnobebis Tanaxmad, qarTveli xalxi da samRvdeloeba qarTuli eklesiis Rirsebas ufro maRla ayenebda, vidre albanurisas. amitomac, rodesac somxeTis patriarqma albaneTis eklesias qarTul eklesiasTan SedarebiT mianiWa upiratesoba da igi qarTul eklesiaze win daayena, es qarTvelma mamamTavarma iukadrisa da uxtanesis mier Segrovili cnobebis Tanaxmad, gawyvita kavSiri somxur eklesiasTan. albaneli istorikosi mose kalankatuaci wers, rom somxeTis `...mTavarma saeklesio moRvaweebma, somxeTis ampartavani xasiaTis mixedviT, TviTneburi surviliT ganaweses abraami _ patriarqad, albaneli _ arqiepiskoposad,
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qarTveli _ mitopolitad: aRSfoTda qarTveli, romelsac kirioni erqva da sawinaaRmdego kamaTi daiwyo. xolo wmida mamamTavari abraami ambobda, rom albanelebi qarTvelebze adre iyvnen qristianebi da mTavarepiskoposoba maT Seefereba~.62 albaneTis eklesiaze ufro dabal safexurze dayeneba qarTulma eklesiam pativisa da Rirsebis damcirebad miiCnia. aseTi Tvalsazrisi ara marto mose kalankatuels, aramed Zvel somex istorikosebsac hqondaT. amas miiCnevdnen zogierT wreebSi saeklesio ganxeTqilebis mizezad. aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom qarTul eklesias Tavisi Rirseba da pativi arc albanur da arc somxur eklesiaze naklebad ar miaCnda. amitom, Tuki somxur, anda albanur eklesiaSi akurTxebdnen mirons, maSin aucileblad qarTuli eklesia imave uflebiT isargeblebda. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, qarTuli eklesiis damoukidebloba sruli ar iqneboda da igi veRarc Seedreboda Tavisi pativiT da RirsebiT im eklesiebs (am SemTxvevaSi albaneTisa da somxeTisas), romelTac mironis kurTxevis ufleba hqondaT mopovebuli. albaneTis eklesias, mose kalankatuelis Tanaxmad, mironis kurTxevis ufleba hqonda araTu IX saukunemde, aramed VI saukuneSi. ufro metic, am dros albaneTis eklesia sivnieTis eklesiasac ki aZlevda mirons. mose kalankatueli Tavisi àlbaneTis istoriis~ 48-e Tavs asaTaurebs ase: _ `... sivnieTelTa moqceva somexTagan albanelebisaken da xeldasxmisa da zeTis (maTgan) miReba~.63 uxtanesi am mdgomareobas ase xsnis: `...somxeTi sparselebsa da berZnebs hqondaT erTmaneTSi gayofili... gayofili sapatriarqo saydari uaryves sivnieTis uflebma da winaaRmdegobis gamo ar daeTanxmnen romelimes damorCilebodnen petre episkoposis brZanebiT, romelmac ... ubrZana Tavis samwysos, xeldasxma da mironis kurTxeva albanelTagan mieRoT, sanam wmida grigoris sapatriarqo saydari gaerTiandeboda. am droidan aqamde xeldasxmasa da mirons sivnielebi albanelTagan iRebdnen~...64 aqedan Cans, rom rogorc albaneli mose kalankatuelis, ise somexi uxtanesis mixedviT, albaneTis eklesia TviTve akurTxebda mirons jer kidev somxeTis sakaTalikosos orad gayofamde, VI saukunis dasasrulamde. ioane kogoviteli, gayofis droindeli somexi qalkedoniti kaTalikosi, 590-611 wlebSi zeobda. albaneTis eklesia VI sakuneSi mirons akurTxebda, xolo saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi sxva eklesiasac ki awodebda mirons. z. aleqsiZe wers: `mose kalankatuelis gadmocemiT, roca somxeTis sakaTalikoso orad gaiyo VI-VII saukuneebis mijnaze ioanesa (qalkedoniti) da moses (monofiziti) Soris, sivnieTis mmarTvelebma arc erTi aRara scnes da xeldasxmisaTvis albanelTa kaTalikosebs mimarTavdnen xolme. alban-
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eTidanve iRebdnen mirons, sanam abraam albaTanelma ar gaaerTiana orive saydari~.65 aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom Tu albaneTis eklesias mironis kurTxeva SeeZlo VI saukuneSi, qarTul eklesiasac aseTive ufleba eqneboda, radganac qarTul eklesias albanur eklesiaze Rirseulad da meti pativis mqoned miaCnda Tavi. somxeTis kaTalikosisadmi kirion qarTvelTa kaTalikosis mier gagzavnili werilebidan Cans, rom qarTul eklesias Tavisi Tavi somxuri eklesiis Tanaswor da Tanatol eklesiad miaCnda. hqonda Tu ara somxur eklesias mironis kurTxevis ufleba? hqonda, radganac VII saukunis dasawyisSi, sapatriarqo taxtze asvlisTanave kaTalikosma abraamma mironi akurTxa. uxtanesi aRwers kidec, Tu ra aris mironi da rogori wesiT akurTxeben mas. somexma ierarqebmao, _ wers uxtanesi, _ krebis damTavrebis Semdeg `...isic kanonierad miiCnes, rom Sevedreboden TavianT mamamTavars, ekurTxa da maTTvis mieca sacxebeli zeTi, e.i. mironi, romliTac scxeben da naTlaven... radganac moses sikvdilis Semdeg aravis ukurTxebia sacxebeli zeTi... Seudga mwuxris msaxurebas fsalmunebiT, kurTxeviTa da sulieri galobiT dRis saidumlos msgavsad. saidumlos Sesaferisad kiTxviT gaaTies Rame da mTeli dRe mRviZared RmrTisa mimarT locvaSi, vidre aRsruldeboda yvela saidumlo RmrTis sadideblad, xolo meore dRes gaunawila mamamTavarma kurTxevis zeTi...~.66 uxtanesi wers, rom VI saukunis bolos mironi akurTxa kaTalikosma mosem (574-604), xolo VII sakunis dasawyisSi _ abraamma. rogorc zemoT aRniSnulidan Cans, saqarTvelos mezobeli eklesiebi VIVIII, SesaZloa V saukuneebSi akurTxebdnen mirons da amitomac, maTi Tanatol-Tanafardi, maTTan saeklesio kavSirSi myofi qarTuli eklesiac VI-VII saukuneebSi amave uflebiT isargeblebda. qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, qarTuli eklesia V saukuneSive akurTxebda mirons. moRweulia kidevac mironis kurTxevis teqsti, romelic Sevsebulia Semdgom saukuneebSi. masSi Camatebulia axal saukuneTa atributebi, amitomac axali drois dokumentad miiCneva. aseve efrem mcire Tavis SromaSi wers, rom mironis kurTxevis ufleba qarTul eklesias mieniWa V saukuneSi. efrem mcire ase aRwers am process: wmida ninos dros evstaTi antioqelma patriarqma daamyara qarTuli eklesia. gadawyda, rom mironi qarTul eklesias mieRo antioqiis sapatriarqodan. im dros, IV saukuneSi, mirons mxolod antioqiis sapatriarqo amzadebda da akurTxebda. mironis Sesasyidad qarTvelebs antioqiisaTvis unda eZliaT aTasi kvamlis gadasaxadi. mcire xnis Semdeg antioqiam aTasi kvamlis gadasaxadis nacvlad iTxova aTasi drahkani yovelwliurad. maleve antioqiam berZenTa mefis SuamavlobiT, qarTvelTa aTasi drahkani gadasca ierusalimis sapatriarqos. axla ukve mironis Sesasyidi Tanxa qarTvelebs ierusalimisaTvis unda eZliaT.
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Semdeg efrem mcire wers: àqa dagYSTa saZiebeli mravalTaA, Tu odes miiRes qarTvelTa kurTxevaA mironisaA da amisda cnobad... vpoe sazogadod yovelTaTYs, viTarmed qalkidonisa krebasa esma, rom siZvirisaTYs fasiT hyiddes mihronsa, amisTYs brZanes wmidaTa mamaTa, raATa ara xolo antioqias, aramed sxuaTaca eklesiaTa Sina wmida iqmnebodes mihroni. xolo TYisagan qarTvelTaA sagonebel ars, viTarmed siSorisaTvis gzisa da romel friad saSiS ars ucxo TeslTa Soris KmeliT antioqiiT qarTls warRebaA wmidisa mihronisaA, amisTYs TYT adgilsa da dawesebul ars maTda kurTxevaA mihronisaA~.67 efrem mcires azriT, V saukuneSi 451 wlis qalkedonis krebis Semdeg, yvela eklesias da maT Soris qarTulsac, neba daerTo adgilze mironis kurTxevisa. asec rom ar yofiliyo, siSorisa da gzis siZnelis gamo mironis transportireba Zalze Zneli iyo. ase rom, efremis Tanaxmad, V saukunidanve mironi saqarTveloSive ekurTxeba. sxva sakiTxia is anaqronizmebi da uxeSi qronologiuri Secdomebi, romlebmac efremis naSromi TiTqmis gaugebari gaxada da amasTanave, saTave daudo sxva Secdomebs saukuneTa manZilze. marTalia, efrem mcire Tavisi drois udidesi da ubrwyinvalesi filologosi da mTargmnel-komentatori iyo, magram es mas ar avaldebulebda aseTive masStabis istorikosi yofiliyo, rac Cans mis mier daweril naSromSi qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis istoriis Sesaxeb. efrem mcire IV-V saukuneTa Soris momxdari ambebis aRwerisas daeyrdno antioqiuri `xronografis~ cnobas, romelic man CarTo Tavis SromaSi. swored amaSi mdgomareobda efremis Secdoma. qronografSi naTqvami iyo imperator konstantine skoris, antioqiis patriarq Teofilaqtes, ierusalimis patriarq orestis, basili mefis dros bizantiur da dasavlur qarTul eklesiaTa Soris damokidebulebis Sesaxeb. Tanamedrove istoriografiis ganviTarebis wyalobiT cnobilia, rom es mefepatriarqebi moRvaweobdnen VIII-X saukuneebSi, magram efremi fiqrobda, rom isini iyvnen IV-V saukuneTa moRvaweni. amitomac efremma antioqiuri `xronografis~68 cnoba CarTo Tavisi istoriis im nawilSi, romelic IV-V saukuneTa Soris momxdar ambebs Seexeboda. basili mefe, romelsac exeba efremis mier gamoyenebuli cnoba, TiTqmis efremis Tanamedrove iyo, misgan daaxloebiT naxevari saukuniT daSorebuli. magram efremis Sromidan aSkarad Cans, rom igi saubrobs ara Tavis Tanamedrove pirze, aramed Zveli drois basilze. rogorc Cans, X saukunis bolos da XI saukunis dasawyisSi swored àrasruli avtokefaliis~ momxre antioqielma Teoretikosebma `Seaswores~ da damatebebiT Seavses antioqiuri qronografi. efrem mcirem XI saukunis
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Sua wlebSi moiZia es matiane, miiCnia IV-V saukuneTa qronikad da CarTo Tavis naSromSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi ZvelTaganve damkvidrebuli iyo tradiciuli gadmocema, romlis Tanaxmadac mironi gadmoedineboda sveticxovlidan, anu cxovelmyofeli xis gadanaWridan mcxeTaSi. amitomac, roca arsen iyalToeli imeorebs efremis cnobas `...sasyidlad nivTTa wmidisa mihronisaTa eklesiasa antioqiisasa... drahkani aTasi~,69 igi, Cans, darwmunebulia, rom qarTvelebi yidulobdnen ara TviT mirons, aramed misi SemzadebisaTvis saWiro surnelovan aromatul nivTierebas; xolo TviT mironis Sezaveba-kurTxeva da damzadeba saqarTveloSive xdeboda. àntioqiuri `xronografis~ Zvel slavur TargmanSic weria: `wmida mironis aromatis SesaZenad~ da ara wmida mironis SesaZenad.70 mironis kurTxevis wesi aseTi yofila: odes mefe, aTabagi, qarTlisa erisTavi, spasalari da yovelni erisTavni da yovelni mRdelTmoZRuarni Semokrben mcxeTas, didsa xuTSabaTsa, didisa somxiTisa mitrapolitsa, hmarTebs nivTTa zeda dgomad da quabni sakurTxevelTad gamoixunen da mitrapolitsa da qadagsa etYrTnes ketni quabTani. winaTa ketTa mitrapoliti Seudges da ukanaTa qadagi. Tu mwirveli iyos, TeTriTa SesamosliTa Semosil iyos, Tu mwirveli ara iyos, TeTrisa atlasisa CaCi Tavsa eburos moyuntuzvili; da meoreTa quabTa mTavarefiskoposi queSe udges da wina mividodes da ukanaTa ketTa mawyuereli da ukana mTavarefiskoposi mihyvebodes. da raJams ganazavebden takuksa, takuki mawyuerelsa etYrTos ki mawyuerelsa etvirTos da raJams ganazaon, takuki qadagisa KeliTa daibeWdvodes. da yovelTa efiskoposTa TiToA kokaA mironisa etYrTos...~.71 amave dokumentSi moxsenebulia mefe arCili da kaTalikosi miqaeli. patriarq kalistrate cincaZis mier gamocemuli siis Tanaxmad,72 saqarTvelos XV saukunemde sul ori arCili hyavda mefed _ arCil I (410-434), papa vaxtang gorgasalisa da arCil II (668-718 ww.). am periodSi Cndeba ori kaTalikosi miqaelic: miqael I (459-467 ww.), romelmac vaxtang gorgasals kbilebi Caumtvria da miqael II (774-780ww.). marTalia, aRniSnul siaSi dadasturebuli mefobis TariRebi miaxloebiTia, magram savsebiT naTelia, rom jer arCil I mefobs, Semdeg kaTalikosobs miqael I, aseve arCil II-is moRvaweobis wlebi uswrebs miqael II-is kaTalikosobis TariRs. dokumentSi, romelsac ewodeba `mironis kurTxevis wesi~, mefe arCili davalebas aZlevs saeklesio pirs miqaels, Seadginos mironis kurTxevis gangeba, rasac miqaeli garkveuli drois Semdeg asrulebs. is iZiebs, irkvevs mironis kurTxevis wess da adgens gangebas mironis kurTxevis Zveli `niSnis~ Sesabamisad, xolo dokumentis gamocemis dros is ukve kaTalikosia. `didni SfoTni da amboxni iqmnebodes efiskoposTa cilobisagan da RmrTiv-gYrgYnosanma mefeman arCil ara saTno iCina amaT SfoTTa qmnad. da
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gYbrZana gaCenad, viTa niSanTa Seetyueboda, da Kel-vyaviT me, glaxakman miqael qarTlisa kaTalikozman da vakurTxeT wmidaA mironi...~73 ueWvelia, rom mironis kurTxevis es dokumenti Sedgenilia IX saukunemde, amitomac igi sruliad abaTilebs azrs, rom qarTulma eklesiam mironis kurTxevis neba miiRo IX saukuneSi. arsebobs mosazreba, rom es dokumenti aris natyuari. unda iTqvas, rom natyuari sigeli, anda dokumenti SeiZleboda SeedginaT raime kerZo, mcire adgil-mamulis da msgavsi sakiTxis Taobaze, romlis Semowmeba saerTo-saxelmwifoebriv da sazogadoebriv interess ar warmoadgenda. mironis kurTxevis saerTo saxalxo _ saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis ceremonialSi ki monawileobdnen saxelmwifos meTauri _ mefe, qveynis yvela provinciaTa mmarTveli erisTavebi, kaTalikos-episkoposebi. muSaobda mTeli saxelmwifo da saeklesio aparati, imarTeboda sagangebo darbazoba, romelzec erisTavebi da episkoposebi sxdebodnen mtkiced gansazRvruli wesiTa da rigiT. nuTu isini `natyuar~ dokuments iWerdnen xelSi da imis mixedviT akurTxebdnen mirons? `xelmwifis karis garigebidan~ srulebiT aSkarad Cans, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba hqonda aseTi saxelmwifoebrivi ceremoniis dros sagangebo wesebis dacvas. aseTive saxis dokumentia `kurTxeva mironisa~. `mironis kurTxevis~ aRniSnuli dokumenti xelT hqoniaT erekle II-sa da anton kaTalikoss, ris mixedviTac ganusazRvravT maT ninowmindelis pativi da adgili darbazobis dros. es dokumenti erekles II-sa da anton I-s miaCniaT im dros Sedgenilad, roca samefo anu sataxto qalaqi iyo ara Tbilisi, aramed nisani da quTaTisi. amis gamo, weren isini, Tbileli episkoposis pativi da Rirseba SedarebiT mcirea da is dgas episkoposTa rigis boloSio. `tfileli ukue ganCinebasa mas Sina samefosa friad qvemore dgebodis, anu jdebodis krebasa Sina, amisTvis romel samefo qalaqi ara iyo tfilisi droTa mas Sina, aramed nisani da quTaTisi~.74 anton I-isa da erekles II-is mixedviT, mironis kurTxevis dokumenti Sedgenili yofila VII-XI saukuneebSi, radganac mcxeTa dedaqalaqad araa moxsenebuli, xolo XII saukunis Semdeg Tbilisi dedaqalaqia (saqarTvelos dedaqalaqad Tbilisi iTvleboda V saukunidan arabebis mier dapyrobamde, arabTa gandevnis Semdeg Tbilisi kvlav dedaqalaqia). `sabuTi pirvelad T. Jordaniam gamoaqveyna (qronikebi, I, 1892, gv. 45-46). igi fiqrobda, rom sabuTSi moxseniebuli `mefe arCili~ unda iyos pirveli (gard. 434 w.) da ara meore (gard. 718 w.), radgan ukanasknelis dros miqael kaTalikozi ara sCans da arc dasajerebelia, rom VII-VIII saukuneebis arev-darevis dros amisTana kiTxvaze mocla SesaZlebeli yofiliyos; arc didi `somxiTis mitropoliti~ yofila VIII saukuneSi, magram radganac aTabagi aris moxseniebuli darbazobaSi da sxvaca ramdenime arCil I dros winaaRmdegni wes-wyobilebani, amiT safuZveli gveZleva vifiqroT, rom `darbazobaSi~ droTa mixedviT, sxvadasxva cvlileba unda SemoeRoT.75
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mironis kurTxevis ufleba qarTul eklesias IX saukunemde rom hqonia, amis Sesaxeb wers `qarTlis cxovrebac~, saidanac Cans, rom qarTuli eklesiis ZvelTaganve (V saukunidan) arsebuli mironis kurTxevis ufleba VII saukuneSi, 681 wels, daudasturebia msoflio saeklesio krebas: `...iqmna kreba meequse... amis krebisa mier brZanes esreT wmidisa eklesiisa saqarTvelosTvis, romel ars wmida mcxeTa, raTa iyos swor pativiTa viTarca wmidani samociqulo kaTolike eklesiani, sapatriaqoni, da iyos kaTalikosi qarTlisa swori patriarqTa Tana... am krebisa mier dagvimtkicebia patriarqad... xolo odesca enebos Semzadeba da kurTxeva mironisa, akurTxos Tvissa eklesiasa~.76 marTlac, amierkavkasiis yvela avtokefalur eklesias (igulisxmeba somxeTisa da albaneTis eklesiebi) VI-VII saukuneebSi mironis kurTxevis ufleba hqonda miniWebuli. qarTuli eklesia ar SeiZleboda gamonaklisi yofiliyo, radganac swored somxuri wyaroebidan Cans, rom im droisaTvis igi iseTive rangis avtokefaluri eklesiaa, rogoric somxuri da albanuri. amitomacaa, rom efrem mcires Tanaxmad, romelsac yvela qarTuli wyaro eTanxmeba, qarTvelebi mirons ukve V saukunidanve akurTxebdnen. Cvens mecnierebaSi damkvidrebulia Tvalsazrisi, TiTqosda qarTulma eklesiam `...mxolod IX saukunis 40-iani wlebidan miiRo misi damzadebis ufleba ierusalimis patriarqisgan, risi iniciatori da saqmis momgvarebeli iyo awyuris episkoposi efremi...~.77 aseTi Tvalsazrisi ar aris misaRebi, radganac giorgi merCulis cnobis araswor gaSifrvazea damokidebuli. giorgi merCule, Cans, werda _ `rameTu pirvelad a-sa kaTalikosTa mihroni ierusalimT mohyvanda, xolo efrem qristesmieriTa brZanebiTa mihronis kurTxeva qarTls ganawesa ierusalimis patriarqisa ganwesebiT da wamebiTa sixaruliT. aramed qarTlad friadi qveyana aRiracxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locva yoveli aResrulebis~...78 am cnobaSi Semdegdroindel gadamwers sworad ver gauxsnia qaragma à-sa~. qaragma à-sa~ konteqstis mixedviT, unda gaixsnas àfxazeTisa~, maSin azri naTeli da sruliad gasagebi gaxdeba. mwerali wers _ Tavidan afxazeTis kaTalikosebs mironi ierusalimidan mohqondaT, efremis SemweobiT ki afxazeTisaTvis saWiro mironis kurTxeva gadawyda qarTlSi. radganac, afxazeTi, anu dasavleTi saqarTvelo qarTlia, qarTuli eklesiis nawilia, radganac wirva-locva aq qarTul enaze warmoebs. azri sruliad naTeli da gasagebia. amJamad ki, roca nacvlad afxazeTisa ikiTxeba àRmosavlisa~, qaragmis araswori gaxsnis gamo, azri dabnelebuli, uSinaarso da arasworia _ TiTqosda aRmosavleTis qveynebis sakaTalikosoebs Tavdapirvelad mironi ierusalimidan mihqondaT. es sruliad mrude azri ar SeiZleba iyos giorgi merCulis
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dednisa, radganac giorgi merCule aris sruliad sando, ganaTlebuli, moazrovne moRvawe. saqme isaa, rom I saukunis 70-ian wlebSi ierusalimi mTlianad daangries da mis adgilze erTi mcire sofeliRa aRmocenda saukunis Semdeg. IV saukuneSi elenem da konstantine romis imperatorma es qalaqi aRadgines, magram misi episkoposi im dros eqvemdebareboda xan antioqiis episkoposs, xan ki kesaria-palestinis episkoposs. mxolod V saukuneSi qalkedonis krebis Semdeg gamovida ierusalimis episkoposi kesaria-palestinis episkoposis daqvemdebarebisgan da gadaiqca sapatriarqo eklesiad. amitomac I-V saukuneebSi aRmosavleTis qveynebis sakaTalikosoebi mirons ierusalimidan ver waiRebdnen. I saukunis 70-ian wlebamde, roca qalaqi ierusalimi arsebobda, maSin aRmosavleTis sakaTalikosoebi ar arsebobdnen. xolo Semdeg saukuneebSi ierusalimi ar iyo arc saeklesio da arc saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis qristianuli centri. aseTi iyo mTeli aRmosavleTisaTvis mxolod antioqia, amitomac SeiZleba marTalia efrem mcire, roca wers, rom antioqiis sapatriarqoSi ekurTxeboda mironi da sxvagan arsado. Tu àRmosavalisas~ qveS vigulisxmebT qarTlis kaTalikosebs, maSin swored `qarTlisa~ unda daewera kidec avtors, miT umetes, rom ramdenime sityvis Semdeg naxsenebia sityva `qarTli~. magram konteqstidan Cans, rom am cnobaSi laparakia axladSeqmnili afxazeTis sakaTalikosos mier mironis miRebis Sesaxeb, kerZod, Tavidan afxazeTis kaTalikoss mironi ierusalimidan mihqonda, xolo Semdeg ganewesa, rom afxazeTis sakaTalikosos mironi mieRo ara ierusalimidan, aramed qarTlis sakaTalikosodan, radganac afxazeTis qveyana (e.i. das. saqarTvelo) qarTlis qveynis nawilia, xolo afxazeTis sakaTalikoso qarTlis sakaTalikosos, anu erTiani qarTuli eklesiis nawilia, radganac `...qarTlad friadi qveyana aRiracxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locva yoveli aResrulebis~. giorgi merCules axali araferi uTqvams, radganac dasavleT saqarTvelos ukve mefe farnavazis droidanve uwodebdnen qarTls _ mdinare egriswylis aRmosavleTiT mimdebare qveyanas, vidre albaneTis sazRvramde. giorgi merCules cnobidan iseTi daskvna unda gamovitanoT, rom afxazeTis sakaTalikoso daarsebis Semdeg, e.i. 720-iani wlebidan, mirons iRebda ierusalimis sapatriarqodan, xolo 840-ian wlebSi is mirons iRebda ukve mcxeTidan _ msoflio marTlmadideblobis dasturiT. marTlac, afxazeTis sakaTalikoso 830 wels cno qarTlis (tao-klarjeTis) samefo karma da albaT qarTlis (mcxeTis) sapatriarqomac, maleve am cnobis Semdeg is mirons mcxeTidan iRebs _ e.i. afxazeTis sakaTalikosoSi mironi ar ekurTxeboda, dasavleT saqarTveloSi mironi mcxeTidan mihqondaT, qarTuli eklesiis erTianobis niSnad.
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xolo rac Seexeba mcxeTas _ aq mironi V saukunidanve ekurTxeboda. ismis aseTi kiTxva _ ratom mihqondaT afxazeTSi mironi ierusalimidan IX saukunis 40-ian wlebamde? roca dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTis, abazgiis avtokefaluri saarqiepiskoposos da foTis samitropolitos gaerTianebis Semdeg warmoqmnilma eklesiam xatmebrZoluri eresis gamo gawyvita kavSiri konstantinopolis sapatriarqosTan, axalma eklesiam konstantinopolTan kavSiris gawyvetis Semdeg, Cans kavSiri daamyara ierusalimis sapatriarqosTan. arsebobs msgavsi magaliTic: roca goTeTis eklesiam VIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi konstantinopolis sapatriarqoSi warmoqmnili xatmebrZoluri eresis gamo kavSiri gawyvita konstantinopolTan, goTeTis mTavari episkoposi ierusalimSi Cavida kurTxevisaTvis da iq sami weli eloda kurTxevas (ix. `cxovreba ioane guTelisa~). ioane guTeli antioqiis sapatriarqoSi ar mivida im mizezis gamo, rom antioqieli patriarqebi arabTa Semosevebis gamo ara antioqiaSi, aramed konstantinopolSi imyofebodnen im dros. aseve, abazgiis saarqiepiskopososa da fazisis samitropolitos gaerTianebiT Seqmnilma axalma eklesiam, romelsac Semdgom afxazeTis sakaTalikoso ewoda, VIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi xatmebrZolobis gamo kavSiri gawyvita konstantinopolTan da daamyara ierusalimis sapatriarqosTan. aRsaniSnavi da yuradsaRebia, rom ierusalimis sapatriarqoSi goTeTis episkoposi ar akurTxes da is qarTlSi (iberiaSi, mcxeTaSi) ekurTxa qarTlis kaTalikosis xeliT. ioane goTelis mcxeTaSi kurTxevis Sesaxeb berZnuli wyaroebic miuTiTeben. aseve srulebiT msgavsia da eTanxmeba aRniSnul faqts is, rom afxazeTis eklesiis mimarTac aseve moqceula ierusalimis sapatriarqo. msgavsad goTeTis damoukidebeli eklesiisa, afxazeTis eklesiac iberiis _ qarTlis eklesiisaTvis dauqvemdebarebia ierusalimis sapatriarqos. Cans, ierusalimsa da qarTul eklesias Soris im dros kargi urTierToba arsebobda. cnoba ioane guTelisa da afxazeTis mcxeTaze damokidebulebis Sesaxeb erTmaneTis msgavsia. ierusalimis sapatriarqos nebiT, afxazeTisaTvis saWiro mironi mcxeTas (qarTlSi) ekurTxeba, aseve ierusalimis sapatriarqodan mosuli ioane guTelic mcxeTaSi ekurTxeba. unda davaskvnaT, rom mironi mcxeTaSi V saukunidanve ekurTxeba, xolo daaxloebiT 720-830 wlebSi dasavleT saqarTvelos is nawili, romelic ufro adre konstantinopolze iyo damokidebuli, mirons ierusalimidan iRebda, xolo amis Semdeg mcxeTidan.
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afxazeTi da tao-klarjeTi qarTvelTa erovnuli konsolidaciis kerebi
Tanamedrove istoriografiaSi miRebuli TvalsazrisiT, qarTuli erovnebis formireba dasrulebula XI saukuneSi.79 gansxvavebiT Zveli qarTuli istoriografiisagan, romelsac miaCnia, rom qarTuli erovnuli erToba farnavazis saxelmwifos Seqmnis dros ukve arsebobda. IX-X saukuneSi, da saerTod arabTa batnobis Semdeg mkvlevarTa TvalsazrisiT, qarTuli erovnebis formirebisa da qarTveluri tomebis konsolidaciis kerebi yofila tao-klarjeTi da afxazeTi.80 g. wulaias azriT, afxazeTis samefos Seqmna yofila qarTveluri tomebis konsolidaciis erT-erTi etapi: , ` ~ , . .81 sainteresoa, rogori eTnikuri Semadgenlobisa iyo qarTveluri tomebis konsolidaciis kerebi _ tao-klarjeTi da afxazeTi. tao-klarjeTis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa Soris n. maris Semdeg, azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs. `qarTlis cxovrebisa~ da sxva wyaroTa mixedviT, tao-klarjeTi da saerTod samxreT saqarTvelo mudam qarTvelebis qveyanaa. Tanamedrove mkvlevarebi midian daskvnamde, rom tao-klarjeTis aborigeni mosaxleoba iyo Wanur-megruli, rac srulebiT ar ewinaaRmdegeba Zvel qarTul wyaroebs. Tavis droze niko marma, Tavisi cnobili daskvnebidan gamomdinare, ganacxada, rom tao-klarjeTi TiTqosda somxuri qveyana iyo, xolo am mxareSi qalkedonitTa gamarjvebis wyalobiT am mxaris mosaxleoba gaqarTvelda _ TiTqosda saqarTvelo gamdidrda taoklarjeTis mosaxloebiT. tao-klarjeTi mudam qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, is qarTlis samefoSi Semavali qveyana iyo. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, qarTloss mieca qveyana, romlis samxreTi sazRvari gadis mTaze, romelic `mihyvebis dasavliT, kerZo, romlisa wyali gardmodis CrdiloT kerZo da mierTvis mtkuarsa, romel mihyvebis mTaSoris klarjeTsa da taos vidre zRuamdis~,82 òZrKoss misca tasiskariTgan vidre zRuamde sperisa, qveyana kldovani. aman oZrKos aRaSena orni cixe-qalaqi; ozZrKe da Tuxarisi~,83 `javaxoss misca fanavriTgan vidre Tavadmde mtkuarisa da aman javaxos aRaSena... qalaqi artanisa, romalsac... hqYan huri, 84 farnavaz `movida klarjeTs da dai pyra klarjeTi~.85 farnavaz `JamiTi-Jamad mividis egriss da klarjeTs, moikiTxnis megrelni da klarjni~.86 àndria moaqcivna megrelni da warvida gzasa klarjeTisasa~.87
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meTormete mefe farsmanis dros somxeTis samefom SemoierTa qarTlis sasazRvro qveynebi. mefis Zem arzokma ganizraxa `Zieba sazRvarTa qarTlisaTa~. `da iyo klarjeTis erisTavi arzuk mefisa, ... da igi avnebdis sazRvarTa somxiTisaTa, queyanasa parxlisasa, romel ars tao, da vervin Sevidoda mavne klarjeTs...~.88 imperatori konstantine ubrZanebs episkopos ioanes: `sadaca jer iCino adgilTa qarTlisaTa, aRaSenen eklesiani~. `da warmovida episkoposi... da viTar moiwivnes adgilsa, romelsa hqYan eruSeTi da dautevna xuroni saqmeT eklesiisa~.89 vaxtang gorgaslis ymawvilobis dros osebs `daurCes warutyuenvelad Kevni qarTlsani: kaxeTi da klarjeTi da egrisi~.90 gorgasalma daniSna àrtavaz, erisTavi klarjeTisa~.91 vaxtangma `dasua erTi episkoposad klarjeTs eklesiasa axizisasa, erTi artans eruSeTs~.92 herakle keisris dros `kualad wariRs berZenTa sazRvari qarTlisa; speri da bolo klarjeTisa, zRvispiri. da Svilni stefanozisni darCes `kldeTa Sina klarjeTisaTa~.93 arCil mefem qali èrTi misca mamis Zmiswulsa missa, Svilsa guaram kurapalatisasa, romelsac hqonda klarjeTi da javaxeTi~.94 moyvanili amonaweridan Cans, rom `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, mefe farnavazidan vidre mefe arCilamde, samxreTi saqarTvelo da tao-klarjeTi mudam qarTlis samefoSi Semavali qveyanaa, Tumca, zogjer saberZneTi da somxeTi TavianT samefoebs uerTeben qarTlis am qveyanas. magram am dros rogorc qarTlis samefo xelisuflebis, aseve adgilobrivi qarTvelebis mizania, gaaTavisuflon es qveynebi da daubrunon qarTls. sarwmunoebrivadac qarTlis `xevTagan~ pirveli swored klarjeTi (da egrisi) iRebs qristianobas. andria pirvelwodebulma iqadaga ara marto klarjeTSi, aramed taoSic.95 berZeni episkoposi, romelsac nabrZanebi aqvs qarTlis sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi aaSenos eklesiebi, pirvel eklesias aSenebs tao-klarjeTSi. vaxtang gorgasali ki ukve klarjeTSi niSnavs episkoposs. klarjeTis mosaxleobas, `klarjebs~, moikiTxavs xolme mefe farnavazi. klarjebi qarTlis, anu Tavis mamulis moyvaruli patriotebi, kargi meomrebi arian: `mkYdrni klarjeTisani iyvnes kacni mkYrcxni da mKedarnica~.96 roca qarTlis samefos mosazRvre somxeTis saxelmwifom sasazRvro teritoriebi CamoaWra, ver SeZlo klarjeTis dapyroba _ klarjebis mamacobisa da mamuliSvilobis gamo, piriqiT, klarjeTis erisTavi Tavisi meomrebiT am mezobeli saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi iWreba, mitacebuli teritoriebis qarTlis samefosaTvis dabrunebis mizniT.97 aqedan Cans, rom `klarjni~ qarTveli eris nawilia, cxovroben qarTvelTa samefoSi da erTgulad icaven mas. aseTive mdgomareoba iyo dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ àfxazeTSi~. dasavleT saqarTvelos eTnografiuli saxe `msgavsi~ iyo tao-klarjeTis eTnografiuli saxisa. xazgasmiT aRsaniSnavia da friad mniSvnelovani qarTveli eris Camoyalibebis istoriisaTvis, rom swored tao-klarjeTi da afxazeTi, eTnografiu-
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li saxiT TiTqosda araerTgvarovanni, iqcnen `qarTvelTa erovnebis formirebisa~ da qarTveluri tomebis `konsolidaciis~ kerebad. TiTqosda `qarTuli erovnebis~ Camoyalibebisa da Seqmnis kera unda yofiliyo Sida qarTli, romelic eTnografiuli saxiT erTgvarovani iyo da Sedgeboda mxolod qarTebisagan, magram IX-X saukuneebSi, qarTuli erovnebis formirebis procesSi yvelaze naklebad swored Sida qarTli monawileobs (arabTagan dapyrobis gamo). am saqmeSi aqtiuri roli akisria tao-klarjeTs da afxazeTs. im gasaocar faqts, rom qarTuli erovnebis erTobis idea da qarTveluri tomebis konsolidacia moxda im kuTxeebSi, romelnic eTnografiulad TiTqosda araerTgvarovanni iyvnen, SeiZleba movuZebnoT erTaderTi mizezi: ukve IX saukuneSi da manamdec Camoyalibebuli iyo erTiani qarTveli eri, romlis sacxovrissac warmoadgenda rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelo, aseve tao-klarjeTi. sinamdvileSi es mxareebi eTnikurad erTgvarovanni iyvnen. IX-XI saukuneebSi tao-klarjeTisa da afxazeTis qarTul-erovnuli aqtiuroba, am mxareebSi qarTul-kulturuli aRorZineba gamowveuli iyo ara imiT, rom iq axlad Camoyalibda erovnuli erTobis grZnoba, aramed imiT, rom qarTveli eris erovnuli centrebi _ mcxeTa da Tbilisi, aseve Sida qarTli, arabTagan iyo dapyrobili da iq SeuZlebeli iyo erovnuli kerebis arseboba. amitomac, erovnul centrebad iqca qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli is kuTxeebi, romlebzedac mters naklebad miuwvdeboda xeli. es iyo, swored, tao-klarjeTi da afxazeTi, miT umetes, rom am mxareebSi gadainacvla qarTveli eris politikurma centrebma. arabTagan qveynis dapyrobasa da qarTlis samefos ganadgurebas unda gamoewvia ara `qarTuli erovnebis formirebis dasruleba~, aramed, piriqiT, qarTvelebis denacionalizacia, radganac arabTa batonobas iseTi didi xalxis `denacionalizaciac~ ki gamouwvevia, rogoric iyvnen iranelebi.98 g. wulaias gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, qarTvel erovnebas saxelmwifoebriobis likvidaciisa (VI s.) da arabTagan dapyrobis Semdeg (VII s.) `Zalze maRali done hqonia eTnikuri konsolidaciisa~,99 advili misaxvedria, Tuki qarTvelobas erovnuli saxelmwifos gauqmebis Semdegac ki erovnuli konsolidaciis done Zalze maRali hqonda, kidev ufro maRali iqneboda qarTvelTa eTnikuri konsolidaciis done erovnuli saerTo qarTuli saxelmwifos arsebobis dros. swored amas miuTiTebs daJinebiT `qarTlis cxovreba~. mefe farnavazidan (III s. qristes win) vidre vaxtang gorgaslis Svilebamde (VI) qarTvel ers uwyvetad hqonda erovnuli saxelmwifo, romlis SemadgenlobaSic uciloblad Sedioda rogorc dasavleTi (Semdgomdroindeli àfxazeTi~), ise samxreT saqarTvelo (tao-klarjeTi). cxadia, qarTuli eTnikuri konsolidaciis done erovnuli saxelmwifos ganadgurebis Semdeg Semcirdeboda, da Tu igi mainc inarCunebda pirvandel saxes, es imaze miuTiTebs, rom qarTuli erovnuli erToba erovnuli saxelmwifos arsebobis dros kidev ufro maRali iqneboda, rac qarTveli eris arsebobis safuZvels qmnida.100
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qarTuli tomebis integraciis erT-erTi maCvenebeli qarTuli damwerlobis Seqmnac yofila.101 `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, qarTuli mwignobroba Seiqmna erTiani saqarTvelos mefis, farnavazis dros. iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, qarTuli damwerloba saTaves iRebs VII-VI saukuneebSi qristes win, xolo r. patariZis ganmokvlevis Tanaxmad, qarTuli damwerloba Seqmnila V saukuneSi qristes win. fuZeqarTuli enobrivi erTobis daSla swored qristemde, VIII-IV saukuneebSia mosalodneli. ase rom, im dros, rodesac qarTvelebma Seqmnes qarTuli anbani (anda SemoiRes finikiuri anbani TavianTi enobrivi saWiroebisaTvis), jer kidev ar yofilan formirebulni qarTebi da megrelebi, jer kidev arsebobda maTi enobrivi erToba. damwerlobis SemoReba kidev ufro Seuwyobda xels rogorc fuZe-qarTulenovani tomebis integracias, agreTve farnavazis mier erTiani saxelmwifos Seqmnasac, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda rogorc dasavleTi, aseve samxreT saqarTvelo, Semdeg afxazeTad da tao-klarjeTad wodebuli miwebi. am saukuneebSi (IV-III saukune qristes win) megruli ena naklebad iqneboda formirebuli rogorc damoukidebeli ena; SesaZloa, is yofiliyo dialeqti fuZeqarTuli enisa; fuZeqarTuli ki jer kidev mis saboloo daSlamde iqca saxelmwifo da kultis msaxurebis enad. fuZeqarTuli ena da Zveli qarTuli saliteraturo ena erTi da igive unda iyos. samegreloSi saSualo da maRali fenebi (samRvdeloeba da aristokratia) saxelmwifoebrivi, sakulto da xSirad saojaxo saWiroebisaTvis iyenebdnen ara megrul, aramed qarTul saxelmwifo da kultis msaxurebis enas _ Zvel qarTul saliteraturo enas. Cans, megruli, rogorc damoukidebeli ena, mxolod SemdegSi, saukuneTa manZilze Camoyalibda. es unda momxdariyo pirvel aTaswleulSi qristes Sobis Semdeg. swored egrisisaTvis sparseT-bizantiis omebi, erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos gauqmeba (VI saukuneSi), romlis SemadgenlobaSi yovelTvis Sedioda egrisi, arabTa Semoseva VII saukuneSi, VII saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTis aneqsia bizantiis mier da iq berZnuli eklesiis gabatoneba xels Seuwyobda megruli dialeqtis gadaqcevas damoukidebel enad. es procesi SemdgomSic, qarTuli saxelmwifos saboloo daSlis merec gaRrmavdeboda. ase rom, arabTa mier qarTuli erovnuli (arCilis) saxelmwifos dangreva xels ki ar Seuwyobda qarTveli erovnebis formirebis saqmes, piriqiT, saxelmwifos daSla eris daSlas da erovnul gadagvarebas ganapirobebda. amas adasturebs ioane sabanisZe, romelic àbo Tbilelis wamebaSi~ aRniSnavs, rom qarTvelni am mZime dros iseve meryevni arian, rogorc lerwamni qariSxlis droso. magram faqtia, rom arabTa batonobis odnavi SesustebisTanave yofili qarTlis samefos periferiebSi (radganac centri dapyrobili iyo) _ dasavleT saqarTvelosa da tao-klarjeTSi _ ganviTarda da swrafad
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ayvavda qarTuli erovnuli kultura, erovnuli TviTSegnebis grZnoba, erovnuli saxelmwifoebrioba. amis mizezi iyo is, rom arabTa Semosevamde gacilebiT adre rogorc dasavleT, ise samxreT saqarTvelos mcxovrebni erovnulad qarTvelebi iyvnen da maT amis Segneba hqondaT. swored am mizezis gamo qarTuli erovnuli centrebi arabTa mier aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dapyrobis dros gadavida dasavleT da samxreT saqarTveloSi. swored afxazeTi da tao-klarjeTi qarTveli eris politikur centrebad iqca, erovnuli saxelmwifoebrioba aRdga, qarTuli kultura ayvavda. im dros, roca aRmosavleT saqarTvelo (qarTuli erovnebis `birTvi~), arabTa mier iyo dapyrobili da iqauri qarTvelebi erovnul gadagvarebas ganicdidnen, qarTuli erovnuli erTobis, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisa da kulturis kerad afxazeTi imitom iqca, rom arabTa Semosevamde didi xniT adre dasavleTi saqarTvelo ukve qarTuli qveyanaa, romlis mcxovrebT qarTvelebi ewodebaT. g. wulaias azriT, jer kidev Cveni welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi qarTveluri tomebis integracia iTvlida araerT aswleuls.102 amave Tvalsazriss adasturebs `qarTlis cxovrebac~. ZvelqarTuli erovnebis konsolidaciis axali etapi dawyebula qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gadaqcevis Semdeg.103 qarTul enaze werilobiTi literaturis Seqmna qarTvelTa eTnikuri konsolidaciis maRali donis niSani yofila.104 TviT sakuTriv afxazeTSic ki, e.i. egriswylisa da klisuras iqiT mdebare teritoriaze, qarTul werilobiT kulturas xangrZlivi istoria hqonia jer kidev qarTuli miwebis gaerTianebisaTvis moZraobis dawyebis adreul etapze, miT umetes qarTul werilobiT kulturas gacilebiT ufro xangrZlivi istoria eqneboda egrisSi, anu dasavleT saqarTveloSi, saidanac es kultura gavrceldeboda sakuTriv afxazeTSi. saukuneTa manZilze, arabTa Semosevamde, egrisi politikurad `qarTlis samefos~ Semadgenel nawilad miiCneoda. ... o , , . ... - , .105 qarTuli istoriuli tradicia jer kidev afxazTa samefos Seqmnamde dasavleT saqarTvelos _ egrisis mcxovrebT miiCnevda qarTlis samefos mcxovreblebad _ `naTesaviT qarTvelebad~. mematianeebma ician, rom afxazeTis samefos SeqmniT dasavleT saqarTvelos erovnuli Semadgenloba ar Secvlila _ Seicvala mxolod da mxolod qveynis saxelwodeba. dasavleTi saqarTvelo, anu afxazeTi da samxreTi saqarTvelo, anu tao-klarjeTi, ara marto politikurad da kulturulad, aramed eTnikuradac qarTuli qveynebi iyvnen.
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swored am mizezis gamo iqcnen eTnografiulad àraerTgvarovani~ afxazeTi da tao-klarjeTi qarTuli erovnuli formireba konsolidaciis kerebad. sinamdvileSi es qveynebi eTnikurad erTgvarovanni iyvnen da maTi mcxovrebni erovnulad qarTvelebs miakuTvnebdnen TavianT Tavs ZvelTaganve _ ZvelqarTuli saxelmwifos arsebobis dros. IX-X saukuneebamde gacilebiT adre dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas qarTvelebad miiCnevdnen ara marto qarTveli, aramed ucxoeli istorikosebic. V-VI saukuneTa ucxoeli istorikosebi xSirad uwodebdnen dasavleT saqarTvelos iberias.106
qarTuli eklesiis Tavdadebuli Rvawli pirveli mahmadianuri Semotevis winaaRmdeg
(wmida abo Tbileli, wmida daviTi da konstantine, wmida arCil mefe, wmida miqael gobroni, wmida konstantine qarTveli)
saqarTvelos, rogorc mTlian eTnokulturul erTeuls, mahmadianobam Semoutia orjer. pirveli Semoteva daiwyo VII saukuneSi, mahmadianuri sarwmunoebis warmoSobisTanave da gagrZelda TiTqmis XII saukunemde, xolo meored _ mahmadianobam saqarTvelos Semoutia XV-XVIII saukuneebSi. am or SemotevaTa Sua, XI-XIV saukuneebSi, qarTvelma xalxma SeZlo Tavisi qveynis politikuri gaerTianeba, saqarTvelos Zlier saxelmwifod daarseba, romelic agresorTagan icavda sakuTar da saqarTvelos mfarvelobis qveS myof xalxebs. VII-VIII saukuneebSi `ganefina qadageba mahmad usjulosa da mravali eri Seudga mas~,107 saqarTvelos mezoblad mcxovrebi mravali qristiani xalxi gamahmadianda, ris gamoc dakarga Tavisi eTnikuri saxe da gadagvarda. siriel xalxs gaaCnda didi warsuli, kultura da TavisTavadi saxe. gamahmadianebis Semdeg ki TandaTanobiT gaarabda. siriuli qristianuli literatura gansaxilvel epoqaSi iseTive Rrma da mdidari iyo, rogorc berZnuli qristianuli literatura. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani danakargi iyo qristianobisaTvis saqarTvelos mezoblad mcxovrebi albaneli xalxis gadagvareba gamahmadianebis Semdeg. igive bedi eweoda Cvens ersac, Tuki medgar winaaRmdegobas ar gauwevda maxviliT mosul mters da mis sarwmunoebas. aRsaniSnavia, rom mahmadianobis zemoaRniSnulma pirvelma Semotevam mniSvnelovnad daaziana Cveni erovnul-kulturuli sxeuli, saqarTvelom dakarga Tavisi zogierTi istoriuli provincia samxreT-aRmosavleTiT am kuTxeTa erovnuli gadagvarebis gamo.
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qariSxlis siswrafiT SeiWrnen muslimebi bizantiur miwa-wyalze. 634 wlis Semdeg sul ramdenime weliwadSi dai pyres siria, palestina da egvi pte. es qveynebi manamde bizantias ekuTvnoda, 640-ian wlebSi daeca irani. Cveni mematianis TvalsazrisiT, dacema daaCqara iman, rom iqamde herakle keisars sastikad mouoxrebia irani. `rameTu vinaiTgan Sesrul iyo erakle mefe sparseTs da ganeryuna sparseTi, da arRaravin iyo winaaRmdgomi sparseTs, agarianman dai pyra sparseTi~.108 bizantiis aRmosavluri qveynebis mosaxleoba, romelTac tradiciuli siZulvili gaaCndaT bizantielTa mimarT eTnikuri da sarwmunoebrivi gansxvavebulobis gamo, ar uwevda winaaRmdegobas arabebs. wyaroebSi aRniSnulia, rom siria-palestinis fanatikosi monofiziti berebic ki masobrivad tovebdnen monastrebs da arabul laSqars uerTdebodnen. amis Semdeg gasakviri ar aris, Tu am qveynebis bevri qalaqis kari ubrZolvelad ixsneboda arabebis winaSe.109 herakle keisarma miatova aRmosavleTis qveynebi. vinme erT monazons misTvis uTqvams: ìvltodeT, rameTu ufalman misca aRmosavleTi da samxreTi sarkinozTa~.110 sayovelTao SiSis dros, roca TviT qristiani monofiziti berebic ki sasoebiT Sehyurebdnen arabebs, viTarca uflis nebis aRmsruleblebs, qarTuli eklesia, misi moweseTa dasi, ber-monazvnoba mxneobas aniWebda qarTvel ers, sityviT da saqmiT aZlevda mahmadianebTan brZolis saocar magaliTebs. yvela qristiani da araqristiani morwmunisaTvis cnobili iyo, Tu ras niSnavda abraamis memkvidreoba, RvTisagan rCeuli eris Sviloba. msoflio arenaze arabTa warmatebuli gamosvla CaiTvala imis niSnad, rom RvTisagan arCeul abraamis Zes, ismailsac, daubruna ufalma rCeuloba, rom ismailitebic abraamis STamomavalni, RvTisagan rCeulebi arian. aqedan gamomdinare, maTi sarwmuneobac RvTismieria da RvTis nebiT imarjveben mTels qveyanaze. miiRes kidec muhamedis mier qadagebuli sarwmunoeba siriisa da palestinis qristianma xalxebma, iranisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis cecxlTayvanismcemlebma. arabTa aseTi sarwmunoebrivi Zlevamosilebis fonze cis quxiliviT gaisma abraamis STamomavali arabi abos mier qristes sarwmunoebisaTvis Tavis gawirva. wmida mama grigol xanZTeli werda:
`m k v i d r a d a R T q m i s a ga m o b rwy i n d i d a Z e d z e c i s a C i n e b u l a d iwo d e n aS o b a d a b r a h a m i s a iqmen sanatrelo isaak meore n e b s i T m o gv r i l i d a k v l a d S e s awi r a v a d u f l i s a~. 111

wmida abo Tbilelis Rvawli WeSmaritad samagaliTo iyo abos arabuli warmoSobis gamo. rogorc abraamma Seswira ufals isaaki da dasaklavad
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miiyvana uflis sakurTxevelTan, aseve abo Tbilelma, meore isaakma, abraamis Zem, Tavisi STamomavlobis gamo, Tavi Tvisi nebiT Sewira ufals. stefane sananois Ze _ Wyondideli episkoposi mouwodebda msoflios yvela ers qarTvelebTan erTad misuliyvnen da exilaT abo Tbilelis qristesTvis moRvaweoba _ `yovelni Teslni movediT mkvidrTa Tana qarTlisaTa dRes, da ixileT Rvawlisa mZle habo ganSuenebuli brwyinvaled sisxliTa wamebisaATa~.112 wmida abom Tavisi sisxliT ganwmida eri da qveyana. `ganswmide qarTli sisxliTa SeniTa daTxeviTa, mowameo~.113 abos galobaSi naTqvamia _ àRavso man eklesiaA nelsacxebeliTa surnelebiTa da wmida yo eri madliTa saRmToATa~.114 qarTulma eklesiam, da saerTod qarTvelobam, SeZlo Seuryeveli dacva qristianuli sarwmunoebisa, Tumc ki _ `mravalni SeacTunnes da gardadriknes gzisagan simarTlisa... naSobni qristianeTani gardagularZnnes, romelnime mZlavrebiT, romelnime SetyuviliT, romelnime siyrmesa Sina umecrebiT, romelnime mzakvrebiT da sxvani, romelni ese varT morwmuneni mZlavrebasa queSe damonebulni da naklulevanebiTa da siglaxakiTa Sekrulni viTarca rkiniTa, xarksa queSe maTsa guemulni da qenjnilni Zvir-Zvirad zRveulni SiSiTa ganilevian da iryevian viTarca lerwamni qarTagan ZlierTa, aramed qristes siyvaruliTa da SiSiTa, Cveulebisaebr mamulisa svlisa WirTa moTminebiTa ara ganeSorebian _ mxolod Sobilsa Zesa RmrTisasa~.115 am dros (e.i VIII s-Si) qarTvelebi _ `xuTasis wlisa JamTa da uwinaresRa sjuldebul yofil arian wmidiTa madliTa naTlisRebisaATa~. swored aseT dros _ `Jamsa amas oden mefobisa ismaitelTa didebisa _ Sen nebsiT simdable qristesTvis aRirCie da maxviliTa pyrobili igi sjuli ganagde da WeSmariti igi aRiare~, _ mimarTavs abo Tbilels ioane sabanisZe. `gana es qristianobis zneobrivi Zlierebis saucxovo damamtkicebeli sabuTi ar iyo, Tu rom TviT arabma TavisiT, Zaldautanebliv, mahmadianoba qristianobaze gascvala? mahmadianobas ki arabebi ZaliT avrcelebdnen, amitomac igi `maxviliTa pyrobili Sjuli iyo~... am garemoebam `swavlulni ufrois gulisxmier~ hyo da Caafiqra, `Seryeulni ufrois ganamtkica~ da gaamxneva, xolo `ganmtkicebulni `gaamxiarula da gaaxara~.116 abos xseneba iyo 7 ianvars. uwamebiaT 786-790 wlebSi. wmida grigol xanZTeli Tavis locvaSi, romelic man `cremliT warTqva~ xanZTis saxelovani taZris Senebisas, mowameebs uwodebs eklesiis burjsa da zRudes. winaswarmetyvelni, mociqulni, mowameni da Rirsi mamebi _ èse oTx-kerZo krebuli... simtkice eqmnnes wmidaTa SenTa eklesiaTa~117 _ loculobda igi macxovris winaSe. eklesiis siqadulsa da erisaTvis misabaZ magaliTs warmoadgenda qristesTvis Tavdadebul qarTvel mefeTa mowamebrivi Rvawli arabTa Semosevis dros. Zveli qarTuli wyaroebiT bizantiis xatmebrZol imperator lev III isavrosis (daax. 675-741), `qarTvelTa zeda vaxtang gorgaslisisa SvilT-
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asa~118 (igulisxmeba miri da arCili) mefobis dros dasavleT saqarTveloSi, argveTSi, uwamebiaT mTavrebi mxeiZeTa sagvareulodan _ daviTi da konstantine (xseneba `TTuesa okdonbersa 31~). `viTarca gviswavies ZvelTa uwyebaTagan, iyvnes wmidani ese mowameni daviT da konstantine qarTvelni, sanaxebisagan argueTisa, didni da didebulni tomobiT, mTavarni amis queynisani, da Tvis eyvodes urTierTas da iyvnes ganaTlebul embaziTa qadagebulisa andria da simon kananelisaTa, rameTu maT uqadages qriste qarTvelTa Soris, pirvelad ninois mosvlisa~.119 isini iyvnen ucoloni, sruliad Wabukni `qalwul xorciTa da mecnier Zuelisa da axlisa sjulisa, WeSmariti morwmuneni da gamocdilni da axovanni wyobasa Sina~. argveTSi, qarTulma laSqarma daviTisa da konstantines meTaurobiT daamarcxa arabTa laSqris winmavali rCeuli nawili, ùricxvi mosres da aRudgines ZlevaA didi qristianeTa~.120 amis Semdeg murvan-yru Tavisi laSqriT samcxidan gadasula dasavleT saqarTveloSi. `warmoemarTnes viTarca qviSaA simravliTa da movides queynad argueTisa da Seicves tye da veli da mTani da borcuni~. daviT da konstantine Sei pyres. mematianis sityviT, qarTvelTa winaaRmdegobiT gakvirvebulma murvan-yrum mimarTa mowameebs _ `vinani xarT Tqven qvaTa da ZelTa msaxurno, romelTa ikadreT winaganwyobaA Cemi? anu ara iciTa, viTarmed didisa mociqulisa muhamedisa diswuli var, romlisa sjulsa hmonobs yoveli arabeTi da sparseTi da damimorCilebia yoveli qveyanaA dasavleTiTgan vidre aRmosavleTamde?~121 murvani maTgan iTxovda qristianobis uaryofas da mahmadianobis aRiarebas, ris sanacvlodac hpirdeboda qveyniur didebas, razedac pasuxad miiRes wmidanebisagan: `viTarca igi pirvel aRviareT sarwmunoeba Cveni WeSmariti da vwameT, mas zeda mtkiced da urqcevel varT da veraraman Wirman da arca didebaman amis sawuToAsagan ver ganmaSornes Cuen siyvarulsa da sarwmunoebasa iesu qristessa~.122 sastiki tanjvis Semdeg wmida mowameni mdinare rionSi daaxrCves. murvanyrum amis Semdeg `Semusrna yovelni qalaqni da simagreni egrisis queyanisani da cixe igi sam-zRude, romel ars cixe-goji, Semusra da Sevlo zRude ìgi sazRvari klisurisa... da viTarca Sevlo yruman klisura, romel iyo sazRvari saberZneTisa da saqarTvelosa, da Semusra qalaqi afSileTisa cxumi da moadga cixesa anakofiisasa, romelsa ars xati yovladwmidisa RmrTismSoblisa... mun Sina iyvnes maSin mefeni qarTlisani miri da arCil~.123 ltolvilma qarTvelma mefeebma gabedes iqamde uZleveli laSqris winaaRmdeg gabrZoleba. èCuena mas Ramesa arCils angelozi uflisa, romelman hrqua mas: `warvediT da ewyueniT agarianTa, rameTu mimivlinebia maTzeda guema sastikad momsvreli, kaciTgan pirutyvTamde~.124 marTlac, RamiT sastikma muclis tifma daxoca 35 aTasi sarkinozi, xolo mefeebma SebrZolebisas daxoces 3 aTasi. mteri ukuiqca, dabanakda mdinareebs, abaSasa da
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cxeniswyals Sua. aq uecarma wyaldidobam daxoca aTeul aTasi molaSqre da maTi cxenebi. saqarTveloSi arabTa am sakvirvel damarcxebas didad gauxarebia bizantiis imperatori, rogorc amas gvauwyebs mematiane. arabTa batonoba kavkasiaSi kidev didxans gagrZelda. àmieriTgan iwyo Semcirebad mefobaman didTa mefeTa xuasroanTaman~.125 xosroian mefeTa, anu qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebel mirianisa da vaxtang gorgaslis STamomavali arCil mefe devnili gadasula kaxeTSi, magram Semdgom misula arabebTan, raTa qveynisaTvis mSvidoba gamoeTxova. `wmidaman arCil ganizraxa gonebasa Tvissa... raTa mivides da naxos da iTxovos mSvidoba queyanisa da dacva Seuryevlad eklesiaTa da ara dapatiJeba datevebisaTvis sjulisa~.126 arCili Sei pyres, moTxoves qriatianobis uaryofa, nacvlad Sepirdnen yovelgvar qveyniur sikeTes. wmida arCili awames da Tavi mohkveTes `Tvesa mirkanissa, romel ars marti, ocsa mis Tvisasa~. es momxdara 744 wels. qarTuli eklesia 17 noembers aRniSnavda wmida mowame gobronisa da masTan erTad 133 mxedris xsenebas. isini arabebs 914 wels uwamebiaT. `gobroni~ arabulad Turme uSiSar vaJkacs ewodeba. gobronis naTlobis saxeli miqaeli yofila. wmida miqael _ gobronis martvilobis aRmweri stefane mtbevari (tbeTis) episkoposi wers arabTa Sesaxeb _ `kacni mxecisa bunebisani, mtacebelni, romelTa saxli ars da cxorebaA aqlemisa zurgi, naTesavni uricxvni, romelTaTvis viTarca ZaRlni mbrZolni arian mxecTa maT velurTa~.127 eklesias swyuroda xalxis simSvidiT cxovreba, raTa `samwysoni igi qristesni myudroebiT iswavebodnen RmrTis msaxurebasa da ara brZolasa `viTarca winaswarmetyveli ityvis `dasWridnen maxvilebsa maTsa manglad da laxvrebsa maTsa saxnisad~,128 magram mahmadianTa Semosevam Secvala qristianTa mSvidi cxovreba, wers mematiane. sarkinozTa Cveuleba aseTiao, wers istorikosi, roca qveynis dapyrobis Semdeg gascemdnen qristianis sikvdiliT dasjis brZanebas, aRiWurvebodnen, rogorc brZolis dRes, alesavdnen maxvils, erTmaneTs uswrebdnen, TiTqosda qristianis mokvliT raRac didi safasuri unda miiRono. aseve, roca yveliscixidan gamohyavdaT misi 133 damcveli da maTTan erTad wmida mowame gobroni, maSin arabebi `viTarca mxecni borotni gamZvinebulni Seerines aRreulad da urTierTsa uswrebdes, romelnime maxviliTa scemdes, romelime horoliTa da isriTa SesCxuebdes da dasWrides xorcTa maTTa, danebiTa ganapebdes da RviZlebi igi maTi, viTarca ZaRlTa
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piriTa ganetaca. da esreT dasTxines sisxlni maTni, da esreT srul iqmna wamebaA maTi qristes mier, xolo netari gobron waradgines winaSe amirisa mis~.129 arabebs surdaT, wmida gobroni, viTarca saxelovani kaci, gaemahmadianebinaT. mtkice uaris Semdeg gobrons jer aCvenes daWril-dasaxiCrebuli da nawamebi qarTveli qristianebi, mere ki aCvenes simdidre da qoneba, romlis micemasac dahpirdnen qristianobis uaryofis Semdeg. am xerxma ar gasWra, amitomac gadawyvites gobronis SeSineba, mis Tvalwin dakles cocxlad gadarCenili qristianebi. `sisxli maTi epkureboda mas, da romelnime guami davardis mis winaSe da romelsame guami Segordis queSe ferxTa misTa~,130 magram `ver SeaZrwunes guli misi~. amiras winaSe wmida gobronma ganacxada: ìqmode raAca gnebavs, me qristiani var da arasada uvarvyo saxeli misi~. wmida gobrons Tavi warkveTes. misi wamebiT `Seimosa eklesiaman samkauli sixarulisa da brwyinvalebisaA sisxliTa misiTa, daidga gvirgvini Suenierebisa da didebisaA simxniTa misiTa~.131 avtori stefane mtbevari episkoposi mouwodebs qristianebs _ àw ukue moakvdineniT xorcni Tquenni da juars acuT igi SromiTa da marxviTa, gvirgviniTa mowameTaATa... Sen nebsiT Tavi Tvisi moswyvide da ese ars msxverpli ubiwoA, romelsa ara uxms mRdeli Semwirveli, rameTu romeli amas qveyanasa zeda damdabldes, igi caTa Sina amaRldebis qristeis iesuis mier uflisa Cvenisa, romlisa aras didebaA mamisa Tana suli wmidiTurT, aw da maradis da ukuniTi ukunisamde~.132 853 wlis 10 noembers uwamebiaT konstanti qarTveli. `mas Jamsa oden iyo vinme queyanasa qarTlisasa, sanaxebsa zena soflisasa, kaci, romelsa saxeli erqua konstanti, romelsa ewoda kaxaA, saxelad mamulisa mis queyanisa~.133 ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, konstanti qarTvelis martvilobis aRmweri, SesaZloa, iyo saberZneTSi myofi romelime beri,134 radgan avtors dro qarTvel mTavarTa mefobisda mixedviT ki ara aqvs gansazRvruli, aramed bizantiis dedoflis mefobisda gvarad.135 konstanti didad warCinebuli kaci yofila mTel saqarTveloSi (`yovelsa queyanasa qarTlisasa~), mdidari, saqarTvelos farglebs gareTac ki ganTqmuli iyo misi saxeli, bizantiis imperatorebsac smenodaT mis Sesaxeb. igi Semkuli iyo òrkerZoiTave maT saqmiTa~, pirvelad hqonda sarwmunoeba Cveni uflis ieso qristes mimarT `da kualad aqunda netarsa mas sarwmunoebaA mRdelTa moZRvarTa mimarT da yovelTa moweseTa elesiisaTa~.136 iyo stumarTmoyvare, glaxakTmoyvare, hqonda simdable, Tavis Tavs
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yvelaze ufro met codvilad Tvlida, moiloca ierusalimi da simdidriT gaavso iqauri glaxakebi `da viTar moxucebuli iyo, iqmna netari igi oTxmeoc da xuTisa wlisa JamTa oden hasakisa misisaTa aRdga devnulebaA didi qristianeTa zeda yovelsa queyanas qarTlisasa~. konstanti-kaxa 26 agvistos Sei pyres `viTarca winamZRvari da warCinebuli yovelsa queyanasa qarTlisa~. Seiyvanes Tbilisis sapyrobileSi, warudgines buRa-Turqs, romelmac imave wlis (853w.) 5 agvistos Tbilisi dawva. atenis sionis warweraze dayrdnobiT, ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, konstantisTan erTad SeupyriaT misi Ze Tarxujic. konstantis mosTxoves qristianobis uaryofa. uaris Sedeg daades borkili da gagzavnes SuamdinareTis qalaq samaraSi xalifa jafaris winaSe. cemis, tanjvis, Seuracxyofa-damcirebis miuxedavad, wmidanma ar uaryo qristianoba, risTvisac sikvdiliT dasajes. Tavis mokveTis win loculobda: `gigalob Sen, ufalo, RmerTo ZalTao, RmerTo saukuneTao, romelman momec me Zali winaaRmdgomad ukeTurisa amis msajulisa, viTarca igi winaiswar sTqvi, viTarmed: `Tquen momceniTa gulni Tquenni da me migec Zali Cemi...~ konstantis sikvdilis Semdeg bizantiis dedofals werili miuweria wmidanis ojaxisa da saerTod qarTvelTaTvis, sadac, kerZod, naTqvami iyo: àmas ara Tu Tqven oden gibrZanebT, aramed yovelTa, romelni Cuen, kerZo da xelTa queSe Cuensa arian qarTvelni.... kualad aRdegiT da ganZlierdiT uflisa mier~. ucxoelebi, kerZod ki, bizantielebi, rogorc qvemoTac araerTgzis iqneba aRniSnuli, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos `zemo iberias~, xolo dasavleT saqarTvelos `qvemo iberias~, anu iverias uwodebdnen. konstanti, rogorc misi martvilobis aRmweri wers, cxovrobda `queyanasa qarTlisasa, sanaxebsa zena soflisasa~. `zena sofeli~ igive `zemo iveria~, anu aRmosavleT saqarTveloa. konstanti, kerZod, kaxeTis mcxovrebi unda yofiliyo, radganac mas ewoda `kaxaA, saxelad mamulisa mis queynisa~. maSasadame, misi mamuli qveynis saxelic `kax~ yofila, anu kaxeTi. kaxeTi maSin erqva mtkvris gadaRma gadaSlil vrcel qveyanas. Tbilisis saamiro uSualod mas emezobleboda, ufro sworad, es saamiro kaxeTis erT nawilsac moicavda. rogorc aRiniSna, iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, am Txzulebis damweri saberZneTSi mcxovrebi romelime beri unda yofiliyo. amitomac mas, rogorc ùcxoels~, qarTvelTa qveynis mimarT uxmaria is geografiuli terminologia, rogoric iyo miRebuli ucxoeTSi. qarTlis sakaTalikososac ucxoelebi `zemo iberiis saarqiepiskoposos~ uwodebdnen, afxazeTis sakaTalikosos ki _ `qvemo iberiis saarqiepiskoposos~. amitomac, saeklesio terminologiis dadgenisaTvis `konstantines martvilobaSi~ moxmobili geografiuli terminologia CvenTvis sainteresoa. ucxoelTaTvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom daqucmacebuli iyo politikur erTeulebad, saqarTvelo warmoadgenda mTlian qveyanas. mas iverias uwodebdnen, romlis qarTuli Sesatyvisi iyo `yoveli qveyana qarTlisa~. es termini samjer gvxvdeba wmida konstantines mar-
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tvilobaSi. es `yoveli qveyana qarTli~ Sedgeboda, rogorc iTqva, `zemo~ da `qvemo~ mxareebisagan, anu dRevandeli terminologiiT, aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelosagan. bagrat IV (1020-1074 w.w.) Tavis sigelSi, romelic gasca mijnaZorisa da opizis monasterTa davis gadaWrisas, axsenebs am terminebs. `Sekriben karsa darbazisa Cuenisasa yovelTa xevTa zemoTa da quemoTa aznaurni~.137 bagrat IV-s quTaisSi samefo karze Seukrebia `zemo xevTa~ e.i. aRmosavleT saqarTvelosa da `qvemo xevTa~, e.i. dasavleT saqarTvelos aznaurebi. bagrat III-m (1014 w.) akurTxa èklesia quTaTisisa, rameTu Semokribna ... yovelni didebulni zemoni da quemoni mamulisa da samefosa misisa myofni~.138 aq `zemo mamuli~ anu `zemo samefo~ _ aRmosavleTs, xolo qvemo _ dasavleTs ewodeba. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos zogjer `zemosa kerZi~ qveyana ewodeboda, `li parit moirWuna zemosa kerZsa dauflebulad... xolo bagrats aqunda lixsa quemoTi dawyobiT~.139 marTlac, li parits ekuTvnoda aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi Semavali saqarTvelos imJamindeli saxelmwifos TiTqmis yvela cixe _ kldekari, birTvisi, ufliscixe, yueliscixe, artanuji. SemdgomSi bagrat IV èufla zemosa da quemosa Tavis mamulsa~. dedaqalaqis quTaisidan TbilisSi gadmotanis Semdeg `qvemos~ imeri, xolo `zemos~ _ ameri ewoda. giorgi III-is dros (1117 wels) _ `Sekrbes yovelni samefoisa Cuenisa monazonni da ebiskoposni imerni da amerni~.140 saqarTvelos eklesiac or administraciul erTeulad, anu `saeklesio samTavrod~ iyo gayofili. qarTlis (aRmosavleTis) da afxazeTis (dasavleTis) sakaTalikosoebad. basili ezosmoZRvari wers, rom Tamaris winaSe `Semo-rakrbes orsave samTavrosa episkoposni~.141 erT saeklesio samTavrod, rogorc iTqva, iTvleboda `zemo~, anu aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso, meores ki `qvemo~, dasavleT saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso warmoadgenda. musulmanTa pirveli Semotevis dros erTiani qarTuli eklesia gabrwyinda da ganmtkicda mowameTa sisxliT.
wmida grigol xanZTelis samoRvaweo are

udidesi moRvawe qarTuli eklesiisa, `netarTa Soris brwyinvale, madliT savse, gansrulebuli sibrZniTa, didi mRvdeli, keTilad ganmgebeli moRvawe, udabnoTa qalaqmyofeli, zecisa kaci da queyanisa angelozi~ grigol xanZTeli dabadebula 759-60 wlebSi, `saSoATgan dedisaAT Sewirul iyo RmrTisa dedisagan Tvisisa~, mas warCinebuli da didebuli mSoblebi hyolia. siyrmidanve izrdeboda didi nerse erisTavis saxlSi. zrdida TviTon nerses meuRle, romelic grigolis mamida iyo. `marxvaTa Sina izardeboda msgavsad winamorbedisa~. Seaswavles daviTis fsalmunebi da `xmiTa saswavleli swavlaA saeklesio, samoZRvroA qarTulsa enasa Sina yoveli daaswavla~. Seuswavlia sxvadasxva enebi, `saRmrToni wignni zepiriT moiwuarTna~.
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Seuswavlia agreTve, filosofia, qarTlis erismTavari nerse II, Ze adarnase kurapalatisa, qristianuli sarwmunoebis erT-erT burjs warmoadgenda qveynis arabTagan dapyrobis Jams. mis karze miuRia qristianobis siyvaruli da qristianuli aRzrda wmida mowame abo Tbilels. arabTa sawinaaRmdego saqmianobisaTvis nerse baRdadis sapyrobileSi Casves 772 wels ramdenime wliT, gaTavisuflebis Sedeg 5 weli samSobloSi moRvaweobda, Semdeg ki xazareTSi gaiqca, saidanac dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadavida. pavle ingoroyvas TvalsazrisiT, wmida grigoli nerses xazareTSi wasvlis dros unda gadasuliyo qarTlidan klarjeTSi, romelic SedarebiT daculi iyo mtrisgan da samonastro cxovrebisaTvis garkveuli pirobebi arsebobda. am dros igi mRvdeli yofila. mRvdloba ùfroAs ars yovelTa didebaTa sulierTa da xorcielTa, rameTu qristes nacvlobaA ars~, _ ambobda igi mRvdlad kurTxevamde da amitomac uars acxadebda am udides pativze. Semdeg ki daemorCila mowodebas: `morCil eqmen brZanebasa qristesa~. xolo, roca misi episkoposad kurTxeva gadawyvites, wmida grigolma miatova qarTli da, rogorc iTqva, klarjeTs miaSura. `xolo ese morwmunisa da keTilad msaxurisa queyanisagan gamoiyvana amis mizezisaTvis RmerTman, raTa uqmTa maT udabnoTa Sina gamobrwyindes sanTeli ese daufsebeli~, _ wers misi biografi giorgi merCule. wmida grigoli tao-klarjeTSi gadasula sxva moweseebTan (berebTan) erTad _ ì povna moyvasni keTilni SewevniTa qristeis madliTa _ saba, romelsa ewoda saban, dedis diswuli misi, iSxnisa meored maSenebeli da episkoposi misi, da Teodore neZvisa maSenebeli da mamaA, da qristefore, kvirikeTisa maSenebeli da mamaA ese oTxni Seanawevrna sarwmunoebaman~. pirvelad isini mividnen opizis monasterSi _ ìyvnes opizas Zmani mciredni Sekrebul qristes siyvarulisaTvis, vinaATgan povnili iyo wmidaA igi mcire eklesia wmidisa naTlismcemelisani, da iyo winamZRvrisa maTisa saxeli amba giorgi, rameTu mesame mamaA iyo opizisaA, raATgan samoel da andre gardacvalebul iyvnes~.142 Tu vigulisxmebT, rom wmidaGgrigoli opizaSi pirvelad mivida 780 wels (am wels unda wasuliyo xazareTSi nerse erisTavi), samoelisa da andres winamZRvroba opizis monasterSi SeiZleboda gagrZelebuliyo, vTqvaT, 50 weliwads, aqedan gamomdinare, opizis monastris pirveli winamZRvari 730-ian wlebSi daniSnula. swored am wlebSi klarjeTi da mTeli samxreTi saqarTvelo gadawva murvan yrum. es momxdara 735 wels. safiqrebelia, rom man klarjeTSi iqamde arsebuli monastrebi iavaryo, xolo murvanis wasvlis Semdeg klarjeTSi aRdgenila erTaderTi opizis monasteri 730-ian wlebSive. samonastro cxovrebis aRorZineba samxreT saqarTveloSi VIII saukuneSi, jer kidev grigol xanZTelamde dawyebula. Cans, qarTlidan da saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebidan, im droisaTvis arabTagan SedarebiT dacul mxareSi berebi ukve VIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSive gadadiodnen. amas miuTiTebs is, rom
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opizasTan axlos, xanZTaSic, martomyofeli beri saxeliT _ xuediosi grigolamdec cxovrobda, magram xanZTis monastrisaTvis saboloo saxe da saerTod, monastris Seneba grigols dauwyia. am saqmeSi mas opizeli berebic Sewivnen, `rameTu mas Jamsa Sina sxuaA monasteri ara Sen iyo maT queyanaTa Tvinier opizisa~. mosaxleobac ver exmareboda mSeneblobas, radganac èriskacni msoflioni~ klarjeTs da taoTa Sina SavSeTs da yovelTa maT maxlobelTa qveyanaTa mciredni i povebodes, daSenebul tyeTa Sina adgil-adgil~.143 wmida grigolma mTeli epoqa Seqmna tao-klarjeTis samonastro cxovrebaSi, gaaCaRa farTo samonastro mSenebloba. xanZTasa da SatberdSi mamaTa, xolo meresa da gunaTleSi _ dedaTa monastrebi daafuZna. wmida grigolis mowafeebma mravali monastrebi daaarses. aqedan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia iSxnis monastrisa da saepikoposos daarseba. samonastro mSenebloba daiwyo bareTelTaSi, wyarosTavSi, neZvSi. piradad wmida grigolma daafuZna dasavleT saqarTveloSi ubeis monasteri. klarjeTSi Casvlidan daaxloebiT 50 wlis Semdeg wmida grigoli iqur monasterTa arqimandritad daadgines. mas Tavisi monastrebisaTvis ierusalimis sabawmidis monastris tipikoni auRia. Seudgenia himnografiuli krebuli `saweliwado iadgari~ _ `sibrZnisa misisa mdinareTagan irwyvodes yovelni udabnoni klarjeTisani~. Cveni gansjis sagans Seadgens wmida grigolis samoRvaweo are. Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi miRebulia mtkiceba imisa, rom mosaxleoba wmida grigolis samoRvaweo areSi, (e.i. mesxeTSi), Tavisi eTnikuri warmomavlobiT ar iyo qarTuli, TiTqosda wmida grigolis Semdeg qarTuli eklesia gabatonebula am mxareSi, mosaxleoba gamxdara qalkedonituri aRmsareblobisa. qarTuli eklesiis meSveobiT iq gavrcelebula qarTuli ena da SemdgomSi mosaxleoba `gaqarTvelebula~. aseT Tvalsazriss pasuxi gasca pavle ingoroyvam. daamtkica, rom mesxeTis mosaxleoba uZveles drosve iyo qarTuli. aseTad darCenila maSinac ki, roca taos umetesi nawili somxeTis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda VI-VII saukuneebSi. somxebi ki ar `qarTveldebodnen~, aramed piriqiT, somxuri saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi yofnisas taos da mimdebare mxareebis qarTuli mosaxleoba somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciis sferoSi moeqca da eklesiebSi maTTvis somxurenovani msaxureba dainerga. somxebis `gaqarTvelebis~ momxreebs, mamtkiceblebs imisa, rom TiTqosda VIII-IX saukuneebSi qarTuli eklesia SeiWra somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciis sazRvrebSi, erT-erT Tavis argumentad moyavT iSxnis cnobili kaTedralis nangrevebze qarTuli saepiskoposos daarseba wmida grigolis dros. p. ingoroyvas mohyavs Cveni cnobili mecnierebis Tvalsazrisi, rom ara Tu tao, _ aramed klarjeTic TiTqosda somxuri qveynebi iyo. marTlac, cnobilia, rom iSxnis didebuli eklesia aaSena somexTa kaTalikosma nersesma VII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi. wmida grigolis mowafis, arseni safarelis cnobis
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Tanaxmad, nerses iSxneli (641-661) iyo kaci Rirsi da marTlmorwmune (e.i. qalkedoniti). man somxeTidan gandevna pavlikianobis erT-erTi eresiarqi ioane mairagomeli.144 giorgi merCule nerse somexTa kaTalikoss `netars~ uwodebs. IX saukunis dasawyisSi `nebiTa RmrTisaTa iqmna saba episkopos iSxans zeda, netarisa nerse kaTalikozisa aRSenebulsa kaTolike eklesiasa da saydarsa missa, romeli weliwadTa mravalTa daqvrivebul iyo~.145 `daviT da tariWanis martvilobis~ avtori, romelic VII saukunis ambebs aRwers, nerses `wmidas~ uwodebs. daviT da tariWani arian qarTuli eklesiis wmidanebi. e.i. qalkedoniti marTlmadideblebi. maT moixseniebs ara marto qarTuli eklesia, aramed saerTod marTlmadidebluri samyaro. magaliTad, rusuli eklesia maT xsenebas, viTarca qarTveli wmidanebisas, aRniSnavs 18 maiss.146 qarTuli da sxva marTlmadidebeli eklesiebi am wmidanebs ar moixseniebdnen, isini qalkedonitebi rom ar yofiliyvnen. `daviT da tariWanis~ cxovrebis (avtoris da sxva wyaroebis) Tanaxmad, somxurma eklesiam VII saukuneSi aRiara qalkedonitoba (sxva sakiTxia is, Tu ramdenad icavdnen am xelSekrulebas), somxeTi, Tanaxmad arseni safarelisa, qalkedonituri qveyana iyo VII saukuneSi. aseTad darCenila igi 726 wlis manaskertis krebamde, e.i. VIII saukunis TiTqmis 30-ian wlebamde. amitomac wers xsenebuli martvilobis avtori _ ìyo sanaxebTa maT soflisa somxiTisasa, JamTa netarisa didisa nerse kaTalikozisaTa da adam aregawoTelisaTa, xevsa basianisasa, dabasa, romelsa hrqvian onkom, iyo vinme kaci warCinebuli erisTavi, saxeli erqua vardan, saxeli colisa misisa Tagine. iyvnes ornive igi naTesavTagan sameufoTa. da amaT aqunda sarwmunoebaA WeSmariti da marTali wmidisa samebisaA. cxovndebodes igini RmrTis msaxurebiTa, yovliTa RirsebiTa da RmrTis moSiSebiTa~.147 aqedan Cans, rom avtoris azriT, somxeTSi VII saukuneSi damkvidrebuli iyo WeSmariti da marTali sarwmunoeba, e.i. qalkedonitoba. Tagines SeeZina ori vaJi _ daviT da tariWani. iZulebis gamo deda da Svilebi Seefarnen taos _ `warmoivltoda CrdiloiT kerZo queyanad tavoAsa~.148 aq biWebi mowameobrivad daxoces, ris Semdegac maT gvamebs daadga naTeli. èuwya saqme ese wmidasa mamasa Cuensa nerses kaTalikozsa somxeTisasa, rameTu TviT hxedvida igi iSxniT sakvirvelebasa da brwyinvalebasa miuwdomelisa naTlisasa... srbiT miiwia divris... xolo Tevdosi Seuvarda ferTa nerse kaTalikozisaTa... wmidaman nerse TvisiTa xeliTa wargragna guamni igi~.149 cxadia, rogorc iTqva, qalkedonitebi rom ar yofiliyvnen, kaTalikosi nerse da aRniSnuli wmidanebi, maT ar moixseniebdnen qalkedonitur eklesiaSi, msgavsad _ wmida grigolis mowafe arseni safareli ar ganaaxlebda da ar ganavrcobda asurel mamaTa cxovrebas, asureli mamebi qalkedonitebad rom ar yofiliyvnen miCneulni. wmida grigolsa da mis mowafeebs nerse kaTalikosidan Tu asureli mamebidan ar hyofda didi dro. nerses xsovna jer kidev cocxali yofila maT dros.
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zemoT moyvanilidan Cans, rom VII saukuneSi, vidre VIII saukunis 30-ian wlebamde, somxuri eklesia qalkedonuri aRmsareblobisad miiCneoda. swored amitom, taosa da misi mimdebare kuTxeebis qarTveloba, romelic tradiciulad qalkedonitobis erTguli iyo, Sedioda somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciis farglebSi. maSasadame, tao, misi sasuliero centri iSxani, mimdebare qveynebi, qalkedonituri iyo, dasaxlebuli eTnikuri qarTvelebiT, romlebic warmoadgendnen samwysos somxuri eklesiisa. p. ingoroyva wers _ ìmieri tao da zemo speri erT periodSi somxeTTan iyo politikurad dakavSirebuli. zog mkvlevars ise esmis, TiTqos am periodis manZilze moxda am mxareTa eTnikuri mxaris Secvla, magram es Secdomaa... politikuri sazRvrebis gadawevas ar mohyolia cvlilebebi mosaxleobis eTnikur SemadgenlobaSi, taosa da speris moxsenebuli nawilebi, imieri tao da zemo speri, mosaxleobis SemadgenlobiT da aq gavrcelebuli enis mixedviT Tavidanve iyo qarTuli mxare da aseTad darCa igi Tavisi istoriis Semdgom periodebSi~.150 taos aRniSnuli nawili somxeTis SemadgenlobaSi moqceula IV s-is dasasrulidan, `V s-is pirveli naxevridan, mefobis mospobis Semdeg, taos es mxare, aRmosavleT somxeTis sxva mxareebTan erTad, iranis provinciad iqca~.151 VII s-is 20-iani wlebidan taos es mxare bizantias dauqvemdebarebia, magram amave saukuneSi sadavod iqca es mxare arabebsa da bizantielebs Soris, sabolood VII s-is dasasrulisaTvis is arabebs darCaT. VIII s-is 30-ian wlebSi murvan yrus Semosevam mxare gaanadgura~.152 `taos es mxare, romelic somxeTTan iyo dakavSirebuli, saqarTvelom daibruna VIII-IX saukuneTa mijnaze~153 nangrevebis saxiT da daiwyo iq didi mSenebloba. marTlia, somxeTis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda es mxare, magram `salaparako enis mixedviT qarTul mxared darCenila, amis Sesaxeb moipoveba pirdapiri Cvenebebi~.154 aqedan gamomdinare, wmida grigoli somxuri eklesiis mrevlSi ki ar SeiWra, somxebi ki ar gaaqalkedonita, rogorc miaCnia zogierT specialists, aramed tao-klarjeTSi qarTuli eklesiis Zvel samwysoSi ganamtkica qarTuli eklesiis uflebamosileba. rac Seexeba TiTqosda `tao-klarjeTis somexTa gaqalkedonitebas~, rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, tao-klarjeTis mosaxleoba wmida grigol xanZTelis tao-klarjeTSi mosvlamde _ qalkedonituri iyo. am qalkedonitur mxareSi wmida grigolma da misma mowafeebma mTeli xalxis erTsulovani mxardaWeriT miaRwies udides warmatebas. maSasadame, iSxanis samwyso taoSi _ eTnikur qarTvelebs warmoadgendnen. cxadia, somxuri eklesiis wiaRSi yofnisas qarTvelebi iTvisebdnen somxur enas, somxuri kulturis elementebs, magram sabednierod, maT qarTuli eTnikuri saxe ar daukargavT. taosa da misi mimdebare mxareebis mrevlma, romelic qalkedonitobas uWerda mxars Tavidanve, somxur eklesiasTan kavSiri gawyvita VIII s-is 30-
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iani wlebidan, rac somxurma eklesiam 726 wels mowveuli krebis Semdeg sabolood miiRo monofizituri mrwamsi. somxuri eklsiis qarTulma mrevlma amis Semdeg sabolood miatova am eklesiis wiaRi da daubrunda Tavis deda qarTul eklesias. maSasadame, es mrevli tao-klarjeTisa VIII-IX saukuneebSi prozelitebad ki ar iqcnen, aramed mSobliur wiaRs daubrundnen. e.i. wmida grigoli sxvis eklesiaSi ki ar SeiWra, aramed mSobliuri aRadgina. iSxani, romelic nangrevebad iyo qceuli, aRadgenina da iq saepiskoposo daaarsebina. iSxani _ qarTvelTa saeklesio centri iyo odiTganve, magram aramSobliuri eklesiisa. somxuri eklesia, rogorc Semdgom iqneba aRniSnuli, rogorc sparsTa, ise arabTa da bizantielTa xelSewyobiTac ki Tavis saeklesio iurisdiqcias avrcelebda arasomxur mezobel mxareebze. erT-erT aseT mxares warmoadgenda tao da sxva qarTuli Temebi samxreT saqarTveloSi. somxuri eklesiis am mtaceblobas aRniSnul periodSi kargad amCnevdnen qarTveli moRvaweebi, magram maT saSualeba ar hqondaT mieRoT raime RonisZieba qarTuli mrevlis somxuri eklesiis wiaRidan gamosaxsnelad. wmida grigolis mowafe, episkoposi stefane, aRniSnulis gamo somxeTs amsgavsebda ninevias. SuamdinareTis ninevia, rogorc cnobilia, sxvadasxva erebis sastiki dampyrobi da mCagvreli iyo. roca somxeTSi mtris jari `Sevida qalaqsa dvinisasa da oxraA guliswyromisa misisasa moaswavebda oxrebasa somxiTisasa, viTarca ninevelTa daqcevasa~. cxadia, avtori, episkoposi tbeTisa, moxaruli ar iyo qveynis aoxrebisa, magram axsovda, rom Tavisi samwysos mrevli swored somxeTis eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi iyo moqceuli, politikur viTarebaTa gamo. am drois procesebi mas aTqmevinebda _ `rameTu miwaA igi somxiTisaA ampartavan da mkvidrni misni cudad mzuaobar, angahar, laR, da coduis moyuare, ampartavan, uwyalo, uyuarel da yovliTa ukeTurebiTa savse, romelsa Sina ara i pova Tavisi misadrekeli qristeisi, romelTaTvis qriste cudad mokvda...~155 wmida grigol xanZTelis meore mowafe arsen safarels moupovebia VII saukunis wyaro somxuri eklesiis istoriis Sesaxeb. am wyaros Tanaxmad miiCneva, rom VII saukuneSi somxuri eklesiis umaRlesi ierarqia aris qalkedonituri da eklesiac saerTo jamSi qalkedonituria. magram eklesiis SigniT arsebobs budeebi mwvaleblobisa, rom somxuri eklesia mwvaleblobiskenaa Sinaganad midrekili. amis magaliTad moyvanilia cnobili eresiarqis ioane mairegomelis cxovreba. arsenma am wyaroze dayrdnobiT Seqmna, faqtobrivad ideologiuri naSromi somxuri eklesiis avtoritetis Sesaryevad.156 cxadia, somxuri qalkedonituri eklesia mis wiaRSi myof qarTveli qalkedonitebisaTvis avtoritetuli da sarwmunoebrivad misaRebi eklesia iyo. VII saukuneSi opozicioner qarTvelebs SeuqmniaT Txzuleba (wyaro arseni safarelis aRniSnuli Txzulebisa) somxuri eklesiis
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WeSmariti istoriis Sesaxeb im qarTvelTaTvis, romelTaTvisac somxuri eklesia avtoritetuli eklesia iyo. VII saukuneSi, roca somxuri eklesia qalkedonitobas ase Tu ise aRiarebda, qarTvel samRvdeloebas ucdia somxuri eklesiis Sinagani winaaRmdegobis warmoCeniT qarTveli mrevlisaTvis daenaxvebina somxuri eklesiis wiaRSi arsebuli mwvaleblobis safrTxe. ioane mairegomeli mwvaleblobis eresiarqi, albaT, cnobili piri iyo saqarTveloSic. amitomac TxzulebaSi yovelgvari gacnobiTi komentarebis gareSe saubaria masze: `viTarc gvelTa ufroisRa SesZines aRZvraA erisaA da SfoTi birebiTa maireguemelisaTa~,157 èsma ese bersa borotsa maireguemelsa~; `moewoda mas bersa borotsa~; `maireguemeli aRsZvrida viTme monazonTa borotTa mwvalebelTa~, mairegomelma `...aRmoiboyina simyrale, msgavsi borotisa mwvaleblisa~ da sxva msgavsi. saerTod, arsenis wyaros didi nawili eZRvneba mairegomelis cxovrebasa da zemoqmedebas somxur eklesiaze. am wyaros Tanaxmad, somxeTis kaTalikos ezras dros VII s. mowveuli krebis mier `daamtkices marTali~, anu qalkedonitoba. ezra eubneba mairegomels: `SeviwynareT ori buneba uflisa Cuenisa iesu qristesi sruli RmrTeebiTa da sruli kacebiTa~, magram am qalkedonit kaTalikoss mairegomeli ar emorCileba. am wyaros Tanaxmad, somxeTis `netari~ kaTalikosi nerse iSxnelic qalkedonitia, amitomac aZevebs somxeTidan mairegomels, aseve qalkedonitebi arian VII s-is sxva somexi kaTalikosebic _ anastasi da israeli. miuxedavad amisa, wyaros TvalsazrisiT, somxuri eklesiis wiaRSi arsebuli mwvalebluri budeebis gamo somxur eklesias aqvs midrekileba mwvaleblobisaken. wyaros avtors surs, VII saukuneSive daemtkicebinaT somxuri eklesiis mrevlad gadaqceuli qarTvelebisaTvis somxuri eklesiidan gamoyofis sargeblianoba, saWiroeba da aucilebloba. ase, Tuki aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi VII saukunis dasawyisSi kirionis moZraobis Sedegad qarTulma eklesiam somxuri eklesiidan `gamoyofa~ SeZlo, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi (taosa da mis mimdebare kuTxeebSi) VII saukuneSi es procesi ar iyo dasrulebuli da qarTuli eklesia ganagrZobda somxuri eklesiis artaxebidan am kuTxis mosaxleobis daxsnisaTvis moRvaweobas. marTlac, VIII-IX saukuneebSi es mxareebi gaTavisufldnen somxuri eklesiis batonobisagan. n. mari Tavis Teorias somexTa `gaqarTvelebis~ Sesaxeb afuZnebda ara raime uZveles wyaros, aramed imas, rom am epoqaSi mesxeTSi aSkarad aRiniSneboda somxurenovani elementis arseboba. somxurenovani mosaxleoba XX saukunis mecnierebam miiCnia erovnulad somxur mosaxleobad, romelic TiTqosda Semdgom gaqarTvelda qarTuli eklesiis Zaladobrivi politikis wyalobiT. mecnierebas ver warmoedgina, rom somxurenovani mosaxleoba SeiZleboda erovnebiT qarTuli yofiliyo, qarTuli saojaxo da somxuri saeklesio eniT. mecnierebam yuradRebis gareSe datova msgavsi magali-
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Ti, romelic ukve arsebobda amierkavkasiaSi. kerZod, rom albanelebs RvTismsaxurebaSi miRebuli hqondaT somxuri ena, e.i. albanuri saRvTismsaxuro wignebi _ wmida werili, wmidanTa cxovreba da sxva, iyo somxurenovani. aseve iyo saqarTvelos im provinciebSic, romlebic uSualod emezoblebodnen somxeTs. saqarTvelos am provinciebSi cxovrobdnen ara somxebi, aramed somxurenovani qarTvelebi, e.i. mrevli somxuri eklesiisa, somxuri saeklesio da qarTuli saojaxo eniT. samwuxarod, n. maris Teoria gaziarebuli iqna, radganac am Teorias TiTqosda adasturebdnen axal-axali mikvleuli masalebi _ somxurenovani elementi namdvilad arsebobda samxreT saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi, romelic Semdgom gaqra _ gadafara qarTulma enam. zogierT qarTul xelnawerSi somxurenovani warwerebis arsebobasTan dakavSirebiT r. Smerlingi wers, rom aseTi ram `...upasuxebda somxuri fenis arsebobas tao-klarjeTis provinciis qarTul mosaxleobaSi, aseve samonastro Zmobis SemadgenlobaSi, rac gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom taoklarjeTis somxebi ganekuTvnebodnen berZnul-aRmosavlur marTlmadideblobas, romelsac aRiarebda qveynis ZiriTadi qarTuli mosaxleoba~. amave dros, mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom mxatvari, romelic am somxurenovan warwerebs akeTebda, iyo ara somexi, aramed qarTveli _ `...mxatvris mSobliuri ena ... qarTulia~.158 e.i. somxurenovani fena tao-klarjeTis mosaxleobisa IX-X saukuneebSi iyo qalkedonituri, rac samarTliania, magram erovnulad es fena somxuri arasodes ar yofila, es iyo qarTuli mosaxleoba somxuri saeklesio eniT, romelTa winaprebic VI-VII ss-Si iyo wevri somxuri diofizituri eklesiisa, amitom somxur enaze saeklesio msaxureba kidev SeinarCuna ramdenime xniT, radganac somxurenovani msaxureba maTTvis tradiciuli iyo, tradiciis ukugdebas ki saukuneebi sWirdeba. am somxurenovani mosaxleobis winaprebi iyvnen qarTveli qalkedonitebi, oRond somxuri saeklesio eniT, radganac maTi uSualo mosazRvre somxuri qalkedonituri sakaTalikoso VI-VII ss. somxurenovani iyo. yovel SemTxvevaSi, tao-klarjeTis somxurenovani fena iyo erovnebiT qarTuli, romelTa winaprebsac somxur eklsiasTan xangrZlivi urTierToba hqondaT. i. abulaZis azriT, romelic sagangebod ikvlevda am sakiTxebs da romlis gamokvlevasac xSirad iyeneben, tao-klarjeTSi mcxovrebni eTnikurad somxuri fena enobrivi gadagvarebis gzaze damdgara, e.i. somxuri daviwyebia da qarTuli SeuTvisebia, amas ki somexi mosaxleobis sruli `denacionalizacia~ mohyolia: _ àRsarebiT tao-klarjeTis qarTul elementTan monaTesave es wre qarTul kulturul da politikur sferoSi eqceva... da enobrivad gadagvarebis gzaze dgeba, rasac sabolood sruli denacionalizacia mohyva~.159 k. kekeliZec miiCnevs, rom `...tao-klarjeTSi... mosaxleobdnen qalkedoniti somxebic. ai, swored am wreSi, sadac qarTvelebi da somxebi erTmaneTs
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pirdapir xvdebodnen, ganagrZobda arsebobas somex-qarTvelTa literaturuli erToba da kavSiri ara marto VIII_IX saukuneebSi, aramed X-Sic~.160 sinamdvileSi araviTar denacionalizaciasa da gadagvarebas somexi mosaxleoba mesxeTSi ar ganicdida, somxurenovani qarTvelebi mama-papaTa erovnul qarTul enas amkvidrebdnen TavianT eklesiebSi ucxoenovani msaxurebis nacvlad. somxurenovani mosaxleoba mesxeTisa da saqarTvelos sasazRvro provinciebisa erovnulad qarTuli iyo, sarwmunoebiT ki es somxurenovani qarTuli mosaxleoba mesxeTSi qalkedonituri iyo, xolo hereTsa da nawilobriv qvemo qarTlSi _ monofizituri. saqme isaa, rom somxuri eklesiis dasavleTi nawili tradiciulad bizantiis siaxlovis gamo qalkedonituri iyo TviT VIII saukunis dasawyisamdec ki, xolo aRmosavleTi nawili somxuri eklesiisa, qvemo qarTlisa da hereT-sujeTis mosazRvre nawili ufro monofizituri gavlenis qveS imyofeboda. cxadia, qalkedonitur somxur eklesiaSi VIII saukunis 20-ian wlebamde danergili iyo ara qarTulenovani msaxureba, aramed somxurenovani. am qalkedonituri somxuri eklesiis gavlenis qveS myofi mesxeTis mosaxleoba eklesiurad VIII saukunemde somxuri ti pikonis mqone iyo. am dros erTmorwmune somxur da qarTul eklesiebs mWidro kavSiri aqvT. VIII saukunis 20-ian wlebSi kavSiri wydeba. mesxeTis somxurenovani qarTvelebi amis Semdeg kvlav somxurenovan msaxurebas aRasruleben, Semdgom ki TandaTanobiT ubrundebian mama-papaTa qarTulenovan msaxurebas. aq procesi hqonda ara denacionalizacias, aramed piriqiT, am mosaxleobaSi gaiRviZa qarTulma erovnulma grZnobebma, erovnulma qarTulma siamayem da isini yovel Sesabamis momentSi sagangebod acxadebdnen, rom isini `naTesaviT~, anu erovnulad qarTvelni arian. miT umetes, albaT, arasworia aseTi gancxadeba, TiTqosda `...erTi eklesia iWreba meoreSi da maT gverdiT Tu maT naamagarze Tavisas afuZnebs. esec araa ucxo ambavi im droisaTvis. somxeTis miwa-wyalze ara erTi da ori `qarTvelTa~ savane ixsneba am dros~.161 ra gamodis, qarTuli eklesia TiTqosda SeWrila somxur eklesiaSi da mis naamagarsa da nafuZarze Tavisi daumkvidrebia. qarTuli eklesiis mimarT aseTi gancxadeba namdvili gaugebrobaa. qarTuli eklesia yovelTvis Semwynarebeli iyo sxva sarwmunoebis mimarT, misTvis ucxoa fanatizmi. is yovelTvis pativs scemda sxva erebs da amitomac sxvis naamagarsa da nafuZarze Tavisas ar amkvidrebda, rac ucxoa saerTod qriatianobisaTvis da, kerZod, qarTuli eklesiisaTvis. sinamdvileSi, rogorc mesxeTSi, aseve hereTsa da qvemo qarTlSi da TviT somxeTSi mravlad cxovrobdnen erovnebiT qarTvelebi, sarwmunoebiT qalkedonitebi an monofizitebi, ti pikoniT VI-VIII ss-Si somxurenovanni, xolo IXX ss-Si qarTulenovanni. swored es qarTvelebi, yofili somxurenovani ti pikonis mqoneni, aarseben TavianT savaneebsa da centrebs saqarTvelos sxva kuTxis mcxovreblebTan erTad. somxeTSi rom mravali qarTveli cx-
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ovrobda, es Cans sxvadasxva arapirdapiri masalebidan. kirionic ki somxeTSi moRvaweobda da SemTxvevis gamo moiwvies qarTlSi, somxeTSi Sedioda saqarTvelos mTeli provinciebi, mTeli qarTuli qveynebi. cxadia, am provinciebidanac somxeTis politikur da kulturul centrebSic mravali qarTveli Cavidoda sacxovreblad. e.i. adgili eqneboda migraciis process ganapira kuTxeebidan qveynis savaWro, ekomonikur, administraciul, politikur da kulturul centrebSi. es gamoiwvevda qarTuli mosaxleobis garkveuli fenis Seqmnas somxeTSi. miT umetes, rom VIII saukunis 20-ian wlebamde somxeTSi iseve cxovrobdnen qalkedonitebi, rogorc monofizitebi. asevea Semdgom epoqaSic. arsebobs legenda, rom cnobili somexi filosofosi daviT uZleveli warmoSobiT hereTidan iyo. albaneTi da misi nawili hereT-sujeTi somxuri eklesiis `batonobis~ sferoSi Sedioda. hereTis teritoriaze mosaxleobis ena qarTuli iyo _ ojaxsa da SinaurobaSi, eklesiurad ki _ somxurenovani. am qarTuli mosaxleobis ti pikonis ena manamde iyo somxuri, sanamdec es qveynebi monofizituri iyo. X saukuneSi hereTis cnobili dedofilis, wmida dinaras meoxebiT, hereTis eklesia daubrunda Tavis deda-qarTul, wmida ninos eklesias. amis Semdeg hereTis mosaxleobas ukve mSobliuri qarTulenovani tipikoni aqvs. ùkanaskneli wlebis gamokvlevebSi, vrceli faqtobrivi masalis moxmobisa da gaanalizebis safuZvelze damajerebladaa dasabuTebuli, rom VII-X ss. hereTis teritoriaze adgilobrivi mosaxleobis (herebis, sujebis) kultura aRmosavlur-qarTul wres ganekuTvneboda, ena ki uciloblad qarTuli iyo; es miT ufro dabejiTebiT iTqmis garejis mravalmTis adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Sesaxeb _ eWvgareSea, rom igi mTlianad qarTuli iyo~.162 magram faqtia, rom hereTSi da kerZod, garejSi arsebul sabereebis monastris erT eklesiaSi somxuri warwerebic arsebobs qarTulTan erTad. cxadia, monastrebSi myofi im qarTveli ZmebisaTvis, romlebmac ar icodnen qarTuli wera-kiTxva, magram icodnen somxuri. am movlenis axsnac am periodSi hereTis politikur-kulturuli mdgomareobiT SeiZleba. X saukuneSi hereTi qalkedonituri gaxda, magram cxadia, SeuZlebeli iyo im dros hereTSi erTbaSad damkvidrebuliyo maTTvis mSobliuri qarTuli ena RvTismsaxurebaSi, somxuri enis nacvlad, im mizezis gamo, rom wera-kiTxvis mcodne herebis umravlesobas wera-kiTxva bavSvobidanve somxur enaze hqonda Seswavlili. maT, ubralod, wera-kiTxva qarTulad ar icodnen, Tumca, qarTvelebi iyvnen da qarTuli ena icodnen. magram literaturul saqmianobasac somxurad misdevdnen, rogorc mTel albaneTSi. swored amis gamo hereTSi, sabereebis monasterSi, qarTul warwerebTan erTad somxuri ganmartebiTi warwerebi gaakeTes, rogorc hereTeli, aseve albaneTidan, an tao-klarjeTidan mosuli somxurenovani qarTveli berebisaTvis. am qarTvelebisaTvis somxur enaze gaakeTa warwerebi qarTvelma mxatvarma. somxuri warwerebis mxatvari rom qarTvelia, damajereblad aqvs gamokvleuli z. sxirtlaZes.
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aRiarebda Tu ara oficialuri qarTuli ekelesia qarTveli monofizitebis arsebobis faqts? marTalia, oficialuri qarTuli eklesia yovelTvis uaryofda qarTuli eklesiis, rogorc mTliani erTeulis mwvaleblobis raime gzaze dgomas, magram aRiarebda calkeuli kuTxis garkveul periodSi monofizitobas. magaliTad, miRebulia, rom X saukunemde hereTi monofizituri iyo da am saukuneSi hereTis dedofalma dinaram es kuTxe Tavisi Svilis, iSxanikis SemweobiT qalkedonitobaze moaqcia. ioane xelaSvilis xelnawerebSi arsebobs mosaxsenebeli, romelSic mowiwebiT moixseneba dedofali dinara da misi TanamoRvaweni, monofizitobidan hereTis aTasobiT mcxovrebis momaqcevelni, e.i. XIX saukunis qarTuli eklesiisaTvis ar aris ucxo is, rom X saukunemde qarTveli monofizitebis aramciredi ricxvi arsebobda. hereTsa da kerZod garejSi, romelic curtavidan ar iyo didi manZiliT dacilebuli, qarTveli monofizitebis saeklesio da oficialuri mimarTvis ena somxuri iyo. amis Sesaxeb unda migviTiTebdes daviT garejelis cxovrebaSi aRwerili erTi cnoba. daviTi samoRvaweod Cadis garejSi, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis qalkedonitobaze mosaqcevad. mosaxleobis erTi nawili, romelic Tavisi sarwmunoebis, monofizitobis erTguli iyo, cudad iRebs axal moRvawes. qarTveli monofizitebis sarwmunoebis ena, cxadia, somxuria, amitomac daviTi, imisaTvis, raTa kidev ufro ar gaaRizianos adgilobrivi monadire, somxur enaze pasuxobs. `mas Jamsa Sina movida barbarozi vinme naTesavi adgiliTgan ruisTavisaTa... da hrqua: `vinaA xar Sen?~ miugo man somxuriTa eniTa...~163 somxuri eniT pasuxi, Tu es simarTlea, kidev erTxel miuTiTebs adgilobrivi qarTuli mosaxleobis sarwmunoebis enad somxuris gamoyenebas. ase rom, hereTSi, tao-klarjeTSi, qvemo qarTlSi cxovrobdnen ara somexi qalkedonitebi, aramed eklesiurad somxurenovani qarTvelebi. maT unda emoRvawaT kidec somxur eklesiaSi, romelsac Tavis Tavs miakuTvnebdnen. `lalians XIX saukunis bolos Cauweria Zveli somxuri gadmocema, romlis mixedviT daviT anhaRTa hereTeli keTilSobili gvarisa iyo... cxadia, daviT uZlevelis somxuri warmoSobis uaryofa dausabuTebeli da miuRebelia, magram misi (daviTis) qarTul azrovnebasTan kavSiris kategoriuli uaryofac gaumarTlebelia. daviT uZlevelis qarTuli azrovnebisagan mowyvetiT sruliad gaugebari da auxsneli gaxdeba misi saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebis faqti~.164 SeiZleba aseTive warmoSobisa iyo somxeTis kaTalikosi nerse iSxneli, kaci Rirsi da marTlmorwmune, rogorc arseni safareli uwodebs.165 aseTive simpaTiiT moixseniebs somxeTis am qalkedonit kaTalikoss `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebac~. iSxnis mSenebeli netari nerse kaTalikosi, Cans, adgilobrivi warmoSobisa iyo, somxurenovani, somxuri eklesiis wevri, rogorc mTlianad es kuTxe. qarTul-somxuri eklesiebis saboloo ganyofis Semdeg (VIII s-is pirveli naxevridan) mesxeTis es miwa
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qarTulenovani xdeba da iSxnis kaTedras aRorZinebs qarTveli episkoposi _ `nebiTa RmrTisaATa iqmna saba ebiskopos iSxansa zeda, netarisa nerse kaTalikozisa aRmSenebulsa kaTolike eklesiasa da saydarsa missa, romeli weliwadTa mravalTa daqvrivebul iyo~.166 mosazrebaa, TiTqosda `...petriwonis qarTul monasterSi... yofila somexi qalkedoniti beri, saxelad gvirpeli. mas aq mcire xniT Seufarebia Tavi, aqve monaTlula, rameTu somexi iyo da arseni uwodebs~.167 safiqrebelia, rom ara erovnebiT somexi gvirpeli moinaTla, aramed sarwmunoebiT `somexi~ da erovnebiT qarTveli. `...radgan maSin somexi saxeli, es marto eris aRmniSvneli saxelwodeba ki ar iyo, aramed igi konfensionaluri gagebiTac ixmareboda~.168 gvirpeli konfensiiT, anu aRmsarebloba-sarwmunoebiT iyo somexi, xolo erovnebiT _ qarTveli. qarTul eklesiaSi miRebuli iyo kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac xelaxla unda monaTluliyo monofiziti, Tuki is qalkedonituri eklesiis wevrad gaxdomas isurvebda. am kanonis ZaliT sarwmunoebiT somexi, xolo gvartomiT qarTveli gvirpeli xelaxla moinaTla. ase rom, gvirpeli ki ar `gaqarTvelda~, aramed somxuri sarwmunoeba uaryo. imis Semdeg, rac VI saukuneSi sparseTma mospo qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba, qarTul eklesias ucdia Tavis xelSi aeRo ara mxolod sasuliero zedamxedveloba qveynisa, aramed saeroc. es gansakuTrebiT gamoCnda VIIVIII saukuneebSi, roca arabebi devnidnen vaxtan gorgaslis _ `xosroian~ mefeTa STamomavlebs, xolo bagrationebis xelisufleba jer kidev ar iyo ganmtkicebuli. am rTul dros, roca mterma mospo qveynis adgilobrivi administraciuli sammarTvelo aparati, saeklesio mmarTveloba (kaTalikosi da episkoposebi) iqcnen kanonierebisa da wesrigis warmomadgenlebad. es kargad Cans serapion zarzmelis cxovrebaSi, roca samcxis TemSi didi mTavrebi erTmaneTs waekidnen, mawyverelma episkoposma SeZlo maTi damorCileba da saero xelisuflebis xelSi aReba. `samcxis umaRles saeklesio ierarqs am qveynis mTeli `gangeba~ ugdia xelT da is Tavis `sabrZaneblad~ gadauqcevia. mawyverelma, SfoTis amtexTa (`pirvel meSfoTeTa~) e.i. mokluli feodalis adgil-mamulic _ rogorc patronma, amowyvetili ymis mamuli _ TavisTvis daitova~.169 rogorc Cans, qarTuli eklesia marTavda kaxeTs `qorepiskoposis~ institutis meSveobiT, radganac iq arc samefo da arc sxva mTeli qveynis momcveli xelisufleba ar arsebobda. `qorepiskoposi Tavisi Tavdapirveli SinaarsiT, sofluri dasaxlebis mxareSi episkoposis xelisuflebis gamtareblad gamodis, magram wanarTa qorepiskoposma Cans, TandaTan, feodalizaciis procesis Sesabamisad, miitaca saero xelisufleba, saero da sasuliero xelisuflebis erTi piris xelSi gaerTianebis aseTi tradicia ucxo ar
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aris saqarTvelos mTianeTis mosaxleobisaTvis~.170 IX saukuneSi am xelisufals Tavisi sasuliero funqcia daukargavs da saero Sinaarsi miuRia.171 qarTul eklesias Zala da gavlena unda hqonoda TbilisSic. wmida konstanti-kaxi `vidre pyrobil-Ra iyo mowame qristesi tfiliss Sina, miwera wignebi yovelTa mimarT meudabnoeTa qalaqisaTa da mamasaxlisTa monastrisaTa~.172 Txzulebidan Cans, rom konstanti-kaxma werilebi miswera TbilisSi arsebuli monastrebis berebs. aqedan Cans, rom arabTa mflobelobis drosac ki TbilisSi qarTul eklesias gavlena ar daukargavs. Cans, arabTa amira grZnobda qarTuli eklesiis Zalas da gadauwyvetia taoklarjeTSi qarTuli eklesiis daxmarebiT am mxareebze kontrolis daweseba. amitomac uWerda mxars anCis saepiskoposo saydarze Tavis warmomadgenels, episkopos cqirs. rodesac samcxeSi mowveulma saeklesio krebam igi ganaSora saepiskoposo saydars, cqiri `tfiliss warvida sahak amirisa, patronisa Tavisisave~.173 igi saydridan mouSorebiaT aSot kurapalatis, qarTlis kaTalikosis da misgan gamogzavnili `Rirsi episkoposebis~ da meudabnoe mamebis nebiT.174 eklesia iseTi didi Zalaa, rom moicavs mTel saqarTvelos, Tumca ki politikurad daqucmacebuls. am Zalis gamoyeneba surT rogorc Tbilisis amiras, ise sxva kuTxeTa mmarTvelebs. T. papuaSvilis TvalsazrisiT, IX-X saukuneebSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze erTiani xelisuflebis ararsebobis dros eklesia cdilobda, dapirispireboda saero xelisuflebas da upiratesoba moepovebina masze _ àseTi ganwyobilebis gamomxatvelia `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~. giorgi merCule cdilobs, dagvanaxos eklesiis ufleba batonobaze, gviCvenos misi avtoriteti da gavlena saero cxovrebaze. saamiso cnobebi sakmaod mravlad moipoveba mis TxzulebaSi~.175 VI-VIII saukuneebSi, maSin, roca saqarTveloSi ara Tu saerTo xelisufleba, kuTxeebSi feodaluri samTavroebic ki ar arsebobda. mefis adgilze mjdomi stefanozic did moridebasa da mowiwebas amJRavnebs monasterTa da sasuliero xelisufalTa mimarT, rogorc es `wmida Siosa da evagres cxovrebidan~ Cans. asurel mamaTa mowafeebi jer kidev VI-VII saukuneebSi gadasulan tao-klarjeTSi da iq dauwyiaT samonastro Rvawli. p. ingoroyvas Tanaxmad, aseTi yofila wmida Sio mRvimelis mowafe miqaeli. saerTod ki, samonastro cxovrebas tao-klarjeTSi safuZveli Cayria vaxtang gorgaslis dros, rodesac man aq opizis monasteri daaarsa. vaxtangma àRaSena cixe artanujisa da monasteri, romel ars opizisa, da samni eklesiani: dabisa, merisa da Sindobisa, da ganaaxla cixe axizisa da qmna igi qvabad~. opizis monasteri _ Tavidanve qarTuli iyo. Tu igi Semdgom, rogorc k. kekeliZe fiqrobs somxuri gaxda, swored aRniSnuli saeklesio mtaceblobis gamo. saerTod, taos mxareebis qarTulobas isic amtkicebs, rom maT bizantielebma ìberiis Temi~ uwodes.

avtokefaliis arsi _ èpiskoposTa kurTxeva Tavisive episkoposebis mier~
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`roca III msoflio kreba icavda kvi prosis eklesiis avtokefalias, ar gauxsenebia am eklesiis arc erTi ufleba, garda misive episkoposTa uflebisa Tavisi episkoposebisganve mieRoT qirotonia da amaSi xedavs sxva eklesiaTa avtokefaliis arss _ `kviprosis eklesiis zedamdgomT hqondeT Tavisufleba... xeli TviTve daasxan dadgenil RvTismoSiS episkoposebs. igive, dae, dacul iqnas sxva olqebSi (diocezebSi) da yvela eparqiebSi (mitropolitebSi), _ naTqvamia me-8 kanonSi... avtoritetuli kanonistebi avtokefaliis arss xedaven swored mocemuli ekelesiis episkoposTa xeldasxmaSi Tavisive episkoposebis mier: `miaqcie yuradReba _ rCevas iZleva Teodore balsamoni, II msoflio krebis me-2 kanonis ganmartebisas _ rom am kanonis Tanaxmad, provinciebis yvela mitropoliti avtokefaluria da xeldasxmuli iyo Tavisive krebis mier (aTeni. sint. II, 171)... ar emorCilebian arc erT patriarqs bulgareTis, kviprosis, iberiis eklesiebi, radganac am eklesiebis mRvdelmTavrebi, rogorc wesi, qirotonias Tavisive episkoposTa mier iReben~, _ wers Tavis alfabetur sintagmaSi maTe blastaresi (aTen. sint. VI, 258)... avtokefaliis aseTive wesiT ganisazRvreba yvela avtokefaluri eklesiis mowyobis safuZvlebi.176 Cvenamde moRweulia, SeiZleba iTqvas, oqmi saeklesio krebisa, romelic Sedga IX saukuneSi da romelmac airCia iberiis kaTalikosi. igi Semonaxulia 951 wels daweril giorgi merCules naSromSi: `SromaA da moRuaweobaA grigol arqimandritisa xanZTisa da Satberdisa aRmaSeneblisa~, romelic asaxavs VIII-IX sakuneebis saqarTvelos politikur, socialur, sarwmunoebriv da kulturul cxovrebas. am naSromSi gadmocemul movlenaTa mimdinareoba aseTia: aSot kurapalatis (gard. 826 w.) Zis xelmwife guaram mamfalis iniciativiT javaxeTSi mowveul iqna saeklesio kreba, romelsac unda gamoerCia kaTalokosi _ meTauri qarTuli eklesiisa. am krebamde cota xniT adre erT-erTi provinciis `samcxis ers~ gavleniani episkoposebis `mZlavrobiT~ ukurTxebia da daudgenia `TanadgomiTa da kurTxeviTa mciredTa episkoposTa... didi arseni kaTolike eklesiasa, qristHs kuarTisa samkYdrebelsa mcxeTas, qarTlisa kaTalikozad~.177 vinaidan arsen didis kaTolikosad kurTxeva momxdara kanonikuri wesebis darRveviT, amitom guaram mamfalma gadawyvita gaeuqmebina wina krebis dadgenileba da `brZana SekrebaA episkoposTaA da udabnoAsa mamaTaA~.178 kreba asea aRwerili: jer dabrZandeba mefe da brZanebs saeklesio pirTa, `moweseTa~, `Semokrebas~. pirvel sityvas warmoTqvams mefe: Tavis sityvaSi exeba `Sjuliskanons~, e.i. msoflio krebaTa kanonebsa da mamaTa kanonebs: `...iciT yovelTa kanoni SjulisaA, rameTu ara brZanebs episkoposisa da
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kaTalikozisa mZlavrobiT dajdomasa~.179 es winadadeba motanilia mociqulTa kanonebidan da msoflio krebaTa dadgenilebebidan. guaram mamfali yofila sjuliskanonis kargi mcodne, da amitomac is am krebaze kanonTa `Sjulisaca mravalTa sityuaTa ityoda~.180 grigol xanZTels, romelic eswreboda am saeklesio krebas, ar moewona mefe guaram mamfalis aqtiuroba da ganucxada mas, rom _ `...wmidaTa mociqulTa da RirsTa maT mRdelT-moZRuarTa gansazRvrebulsa kanonsa Sina arave brZanebul ars eriskacisaA, viTarmca episkoposTa da wesisa winamZRuarTa mamaTa gansagebelisa moZRurebisa ikadrebda...~181 e.i. mociqulTa da mRvdelmTavarTa (wmida mamaTa) kanonebSi ar weria, rom eriskacma ikadros da ganagos sjulismoZRvreba episkoposTa da saeklesio wesebis mcodne mamaTa magier. amiT grigol xanZTelma sityva mouWra guaram mamfals. mefe arsen didis kaTalikosad dadgenas miiCnevda samociqulo kanonebisa da krebaTa kanonebis darRvevad, romelTa Tanaxmadac, ar SeiZleboda mZlavrobiT saepiskoposo da sakaTalikoso taxtis daWera. arseni ki swored Zlieri da gavleniani aznauris, mirianis (mamamisisa) da samcxis eris mZlavrobiT gamxdara kaTalikosi (rac mefis gareSe daudasturebia wina saeklesio krebas). guaram mamfali saeklesio kanonebiT _ `SjulismoZRvrebiT~ _ umtkicebda krebas amgvari moqmedebis ukanonobas. grigol xanZTelma mefes miugo, rom imave kanonebSi, romelsac Sen iyeneb, arc is weria, eriskacma (am SemTxvevaSi guaramma) episkoposebs sjuliskanoni aswavloso. grigolma ganacxada, rom msoflio saeklesio krebebs eswrebodnen mefeni, magram isini wmida mamebs ki ar aswavlidnen sjuls da sjulismoZRvrebas ki ar kadrulobdnen, piriqiT, wmida mamebisagan eZiebdnen sjuls, maTgan iTxovdnen RvTis sityvaTa axsnas, radgan maTgan RvTis mcnebebi iswavleba da ara piriqiTo: `...uwyodi, rameTu pirvelTa wmidaTa maT mamaTa Sekrebasa episkoposTa... Tana iyvnes pirvelni morwmuneni mefeni. ara Tu maT Tana Sjulis-moZRurebasa ikadrebdes, aramed rjulis gamoZiebasa maTsa ikiTxian da iTxoian sityYsa gamocxadebaA, rameTu maT mier iswavebdes mcnebaTa RmrTisaTa~...182 amitom, grigolis sityviT, saeklesio krebaze eriskacis (Tundac mefis) sityva gonieri da samarTlianic rom iyos, mainc rjulisa da episkoposTa Seuracxyofa ariso. eriskacis sityva `...daRacaTu samarTlad sagonebel iyos, aramed Sjulisa da mRdelT-moZRuarTa SeuracxebaA ars...~183 javaxeTSi Sekrebilma qarTuli eklesiis adgilobrivma saeklesio krebam daiyolia guaram mamfali da kaTalikosad daadgina is piri, romelmac episkoposTa umravlesobis xma miiRo. aqedan Cans, rom sworia `qarTlis cxovreba~, rodesac wers: qarTuli eklesiis meTauri, anu `...kaTalikozi qarTlisa xelqveiT ara ars patriarqTa da ara ikurTxevian patriarqTagan... rameTu Tavisufal ars da mociqulTa magieri, mociqulTa taxtsa zeda mjdomi da patriarqi~.184
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`qarTlis cxovrebis Tanaxmad, VII saukuneSi qarTul eklesias VI msoflio krebisagan araTu avtokefalia, aramed sapatriarqo eklesiad wodebis Rirsebac ki miuRia. es gasaocrad ar mogveCveneba, Tu gavixsenebT, rom VII saukunis bolos, somxur wyaroTa Tanaxmad, iberiis mezobel somxeTisa da albaneTis eklesiebis meTaurebsac hqoniaT patriarqis tituli. javaxeTis saeklesio krebam kaTalikosad daadgina arseni, krebis Semdeg mas axares (is krebas ar eswreboda): `...moZRuarman Senman, grigol mamaman, daamtkica kaTalikozobaA Seni~.185 moyvanili saeklesio krebis oqmi naTlad uCvenebs, rom qarTlis kaTalikosis kurTxevaSi ar monawileobs ucxo eklesiebis arc erTi patriarqi. qarTuli eklesia IX saukuneSi srulebiT damoukidebeli da Tavisufali iyo. aseTive mdgomareobaa VIII saukuneSic: qarTveli kaTalikosi xels asxams ucxoel guTeTis episkoposs. berZnuli wyaroebiT dadasturebulia, rom guTeTis episkoposis kurTxeva moxda iberiaSi. guTeTis eklesia eqvemdebareboda konstantinopolis sapatriarqos, radganac qalkedonis krebis 28-e kanonis Tanaxmad, pontos diocezi Tavisi saeklesio gavlenis sfero alania-guTeTiT da sxva barbarosTa Crdilo mxareebiT konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi Sevida. VIII saukuneSi, mas Semdeg, rac konstantinopoli xatmebrZolebis xelSi aRmoCnda, guTeTma gawyvita kavSiri konstantinopolTan, rogorc aramarTlmadidebel eklesiasTan da eZebda sxva sapatriarqos, sadac episkoposs akurTxebda. guTeTis eklesia iyo mitropolia. arsebobs mosazreba, rom es eklesia 8 saepiskopososgan Sedgeboda, Tumca es saeWvoa.186 lev III-is memkvidris, konstantine V kopronimis (743-775), mier 754 wels konstantinopolSi mowveulma saeklesio krebam xatTayvaniscemis akrZalva daadastura. krebaze damswre guTTa episkoposi, radganac man krebis gadawyvetilebas xeli moawera, Trakiis herakliis mitropolitad daniSnes. am mizeziT 754 wlidan guTeTis saepiskoposo kaTedra Tavisufali darCa. guTeTis marTlmadidebelma mosaxleobam episkoposad ioane airCia, magram misi kurTxeva gaWirda, radganac konstantinopoli mwvaleblebs eWiraT. ìoane guTelis cxovrebaSi~ arsebuli cnobiT, _ wers v. goilaZe, _ igi jer wmida miwaze, ierusalimSi gaemgzavra. aq sami weli icxovra, magram xeldasxmuli ar iqna. ukanve guTeTSi dabrunebuli ioane adgilobrivma mosaxleobam iberiaSi gamoagzavna xeldasasxmelad, sadac igi guTeTis episkoposad daadgines. sxva cnobiT iberiaSi Camosvlamde ioane antioqiaSi cdilobda xeldasxmas, magram amaod. VIII saukunis 50-ian wlebSi iberiaSi guTeTis episkoposis xeldasxma naTlad miuTiTebs, rom qarTuli eklesia avtokefaluria VIII saukuneSi. ufro metic, kaTalikos-patriarq kirion II-s gamouTqvams mosazreba, rom ioane guTelis qarTlSi (iberiaSi) kurTxevis Semdeg guTeTis eparqia iberiis eklesias daemoCila.187
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amas TiTqosda isic adasturebs, rom afxazeTis (qvemo iberiis) sakaTalikosos iurisdiqciis Crdilo sazRvari iyo kafa, romelic xersonesTan axlo guTeTSi mdebareobda. iberiis eklesia daarsebisTanave didi eklesia iyo. 506 wels somxeTis dedaqalaqSi amierkavkasiis xalxTa saeklesio krebaze iberiidan kaTalikosis meTaurobiT Casuli iyo 24 episkoposi. SeuZlebelia iberiidan somxeTSi yvela episkoposi Casuliyo. erTi wyaros Tanaxmad, am saukuneSi iberiis eklesiaSi 35 episkoposi iyo. episkoposTa didi raodenobis gamo iberiaSi ori sakaTalikoso Seiqmna, sadac episkoposebi da sakaTalikosoTa meTaurebi TviT iberiel episkoposTa mier iyvnen xeldasxmulni. amas zemoT moyvanili wyaroebic adastureben.
abo Tbilelis `qarTvelobisa~ da `qarTvelTa sisxliT monaTesaobis eTnikuri momentis~ Sesaxeb

`grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis~ gadamweris mier, erTi qaragmis arasworad gaxsnam XX saukunis zogierT did istorikoss safuZveli misca ise gaego merCulis cnoba, TiTqosda qarTlis sakaTalikosos IX saukunemde mironis kurTxevis ufleba ar hqonda da dasavleT saqarTvelos pirvelad IX-X saukuneSi ewoda qarTli, aq qarTul enaze RvTismsaxurebis gavrcelebis gamo gamoiTqva azri, rom giorgi merCulem pirvelma uwoda afxazeTs _ e.i dasavleT saqarTvelos `qarTli~, iq qarTuli saeklesio enis gavrcelebis gamo, da daaskvnes, rom qarTveli xalxi Camoyalibda X-XI saukuneebSi, radganac swored am dros ewoda dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas `qarTvelebi~, xolo qveyanas `qarTli~, razedac merCule werso. mkvlevari wers _ `giorgi merCulis TvalsazrisiT, erovnul erTianobas safuZvlad udevs saerTo qristianuli kulturis miCneva, serTo qarTuli eniT~. mkvlevaris azriT, romelic imeorebs aRiarebul Tvalsazriss _ `kulturuli erToba win uswrebs politikurs~ da es `kulturuli erToba~, anu `qristianuli ideologia iyo `qarTvelTa maSindeli eTnikuri erTianobis (feodaluri eris) erT-erTi niSan-piroba~.188 qarTuli qristianuli kultura miiCneva bazad, romelzedac daemyara qarTuli erovnuli erToba. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi X saukuneSi qarTuli qristianuli kulturis gavrcelebis gamo, am kulturis mimRebi xalxi iqca qarTvelebad~. qarTuli qristianuli kulturis gavrceleba Turme `...xdis SesaZleblad qarTuli kulturis arealSi sxva erovnebisa da rjulis warmomadgenelTa moqcevas... `qarTvelis~ cneba mainc uSualod qristianobas ukavSirdeba~.189 Turme, Tu araqarTveli da araqristiani miiRebda qarTul qristianul kulturas, e.i. qarTul enas, is ukve èTnikurad `qarTveli~ xdeboda. ufro metic, Turme `qarTveli~
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(`qarTvelTa naTesavi~)... niSnavs qarTuli feodaluri kulturis Tanaziars. misgan savsebiT gamoiricxeba sisxliT naTesaobis eTnikuri momenti~.190 `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~ sruliad ar Cans misi avtoris giorgi merCulis Tvalsazrisi, TiTqosda mas qarTuli erovnuli erTianobis safuZvlad qristianuli kultura miaCnda saerTo qarTuli eniT. sinamdvileSi is uxsnis mkiTxvels, Tu ratom ar mieca mis dros axlad Seqmnil afaxazeTis sakaTalikosos mironis kurTxevis ufleba afxazeTSive, e.i. dasavleT saqarTveloSi. Tu ratom ganewesa afxazeTisaTvis saWiro mironis kurTxeva qarTlis sakaTalikosoSi, Tu ratom unda mieRo Tavisi eklesiisaTvis saWiro mironi afxazeTis sakaTalikosos qarTlis sakaTalikososgan. amis mizezad giorgi merCule asaxelebs imas, rom afxazeTis qveyana, e.i. dasavleTi saqarTvelo, qarTlis qveynis nawilia. merCule ar gulisxmobs da ar wers, rom mis dros, mis saukuneSi gaxda dasavleT saqarTvelo (afxazeTi) qarTlis qveynis nawili, piriqiT, is am sakiTxSi garkveul pirebs mxolod Seaxsenebs, rom axal sakaTalikosoSi wirva-locvis ena qarTuli enaa, da radganac afxazeTis eklesia qarTuli eklesiis nawilia, amitomac man mcxeTidan _ qarTlis sakaTalikosodan unda miiRos mironi da ara aqvs ufleba TviTve akurTxos igi. daaxloebiT aseTi azri unda Caedo merCules Tavis cnobaSi. is msjelobs wminda saeklesio sakiTxebze da ara imaze, Tu qarTul erovnul erTianobas ra edo safuZvlad. giorgi merCulis sruliad patiosani cnobis Seusabamo gagebis gamo XX saukuneSi daaskvnes, TiTqosda dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas `qarTvelni~ ewoda mxolod da mxolod imis gamo, rom maT Turme X saukuneSi miuRiaT `qarTuli feodaluri kultura~ _ anu qarTul enaze wirva-locva. aseTi daskvna saerTod niko maridan momdinareobs, swored amitom akritikebda n. mari iv. javaxiSvils, maSin roca, iv. javaxiSvili megrelebs, svanebs da Wanebs `qarTvelebs~ uwodebda jer kidev maT mier qristianobis miRebamde da asubuTebda kidec amas. ara marto niko mari, aramed XIX saukunisa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi garkveuli wreebi amtkicebdnen, TiTqosda qarTuli ena da qarTuli kultura qristianobis produqti iyo (e.i. TiTqosda dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba qarTuli kulturis Semoqmedi ki ar iyo, aramed amTvisebeli da TiTqosda dasavleT saqarTveloSi qarTuli ena qristianobis Semdeg gavrcelda). ivane javaxiSvilma miznad daisaxa eCvenebina, rom es wreebi cdebodnen. is wers: winaT egonaT, rom qarTuli ena da kultura qristianobis xanisa da garkveuli saxelmwifoebriobis Semoqmedebis nayofiao. mecnierma gamoikvlia, rom qarTuli ena qristianobis miRebis Semdeg ki ar gavrcelda samegrelosa da svaneTSi, aramed qristianobamde didi xniT adre igi yvela qarTvelisaTvis, maT Soris megrel-svanTaTvisac, saerTo ena iyo; ufro metic, maT qristianobis miRebamde saerTo warmarTuli sarwmu-
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noeba gaaCndaT da kultmsaxureba am sarwmunoebisa erT _ qarTul enaze mimdinareobda. iv. javaxiSvili wers: `qarTuli ena qarTlel-kaxel-imerel-gurulebisa da megrel-svanebisaTvis saerTo enaa, magram igi, rogorc winaT egonaT, TiTqosda qristianobis xanisa da garkveuli saxelmwifoebriobis Semoqmedebis nayofia. arsebobda ki Tu ara qristianobamde aseTi saerTo niadagi qarTveli eris saerTo warmarTuli sarwmunoebrivi SemoqmedebisaTvis, iyo Tu ara aseTi saerTo Semoqmedeba, erTi sityviT, arsebobda Tu ara yvela qarTveli tomisaTvis, maT Soris megrelTa da svanTaTvis, saerTo qarTuli warmarToba?~191 mecnierma dasmul kiTxvas ase upasuxa: àramcTu sazogado qarTuli, yvela qarTvel tomTaTvis, maT Soris megrelTa da svanTaTvisac, saerTo warmarToba arsebobda, aramed am warmarTobas saerTo terminologiac, saerTo enac qarTuli hqonia~.192 ivane javaxiSvils aseTi mtkice poziciisaTvis usayvedura n. marma: ùnda aRvniSno, rom akad. n. mari misayvedurebs, rom megrelebs, svanebs... me qarTvelebs vuwodeb...~193 qarTuli ena `...es TviT akad. n. marsac kargad moexseneba da TviTonac araerTxel daudasturebia, megrelebisa da svanebisTvisac erTaderTi samwerlobo da kulturis ena iyo da aris exlac, romlis Seqmna-SemuSavebaSic megrelebsa da svanebs TavianTi wvlili aqvT Setanili~.194 n. maris mier tendenciurad gagebuli giorgi merCulis aRniSnuli cnobidan Semdegi daskvnebi gamomdinareobs: _ `...magram `qarTvelis~ cneba mainc uSualod qristianobas ukavSirdeba~.195 TiTqosda cneba `qarTvelisagan~ `...savsebiT gamoiricxeba sisxliT naTesaobis eTnikuri momenti~.196 `naTesaviT qarTveli~ swored erTi sisxlis, erTi eTnikuri warmoSobis `naTesavs~ _ e.i. erTi Teslidan, erTi genisagan `naTes~ _ warmoSobil xalxs hqvia da rogorRa gamoiricxeba misgan `sisxliT naTesaobis eTnikuri momenti~? Tu cneba `qarTvelisagan~ `sisxliT naTesaobis eTnikuri momenti~ gamovricxeT, vinRa darCeba? darCeba sul `sxvadasxva~ eTnikuri warmoSobis tomebis konglomerati, romelnic, Turme, Tavis Tavs `qarTvelebs~ uwodebdnen qristianuli sarwmunoebis gamo. Turme `qristiani~ da `qarTveli~ erTi da imave mniSvnelobis mqone sinonimebi yofilan. aqedan daskvna: qarTvelebi `gaCndnen~ IV-V saukunis Semdgom, Tanac es `qarTvelebi~ mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi cxovrobdnen, dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas ki qarTvelebi ewodaT X saukunis Semdgom, iq `qarTuli feodaluri kulturis~ _ qarTul enaze wirva-locvis SemoRebis gamoo. magram Cven viciT, rom qarTveli sarwmunoebiT SeiZleboda yofiliyo ara mxolod qristiani, aramed cecxlTayvanismcemeli da warmarTi: `...iranis administracias qarTlis mTavrobisagan mouTxovia: `vinca qarTveli nebiTa TvisiTa aRirCevdes sjulsa Cvensa nu ayenebTo~.197
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gana is `qarTveli~, romelic iranis administraciis moTxovniT Tavis sarwmunoebad cecxlTayvanismcemlobas airCevda, kvlav qarTveli ar iqneboda? aq arCevazea laparaki, e.i. Tuki mounaTlavi, araqristiani qarTveli àirCevda~ Tavis sarwmunoebad ara qristianobas, aramed cecxlTayvanismcemlobas, adgilobriv xelisuflebas ufleba ar hqonda Careuliyo misi piradi sindisis saqmeSi, swored amazea laparaki. mounaTlavi, e.i. jer kidev araqristiani qarTveli iseve aris erovnebiT qarTveli, rogorc sarwmunoebiT cecxlTayvanismcemeli, warmarTi anda qristiani qarTveli. gana qarTlis `wvrili eri~ sarwmunoebiT cecxlTayvanismcemeli ar iyo, razedac wers mematiane? gana warmarTuli qristianobamdeli qarTveloba ar unda CaiTvalos qarTvelobad maTi mounaTlaobis gamo? swored amitomac cneba `qarTvelSi~ sisxliT naTesaobis eTnikuri momentia arsebiTi da mTavari, radganac im epoqaSi `qarTveli~ ara sarwmunoebrivi Sinaarsis mqone termini, aramed eTnikuri Sinaarsis matarebeli termini iyo, romelic mianiSnebda erovnul kuTvnilebas da ara sarwmunoebrivs. iseTi daskvnebi, rogoricaa `qarTveli, niSnavs qarTuli feodaluri kulturis Tanaziars, misgan savsebiT gamoiricxeba sisxliT naTesaobis eTnikuri momenti... `qarTvelis~ cneba mainc uSualod qristianobas ukavSirdeba~ da a.S. _ Turme gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom sagaloblebSi abo Tbilels `qarTvels~ uwodeben. marTlac, cnobilia, rom abo Tbileli erovnebiT arabia, magram mas ramdenime krebulSi `qarTvels~ uwodeben; es im dros, roca TviT avtorebma da redaqtorebma kargad ician, rom abo erovnebiT ar aris qarTveli. amis gamo, mkvlevari msjelobs: Tuki abo Tbilels qristianobis miRebis Semdeg uwodes `qarTveli~, cxadia, `qarTveli~ niSnavs ara erovnebiT qarTvels, aramed `qarTuli feodaluri kulturis Tanaziars~ da misgan `savsebiT gamoiricxeba sisxliT naTesaobis eTnikuri momenti~. `swored amas adasturebs abo Tbilelis misamarTiT Tqmuli `galobani naTelTani da habo ismaitel-yofilisa qarTvelisa~ (stefane Wyondideli); `xsenebaA RuawliT Semosilisa uZlevelisa mowamisa habo ismaitel-yofilisa qarTvelisaA (miqael modrekili). abo qarTvelia, is himnografebs aRar miaCniaT sarkinozad mas Semdeg, rac man aRiara qarTuli feodaluri kultura, qarTuli qalkedonituri qristianoba da Tavic Seswira, e.i. gaqarTvelda~.198 sinamdvileSi abo Tbilels, Tavis droze, `qarTveli~ uwodes ara imis gamo, rom man mahmadianoba uaryo da qristianoba miiRo, aq ufro faqiz momentTan gvaqvs saqme: esaa VII-
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VIII saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi gaCaRebuli religiuri omi. am periodSi, iseve rogorc VI saukuneSi, saqarTvelo monofizitTa da qalkedonitTa omis areals warmoadgens. IX-X saukuneebi aris rogorc qarTvel monofizitTa devnisa da ganadgurebis, aseve qarTvel qalkedonitTa zeobisa da gamarjvebis saukuneebi. VIII da wina saukuneebSi qarTul eklesiaSi monofizituri mimdinareoba sakmaod Zlier frTas qmnida. qarTvel monofizitebs gaaCndaT somxuridan naTargmni an redaqtirebuli mdidari qarTulenovani saeklesio literatura: monofizituri Txzulebebi, wmidanTa cxovrebebi, sagaloblebi, himnebi da sxva. IX-X saukuneebSi gamarjvebulma qalkedonitebma daiwyes qarTulenovani monofizituri saeklesio literaturis totaluri ganadgureba. amdroindel qarTul eklesiaSi berZnulis mixedviT daiwyo xelaxali redaqtireba an Targmna im wmida wignebisa, romelnic naredaqtirevi anda naTargmni iyo somxuri enidan. ispoboda wina saukuneTa iseTi Zeglebi, romelnic eWvs iwvevdnen sarwmunoebrivi TvalsazrisiT. nadgurdeboda ara marto saeWvo saeklesio literatura, aramed iseTi Txzulebebic ki, romelnic mkiTxvels daaeWvebdnen somxur da qarTul eklesiebs Soris Zveli urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb. aseTi Txzulebani qarTvel monofizitebs mravlad unda hqonodaT. qarTvel monofizitebs orientacia somxur eklesiaze hqondaT aRebuli, romlis TvalsazrisiT, qarTuli eklesia warmoadgenda somxuri eklesiis Semadgenel nawils, TiTqosda mas uflebamosileba gaaCnda albanur da qarTul eklesiebze. somxuri eklesia qarTuls masSi Semaval avtonomiur erTeulad miiCnevda da ar cnobda mis srul damoukideblobas. aseTi saxis urTierTobis kanonierebis damadasturebeli Txzulebani somxur eklesias mravlad gaaCnda. isini qarTvel monofizitebs naTargmni unda hqonodaT. swored aseT Txzulebebs anadgurebda qarTuli eklesia Tavisi damoukideblobis dacvis mizniT.199 VIII saukuneSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo da saerTod qveyana, Zalze mZime mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda arabebis Semosevis gamo (ramac gamoiwvia kidec qarTlis saxelmwifos damxoba). aseT pirobebSi qarTul eklesias Zala ar Seswevda, Seesustebina saqarTveloSi arsebul monofizitTa Zliereba (VIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi). maT saeWvod gauxdiaT qarTuli eklesiis somxuri eklesiisagan damoukidebeli arseboba da politika. wina wlebSi qarTuli eklesia iZulebuli Seiqna, miemarTa antioqiis sapatriarqosaTvis da mieRo misgan dadastureba, rom qarTuli eklesia srulebiT Tavisufali, avtokefaluri eklesiaa, magram Cans, es ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi da mainc somxurqarTuli tradiciuli èrTobis~ aRdgenis momxreTa ricxvi mravlad yofila. maT surdaT somxur-qarTuli eklesiebis èrToba~ somxuri eklesiis meTaurobiT. IX-X saukuneSi, mas Semdeg, rac Seiqmna da ganmtkicda qarTuli erovnuli saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebi tao-klarjeTSi, afxazeTSi, kaxeTSi, qarTuli
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eklesia gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda da Seutia qarTvel monofizitebs. am dros, rogorc aRiniSna, daiwyo qarTuli monofizituri literaturis masobrivi ganadgureba. savaraudoa, am dros misaRebi da miuRebeli Txzulebebis garCevis mizniT, qarTul eklesiaSi misaReb Txzulebebs awerdnen pirobiT simbolur niSans _ `qarTuli~, `qarTveli~ e.i. qarTuli erovnuli eklesiisaTvis misaRebi, qarTuli erovnuli eklesiis wmidani, xolo, albaT, amgvari warweris gareSe tovebdnen, anda anadgurebdnen qarTulenovan monofizitur Txzulebebs. safiqrebelia, rom swored am mizezTa gamo miuweres abo Tbilelis sagalobels Tavdapirvelad simboluri niSani `qarTveli~, rac niSnavda, rom abo Tbileli qarTuli erovnuli eklesiis wmidani iyo. es niSani im areul dros icavda am Txzulebas ganadgurebisagan, Torem yvelam kargad icoda, rom abo qarTveli ki ar iyo, aramed arabi, da ara ubralod arabi, aramed wminda sisxlis arabi (amas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda imdroindeli msoflios arabTa mier dapyrobis dros): èse naSobi iyo abrameani, ZeTagan ismaelisTa, tomisagan sarkinozTaAsa, da ara Tu ucxoAsagan Teslisa, arca xarWisgan Sobili, aramed yovladve arabielTa Tesli, mamulad da dedulad, romlisaA mamaA misi da dedaA misi Zmani da dani misni iyvnes munve qalaqsa mas Sina baRdads babilovnisasa~.200 IX-X saukuneTa avtori da redaqtori (stefane Wyondideli da miqael modrekili) abosadmi sagangebod miZRvnil sagaloblebs saTaurad aweren: àbo ismaitelyofili qarTveli~, orive mwerlis mier abos erTnairad moxseneba aCvenebs, rom ukve IX_X saukuneebSi qarTuli himnografia tradiciulad am wmidans ase moixseniebs. rogorc aRiniSna, warwera `qarTveli~ aq aRniSnavs ara sarwmunoebriv, aramed saeklesio kuTvnilebas; abo qarTuli erovnuli eklesiis wmidania da ara sxva romelime, vTqvaT, qarTul-monofizituri eklesiisa, romelic im dros somxuri eklesiis nawilad gadaiqca da amitomac qarTvel monofizitebs IX-X saukuneebSi `sarwmunoebiT somxebs~ uwodebdnen, `somexi~ niSnavda ara eTnikurad somexs, aramed somxuri eklesiis wevrs. SeiZleboda, rom eriT da gvartomobiT qarTveli, anu `naTesaviT qarTveli~ somxuri eklesiis wevri yofiliyo, Tundac saqarTveloSi ecxovra. maT `sarwmunoebiT somxebs~ uwodebdnen, msgavsad im albanelebisa, romlebic albaneTSi cxovrobdnen, magram somxuri eklesiis wevrebi iyvnen (albanuri eklesia somxuri eklesiis nawili iyo). es albanelebi kulturulad da eTnikurad, marTlac gasomxdnen. mesxeTSi, da albaT sxvaganac, grigol xanZTelis epiqaSi mravlad yofilan erovnebiT qarTveli, magram somxuri eklesiis wevri mcxovrebni. aseTi `somxebi~ qarTuli eklesiis wyalobiT kvlav daubrundnen deda eklesias. maT gansakuTrebiT uyvardaT xazgasmiT moxsenieba imisa, rom isini eTnikurad, gvartomobiT, warmoSobiT _ `naTesaviT~ qarTvelebi iyvnen.
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sityva `qarTveli~ arc qalkedonobis aRmniSvneli termini yofila. amis magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT is, rom miqael modrekilis krebulSi aris himnebi, romelTac aqvT warwera `berZnuli~. Cans, VI-VII-VIII saukuneebSi qarTul eklesiaSi yofila sagaloblebi siriul-somxur-aRmosavluri warmoSobisa, Semdeg es sagaloblebi qarTuli eklesiis praqtikidan amouRiaT da mouspiaT. qarTul erovnul eklesiaSi ZvelTaganve miRebuli sxva sagaloblebic rom ar moespoT, maT gaukeTes warwera, niSani _ `qarTueli~. es uflebas aZlevdaT, SeesrulebinaT sagalobeli. swored amgvarad qarTuli erovnuli eklesiisaTvis misaRebi abo Tbilelisadmi miZRvnil sagalobels Tavidanve gaukeTes warwera _ `qarTueli~. imis gamo, rom sagalobelTa melodia saukuneTa manZilze erTi da igive rCeboda, xolo teqsti icvleboda da xelaxla iwereboda, abo Tbilelis sagalobels sxvadasxva avtorebi erTsa da imave saxels awerdnen. `qarTveli~ _ qarTuli erovnuli eklesiisadmi kuTvnils, qarTuli eklesiis wmidans niSnavda. niko maris mier giorgi merCulis cnobis mcdarad gagebam gamoiwvia iseTi daskvnebi, TiTqosda qarTuli X saukunis Semdgom gaxda dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis kulturis ena, amitomac `naTesaviT qarTveli~ TiTqosda niSnavs ara erovnebiT, eTnikurad, geniT qarTvels, aramed kulturiT qarTvels, ufro metic, TviT aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic ki yofila raRac `saxlebi~, romlebic TiTqos daviT aRmaSenebelma `daipyro da gaqarTveldnen~. iv. javaxiSvils gamowvlilviT aqvs gamorkveuli, rom qarTuli ena jer kidev qristianobis miRebamde megrelebisa da svanebisaTvis iyo kultmsaxurebis ena, ufro metic, qarTuli ena megrelebisa da svanebisaTvis erTaderTi samwerlobo da kulturis ena iyo, romlis Seqmna-SemuSavebaSiac megrelebsa da svanebs TavianTi wvlili aqvT Setanili. qarTuli damwerlobisa da literaturis arseboba IV-V saukuneebidanaa dadasturebuli. am saukuneebSi samwerlo ena mxolod saeklesio saWiroebisaTvis _ wirvalocvisa da samRvdlmsaxuro wignebisaTvis gamoiyeneboda. cxadia, Tuki megrelebi da svanebi Semoqmedni arian qarTuli samwerlo enisa, am enas gamoiyenebdnen kidec TavianTi saWiroebisaTvis, wirva-locvis dros IV-V saukuneebSive. dasavleT saqarTvelo aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan erTad gaqristianebula. iv. javaxiSvili wers: `...dasavleT saqarTveloSic IV saukunis damdegidan qristianobas gza gakvleuli unda hqonoda~.201 qarTuli ena dasavleT saqarTveloSi kultmsaxurebis ena yofila ara marto warmarTobis, aramed qristianobis miRebis drosac _ IV-V saukuneebSi. dasavleT saqarTveloSi erTi sarwmunoeba meores Seucvlia, magram kultmsaxurebis ena igive darCenila, bunebrivia, Seicvala ara eTnosi, aramed sarwmunoeba. swored amis gamo uwodebs dasavleT saqarTvelos `qarTls~ (anu iberias) giorgi merCule. man icis, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo poli-
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tikurad qarTlis nawili iyo VIII saukunemde, xolo qarTuli ena aq wirvalocvis ena iyo IV saukunidan. marTalia, VII saukunis Semdeg, rac dasavleT saqarTvelos erT-erT mniSvnelovan nawilze Tavisi iurisdiqcia ganaxorciela konstantinopolis sapatriarqom, wirva-locvis enad berZnuli SemoiRo, magram es mdgomareoba IX-X saukuneebSi gamosworebula. merCules afxazeTi, anu dasavleTi saqarTvelo qarTlis nawilad miaCnia.202
wmida nino da mociquli eliSa

albaneTis avtokefaluri eklesia miiCnevda da gansakuTrebiT usvamda xazs, rom albaneTis eklesia daaarsa mociqulma eliSam pirvel an meore saukuneSi, eliSam kurTxeva uflis Zma iakobisagan miiRoo,203 amitomac albanuri eklesia samociquloa da misi kaTalikosi (patriarqi) samociqulo taxtze ziso _ aseTi iyo albaneTis eklesiis umTavresi ideologia misi avtokefaliis arsebobisas. albaneTis eklesias es damoukideblobis dacvaSi exmareboda, magram aseTi mtkiceba mxolod VII saukunis bolomde gagrZelda. daaxloebiT 699 wels albaneTis qalkedoniti kaTalikosis dasasjelad albaneTSi arabTa jariT Cavida somxeTis kaTalikosi. is sikvdiliT sjis albaneTis kaTalikoss qalkedonituri mrwamsis gamo. arabTa jariT daSinebuli albaneTis saeklesio kreba somxeTis eklesias aRuTqvams samudamo morCilebas. amiT dasrulda albaneTis eklesiis isedac meryevi avtokefalia. albaneTis eklesia somxeTis eklesiis nawilad iqca. avtokefaliis dakargvas Tan mohyva albaneTis eklesiaSi saukuneTa manZilze arsebuli ideologiis _ mociqul eliSas Sesaxeb _ gadmocemis Secvlac. albaneTis ganmanaTlebel mociqul eliSas Sesaxeb gadmocemis axal saxes TviT somxeTis kaTalikosi ayalibebs. somxeTis kaTalikosis versia aseTia: marTalia, albaneTis eklesia daafuZna mociqulma eliSam, magram eliSa iyo Tadeoz mociqulis mowafe. es aris sruliad axali formula. Tadeoz mociquli somxuri eklesiis damaarseblad iyo aRiarebuli. imis gamo, rom mociquli Tadeozi somxeTis eklesiis damaarsebeli iyo, xolo albaneTis eklesiis damfuZnebeli mociquli eliSa, Tadeozis mowafe, amitomac albaneTis eklesia iseve unda damorCileboda somxur eklesias, rogorc Tadeozs emorCileboda misi mowafe eliSa. mose kalankatueli am ambis aRweris Semdeg aRarafers ambobs eliSa mociqulisa da iakob mociqulis ierusalimuri kavSiris Sesaxeb. VII saukunidan dadginda, rom eliSa, upirveles yovlisa, mowafea Tadeozisa. ierusalimi somxeTiT Seicvala. msgavsi ambavi ganmeorda wmida ninos mimarTac. faqtia, rom wmida ninos moixseneben IV-VI saukunisa (qarTuli da ucxouri) da IX-X saukuneTa
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qarTuli wyaroebi. VI-VII saukuneebSi qarTuli wyaroebi TiTqmis eridebian, an mcired ixsenieben wmida ninos. berZen-laTini istorikosebi, TiTqmis Tanamedroveni wmida ninosi, sul 50100 wliT daSorebulni misgan, dawvrilebiT aRweren wmida ninos moRvaweobas, magram arasdros axseneben mas wmida grigolTan, somxeTis ganmanaTlebelTan kavSirSi, aseve IV-V saukunis wmida ninos qarTuli cxovreba ninos ar uwodebs wmida grigolis mowafes. amitomac unda vifiqroT, rom wmida nino ar yofila wmida grigolis mowafe. wmida nino iyo qarTlis damoukidebeli ganmanaTlebeli, mosuli ierusalimidan, aseTi iyo sazogado azri IV da V saukunis I naxevrisa. V saukunidanve somxur eklesiaSi mkvidrdeba Tvalsazrisi, rom wmida nino wmida grigolis mowafe iyo da man grigolis davalebiT gaanaTla qarTli. am ideam praqtikuli ganxorcieleba hpova VI saukunis Semdeg. VI saukuneSi, sparsTagan qarTlis dapyrobam da aq somxuri eklesiis gavlenis zrdam saSualeba misca somxur eklesias, Tavis sasargeblod gamoeyenebina am ori wmidanis kavSiris Teoria iseve, rogorc mociqul eliSasa da mociqul Tadeozis kavSiri. Tu somxuri eklesiis ganmanaTlebeli, wmida grigoli, iyo maswavlebeli da xelmZRvaneli qarTuli eklesiis ganmanaTlebel wmida ninosi, somxur eklesias garkveuli zedamxedvelobis uflebac eqneboda qarTul eklesiaze. am TeoriiT qarTuli eklesia somxurs eqvemdebareboda, am mizezis gamo VI-VII saukuneebSi qarTvelebi (qalkedonitebi) eridebodnen wmida ninos xsenebas. Tu aucilebeli iyo, isev wmida grigols axsenebdnen, radganac wmida nino qarTul-somxuri eklesiebis damakavSirebeli gamodioda ise, rogorc eliSa _ somxur-albanuri eklesiebisa VII saukunis bolos. mas Semdeg, rac qarTulma eklesiam VIII saukunis dasawyisSi, 726 wels mowveuli somxuri eklesiis krebis Semdeg sabolood, srulebiT da absoluturad gawyvita kavSiri somxur eklesiasTan, wmida ninom qarTul eklesiaSi daiWira Tavisi kuTvnili adgili. v. gurgeniZe simon janaSiaze dayrdnobiT werda, rom VI-VII saukuneebSi sparselTa nebiT qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi moispo, anda srulebiT gadakeTda istoriuli faqtebi. am dros sruliad SesaZlebeli iyo wmida ninos Sesaxeb arsebuli istoriuli faqtebis damaxinjeba. `saqarTveloSi sparseTis ideologiuri politika miznad isaxavda `somxeTis religiaze~ _ monofizitobaze dayrdnobiT, qarTvel xalxSi moespo Zveli marTlmadidebluri (diofizituri) sarwmunoeba da iq macxovreblebi TandaTanobiT gadaeyvana TavianT mxareze~.204 aseTi mdgomareoba iyo VI saukuneSi. VII saukunis daswyisSi ki `sparselebma ise, rogorc 506 wels q. dvinSi Catarebul saeklesio krebaze, kvlav ufro mkacrad daakanones Tavis gamgeblobaSi Semaval yvela xalxisTvis erTiani ideologia _ somxuri (monofiz-
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ituri) religia. maTi mtkicebiT, es erTiani religia yvelgan ganavrco sparselebis naTesavma ganmanaTlebelma grigorim. am aucilebeli ideologiis miRebis mizniT, yvelgan, maT Soris qarTlSic, `ganwmedil iqna~ da axali masalebiT Seivso qarTvelTa, albanelTa da somexTa saistorio mwerloba. swored amitom, rogorc samarTlianad miuTiTebda s. janaSia, werilobiT wyaroebSi Seubraleblad mospes an Zireulad gadaakeTes sxvadasxva istoriuli faqtebi, maTTvis misaRebi enebidan _ somxuridan da asurulidan xelaxla aTargmnines berZnulidan gadmoTargmnili wignebi, `Seudares~, `Seaswores~, zogi ram ki axlad daawerines. yvelaze samwuxarod s. janaSias miaCnia is faqti, rom am `gasufTavebis~ dros, faqtobrivad `ganadgurda~ Zveli qarTuli saistorio mwerloba da `qarTlis moqcevis~, `juanSeris~ da sxva matianeebSi am mwerlobidan SemorCenilia mxolod damaxinjebuli fragmentebi~.205 ai, saidan iRebs saTaves iranofiluri da somxofiluri tendenciebi rogorc qarTul, ise somxur istoriul wyaroebSi. `...rom daepirispirebina erTmaneTisaTvis somxeTi da saqarTvelo, sparseTi droebiT dapyrobil, Tu romael-bizantielTagan xelSekrulebiT `miRebul~ saqarTvelos teritoriebs calke administraciul qarTul erTeulebad ki ar acxadebda, aramed miawerda mas mis mier dapyrobil somxeTs, romlebic TavianT mxriv Tvlidnen, rogorc somxur teritoriebs da yvelafers akeTebdnen aq mcxovrebi qarTvelebis asimilaciisaTvis...~206 am dros mimdinareobda gugarqis, mesxeTisa da hereTis qarTvelebis asimilacia. qarTuli da berZnuli enebi idevneboda RvTismsaxurebidan, eklesiebidan da inergeboda somxurenovneba. swored aseT dros SeiZleboda qarTuli ena miCneuliyo `mdabal da dawunebul enad~. qarTuli, rogorc diofizitTa ena, gandevnes eklesiebidan, is aRar ixmareboda samxreT provinciebSi. amitomac werda mwerali: `damarxul ars enaA qarTuli~, rac sinamdviles Seefereboda. qarTuli ena dafaruli, gadamaluli iqna mxolod Crdilo provinciebSi, mTianeTSi SeiZleboda qarTul enaze Tavisufali msaxureba, amitomac èse enaA mZinare ars dResamomdeo~ _ werda, Cans, VI an VII s.s. dasawyisis avtori. is wuxs _ èse ena Semkuli da kurTxeuli saxeliTa uflisaATa~ aris `mdabali da dawunebulio~ (qebaA da didebaA qarTulisa enisaA).207 swored am devnis gamo Cven, faqtobrivad, ara gvaqvs VII saukuneSi Seqmnili arc erTi qarTuli nawarmoebi (zogierTi gamonaklisis, polemikuri Txzulebis garda). maSin, roca VIII saukunidan mdgomareoba mkveTrad icvleba, didi raodenobiT Cndeba qarTuli Txzulebebi. 726 wels manaskertis krebaze somxurma eklesiam, sabolood da gadaWriT, erTaderT swor sarwmunoebad aRiara monofizitoba da uaryo rogorc monoTelitoba, ise qalkedonitoba, dagmo kavSiri bizantiur eklesiasTan (da herakle keisris Semdeg arsebuli ùnia~). qarTulma eklesiam, rogorc qalkedonitizmis erTgulma damcvelma, amis Semdeg yovelgvari kavSiri gawyvita somxurTan.
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Zvel qarTul literaturaze Tvalis gadavlebiTac Cans, VIII saukunis Sua wlebidan qarTuli saeklesio literatura moedineba rogorc wyarosTvali. ukve VIII saukunidan grigol xanZTelis (758-860) Semdeg Cndebian sxva mwerlebic. qarTuli literatura iRviZebs da hyvavis. iwereba iovane sabanisZis `wamebaA haboAsi~ (786-790), konstanti kaxis wameba, daviT da konstantines martviloba, juanSeris Txzuleba, leonti mrovelis Txzulebis nawili da sxva. VIII saukune kulturulad gaTavisuflebis saukunea, Tumca, politikurad saqarTvelo kvlav gasaWirSia, magram imdenad mniSvnelovani iyo eris sulieri cxovrebisaTvis somxuri eklesiis gavlenisagan Tavis daRweva, rom mas Semdgom mohyva kulturuli aRorZineba, sulieri aRfrTovaneba. amis Semdeg saukuneebSi Seuferxeblad viTardeba qarTuli eklesiis sulieri saganZuri, Cndebian mwerlebi, eklesiis saWiroebisaTvis sagaloblebs weren epifane moZRvari (xanZTeli, VIII-IX); makari leTeTeli, xanZTel-sabawmideli (IX); basili (xanZTeli, IX); giorgi merCule (IX-X); miqael modrekili (X); iovane mtbevari (X); ezra (X); iovane qonqozis-Ze (X); kurdanaA-kYrike (X). am saukuneSi iqmneba avtorwauwereli himnografiuli Zeglebi-krebulebi (eruSenuli krebuli, opizuri krebuli); iqmneba sagaloblebi, Zlispirebi. am saukuneebSi moRvaweobdnen _ `ninos I himnografi~ (VIII-IX); `ninos II himnografi~ (IX-X); `konstanti kaxaAs himnografi~ (IX-X); samoel mgalobeli, mwerali ioane bolneli (IX); `ninoAs III himnografi~ (IX-X); msxemi zedazneli (X); daviT garejelis himnografebi (IX-X); iovane minCxi (X); stefane Wyondideli (X); àbakurais mleqsavi~ (IX); giorgi sabawmidel-sineli, ioane zosime; fili pe beTlemeli (X); am saukuneebSi palestinaSi iqmneba himnografiuli krebulebi: `sagalobelni iadgarni~, `saweliwado iadgari~ da sxva.208 qarTuli ena IX-X saukuneebSi sruliad hyvavis da viTardeba, aseT dros qarTul enas `mdabalsa da dawunebuls~ aravin uwodebda, piriqiT, IX-X saukunis avtori `ninos II himnografi~ wers: `dRes didebismetyvelebs ena qarTvelTa~, marTlacda, ratom unda yofiliyo qarTuli ena IX-X saukuneebSi `damarxuli, mZinare, mdabali da dawunebuli~, rogorc wers `qebaAs~ avtori? am dros saqarTvelo ZiriTadad gaTavisuflda arab da yovelgvar dampyrobTagan, ramac saSualeba misca qarTvel ers, Seeqmna Tavisi saxelmwifo erTeulebi _ afxazeTis, tao-klarjeTisa da kaxeT-hereTis samefoebi. am saxelmwifoTa ena qarTuli iyo, amitomac `qebaAs~ dawera ufro VI-VII saukuneebSia savaraudo, im dros, roca qarTvelebi gabedulad TavianTi ganmanaTleblis wmida ninos saxelsac ver axsenebdnen. VIII saukunidan, eklesiuri viTarebis Secvlis Semdeg gabedviT weren: àdide Sen qriste, qarTli... ninoAs ganaxlebuli~, `netarman nino moaqcivna qarTvelni~, wmidao nino ìqmen Sen qarTlisa mqadageblad~, `nino, mowafeo macxovrisao da mociqulo CrdiloAsa soflisao, Sen xar moZRuar qarTlisa~.209 nino aris `moZRuari msgavs mociqulTa... sanatreli mociquli~, wers ninos II himnografi (IX-X); `ninom qarTvelni warudginna qristesa~;
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`movedin `hoi mkvidrno qarTlisano yovelTasa vaqebdeT RmerTs~, rameTu ninoAs mier kerpTa sacdurisagan gYKsna~.210 `ninos III himnografi~ saqarTvelosa da CrdiloeTs uwodebs mociqul barTlomes nawils, sadac Rirs iqmna `moqcevad warmarTTa~ _ `mi-raAxued Rirso nino sazRvrad qarTlisa... mociqulebr hqadage~.211 VIII saukunis Semdeg wmida ninom daiWira Tavisi Rirseuli adgili, ise rogorc asurelma mamebma. erTi Tanamedrove mkvlevari werda: ÌX saukuneSi qarTvelebma wamoayenes TavianTi ganmanaTlebeli wmida ninos saxiT~, aseT gancxadebas unda vupasuxoT, rom qarTvelebma IX saukuneSi ki ar `wamoayenes~ anu, rogorc es mkvlevari fiqrobs, `SeTxzes legenda~ wmida ninos Sesaxeb, aramed yovel saukuneSi, IV saukunis Semdeg, qarTvelTaTvis cnobili iyo, rom wmida nino maTi ganmanaTlebelia, magram VI saukunesa da VII saukunis garkveul monakveTSi mis xsenebas eridebodnen politikuri da saeklesio viTarebis gamo. rac Seexeba asurel mamebs, isini monofizitebi rom yofiliyvnen, VIII saukunis Semdeg, roca qarTul eklesiaSi nadgurdeboda yvelaferi, rac ki monofizitobis saxelTan iyo dakavSirebuli, asurel mamebsac aravin moixsenebda da maT saxelsac srulebiT aRxocavdnen literaturidan, magram, piriqiT, swored VIII saukunis Semdeg maTi saxeli xSirad ixsenieba. saqarTveloSi asureli mamebis SemosvlisTanave qarTulma eklesiam, arseni safarelis Tanaxmad, dvinis 551 wlis krebis Semdeg, polemika daiwyo somxur eklesiasTan, rasac maleve, 570-580-ian wlebSi, mohyva qarTlis antimonofizituri ajanyeba. am ajanyebas didi warmateba hqonda _ qveyana qalkedonitobisaken gadaixara. savaraudoa, rom ajanyebis sulisCamdgmelni asureli mamebi iyvnen. monofizitobis momxre sparseT-arabTa batonobisas da agreTve bizantiasTan somxuri eklesiis ùniis~ dros somxur eklesias gavlena da zemoqmedeba hqonda qarTulze da amitom VI-VII saukuneebSi asureli mamebis Rvawli warmoCenili ar iyo, xolo VIII saukunis Semdgom qarTuli eklesiis gaTavisuflebam asureli mamebi ixsna yovelgvari zegavlenisagan. amitomac, IX-X saukunis erTi himnografi daviT garejelisadmi miZRvnil sagalobelSi mouwodebs saeklesio moRvaweebs _ `Zmebs~, romlebic ar icnoben daviT garejelis moRvaweobas, aucileblad Seiswavlon igi. kerZod, is wers: `...esreATve daviT Cuenda iqmna, kacno Zmano! umecar nu xarT, SeiswaveT didi ese...~212 aqedan sruliad aSkarad Cans, daviTis (da asurel mamaTa) Rvawli ucnobi yofila. mwerali _ msxemi zedazneli iovane zedaznelisadmi am droisaTvis daweril galobaSi wers: `mamaA mamaTaA, Rirsi qebisaA, iovane idideboden, aTormetTa maT Tana mowafeTa, romelTa mier ganaTlda dRes queyanaA ese qarTlisaA~; `samkaul iqmen kaTolike eklesiisa da mcxeTa qalaqi wmida iqmna swavliTa SeniTa, mamao~.213 VIII saukuneSi qarTuli eklesia ùmecari~ iyo imiT, rom sruliad ar icoda aTormetTa mamaTa Rvawli, VI-VII saukuneebSi qarTul eklesiaze
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monofizitebisa da monoTelitebis batonobis dros, cxadia, isini Seecdebodnen mieCqmalaT qalkedonizmisaTvis mebrZol asurel mamaTa Rvawli, aekrZalaT maTi xseneba. amitomac VIII-IX saukuneebis avtorebi saeklesio pirebs acnoben asurel mamaTa Rvawls da mouwodeben: `nu umecar xarT~, `SeiswaveTo~. marTlac, VI-VII saukuneebSi qalkedonituri aRmsareblobisa da qarTuli eklesiis TavisTavadobisaTvis brZolis gamo asureli mamebis damsaxureba miCqmaluli iqneboda. unda iTqvas, rom CvenSi ratomRac Seuracxyofad miiReba qarTul eklesiaze monofizitTa zegavlenis Sesaxeb saubaric ki. amitomac aseTTaTvis cnobili unda iqnas, rom saukuneTa manZilze, maT Soris V, VI da VII saukuneebSic ki, monofizitoba bizantiis imperiasa da mis dedaqalaq konstantinopolSi TiTqmis iseve iyo miRebuli, rogorc qalkedonitoba. bizantiaSi am saukuneebSi monofizitTa da qalkedonitTa Soris daucxromeli brZola da dapirispireba iyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom am brZolaSi arc monofizitebi damarcxebulan da arc qalkedonitebs gaumarjviaT. amitomac, imperiis damSvidebis mizniT, bizantiis imperatorebi iZulebulni gaxdnen, V saukunis bolos wasuliyvnen kompromisze da gamoecaT `henotikoni~, romelic erTmaneTTan aTanxmebda monofizitebsa da qalkedonitebs. ase rom, aRiarebdnen orive sarwmunoebriv mimarTulebas. TviT imperatori iustiniane erT periodSi monofizitobisaken ixreboda da mas uWerda mxars. monofizitTa siZlieris gamo VII saukunis dasawyisisaTvis imperatorma heraklem monofizitTa da diofizitTa Tanaarsebobis Teoriac ki moifiqra. Camoyalibda `monoTelitoba~, romelmac saukunis bolomde iarseba. mxolod 681 wlis msoflio krebis Semdeg bizantiis imperiaSi sabolood damarcxdnen monofizitebi da monoTelitebi, gaimarjva qalkedonitobam. amas gadmogvcems cnobili istorikosi kartaSevi Tavis wignSi `msoflio krebebi~. marTalia, bizantiaSi Tanaarsebobdnen monofizitebi da qalkedonitebi da xandaxan eklesiisa da saxelmwifos marTvis sadaveebi xelT epyraT, magram mainc, cxadia, bizantia erTguli iyo, zogadi TvalsazrisiT, qalkedonis krebis anu diofizitobisa. aRniSnulis gamo, CvenSi arsebuli mtkiceba, rom arasodes, maT Soris arc VI da arc VII saukuneebSi, Cvens eklesiaze gavlena ar hqonia monofizitobasa da monoTelitobas, rom saqarTveloSi ar cxovrobdnen qarTveli monofizitebi da monoTelitebi, seriozuld ar unda CaiTvalos. CvenSi, ise rogorc bizantiaSi, Tanaarsebobdnen monofizitebi da qalkedonitebi, magram maT sxvadasxva mrwamsi hqondaT. amis gamo isini mudam ebrZodnen erTmaneTs. mxolod VIII saukunis Semdeg damarcxdnen saqarTveloSi monofizitebi da monoTelitebi, rasac xeli Seuwyo iman, rom msgavsi ambavi ufro adre, VI (681 wlis) msoflio krebis Semdeg daiwyo bizantiaSi. am krebis sapasuxod 726 wels somxeTSi mowveulma krebam dagmo qalkedonitoba da miiRo monofizitoba. qarTulma eklesiam isargebla amiT da sabolood miemxro qalkedonitobas. VIII saukunis Semdeg qarTul eklesiaSi daiwyo qalkedonitobis zeimi da monofizitobis damarcxeba.
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VIII saukunis Semdeg Tavisi Rirseuli adgili daiWires wmida ninom da wina saukuneebSi moRvawe qarTvelma qalkedonitma wmindanebma. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom orTodoqs qalkedonitTa mier wmida ninos Rvawli arc VI-VII saukuneebSi yofila mTlianad daviwyebuli. amis magaliTia am saukuneebSi Seqmnili `qebaA da didebaA qarTulisa enisaA~, sadac wmida nino da wmida elene, qarTvelTa da `rom-saberZneTis~ ganmanaTlebelni, erTad moixsenebian xazgasmiT maSin, roca monofizitebi erTad moixseniebdnen wmida ninosa da wmida grigols.
termin `naTesaviT qarTvelis~ Sesaxeb

cnebebis `naTesaviT qarTvelisa~ (e.i. erovnebiT qarTvelis, gvartomobiT qarTvelis) da `qarTvelis~ gagebisaTvis moviSvelioT Zveli qarTveli moRvaweebis, mwerlebisa da istorikosebis gansazRvrebani. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, rom `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT qarTveli da `naTesaviT qarTveli~ ewodeba saqarTvelos nebismieri kuTxis Svils. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT egriseli, iseve rogorc hereTisa da kaxeTis mkvidri, naTesaviT qarTvelia. qarTvelTa saerTo erovnuli erToba, saerTo qarTveloba yovelTvis naTlad aris gadmocemuli nebismier Zvel TxzulebaSi. mag. ilarion qarTvelis cxovrebaSi naTqvamia: ìlarion iyo naTesaviT qarTveli, queyaniT kaxeTiT~, àRmoscenda ukue netari ese queyaniT qarTliT, sazRvarTagan da kerZoTa kaxeTisaTa~.214 wmida ilarion qarTveli moRvaweobda 822-875 wlebSi; aqedan Cans, rom ilarioni kaxeTis mcxovrebia anu, dRevandeli terminologiiT, kaxelia. miuxedavad amisa, is `naTesaviT~ kaxeli ki ar aris (im dros ar iyo aseTi gansazRvra), aramed erovnebiT, anu `naTesaviT~ qarTvelia. aseve VIII saukunis dasawyisSi egrisis qveynis erT-erT `sanaxebSi~, argveTSi, mTavrebi arian daviTi da konstantine (es mTavrebi 730 wels wmida mowamis gvirgviniT Seimknen). Tumca, isini egriselebi arian, maT mematiane ar uwodebs `naTesaviT megrels~, aramed uwodebs qarTvels. ìyvnes wmidani ese mowameni daviT da konstantine qarTvelni sanaxebisagan argveTisa didni da didebulni tomebiTa da mTavarni qveynisanni~.215 es rom kerZo gamonaklisi ar aris, Cans Semdegidan: `...IV saukunis cnobili moazrovnisa da mwerlis evagri pontoelis biograf-
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iaSi aRniSnulia, rom evagri warmoSobiT iyo pontoeli, iberTa qalaqis mcxovrebi. paladis Semdgom V saukunis istorikosebi aRniSnaven, rom evagri tomiT iberia~.216 tomiT iberi igive `naTesaviT qarTvelia~, Zveli qarTuli terminologiis mixedviT. pontoSi mcxovrebi lazebi da megrelebi erovnebiT, anu gvartomobiT `naTesaviT~ qarTvelebad _ ìberebad~ iTvlebodnen. ioane mTawmideli mesxi iyo, magram giorgi mTawmidels misi kuTxuri warmomavloba saerTod ar aRuniSnavs, is wers: ìoane iyo naTesaviT qarTveli~. ratom ar aRniSnaven mis mesxobas? anda ilarion qarTvelis kaxelobas? mizezi isaa, rom `mesxi~, rogorc tomobrivi erTeuli anda erovneba im dros ar arsebobda. arsebobda `mesxeTi~, `kaxeTi~, magram am kuTxeebis mkvidrni iseve rogorc sxva kuTxeebisa, `naTesaviT qarTvelni~ iyvnen. magaliTad, eqvTime aTonelis Sesaxeb naTqvamia, rom iverTa monasterSi `ganiTqva saxeli misi da pativsa uyofdes berZenni da qarTvelni~. aq `qarTvelSi~ igulisxmeba yvela kuTxis Svili saqarTvelosi. eqvTime `gamoCnda samkaulad `naTesavisa Cvenisa~. `naTesaviT qarTveli~ _ es termini Zvelad qarTveli eris tomebad dayofamde (XV saukunemde) aRniSnavda qarTvel ers. `naTesaviT qarTveli~ qarTuli eklesiis samwysoa. qarTlis kaTalikosi `naTesaviT qarTvelTa~ kaTalikosia, e.i. qarTlis kaTalikosi kaTalikosia ara marto aRmosavleT, aramed dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobisac, radganac dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobac `naTesaviT qarTvelia~. qarTlis kaTalikoss iuridiulad ZvelTaganve aRiarebuli kanonieri ufleba aqvs mTel qarTvel erze, amitomac afxazeTis kaTalikosi masze dabla mdgomi mamamTavaria, radganac dasavleT saqarTvelos samwyso `naTesaviT qarTvelTas~ Semadgeneli nawilia da masze Tavis iurisdiqcias qarTlis kaTalikosi afxazeTis sakaTalikosos warmoqmnamde axorcielebda, xolo misi warmoqmnis Semdgom iuridiulad is ùmrwemes~ kaTalikosad gaformda. `naTesaviT qarTveli~ _ saqarTvelos nebismieri kuTxis Svils erqva TviT vidre mongolobamde, anu saqarTvelos erTiani saxelmwifoebriobis moSlamde (aRsaniSnavia, rom saxelmwifo mTlianobis darRvevis Sedegad Temobrioba-tomobriobis aRmocenebis Semdgom wm. ilarions ukve `kaxels~ _ `kaxs~ uwodebdnen).217
ìberia~ _ eTnikuri Sinaarsis matarebeli termini

afxazeTis samefos warmoqmnamde da zogjer mis Semdegac, evropelebi da ucxoelebi rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTvelos uwodebdnen iberias, xolo mis xalxs _ iberebs. cnobili istorikosi, mRvdeli miqel TamaraSvili, romelic brwyinvaled icnobda ucxour wyaroebs saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, wers: ùwin evropelebi ìbe-
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ria~ da `georgia-~s saxeliT xSirad gulisxmobdnen mis dasavleT nawils _ imereT-samegrelosac~.218 Zveli qarTuli mwerloba da wyaroebi sityvebs ìberiasa~ da ìbers~ ar iyenebdnen. es sityvebi araqarTul terminebad iyo miCneuli. amitomac qarTveli mTargmnelebi am sityvebs Targmnidnen ase (amas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs): ìberi~ _ `qarTvelia~ ìberia~ _ `qarTvelni~. Zvel qarTvel mTargmnelebs, sadac ki SexvedriaT sityvebi ìberi~ da ìberia~, yvelgan uTargmniaT `qarTvelad~, miuxedavad imisa, Seesabameboda Tu ara realur viTarebas aseTi Targmna. amis magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT espaneTis iberiis Sesaxeb evropuli Txzulebebis ZvelqarTuli Targmanebi. aq yvelgan ìberi~ Targmnilia `qarTvelad~. ase: `...cnoba dasavleTis iberebis Sesaxeb moipoveba basili kesarielis (329-379) ...uZveles qarTul TargmanSi. igi Targmnilia VIII-IX saukuneebSi~.219 qarTvel mTargmnelebs qvemoT moyvanili winadadeba _ `Tavdapirvelad zRva ar arsebobda, arc is SemaZrwunebeli ufskruli iyo, romelic ekvris britaneTis kunZulsa da dasavleTis iberias (espaneTs)~, uTargmniaT aseTi saxiT: àra iyo zRuaA... arca SesaZrwunebeli igi siRrme,.. romeli igi gare moadges Walaksa mas britaniaAsasa da qarTvelTa maT dasavalisaTa~.220 rogorc vxedavT, aq `dasavleTis iberia~ Targmnilia _ `qarTvelTa maT dasavalisaTad~, anu ucxo sityva ìberia~ iTargmna ase _ `qarTvelni~. igive winadadebas giorgi mTawmideli Targmnis Semdegi saxiT: àra iyo... ufskruli, romeli gareSeicavs Walaksa da qarTvelTa maT dasavalisaTa~.221 eqvTime mTawmindelic `kelt-iberebs~ Targmnis _ `kelt-qarTvelni dasavalisanni~. `Zveli qarTveli mTargmnelebis mier espaneTis iberiis aRsaniSnavad SemoTavazebulia termini _ `qarTvelni dasavalisani... pirineis naxevarkunZulis iberielebi moxsenebulni arian terminiT `qarTvelni dasavalisani~ `liber generationis~-is qarTul versiaSic~.222 Tu VIII-IX saukuneebSi da XI saukunis dasawyisSic ìberia~ iTargmneba rogorc `qarTvelni~, XI saukunis Semdgom ukve ìberiis~ aRsaniSnavad sxva terminia gamoZebnili. amJamad miRebulia, rom `berZnebTan ìberiad~ cnobil qveyanas adgilobriv _ `qarTli~ saxeli daumkvidrda~.223 ismis kiTxva da am kiTxvis pasuxi arsebiTia _ VIII-X saukuneebSi ìberia~ ratom iTargmneba rogorc `qarTvelni~ da ara `qarTli~? pasuxi aseTia _ VIII saukuneSi `qarTli~ daiSala da warmoiqmna àfxazeTi~, `qarTli~ (e.i. tao-klarjeTi Sida qarTlTan erTad) da `kaxeT-hereTi~. magram samive am provinciis mcxovrebni iyvnen `naTesaviT qarTvelni~. erTad aRebul am provinciebs (e.i. aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos erTad) VIII saukunis Sua wlebamde Seesabameboda termini `qarTli~, anu ìberia~, VIII saukunidan ki saerTo erTian qveyanas `qarTli~ ukve aRar
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ewodeba _ Zveli qarTlis samefos teritoriaze sami erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli politikuri erTeulis warmoqmnis gamo, romelTagan erTerT provincias SerCa Zveli saxeli, yofili erTiani samefoAsa _ `qarTli~. VIII-X saukuneTa qarTvelma mTargmnelebma kargad icodnen, rom ucxouri termini ìberia~ Seesabameboda ara marto aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, aramed aRmosavleT-dasavleT saqarTvelos erTad aRebuls _ Zvel qarTlis samefos. amitomac, VIII-X saukuneTa mTargmnelebi termin ìberiis~ Targmnisas vardebian Zalze uxerxul mdgomareobaSi. Tu isini ìberias~ Targmnian rogorc `qarTls~, maTi Targmani arazusti da araswori iqneba, radganac VIII-X saukuneebSi ìberia~ da `qarTli~ ukve aRar udris erTmaneTs, ekvivalenturi aRar aris, radganac ucxouri termini ìberia~ kvlav Zveleburadve ewodeba aRmosavleT-dasavleT saqarTvelos erTad, xolo `qarTli~ am saukuneebSi ukve mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos erT nawils ewodeba. amitomac mTargmnelebi termin ìberias~ ar Targmnian rogorc `qarTls~, maT termin ìberias~ sxva ekvivalenti gamouZebnes. marTlacda ra saxeli unda darqmeoda aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos erTad aRebuls? mecnierebi aRniSnaven, rom `saqarTvelo~ am erTobis aRsaniSnavad jer kidev ar iyo gamoZebnili (igi ixmareba XI s-dan). am terminis gamoZebnamde ki aRmosavleT-dasavleT saqarTvelos mTlianobis aRmniSvneli Zveli terminis, `qarTlis~ gacveTis gamo, am krebiTobis, erTianobis aRmniSvneli sityvis magier VIII-XI saukuneTa mwerlebi xmaroben sityvebs _ àRmosavleTi~ da `CrdiloeTi~. Tuki VIII-X saukuneTa mTargmnelebi `dasavleTis iberiis~ Targmnisas sityva ìberiis~ nacvlad gamoiyenebdnen axladmoZebnil termins àRmosavleTs~, es mxolod gaugebrobas gamoiwvevda. mTargmnelebma airCies sxva gza. maT geografiuli Sinaarsis termin ìberias~ gamouZebnes eTnikuri Sinaarsis matarebeli ekvivalenti _ `qarTvelni~. es xerxi mTargmnelebma gamoiyenes Segnebulad da daamkvidres kidec saukuneTa manZilze, radganac darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom termini ìberia~ matarebeli iyo rogorc geografiuli, ise eTnikuri Sinaarsisac. svidas leqsikonSi aRniSnulia: ìberebi _ tomis saxelia da iberia _ qveyanaa. aris sxva iberiac, dasavleTisa...~ ucxo sityva ìberia~ VIII-X saukuneebSi gadaiTargmna rogorc `qarTvelni~. ìberia~ ewodeboda aRmosavleT-dasavleT saqarTvelos erTad, aseve `qarTvelni~ mosaxleobdnen im dros rogorc aRmosavleT, aseve dasavleT saqarTveloSi. uZvelesi droidanve, Zveli qarTlis samefos (farnavazis samefos) Seqmnis Semdgom, dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas iseve ewodeba qarTvelni, rogorc aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas. VIII saukunis Sua wlebidan vidre X saukunis dasasrulamde, e.i Zveli qarTlis samefos oficialuri gauqmebidan vidre saqarTvelos gaerTianebamde, miuxedavad imisa, rom qveyanaSi sxvadasxva politikuri erTeulebi arsebobda, aRmosav-
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leT da dasavleT saqarTvelos nebismier kuTxeSi mcxovreb mkvidr mosaxleobas qarTveli xalxi warmoadgenda. am mizezis gamo termini ìberia~ gadaiTargmna, rogorc `qarTvelni~. cxadia, VIII-X saukuneebSi aRmosavleTdasavleT saqarTvelos erTad `qarTli~ rom rqmeoda, ìberias~ Targmnidnen rogorc `qarTls~, magram im dros `qarTli~ ewodeboda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos erT nawils, amitom ìberia~ iTargmna rogorc `qarTvelni~, radganac qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli iyo rogorc aRmosavleTi, aseve dasavleTi saqarTvelo da `qarTvelni~ ufro zusti ekvivalenti iyo ìberiisa~, vidre `qarTli~ (VIII-X saukuneebSi). Zvel saqarTveloSi terminebs ìberiasa~ da ìbers~ aniWebdnen eTnikur Sinaarss da miiCnevdnen `naTesaviT qarTvlis~ fard sityvad. amis magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT eqvTime mTawmidelis ambavi. man miiRo gadawyvetileba, gamgzavrebuliyo espaneTSi, imis gamo, rom TiTqosda espaneTi dasaxlebuli iyo qarTveli xalxiT. am Secdomis mizezi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom is termin ìberiaSi~ eTnikur Sinaarss sdebda. amitom pirineis naxevarkunZulis iberebs man, ise rogorc sxva Zvelma mTargmnelebma, uwoda `qarTvelni dasavalisani~. aqedanac Cans, rom ìberias~ hqonda eTnikuri Sinaarsi rogorc am epoqaSi, aseve antikur xanaSi. antikur xanaSi ìberias~ Seesabameboda termini `qarTli~, xolo VIII-X saukuneebSi (SesaZloa VI-X saukuneebSi) Seesabameboda termini `qarTvelni~.
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Tavi VIII
qarTuli eklesia XI saukuneSi
`T u v i s m e s a m a r T l i a n a d e T q m i s , r o m T v i T d a iwv n e n d a s x v a s k i gz a ga u n a T e s o , es Cven s mama-papas eTqmis da madlobelni Svilni lmobierebiT pir-qve unda davem xoT m a T s a f l a v T a wi n aS e d a v u ga l o b o T d i d e b a d i d e b u l T a d a q e b a q e b u l T a~.
ilia marTali

saqarTvelos sapatriarqos daarsebis politikuri safuZveli XI saukuneSi
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978 wels mefe bagrat III-is dros aRsdga iberiis, anu `qarTlis samefo~. saqarTvelo gaerTianda.1 amjeradac, iseve rogorc vaxtang gorgaslis dros, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi Sedis aRmosavleTi, dasavleTi da samxreTi saqarTvelo.2 1010 wels bagrat III-m Tavis samefos kaxeT-hereTic SemouerTa,3 amiT restavrirebul iqna farnavaz mefis mier daarsebuli farnavazian-xosroianTa iberiis saxelmwifo. saqarTvelos erTian saxelmwifod aRdgena ganapiroba qarTveli eris Sinaganma mondomebam, arabTa dasustebis Semdeg, IX-X saukuneebSi, gansakuTrebulad gazrdilma erovnulma TviTSegnebam. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom vaxtang gorgaslis Semdeg, VI-X saukuneebSi, imdenad didi iyo `qarTlis samefos~ aRdgena-restavraciis survili, rom VIII saukunemde qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azri ar cnobda erTiani `qarTuli samefos~ daSlas da `qarTli~ kvlav erTian qveynad esaxeboda Savi zRvidan bardavamde. VIII saukunis Semdgom, marTalia, Seiqmna àfxazTa~, `tao-klarjeTis~, `kaxeT-hereTis~ samefoebi, magram TiToeuli es qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi erTeuli cdilobda gaeerTianebina saqarTvelo da aRedgina iberiis Zveli samefo. `VIII saukunidan saqarTvelos teritoriaze Camoyalibda ramdenime politikuri erTeuli: egris-afxazeTis samefo, qarTvelTa sakurapalato, kaxeTis saepiskoposo, hereTis samTavro da Tbilisis saamiro... egris-afxazeTis samefos ukiduresi zRvari Crdilo-dasavleTiT iyo mdinare da qalaqi nikofsia. konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT, afxazeTsa da jiqeTs Soris sazRvari md. nikofsiaze gadioda. mdinare nikofsia Tanamedrove niCepsuxoa, romelic q. tuafses midamoebSi erTvis Sav zRvas. qalaqi nikofsia ki afxazeTSi mdebareobda. XI saukunis mwerlis, giorgi mciris TqmiT, èrTi... mociqulTagani _ simons vityvi kananelsa _ queyanasa Cuensa damarxul ars, afxazeTs, romelsa nikofsi ewodebis~. aRmosavleTi sazRvari afxazTa samefosi md. klisura (Tanamedrove kelasuri) iyo... TandaTanobiT xdeba afxazeTis politikuri sazRvrebis gafarToeba aRmosavleTiT: leon afxazTa mefeman `dai pyro afxazeTi da egrisi vidre lixamde~.4 afxazeTis samefos warmoqmnas Sedegad mohyva am samefoSi avtokefaluri eklesiis daarseba àfxazeTis sakaTalikosos~ saxelwodebiT. mas avtokefalia 750-ian wlebSi mianiWa antioqiis sapatriarqom, efrem mciris mier gamoyenebuli àntioqiuri qronografis~ da agreTve ucxour wyaroTa Tanaxmad. am eklesias `qvemo iberiis~ eklesia erqva, radganac iberiis erTiani samefos arsebobis dros dasavleT saqarTvelo am samefos nawils Seadgenda. am eklesiis damoukidebloba, qarTul wyaroTa Tanaxmad, 830 wels cno `zemo iberiis~, anu `tao-klarjeTis~ samefom.
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`X saukuneSi tao-klarjeTi erT-erTi uZlieresi iyo saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroTa Soris. am saukunis pirvel naxevarSi misi sazRvari md. araqsis zemo xeobamde aRwevda. tao-klarjeTi kidev ufro gaZlierda da ufro Sors gadaiWima misi sazRvrebi X saukunis meore naxevarSi daviT didi kurapalatis dros... 80-ian wlebSi daviTma dai pyro qalaqi manazkerti _ vanis tbis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT. 997 wels man alya Semoartya cnobil savaWro qalaq xlaTs _ vanis tbis napirze... amrigad, X saukunis meore naxevarSi tao-klarjeTis samefo moicavda vrcel miwa-wyals, romlis samxreTi sazRvari aRwevda vanis tbasa da qalaq erzinkanamde (axlandeli erzinjani). amave dros daviTi Tavis gavlenas avrcelebda CrdiloeTiTac, saqarTvelos sxva samefo-samTavroebze. daviT didma kurapalatma isargebla afxazeTis Sinagani aSlilobiT da Tavisi Svilobili bagrati, saqarTvelos istoriaSi bagrat III-is saxeliT cnobili, pirvelad qarTlSi 975 wels, xolo 3 wlis Semdeg afxazeTSi mefed dasva. am saqmeSi daviTs energiulad TanamSromlobda qarTlis erisTavi ioane maruSis Ze~.5 iahia antioqielis cnobiT, zemo iberis kaTalikoss gavlena da ndoba hqonda bizantiis samefo karze. es iqidan Cans, rom daviT kurapalats basili II-sTan `qarTvelTa kaTalikosi~ gaugzavnia molaparakebisaTvis, xolo mefe giorgi I-is dros basili II-sTan sazavo molaparakebisaTvis midian sasuliero meTaurebi _ kaTalikosi da episkoposebi.6 daviT mefemo, _ wers iahia antioqieli, _ `qarTvelTa kaTalikosi saxelmwifos sxva mraval didebulTan erTad mefis karze gagzavna. mefem (basili II-m) maT titulebi Camouriga, mowyaleba uyo da isini daviTTan dabrundnen~.7 `saqarTvelos teritoriis aRmosavleT nawilSi ori politikuri erTeuli Camoyalibda: kaxeTis saqorepiskoposo da hereTis samefo... X saukunis meore naxevarSi kaxeTi da hereTi gaerTiandnen. es gaerTianeba vrceldeboda aragvidan mdinare axsumde (axsu mtkvris marjvena Senakadia da erTvis mtkvars daaxloebiT iq, sadac marjvena mxridan araqsi uerTdeba, q. sabirabadis midamoebSi). kaxeT-hereTi 1010 wlis axlo xanebSi bagrat III-m SeuerTa saqarTvelos~.8 bagrat III-is saxelmwifo gadaWimuli iyo nikofsiidan mtkvar-araqsis SesarTavamde aRmosavleTiT, xolo samxreTiT vanis tbamde. marTalia, daviT kurapalatis sikvdilis Semdeg misi samefos vanistbispira miwebi basili II-m miuerTa bizantias, magram es miwebi mainc sadavo teritoriebi iyo bizantiasaqarTvelos Soris, ramac giorgi I-is dros gansakuTrebiT iCina Tavi. `qarTlis cxovrebisa~ da bagrationTa XI saukunis mematianis, sumbat daviTis Zis Tanaxmad, bagrat III-is samefoSi Sedioda mTliani kavkasia Savi zRvidan kaspiis zRvamde. bizantiis imperatorebs axladSeqmnili uzarmazari qarTuli saxelmwifosi eSinodaTo, _ wers is. bagrat III-m `...daipyra yoveli kavkasia TYTmpyrobelobiTa jiqeTiTgan vidre gurgenadmde. xolo adarbadagani da Sarvani moxarke yo, somxiTsa
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xelmwifebiTa nebierad ganagebda. mefe sparsTa TYs megobrad da erTgul yo sibrZniTa da ZlierebiTa TYsiTa ufros saxleulTa TYsTasa da berZenT mefesaca SiSi aqunda amisi yoveladve~.9 vaxtang gorgaslis msgavsad, bagrat III-m savsebiT gaaerTiana zemo da qvemo iberia, amitomac is, mematianeTa Tanaxmad, Tavisi didebiT, ZaliT da gonebiT qarTvel mefeTa Soris erTaderTi iyo msgavsi vaxtang gorgaslisa (igulisxmeba VI saukunidan XI saukunemde): `...Semdgomad didisa mefisa vaxtang gorgaslisa aravin gamoCenil ars sxua msgavsi misi didebiTa da ZaliTa, da yovliTa gonebiTa...~10 quTaisis taZris kurTxevis droso, _ wers mematiane, _ bagrat III-m Sekriba `yovelni didebulni zemoni da quemoni, mamulisa da samefosa misisa myofnio~.11 mkvlevar-istorikosebis v. donduasa da g. wulaias Tanaxmad, `qvemo mamulSi~ da `zemo mamulSi~ igulisxmeba cal-calke dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo. `dasavleT saqarTvelos (afxazeTis) samefo Tavisi geografiuli pirobebiT warmoadgenda `qvemos~ `zemosTan~ _ aRmosavleT qarTul qveyanasTan `SefardebiT~.12 `qvemo~ da `zemo~ iberiis gaerTianebas erTiani `saqarTvelos samefos~ sazRvrebSi, saeklesio kanonebis Tanaxmad, Tan unda mohyoloda `qvemo iberiis~ (anu afxazeTis) sakaTalikososa da `zemo iberiis~ (anu mcxeTis) sakaTalikosos gaerTianeba saqarTvelos erTian eklesiad, radganac ZvelTaganve arsebula da msoflio krebaTa dadgenili kanonebiT eklesiis sazRvari Tan unda emTxveodes saxelmwifo-administraciul sazRvars. marTlac, erTian saqarTvelos samefoSi Seiqmna erTiani saqarTvelos sapatriarqo. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sazRvrebs SigniT arsebuli ori sakaTalikososagan Seiqmna erTi sapatriarqo. qarTveli eris ori avtokefaluri eklesiisagan da agreTve Crdilo kavkasiis, kaspiiszRvispireTisa da somxeTis qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiebis gaerTianebis Sedegad Seiqmna saqarTvelos sapatriarqo. SeqmnisTanave mis pirvel patriarqs melqisedek I-s àRmosavleTis patriarqi~ uwodes mis iurisdiqciisqveSa teritoriis sididis gamo. ase moixseniebs mas tyoba-ierdis warwera.13 `patriarqis tituli mcxeTis sakaTalikosom mas Semdeg daimkvidra, rac saqarTvelos eklesia gafarTovda da SeiZina berZnuli sapatriarqos garegnuli niSnebi da, rogorc Cans, es ar iyo ucxo da sapretenzio arc bizantiis imperatorebisa da patriarqebisaTvis. melqisedek I, romelmac pirvelma isargebla am wodebiT, bizantiaSi imperatorebis karze: basilTan (970-1025), konstantinesTan (1025-28) da romanozTan (1028-34) miRebuli da dafasebuli pirovneba iyo, maTganve melqisedekma miiRo materialuri daxmareba da Sewirulebani mcxeTis sveticxovlis mSeneblobisaTvis, miiRo soflebi bizantiis teritoriaze da sxva~.14 amJamad miCneulia, rom saqarTvelos pirveli kaTalikos-patriarqi gamoCnda mefe giorgi I-is dros, wyaroTa Tanaxmad, pirveli patriarqi erTiani qarTu-
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li eklesiisa, melqisedek I, iyo bagrat III-is naTesavi da misive gazrdili. is iyo didebulTa Svili. kaTalikos svimeonis gardacvalebis Semdeg bagrat III-m melqisedeki dasva saqarTvelos patriarqad. saqarTvelos patriarqad dadgomisTanave melqisedeki maSinve gaemgzavra konstantinopolSi saimperatoro karze basili II-sTan, Cans, imisaTvis, rom konstantinopols ecno qarTuli eklesiis sapatriarqo Rirseba. mematiane wers: `mokuda kaTalikozi sYmon da dasua aman mefeman didebulTa kacTa Svili meyvisi da gazrdili TYsi melqisedek kaTalikozpatriarqad. xolo ese wmidaA mefeH warvida berZenTa mefisa basilis winaSe konstantinopoled, raTa Seewios; rameTu iyo didi ese kaTolike samociqulo eklesia sveti-cxoveli, romeli vaxtang gorgasals aReSena...~15 am wyaros miTiTebiT, konstantinopolSi molaparakebisaTvis TviT saqarTvelos pirveli mefe (VIII saukunis Semdeg) bagrat III Cavida.16 basili II da bagrat III (an misi warmomadgeneli), cxadia, pirvel rigSi politikursaxelmwifoebriv sakiTxebze moilaparakebdnen, magram mematiane aRniSnavs, rom molaparakebis Tema exeboda qarTuli eklesiis sakiTxebs. kerZod, sakiTxi exeboda `kaTolike samociqulo eklesia sveticxovels~. qarTuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, `kaTolike samociqulo eklesia sveticxoveli~ ewodeboda ara saeklesio Senobas mcxeTaSi (cxadia, am Senobasac ewodeboda), aramed ewodeboda saqarTvelos mTlian eklesias, romlis iurisdiqcia vrceldeboda pontos zRvidan darubandis zRvamde. swored asea gadmocemuli wyaroSi: `kaTalikosi qarTlisa KelqveiT ara ars patriarqTa da ara ikurTxvian patriarqTagan, rameTu Tavisufali ars da mociqulTa magieri da mociqulTa taxtsa zeda mjdomi da patriarqi, Tavi yovelTa eklesiaTa: _ wmida kaTolike samociqulo eklesia sveticxoveli... da amas samwyso da KelqveiT qarTli, rani da kaxeTi, ovseTi... pontos zRYdam darubandis zRvamde~.17 zemoT moyvanilidan Cans, rom `wmida kaTolike samociqulo eklesia sveti-cxoveli~ ewodeba erTiani saqarTvelos eklesias, erTian qarTul eklesias aseve ewodeboda `wmida mcxeTa~, iseve rogorc amJamad erTiani bulgareTis eklesias ewodeba `sofiis sapatriarqo~, an `sofiis eklesia~, ruseTisas _ `moskovis sapatriarqo~, serbeTisas _ `belgradis~ da a.S. aseve saqarTvelos eklesias ewodeboda `sveticxovelis samociqulo eklesia~ anda ufro xSirad `mcxeTis samociqulo eklesia~. xandaxan qarTul eklesias simartivisaTvis, ubralod, uwodebdnen `mcxeTas~, xolo saeklesio pirebs da eklesiisaTvis moRvawe, eklesiaze damokidebul adamianebs _ `mcxeTis Svilebs~. magaliTad, mematiane `mcxeTas~ uwodebs erTian qarTul eklesias VII saukuneSi: àmis krebisa mier brZanes esreT wmidisa eklesiisa saqarTvelosaTYs, romel ars wmida mcxeTa, raTa iyos swor pativiTa viTarca wmidani samociqulo kaTolike eklesiani, sapatriarqoni da iyos kaTalikosi qarTlisa swori patriarqTa Tana...~18
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amitomac, roca mematiane wers bagrat III (an misi warmomadgeneli melqisedeki) konstantinopolSi gaemgzavra `sveticxovelis kaTolike samociqulo eklesiis sakiTxebis gadasaWrelado~, gulisxmobs, rom sakiTxi mTlian saqarTvelos sapatriarqos Seexeboda.19 im dros samociqulo eklesia ewodeboda ara yvela eklesias, aramed avtokefalur, damoukidebel eklesias. qarTveli saeklesio moRvaweni mudam amtkicebdnen, rom qarTuli eklesia samociqulo eklesiaa, radganac aq iqadages andria pirvelwodebulma, svimon kananelma da sxva mociqulebma. da radganac qarTuli eklesia samociquloa, aqedan gamomdinare, avtokefaluric aris. es avtokefalia adreve iyo aRiarebuli sxva eklesiebis mier. bagrat III bizantiis samefo karze àvtokefalurobis~ dasamtkiceblad ki ar wavida (es avtokefalia ukve hqonda qarTul eklesias), aramed, raTa saimperatoro kars eRiarebina qarTuli eklesiis erT administraciul erTeulad _ sapatriarqod gaerTianeba da eRiarebina pirveli patriarqi qarTuli eklesiisa _ melqisedek I. bagrat III-m jer `patriarqad dasva~ melqisedek I, xolo Semdeg mimarTa konstantinopols, eRiarebina qarTuli eklesiis sapatriarqo Rirseba, radganac aseT didmniSvnelovan movlenas _ axali sapatriarqos daarsebas _ ar SeiZleboda ar mohyoloda saerTaSoriso saeklesio rezonansi, bagratma izruna, rom rezonansi dadebiTi yofiliyo. bagrat III bizantiis samefo karze molaparakebas saqarTvelos sapatriarqos iurisdiqciis farglebis gansazRvrisaTvisac awarmoebda, rac iqidan Cans, rom am dromde saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTis mcire nawilze jer kidev SemorCenili iyo konstantinopolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqcia, xolo X-XI saukuneTa mijnaze konstantinopolis sapatriarqo kargavs Tavis iurisdiqcias sabolood saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTze (cnobilia, rom SavizRvispireTis es teritoriebi, romelzedac iurisdiqcia qarTlis sakaTalikosos hqonda, VII saukunis dasawyisSi dai pyro da bizantias SeuerTa herakle keisarma, amitomac aq Tavisi iurisdiqcia konstantinopolma ganaxorciela. VIII saukunis Semdeg qvemo iberiis sakaTalikoso ibrunebda am miwebs Tavis iurisdiqciaSi, magram X saukunisaTvis es procesi dasrulebuli ar iyo _ bagrat III-is epoqamde). bagrat III-is papam (dedis mamam), afxazTa mefe giorgim, àRaSena saydari Wyondidisa, Seqmna saepiskoposod~,20 xolo dedis Zmam `leon afxazTa mefem, àRaSena eklesia moqYsa da Seqmna saydrad saepiskoposod~.21 TviT bagrat III-m àRaSena saydari bediisa, da Seqmna saydrad saepiskoposod, mocvala mun gudayYisa saepiskoposo~.22 afxazTa mefeebi dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi aarsebdnen qarTul saepiskoposoebs konstantinopolis berZnuli saepiskoposoebis nacvlad. magram aseTi Secvla ar SeiZleba momxdariyo eklesiaTa SeTanxmebis gareSe. konstantinopolis nacvlad qarTuli ek-
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lesiis iurisdiqciis gavrcelebisas unda arsebuliyo SeTanxmeba am eklesiaTa Soris. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, qarTuli saepiskoposoebis daarseba konstantinopolis iurisdiqciisqveSa teritoriaze CaiTvleboda qarTuli eklesiis mtaceblobad, rasac Sedegad mohyveboda qarTuli eklesiis mxriv saerTaSoriso saeklesio izolacia da misi mwvaleblur eklesiad gamocxadeba (aseTi ram, marTlac, moxda, magram ara bagrat III-is, aramed giorgi Isa da bagrat IV-is dros. erT-erTi sababi amisi iyo qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciis qveS somxeTis vrcel teritoriaze arsebuli marTlmadidebeli eparqiebis Sesvla, romelzedac konstantinopoli acxadebda Tavis pretenzias). bagrat III-is dros saimperatoro kars ucvnia, rogorc qarTuli eklesiis sapatriarqo Rirseba, aseve misi iurisdiqcia SavizRvispireTSi, amitom amis Semdeg konstantinopolis sapatriarqos arasodes gauxdia sadavod saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTi da ar CauTvlia Tavis iurisdiqciisqveSa teritoriad, ufro metic, konstantinopols saqarTvelos sapatriarqos centris _ sveticxovelis taZris restavraciisaTvis Seuwiravs mdidari monasteri da 105 sofeli. unda davaskvnaT, rom saqarTvelos sapatriarqos SeqmnisTanave bizantiis samefo karze irkvevdnen saqarTvelos sapatriarqos sakiTxs da es sakiTxi konstantinopolSi dadebiTad gadauWriaT. bizantias rom ar ecno saqarTvelos eklesiis sapatriarqo Rirseba, sapatriarqos centrs _ sveticxovels da saqarTvelos patriarq melqisedeks saCuqrad ar gadascemdnen monaster kestorias, romelsac 105 sofeli hqonda, da sxva Sesawirs.23 1031-1033 ww. saqarTvelos pirvel kaTalikos-patriarqs melqisedeks dauweria `moxsenebuli mcxeTis saydrisadmi~ (ix. qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebi IX-XIII ss. 1984 w., gv. 22). am sabuTidan Cans, rom igi ar miiCnevs Tavs sveticxovlis didebuli taZris maSeneblad, aramed am taZrisTvis miuSenebia gareTa bWeni, garSemo Semouvlia (SemouSenebia) `stoani~ da gadauxuravs isini. garda amisa, mas mTeli taZari Seumkia yovelive saeklesio nivTiTa da samkauliT: `Sevamkev yovliTave samkaulobiTa, gareTiTa bWiTa da garSemo stoaTa moqmniTa da zeddaburviTa~ (iqve, gv. 22). melqisedeks rom aeSenebina es taZari, amas uTuod aRniSnavda, rameTi igi CamoTvlis wignebsa da zogierT wvrilmans, rac mas am taZrisaTvis Seuwiravs an gaukeTebia. marTalia, amJamad miCneulia, rom melqisedekis dros TiTqosda sveticxovlis Zveli, mcire taZris adgilze aSenda axali da didebuli, magram, rogorc aRvniSneT, es melqisedekis sabuTiT ar dasturdeba. ufro metic, yvela Zveli sabuTi, romelic exeba mcxeTis taZars, miiCnevs, rom igi aSenebulia vaxtang gorgaslis mier, mxolod XIX s-is bolosa da XX s-Si Seitanes amaSi eWvi da taZari melqisedekis aSenebulad miiCnies.
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melqisedeks sveticxoveli marTlac rom brwyinvaled da didis didebulebiT Seumkia `warsamarTleblad qristianeTa~, kerZod, oqrosa da vercxlis furclebiT mouWedia taZarSi myofi `sveticxoveli~, anu saswaulmoqmedi gadaWrili xis adgilze aSenebuli oTxkuTxa sveti. garda amisa, oqro-vercxliTa da TvalmargalitiT SeuWedia `sakurTxeveli~, anu saRmrTo trapezi, kankeli da sameufo karebi sakurTxevlisa aseve oqro-vercxliT SeuWedia. ierusalimidan mTels msoflioSi ganawilda im cxovelmyofeli Zelis nawilebi, romelzec jvars acves Cveni ufali da macxovari ieso qriste. maTgan akeTebdnen SedarebiT mcire zomis jvrebs, romelnic iTvlebodnen udides siwmindeebad. maTi qoneba did ganZad iTvleboda. melqisedeks sveticxovlisaTvis `Seuqmnia~ aseTi jvrebi, SeuWedavs isini oqroTi da Tval-margalitiT. aseve, eklesiis udides ganZad iTvleboda qristesTvis wamebuli da Tavdadebuli wmidanebis nawilebi. maT didi makurnebeli da saswaulmoqmedi Zala gaaCndaT. rogorc wesi, romelime wmidanis romelime nawils udidesi ostatobiT moWedavdnen da eklesiaSi daasvenebdnen xolme. melqisedeksac sveticxovlisaTvis `Seuqmnia~ samartvilo, anu wmida nawilebis dasasvenebeli adgili (mec minaxavs msgavsi samartvilo aTonze iverTa monastris mTavar eklesiaSi). melqisedeks `samartvilo~ oqro-vercxliTa da Tval-margalitiT SeuWedavs, masSi dausvenebia TiTqmis yvela wmidanis nawilebi da zemoaRwerili `Zeli cxovrebisaA~, e.i. ierusalimidan Camosvenebuli jvris nawili. rogorc aRiniSna, melqisedek kaTalikos-patriarqi aTeulobiT wlebis ganmavlobaSi mravaljer Cavida saimperatoro karze konstantinopolSi, sadac mas didis didebiTa da pativiscemiT iRebdnen basili II bulgarTmmusvreli, konstantine da romanozi Cuqnidnen mas mraval saeklesio siwmindes. magaliTad, imperator konstantines misTvis uboZebia òqros xati~, romelic patriarqma sveticxovels Seswira. basili II-s oqro-vercxliTa da Tval-margalitiT Semkuli RvTismSoblis xati, xolo romanoz `berZenTa mefes~ misTvis oqroqsovili Sesamoseli uboZebia, isinic Seswira sveticxovels. Tavis mxriv, cxadia, Cveni eklesiis pirvel patriarqs gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos pirveli mefe bagrat III mraval Sesawirs swiravda, aTavisuflebda qarTul eklesias gadasaxadebisagan. `movaxsene gamzrdelsa Cemsa bagrat kurapalats da Seuvalad gamixadnes~ (iqve, gv. 27), _ acxadebs melqisedeki. aRniSnuli sabuTis Tanaxmad, sveticxovlisaTvis melqisedeks Seuwiravs mooqrouli da Zvirfasi TvlebiT Semkobili macxovris didi zomis xati, aseve vercxlis, oqrocurvili macxovris xati, naTlismcemlisa da wm. Tev-
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dores xatebi, oqro-vercxliT SeWedilni, sxva xatebi, sul 55 cali. oqrosagan damzadebuli barZim-feSxumi Semkobili Tval-margalitiTa da minanqris xatebiT, oqrosave kovziTa da varskvlaviT (`xuirni~), isinic TvalmargalitiT Semkulni, oqrosave samweroblebi, anu ri pidebi, isinic TvalmargalitiT Semkulni, oqrosave sacecxlurebi da sasakmevleebi da sxva mravali nivTi. wignebi: oTxive maxareblis wignebi cal-calke, maT garda, wm. oTxTavi, sami cali `saTanao~, anu satarebeli òTxTavi saxarebaA~, TvalmargalitiT Semkobili. vercxliT `Sekazmuli~ vercxlisave `Rilkiloiani~, mowameTa wignebi `zamTari da zafxuli~, anu zogSi zafxulis dReebSi eklesiaSi moxseniebuli wmidanis cxovreba iqneboda, sxvebSi ki zamTarSi mosaxsenebelTa cxovreba. isinic vercxliT `Sekazmulni~ da mravali sxva wigni, sul 25 cali. Seuwiravs agreTve mooqroul-movercxlili `sawigneni~, e.i. wignebis Casawyobi kolofebi. maT garda, mravali sakelaptre, samRvdelo da samRvdelmTavro Sesamoseli, sanawile da sxva mravali nivTi. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos, anu qarTul eklesias mravali sofeli ekuTvnoda saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi. maT garda, TviTon kaTalikos-patriarqs, Tavis mxriv, `mougia~ mravali sofeli, romelic Seuwiravs mTavari sapatriarqo taZrisaTvis, kerZod, rogorc aRvniSneT, misTvis berZenTa mefe basili II-s uboZebia didi monasteri `kestori~. am monasters ekuTvnoda 105 sofeli, romelic gadaucia sveticxovlisaTvis. man iyida da aRaSena soflebi saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi _ taoSi, klarjeTSi, SavSeTSi, javaxeTSi, kolaSi, faravans, Sida qarTlSi, kaxeTSi, hereTSi, kakSi, qvemo qarTlSi, romelnic eklesias Seswira, sul 155. TbilisSi qarTul eklesias didZali simdidre da Semosavali hqonda. Tbilisis arabma amira alim melqisedekis TxovniT eklesia gadasaxadebisagan gaaTavisufla. melqisedeks augia saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi mravali eklesia da daudgams saeklesio saxli (Sewirul soflebSi). sabuTis aRniSnuli CamonaTvalis qvemoT miwerilia `qoronikoni iyo sm (e.i. 781+240=1021 w.). am dros melqisedeki jer kidev mxned yofila, moxucebulobis Jams ki mas Seumzadebia TavisTvis saflavi, augia masze sakurTxeveli da daudgenia saflavze mlocveli mRvdeli, romelic yovelmxriv uzrunveluyvia, raTa masa da mis Svilebs Taobidan Taobamde elocaT pirveli patriarqis saflavze misi sulis saoxad. kerZod, amave sabuTidan Cans, rom melqisedeks Tavisi saflavi Seumzadebia sveticxovlis taZris sadiakvneSi. aqve man ufro adre moawyo zemoaRwerili samartvile. rogorc wesi, taZris nawili, romelsac amJamad sakurTxeveli ewodeba, sam nawilad ganiyofa. centralur, mTavar nawilSi mowyobilia wmida trapezi, marjvena nawilSi sadiakvnea, marcxenaSi _ samkveTlo. sveticxovlis am nawilSi (e.w. samkveTloSi) amJamad mcire eklesiaa gamarTuli, marjvenaSi (sadiakvneSi) mouwyvia melqisedeks mcire eklesia, gauTxria TavisTvis saflavi, zed daudgams `sakurTxeveli~, anu
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samwirvelo trapezi. am sakurTxevelze wirva-locva daavala Tavis gazrdils mRvdels iovanes, romelsac gasamrjelod, saxsrad da col-Svilis gamosakvebad saukunod daumkvidra mdidari saeklesio Sesawiri _ 5 glexi sruli fuZiT, e.i. Tavisi saxl-kariT, miwiT, venaxiT, WaliT da wisqviliT, sxva mamulebic gadasca. amasTan dakavSirebiT anderZSi Cawera: àravis aqvs amas zeda xeli Tvinier xucisa, romeli sakurTxevelsa amas Cemsa zeda Jamsa wiravdes~ (iqve, gv. 28.). Tavisi saflavis eklesiisaTvisac melqisedeks Seuwiravs Sesamoseli, barZim-feSxumi da vercxliT namzadi sxva nivTebi. melqisedeks Tavis mosaxseneblad aRapi (sulis saoxi wirva-locva zed mobmuli purobiT) daudgenia 24 ianvars.
qarTuli eklesiis devna 1021-1054 wlebSi bizantia-saqarTvelos omis dros

bagrat III-is gardacvalebis Semdeg iwyeba omi bizantiis imperiasa da saqarTvelos Soris. es iyo ara ubralo da epizoduri SebrZolebebi, aramed didi omi, romelic gagrZelda aTwleulobiT da romelSic uSualod monawileobdnen bizantiis imperatorebi da saqarTvelos mefeebi. omi daiwyo basili II-is dros, 1021 wels da mimdinareobda imperatorebis konstantine VIII-is, romanoz III-is, miqael IV-is, miqael V-is, zoiasa da Teodoras da damTavrda konstantine monomaqosis dros, 1054 wels. imxanad saqarTveloSi mefobdnen giorgi I da bagrat IV. swored bagrat IV-is dros Sewyda bizantia-saqarTvelos omi da daido samSvidobo zavi. am oms zogadad aseTi saxe hqonda: imperatorebi basili da konstantine TviTonve ramdenjerme SemouZRvnen TavianT mravalricxovan armiebs saqarTveloSi qarTveli mefeebis dasamarcxeblad. romanozis dros ramdenime wliT samSvidobo zavi daido bizantia-saqarTvelos Soris, romelic male dairRva. amis Semdeg bizantia Tavisi laSqriT, fuliT da sxva saSualebebiT exmareboda da mxars uWerda saqarTveloSive arsebul separatistul Zalebs, saqarTvelosa da qarTveli mefis dasamarcxeblad. bagrat IVis dros, 1054-1057 wlebSi, samwliani molaparakeba zaviT damTavrda. bagrat III-is mematiane aRniSnavda, rom bizantiis mezoblad saqarTvelos didi saxelmwifos warmoqmnam, romelic mTel kavkasias eufleboda, SeaSfoTa bizantiis samefo kari. saqarTvelos mefem, wers is, Savi zRvidan kaspiis zRvamde, `jiqeTidan vidre gurganamde... dai pyra yoveli kavkasia TviTmpyrobelobiT~, `mefe sparsTa TYs megobrad da erTgul yo sibrZniTa da ZlierebiTa TYsiTa~. bizantiis mmarTveli wreebisaTvis saSiSi gamxdara saqarTvelos gaerTianeba: `berZenTa mefeTaca SiSi aqunda amisi yovladveo~.
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amiT iyo gamowveuli is, rom daviT kurapalatis gardacvalebisTanave, 1001 wels, `gamovida basili, berZenTa mefe, da miscnes mas cixeni aznaurTa ama daviTisTa da dai pyra basili mefeman mamuli daviT kurapalatisa~.24 basili am dros Seecada Camoegdo mtroba da SuRli bagrat III-sa da mamamiss gurgen mefeT-mefes Soris, magram es ver SeZlo. bagrat III-is gardacvalebis (1014w.) Semdeg saqarTvelos samefos erTianoba ar darRveula, piriqiT, saqarTvelo kidev ufro Zlierdeboda. amitomac, 1021 wels basilma axalgazrda giorgi I-is dros wamoiwyo Zalze didi omi saqarTvelos saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg. oms TviT basili mTavarsardlobda. basili keisars imedi hqonda, rom mis Setevas saqarTvelos samefo ver gauZlebda da daiSleboda, rogorc iyo bagrat III-mde. magram qarTveli eri da qarTuli eklesia gverdSi amoudga saxelmwifos. eklesia bizantiis mier dapyrobil kuTxeebSi saTaveSi Caudga samamulo oms dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg. `yovliTa spiTa saberZneTisaTa da ucxoTesliTa uricxYTa~25 SemoWril basili II-es qarTulma mxedrobam didi winaaRmdegoba gauwia giorgi I-is meTaurobiT: ègzom gagrZelda maT Soris brZola, romel sivltolad ganemzada basili mefe~.26 giorgi mefem ukandaxevis Semdeg gaaZliera Tavisi armia, amitomac basili iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina saqarTvelos sazRvrebi da trapizonis maxloblad daezamTrebina. meore wels is kvlav SemoiWra saqarTveloSi. giorgi I-ma Seutia mters da gaaqcia: ìwyes brZolad da aotes zogi basilis laSqrisa~.27 damarcxebiT gaognebulma imperatorma moiTxova: `..Zeli cxovrebisa mandiliTa wmidiTa, da dasca igi qveyanasa zeda da Tqua esreT, viTarmed: ùkeTu mimec me KelTa mtersaTa, arRara Tayuanis-gce ukunisamde~ da viTar ese yo da Tqua, myis masve Jamsa iZlivnes da meot iqmnes spani giorgisani~.28 basili II mzad yofila RmerTi daegmo, Tu omSi qarTvelebi gaimarjvebdnen. mematianis zemomoyvanili azriT, romelic gamoxatavs imdroindel sazogadoebriv azrs, qarTveli mefisa da armiis damarcxeba da bizantielTa gamarjveba RvTis nebiT momxdara. imdroindeli SexedulebiT, bizantia da misi imperatorebi iyvnen burjni msoflio qristianobisa. imperatorebs Tayvans scemdnen, rogorc RvTis nebis aRmsrulebelT. albaT, amiT iyo gamowveuli is, rom bizantielTa mxareze gadavida qarTuli mosaxleobis erTi nawili dapyrobil samxreT saqarTveloSi: `...mieqces erni, sofelni ugunur-ususurni cnobiTa da gonebiTa...~29 aseT dros, roca qristianul sarwmunoebas qarTveli eris mteri iyenebda qristiani qarTveli eris dasapyrobad, qarTuli sapatriarqo da samRvdeloeba saTaveSi udgeba samamulo oms bizantielTa winaaRmdeg dapyrobil samxreT saqarTveloSi. samRvdeloeba `viTarca erTgulni da WeSmaritni martYlni, saRmrToni TavTa TYsTa sikudilad ganswirvides, da KorcielTa ufalTaTYs TavTa TYsTa ganswirvides da sisxlTa dasTxevdes...~30 qarTvel samRvdeloebas bizanti-
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asTan omSi qarTveli `wvrili eri~ rom ar gamoefxizlebina, mteri gamoiyenebda maT gulubryvilobas, `cnobiT ugunur-ususurobas~ da maT gulwrfel qristianobas Tavis sasargeblod. qarTveli samRvdeloeba, eklesia da sapatriarqo ùqristianes~ bizantiis imperiasTan saqarTvelos brZolis Jams dadga qarTuli saxelmwifos mxareze. qarTuli eklesiis aqtiurma poziciam am omSi gamoiwvia bizantiis samefo karisa da konstantinopolis sapatriaqros risxva qarTuli eklesiis mimarT. bizantiis eklesia qarTuli eklesiis winaaRmdeg ganewyo. qarTuli eklesia mwvalebelTa aramarTlmadideblur eklesiad gamocxadda. daiwyo qarTuli monastrebisa da qarTveli berebis devna imperiaSi. 33-wliani omi bizantiasa da saqarTvelos Soris iyo omi or qristianul saxelmwifos Soris, amitomac am or qveyanas Soris mSvidobisa da zavisaTvis iRvwian saeklesio pirebi. kaTalikos-patriarqi melqisedeki, wyaroTa Tanaxmad, xSirad Cadioda konstantinopolSi. am dros xSirad mimodiodnen saeklesio pirebi bizantiasa da saqarTvelos Soris, mSvidobisa da SewevnisaTvis. amis Sesaxeb moRweulia aTonis mTawmidis devnili qarTveli berebis mier dawerili cnoba: `...arca Tu egebis, ravdenni Ruawlni moiTminnes, yovelTave TiToeulad aRricxuvaA: mimoslvaA Cueni zRYT da KmeliT da afxazeTs da qarTls savedrebelTa wignTaTYs berZenTa mefeTa winaSe, da ravdengzis moviRiT wigni TYTmpyrobelTaA da CamovidiT, da kualad ginebiTa da SeuracxebiTa wargudevnnian usagzloni da uKamurni Jamsa RelvaTatexisa da zamTrisasa esreT anu TxoviT aRvidiT kualad sameufod anu RmrTis-moyuareTa kacTa wyalobiTa da kualad SevstirodiT da vesamarTlebodiT mefeTa~.31 am cnobiT, qarTvel berebs imdenjer umogzavriaT am omis dros bizantiasa da saqarTvelos Soris, rom amis aRricxva SeuZlebeli yofila. maTi mgzavrobis mizani iyo mieRoT Tavisi mdgomareobis SemsubuqebisaTvis `savedrebeli wignebi~ saqarTvelos TviTmpyrobel mefeTagan da CaetanaT es wignebi `berZenTa mefeTa winaSe~. orive SemTxvevaSi mefeebi naxsenebi arian mravlobiT ricxvSi, ase rom, berebi konstantinopolsa da saqarTvelos Soris sxvadasxva imperatorebis dros mogzaurobdnen. saqarTvelos mefis mier gagzavnil wigns konstantinopolSi araviTar yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen, piriqiT, berebs ginebiTa da SeuracxyofiT abrunebdnen, isini ki usagzlod, fexSiSvelni, mkacr zamTarSi kvlav Camodiodnen saqarTveloSi da `kualav SevstirodiT da vesamarTlebodiT mefeTa~. iverTa monasteri daarsda 980-983 wlebSi basili II-is mniSvnelovani SesawiriTa da daxmarebiT. basili II am dros kargad iyo ganwyobili qarTvelebis mimarT, radganac qarTvelebma mas taxti SeunarCunes barda skliarosis ajanyebis dros (976-979). skliarosis damarcxebis meore welsve iwyeba iveronis mSenebloba: `mefe basilis, romanozis Zis mefuri wyalobiT,
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ioanem aRmarTa sakuTari lavra, romelsac Zvelad klimentioss eZaxdnen, mogvianebiT ki ivironi ewoda~.32 basili II barda fokas ajanyebis (987-989) damarcxebis Semdeg qarTvelebis mimarT ukve aRar iyo kargad ganwyobili ajanyebaSi maTi monawileobis gamo. es male daetyo iberTa monasters. 1008 wels, gurgen mefeT-mefis gardacvalebis Semdeg taos qarTvelTa samefo SeierTa bagrat III-m, ramac bizantiis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. maleve, 1012 wlidan iverTa monasterSi daiwyo areuloba _ `sulmokleoba da sigrile~, rasac, Cans, konstantinopoli aqezebda. 1021 wlis omis dawyebis Semdeg, 1025 wlidan imperator konstantines dros iverTa monasterSi namdvili amboxeba dawyebula. iveronis monastris maSindeli mdgomareoba sarkesaviT asaxavda bizantia-saqarTvelos urTierTdamokidebulebas. magaliTad, bizantia-saqarTvelos zavis dros, 1030-ian wlebSi, imperatori romanozi kargad ganewyo iveronis winamZRvar giorgi I-is mimarT, magram zavis darRvevisTanave monastris berebi `Relvasa da mimotacebaSi~ `Cacvivdnen~. omis dros bizantiaSi ara marto qarTuli monastrebi da saeklesio pirebi idevnebodnen, aramed saero pirebic _ saqarTvelos moqalaqeebic _ saqarTvelos moqalaqes `qveynis Cuenis eris kaci~ erqva.33 es iqidanac Cans, rom grigol bakurianis Zesac ki, romelic erovnebiT qarTveli iyo, magram saqarTvelos moqalaqe ar yofila, aramed imperiis mTavarsardali iyo, mZafrad ganucdia qarTveli moqalaqeebisa da berebis devniT gamowveuli tanjva. is wers: `berZenni... arian bunebiT mZlavrni da angaharni da xelovanni, meSinis, Tu nuTu savnebeli da dasaklebeli raime SeamTxvion monastersa... romeli ese mravalgzis gvixilavs maTgan qmnilad Cuenisa naTesavisa umankoebisagan da gulmartiobisagan~.34 qarTveli berebi antioqiaSic idevnebodnen. saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqi melqisedek I saeklesio sakiTxebis gadasaWrelad mravaljer Sexvedria imperatorebs, basils, konstantines, romanozs. bizantiasTan omis dros saeWvod gamoacxades qarTveli eris marTlmadidebloba, qarTuli avtokefaluri eklesiis Tavidanve arsebuli mravali ufleba, amitomac, SeuZlebelia, qarTuli eklesiis meTauri mravaljer ar Casuliyo konstantinopolSi saeklesio sakiTxebisaTvis, ris Sesaxebac mogviTxrobs `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Teimuraziseuli nusxa. melqisedeki iyo meTauri uzarmazari avtokefaluri eklesiisa, romlis iurisdiqcia vrceldeboda Savsa da kaspiis zRvebs Soris, amitomac araferia gasakviri imaSi, rom bizantiis imperatorebi angariSs uwevdnen amas da saCuqrad Sesawiris saxiT melqisedeks aZlevdnen xatebs, jvrebsa da saeklesio nivTebs. Tanamedrove terminologiiT rom gamovxatoT, bizantia-saqarTvelos omis dros am ori qveynis eklesiebi aqtiur ideologiur brZolas eweodnen. bizantiuri ideologia qarTveli erisa da eklesiis mimarT agresiuli iyo.
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maTi propagandistuli manqana avrcelebda sicrues qarTvelebis aramarTlmadideblobisa, eklesiis arakanonierebis Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad, qarTuli eklesiis ideologia iyo TavdacviTi. is amtkicebda, rom qarTuli eklesia mudam marTlmadidebluri iyo, im drosac ki, roca bizantiuri eklesia mwvalebluri iyo, magaliTad, xatmebrZolobis dros. aseve qarTuli eklesia mudam Tavisufali da avtokefaluri iyo, radganac mociqulTa mier iqna daarsebulio.35 bizantias ganzraxuli hqonda, samagaliTod daesaja qarTuli eklesia omSi dakavebuli antibizantiuri poziciisaTvis. amisaTvis saWiro iyo moeZiaT raime saeklesio-dogmatikur-kanonikuri sababi. sababad gamoiyenes is, rom qarTulma eklesiam Tavisi Tavi gamoacxada sapatriarqo eklesiad, rac ewinaaRmdegeboda pentarxiis bizantiur `kanonikur~ Teorias (msoflioSi mxolod xuTi sapatriarqos arseboba), amitomac aramarTlmadideblurad gamoacxades qarTuli eklesia da eWvi Seitanes mis avtokefaliaSic ki. bizantielebma qarTuli eklesiis marTlmadideblobaSi eWvis misatan sababad gamoiyenes qarTuli da somxuri eklesiebis cnobili saeklesio kavSiri VI-VII saukuneebSi. Tavis droze, VI saukunis dasawyisSi, qarTvelsomex-albanelTa erTmaneTisagan damoukidebelma avtokefalurma sakaTalikosoebma dvinis gaerTianebul saeklesio krebaze 506 wels dagmes nestorianoba da miiRes `henotikoni~. imperatorebis, zenonisa da anastasis dros arsebuli bizantiuri Teoria `henotikoni~ icavda imperiis eklesiis erTianobas imiT, rom aerTianebda monofizitebsa da qalkedonitebs. es Teoria aRiares qarTulma da somxurma eklesiebmac da safuZvlad daedo maT religiur-sarwmunoebriv erTobas. 518 wlis Semdeg, rac bizantiam dagmo henotikoni, qarTuli eklesiac cdilobda daegmo igi, magram am dros, VI saukuneSi, saqarTvelo dapyrobili iyo sparsTa mier, sparseTi ki mxars uWerda da aZlierebda yovelgvar antibizantiur mrwamss _ am SemTxvevaSi monofizitobas, romelic am saukuneSi TandaTan somxuri eklesiis erovnul sarwmunoebad gadaiqca. somexi ierarqebi mudamJam ukiJinebdnen qarTvel ierarqebs, romelTac qalkedonuri pozicia eWiraT, rom qarTvelTa winaprebma somxebTan erTad dagmes qalkedonitoba da miiRes saerTo sarwmunoeba, isini gulisxmobdnen henotikons, amitomac qarTvelTa mier qalkedonitobis aRiareba TiTqosda iyo `mamaTa sarwmunoebis Ralati~.36 jer sparseTi, xolo Semdeg araboba sastikad devnida qarTul qalkedonitur eklesias, amis mizezi iyo is, rom es qveynebi mudam eomebodnen bizantiis imperias da amitomac am imperiaSi arsebuli saeklesio ideologia _ qalkedonitoba miuRebeli iyo rogorc sparseTis, ise arabobisaTvis. orive es qveyana xels uwyobda da aZlierebda monofizitobas _ antiqalkedonitur mrwamss. rogorc sparseTi, ise araboba yovelmxriv xels uwyobda da xelovnurad aZlierebda somxuri monofizituri eklesiis gavlenas
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albaneTsa da qarTlSi.37 mose kalankatuelis Tanaxmad, arabebma sastikad dasajes albanuri eklesia Tavisi qalkedonituri mrwamsisaTvis da dauqvemdebares is somxur eklesias VI saukunis miwuruls,38 amis gamo albaneTis vrcel qveyanaSi saeklesio ena iyo ara albanuri, aramed somxuri. albaneTis uZvelesi samociqulo avtokefaluri eklesia dampyrobelma sparsarabebma somxuri eklesiis nawilad aqcies. albanur enaze arsebuli wmida werili aRar gamoiyeneboda albaneli xalxisaTvis, is somxurenovanma saeklesio literaturam Secvala. albanuri anbanis magier albanel xalxs somxuri anbanis gamoyeneba daaZales rogorc sparselebma, ise arabebma. kavkasiis erT-erTi yvelaze mravalricxovani xalxi somxurenovani gaxda saeklesio TvalsazrisiT. saqarTvelos did nawilze, gansakuTrebiT ki dasavleT saqarTveloze, agreTve aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mtkvris CrdiloeTiT moqceul nawilze sparseTi da araboba Tavis gavlenas naklebad avrcelebda, samxreT saqarTveloze ki, mtris mier dapyrobil mesxeTsa da qvemo qarTlSi, somxur eklesias yovelgvari neba mieca Tavisi gavlenis gavrcelebisa. arabobis Sesustebamde es mxareebi somxuri eklesiis gavlenis qveS iyo, ramac Tavisi kvali daaCnia qarTul qristianobas _ qarTveli mosaxleobis aramcire nawili somxurma eklesiam Tavis mrevlad aqcia. qarTvel monofizitebs, anu `sarwmunoebiT somxebs~ moixseniebs grigol bakuriani: `vinaAca menebos, naTesavTa CemTa da msaxurTa CemTa, daRacaTu somexni iyvnen sarwmunoebiTa~.39 monofiziti qarTvelebi, anu `sarwmunoebiT somxebi~ X saukunis bolosa da XI saukunis dasawyisSi ìnaTlebodnen~ kidec, magram maTi raodenoba mainc aramciredi iyo. magaliTad, `movida gvirpeli... da moinaTla, rameTu somexi iyo~.40 somxuri eklesia XI saukunis dasawyisSi mwvaleblur eklesiad iTvleboda bizantiaSi, xolo qarTul eklesias am droisaTvis jer kidev Rrmad etyoboda somxuri eklesiis gavlenis kvali, swored es gamoiyenes bizantielma ideologebma qarTuli eklesiis marTlmadideblobaSi eWvis Sesatanad. amis Sesaxeb qarTveli beri werda kidec: `...queyanaA Cueni Sors iyo queyanisagan saberZneTisa da viTarca Teslni ara wmidani Soris Cuensa daTesul iyvnes borotni igi Teslni somexTani _ gularZnilni da manqanani da amis mier friad guevneboda~.41 qarTul eklesias, arsen safarelis Tanaxmad, jer kidev 551 wels (somxuri welTaRricxvis pirvel wels) mowveuli krebis Semdeg gauwyvetia somxur eklesiasTan kavSiri, Semdgom 607 wels, kirionis dros, kvlav saWiro gaxda msgavsi qmedeba, magram sparseTis mefe xosros mier 614 wels ierusalimis aRebis Semdeg sparseTma `somxuri sarwmunoeba~ sparseTis imperiaSi mcxovrebi qristianebisaTvis savaldebulo sarwmunoebad gamoacxada. amis gamo, sparsTagan dapyrobil aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi somxeTis gav-
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lena kvlavindeburad grZeldeboda. 632 wels ki bizantiis imperatorma herakle keisarma ùnia~ Sekra somxur eklesiasTan, ramac monoTelitobis aRorZinebas Seuwyo xeli bizantiis imperiaSi. somxuri eklesia bizantiuri `monoTelitobis~ erT-erTi burji gaxda, ramac saSualeba misca mas, kvlavindeburi gavlena hqonoda amierkavkasiaze. somxuri eklesia, rogorc Tavis antiqalkedonitobas, ise `monoTelitobis~ magvar sarwmunoebas Tavis sasargeblod iyenebda. mxolod 726 wels mowveuli krebis Semdeg, rac somxurma eklesiam sabolood dagmo qalkedonitoba da aSkarad aRiara monofizitoba, qarTulma eklesiam yovelgvari kavSiri gawyvita masTan. magram Zvel kavSirs ukvalod ar Cauvlia. `wrfeli da umanko~42 qarTveli xalxisaTvis somexi saeklesio moRvaweni gamxdaran avtoritetuli pirebi da `...igini reca mizeziTa wesierebisaATa, reca cdunebad guazmnobdes...~43 e.i. avtori amtkicebs, rom somexi saeklesio moRvaweebi xan gangeb acdendnen, abrkolebdnen qarTvelebs, xan kidev saeklesio wesebis sisworis momizezebiT nergavdnen araswor wesebs. garda amisa, somxuri enidan Targmnili saeklesio wignebic yofila qarTul eklesiaSi, rac sxva SecdomaTa wyaro xdeboda. mTliani winadadeba aseTia: `...daRacaTu pirveliTganve guqondes werilnica da sarwmunoebaA WeSmariti da marTali, garna queyanaA Cueni Sors iyo queyanisgan saberZneTisa da viTarca Teslni arawmidani Soris Cuensa daTesul iyvnes borotni igi Teslni somexTani, gularZnilni da manqanani, da amis mier friad guevneboda, rameTu naTesavi Cueni wrfeli iyo da umankoA. xolo igini reca mizeziTa wesierebisaATa reca cdunebiTa guazmnodes da romelnime wignnica guqondes maTgan Targmnilni~.44 IV-V saukuneebis `pirvelTagan Targmnili wmida werili~ VI-VII saukuneebSi `wesierebis~ momizezebiT somxuri redaqciebis mixedviT yofila redaqtirebuli, anda xelaxla Targmnili; amis gamo XI saukuneSi bizantiam gangaSi atexa. aqamde arc erT qarTvels odnavi eWvic ki ar Sehqonda Tavis marTlmadideblobaSi. qarTveloba gaocebuli darCa bizantielTa SemoteviT, radganac, misi azriT, qarTuli eklesia mudam marTlmadidebluri iyo, maSinac ki, roca bizantiaSi mwvalebloba batonobda. xolo somxuri enidan wignebis Targmna-redaqtirebas xsnidnen qarTvelebis ubiwoba-umankoebiT da mimndoblobiT. amiT isargebles somexma monofizitebma da zogierTi mcire cduneba Semoitanes CvenSi, risi aRmofxvrac mainc SeiZlebao. qarTul eklesiaSi Semotanili somxuri `RvarZlisagan srulad ganwmedis~ didi saqme, mematianis Tanaxmad, iTava eqvTime mTawmidelma. es saqme ki daasrula giorgi mTawmidelma. `RvarZli~ srulebiT `ganiwminda~ ramdenime aTeul weliwadSi. sinamdvileSi araviTari `RvarZliT~ ar yofila Sebilwuli qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesia. berZnebma RvarZlad mi-
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iCnies zogierTi wmida wignis Targmna-redaqtireba somxuri enidan, am azrs ver daveTanxmebiT. ar SeiZleba aramarTlmadideblurad CaiTvalos eklesia im mizeziT, rom is saeklesio saWiroebisaTvis wignebs somxuri enidan Targmnida. mematiane wers: àmaT eseviTarTa mizezTaTYs moxedna mowyalebaman RmrTisaman naTesavsa Cuensa da aRgYdgina axali oqropiri wmidaA mamaA Cueni efTYme, da viTarca meaTcameteman mociqulman queyanaA Cueni amaT zemoKsenebulTa RuarZlTagan sruliad ganwmida mravlad TargmanebiTa wmidaTa werilTaATa...~45 eqvTime mTawmidelma didi raodenobiT wigni Targmna 1012 wlidan 1028 wlamde. TargmnasTan erTad igi iRebda ukve arsebul teqsts da udarebda maT berZnul redaqcias. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Zveli qarTuli Targmani emTxveoda berZnuls, eqvTime ucvlelad tovebda Zvel teqsts, Tu mcired sxvaobda, asworebda mas berZnulis mixedviT da Tu gansxvaveba didi iyo, eqvTime ukve namdvilad iwyebda Targmnas. berZnulis mixedviT Zveli qarTuli teqstebis redaqtireba, anu `Targmna~, rogorc maSin uwodebdnen, jer kidev VIII saukuneSi daiwyo sabawmidis lavraSi. miuxedavad intensiuri muSaobisa, Zvel teqstebSi somxuridan naTargmnobisa da redaqtirebis kvali ver aRmofxvres, Tumca es arc iyo saboloo mizani. axali redaqtirebis mizani iyo ara Zveli Targmanebis lingvistur-filologiuri kvleva, aramed arsebuli teqstis gamarTva berZnuli redaqciebis msgavsad. Semdgom ki, XI saukuneSi, qarTuli Targmanebi didi sizustiT dauaxloves berZnuls. miuxedavad amisa, rogorc qarTvelTa, ise berZenTa Soris yofilan _ `mabralobelni~ da `mayvedrebelni~, romlebic swunobdnen qarTul Targmanebs im mxriv, rom isini ar mihyvebodnen im dros gavrcelebul berZnul redaqciebs: `...mecnierni berZnulisani mabralobel gueqmnebodes gamouZieblad dawerisaTvis sityuaAsa~.46 aq igulisxmebian berZnuli enis mcodne qarTvelebi, magram yofilan agreTve qarTulis mcodne berZnebi _ `mayvedrebelni~ _ `...amas guayuedrebdes berZennio~. magaliTad, ori sxvadasxva sityva grigol RvTismetyvelisa, romelic eqvTime mTawmidels, Tavis dros, albaT, cal-calke uTargmnia, viRacas mere SeuerTebia _ meqanikurad gadaubams. es berZnebs SeuniSnavT da qarTvelebi gaukicxavT aseTi aRrevisaTvis. `mabraloblebisa~ da `mayvedreblebis~ gamravleba XI saukunis dasawyisSi gamoiwvia bizantia-saqarTvelos omma. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuli eklesia, miuxedavad imisa, rom is qalkedonitobis uerTgulesi damcveli iyo, mainc gansxvavdeboda bizantiur-berZnuli eklesiisagan Tavisi nacionaluri qristianuli kulturiT. mas Semdeg, rac qarTulma eklesiam kavSiri gawyvita somxur eklesiasTan, `...romelTanac mas akavSirebda erTi da igive saeklesio wesebi, zne-Cveulebebi da tradicie-
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bi~,47 qarTvel ers miuCnevia, rom denacionalizaciis saSineli katastrofisagan Tavis daRwevis gza aris `...sakuTari eklesiis frTeTa qveSe nacionalur-qristianuli kulturis gaRviveba~.48 amas Sedegad mohyolia VIII-X saukuneebSi originaluri saeklesio wesebis mZlavri zrda-ganviTareba. SemuSavebula nacionaluri agiografia, `dawesebul iqna wmida qarTuli dResaswaulebi erovnuli wmidanebisa~.49 qarTvelebs bizantiaSi damkvidrebuli msoflio saeklesio dResaswaulebisaTvis `Tavisi erovnuli suli Cauberia, ris gamoc Semdgomi drois (XI saukunidan) mwerlebs, romelTac maTi warmoSoba ukve naTlad aRar gaegebodaT, qarTul dResaswaulebad mounaTlavT. aseTia magaliTad, jvaris dResaswauli aRdgomis meore dRes... dResaswauli wmida giorgisa 10 noembers... satfureba ierusalimis taZrisa 13 seqtembers~.50 swored am mxriv qarTuli liturgikuli kalendari gansxvavdeboda berZnulisagan. arsebobda berZnulisagan gansxvavebuli welTaRricxvis qarTuli sistema da qarTuli `wesi da gangeba saxarebis sakiTxavebisa~, `magram yvelaze meti Tavisebureba da `qarTveloba~ Cvens winaprebs am xanaSi liturgikul mwerlobaSi gamouCeniaT... SeuTxzavT sakuTari qarTuli oktioxosi, iadgari, marxuani da zatiki. am araCveulebrivs, istoriaSi erTaderT magaliTs gansakuTrebiT Tavi uCenia X saukuneSi...~51 swored qarTuli eklesiis nacionalur-qristianulma xasiaTma misca sababi berZnebs mwvaleblebad moenaTlaT qarTvelebi, radgan qarTuli eklesiis liturgika gansxvavebuli yofila berZnulisagan. `qarTvelebi dadgomian RvTismsaxurebis sruli gaerovnulebis gzas, ara marto enis mxriv, aramed SinaarsiTac, magram Semdegma periodma es mimarTuleba Seayena~.52 qarTuli RvTismsaxurebis srul gaerovnebas XI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi win aRudga bizantiis eklesia, romelmac erovnuli niSan-Tvisebebi mwvaleblobad CauTvala qarTul eklesias da monofizitur somxur eklesiasTan Zveli kavSiris damadasturebel sabuTad miiCnia. qarTuli eklesiis marTlmadideblobis damtkicebas Tavisi Sroma Sealies VIII-XI saukunis moRvaweebma. isini `...berZnulis mixedviT asworeben Zvel Targmanebs, romelnic somxuri enidan momdinareobdnen. aseTi Sedareba-Sesworebis gziT warmoiSva àxali Targmani~...53 imisaTvis, raTa moespoT berZnebisaTvis qarTvelTa mwvaleblebad gamocxadebis sababi, eqvTime, giorgi mTawmidelebi da maTi skola Semdegi saxis samuSaos asrulebda: `...bibliis manamde arsebul qarTul Targmanebs maqsimalurad uaxloeben berZnul wyaros, rom `biwi rame~ ar daswamon maT. sul raRac naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi bibliuri wignebis Zvelma qarTulma Targmanma samjer ganicada safuZvliani gadamuSaveba... aseT muSaobas Tavidan mxolod wminda literaturuli interesebi ki ar gansazRvravda, aramed ufro mwvave politikur-kulturuli garemoc... es iyo iZulebiTi RonisZieba
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qarTuli kulturis kerebis TviTmyofobis SesanarCuneblad didmpyrobeluri berZnebis momZlavrebis Jams... V-XI saukuneebSi qarTul enaSi ar momxdara iseTi didi masStabis cvlileba, rom amis gamo XI saukuneSi aucilebeli yofiliyo Zvel qarTul TargmanTa redaqciuli gadamuSaveba da enobrivi modernizacia... mizani iyo ara Zveli teqstebis enobrivi modernizacia, aramed maqsimaluri daaxloeba berZnul wyarosTan~.54 aRmoCnda, rom giorgi mTawmideli aris bibliuri wignebis ara mTargmneli, am sityvis dRevandeli mniSvnelobiT, aramed redaqtori _ `giorgi rom bibliur wignebs xelaxla ar Targmnis, es faqtia, romelsac mxolod danaxva unda da ara mtkiceba... giorgis redaqciuli kalami arsebiTad Seexo Zveli redaqciis ara gramatikul, aramed Sinaarsobriv-stilistur mxares~.55 `giorgis redaqtoruli muSaobis mizania, rom Zveli qarTuli redaqciis teqsti ufro dauaxlovos berZnul wyaros~... `...efrem mcire ki giorgis naredaqciev qarTul Targmans kidev ufro aaxloebs berZnul wyarosTan ara marto Sinaarsis, aramed struqturis, stilis TvalsazrisiTac. ...raTa qarTuli Targmani maqsimalurad Seesityvebodes berZnul wyaros azrobrivadac da enobrivadac... magram es xdeba... qarTuli enis bunebis sawinaaRmdegod~.56 aseT ukiduresobamde qarTveli mTargmnel-redaqtorebis miyvana gamoiwvia `mabralobelTa~ da `mayvedrebelTa~ ciliswamebam, TiTqosda qarTul Targmanebs raRac monofizituri `biwi~ gaaCnda. qarTvelma mTargmnel-redaqtorebma mospes qarTuli eklesiis mwvalebelTa eklesiad gamocxadebis sababi da amiT udidesi saqme Seasrules qarTuli eklesiis ZvelTaganve arsebuli avtokefaliisa (TavisTavadobisa) da saqarTvelos sapatriarqos aRiarebis saqmeSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom miuxedavad qarTuli qalkedonituri eklesiebis Zlierebisa, X-XI saukuneebSi qarTveli monofizitebi arsebobdnen ara marto qveynis samxreT nawilSi, aramed maT samefo karzec ki maRali Tanamdebobebi ekavaT. magaliTad, bagrat III-is mwignobarTuxucesi eqvTime (efTvime) erovnebiT qarTveli, magram sarwmunoebiT `somexia~. es mematianes miaCnia erovnul Ralatad, `Sinagamcemobad~. is efTvimes Sesaxeb wers: ìgica Tana-ziari iyo borotis mis wvalebisa maTisa da Sina-ganmcemi sarwmunoebisa Cuenisa~, Rrtilas saeklesio krebaze qalkedonitTa da monofizitTa kamaTisas es `Sinagamcemi~ miemxro somex monofizit somexT-moZRvars sosTens.57 dinara dedoflamde aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, hereTSi, mosaxleobis erTi nawili monofizituri yofila, magram qarTveli monofizitebis ricxvi qveyanaSi X s-is bolosa da XI s-is dasawyisisaTvis mcirdeboda. miuxedavad amisa, berZnebi am droisaTvis sarwmunoebrivi motiviT devnian qarTvelebs, romelnic aseT situaciaSi iZulebulni iyvnen emtkicebinaT, rom isini `naTesaviT~, gvar-tomobiTa da warmoSobiT qarTvelni arian. grigol bakurianisZe da, saerTod, XI saukunis moRvaweni kargad ganasxvavebdnen
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erTmaneTisagan erovnebasa da sarwmunoebas, isini amtkicebdnen, rom erovnebiT, `naTesaviT~ qarTvelebi arian, amave dros ar uaryofdnen erovnebiT qarTveli, xolo sarwmunoebiT `somxebis~ arsebobasac. basili II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg axalma imperatorma konstantinem saqarTvelos mimarT Zveli politika ganagrZo. imis miuxedavad, rom basili ramdenjerme Semoesia saqarTvelos, is mainc pativiscemiT sargeblobda qarTvel saeklesio moRvaweTa Soris, radganac garkveuli wvlili miuZRoda qarTuli eklesiis winaSe. imperatori konstantine ki Zalze mtrulad da agresiulad iyo ganwyobili qarTuli eklesiisadmi. amitomac misma sikvdilma qarTul sazogadoebriobaSi TanagrZnoba ki ar gamoiwvia, aramed sixaruli. misi sikvdili imperatorisaTvis movlenil RvTis risxvad miuCneviaT: èwia risxva umsjavrosa mas mefesa konstantines, msgavsadve ivlianes usjulosa, uwyaloebisaTYs bagrat mefisa Cuenisa _ mooKrebisaTvis mamulisa misisa~.58 imperator konstantines mier `Relvad aRtexilad igvemeboda~ saqarTvelo. bizantiis ganmgebeli qarTuli eklesiis mimarT SurisZiebiT aRavso im garemoebam, rom bizantia-saqarTvelos omis dros, kerZod, saqarTveloSi misi SemoWrisas, qarTuli samRvdeloeba da eklesia saTaveSi Caudga saxalxo oms mis winaaRmdeg. konsantinem gamefebisTanave 1026-1027 wlebSi gailaSqra saqarTveloze. misi armia ZaliT bevrad aRemateboda basili II-isas. is SemoiWra `miuwdomelisa ZaliTa laSqriTa TYsisaTa da ganZiTa uricxYTa yovlad uZlieresad basili mefisaca. movlo da moaoKra queyanani igi, romelni pirvel moeoKrnen queyanani basili mefesa, da umetesca~.59 mefe bagrat IV-m, romelic im dros bavSvi iyo, winaaRmdegoba ver gauwia berZnebs, xolo zogierTi aznauri gandga misgan da cixeebi dampyrobels gadasca. mtris winaaRmdeg brZolis iniciativa da meTauroba Tavis xelSi aiRo eklesiam. àRaSena simagre saba mtbevar episkoposman, maxlobelad tbeTis eklesiasa da saxel-sdva mas suetid. da Sekriba maSin man eri TYsi da Sevides mas Sina TYT saba mtbevar episkoposi, da ezra anCel episkoposi~. male mtris winaaRmdeg meomar episkoposebs gverdSi amoudga mosaxleoba _ `da SavSeTisa aznaurni da ganZlierda mas Sina~.60 saba mtbevar episkoposs, romelmac `daiWira queyana SavSeTisa, qmna didi erTguloba bagrat afxazTa mefisaTYs, pativsca RmerTman da ver waruRes queyana mterTa~.61 berZnebma `gamoadgines laSqari suetsa mas tbeTisasa, romeli aRego saba mtbevar episkopozsa cixed. da hbrZodes Zlierad mravalRoned da RmerTman ganaZlierna myofni igi suetsa mas Sina madliTa da meoxebiTa wmidaTa mociqulTaTa da locviTa wmidaTa amaT mRvdelT-moZRuarTaTa da viTarca erTgulni da WeSmaritni martvilni TavTa TYsTa sikudilad ganswi-
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rvides, egreTve iginica KorcielTa ufalTa TYisTaTYs TavTa TYsTa sikudilad ganswirvides, da sisxlTa dasTxevdes sityYsaebr mociqulTasa da yovelnive etyodes urTierTsa cixesa mas Sina myofni, romelTa Tana erTo ezra anCeli, viTarmed: `numca Segvityueben Cuen liqnani da ese da safaseni mswrafl warmavalni, aramed movigoT madli erTgulobisa da gYrgYni axovnebisa~, rameTu mbrZolni igi garemodgomilni maTda hliqnides aRTqmiTa da qadagebiTa keTilTa da safaseTaTa~.62 saqarTveloSi brZolebis dros imperatorma konstantinem TavisTan daibara iverTa monastridan eqvTime mTawmideli, imis momizezebiT, rom monasterSi areuloba daiwyo. areulobas TviT konstantinopoli aqezebda. iveronelebma, _ wers mematiane, _ ùkanasknel iwyes Tavxedobad da amboxebad... da umetes da umetes aRorZindeboda amboxeba maTi, vidremdis sameufod aRvides da auwyes konstanti mefesa SfoTisa maTisaTvis~. mosalodneli iyo monastris areulobis gamo eqvTimes konstantinopolSi upativiscemod miiRebdnen, magram is saxelganTqmuli moRvawe iyo mTel bizantiaSi, aTanase aTonelis Tanamosagre. eqvTime kvi prosis avtokefaluri eklesiis meTaurad undoda Tavis droze daeniSna basili II-s.63 eqvTime cudad ar miuRia konstantines. Cans, imperators gadawyvetili hqonda, gadaebirebina wmida eqvTime ise, rogorc gadaibira `baneli episkoposi ioane~.64 saqarTveloSive konstantines surda Tavis mxareze gadaebirebina saba mtbevar episkoposi da ezra anCel episkoposi `liqniTa~ da didi Tanxis micemiT. man es ver SeZlo, samagierod moaxerxa Tavis mxareze gadaebirebina qarTvel aznaurTa, `wvrili erisa~ da samRvdeloebis nawili. konstantinesaTvis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZenda qarTuli eklesiis mimxroba. maSin is advilad SeZlebda bagrat IV-is damarcxebas. SesaZloa, swored am mizniT is konstantinopolSi kargad iRebs saqarTvelos kaTalikospatriarq melqisedek I-s: `Seiwynara mefeman berZenTaman konstantinem da mosca Sesamkobelni eklesiaTa, xatni da juarni...~65 konstantinem eqvTime mTawmideli daibara mis sikvdilamde cota xniT adre, e.i. 1027-1028 wlebSi, maSin, rodesac is uzarmazari armiiT aoxrebda saqarTvelos, xolo qarTuli eklesia, misi mesveurni saTaveSi edgnen oms bizantielTa winaaRmdeg, radganac qarTuli eklesiis varskvlavi eqvTime mxarSi edga bizantielTa mowinaaRmdege samRvdeloebas, amitomac is ganarides iverTa monasters, sadac am dros winamZRvrobda berZenT momxre mama, giorgi I. mematiane wers, rom mama giorgi I _ `berZenTa mieqca~-o, `berZenni friad raime Seiyvarna da ganamravlna da sruliad maTda mimarT midrka~.66 iseve rogorc baneli episkoposi iovane. imperator romanoz III-is gamefebisTanave, saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqi melqisedek I `warvida... winaSe romanoz berZenTa mefisa kostantinepoled~.67 vizitis mizani, cxadia, iqneboda zavisa da mSvidobis Camogdeba. romanozma is `Seiwynara da mosca Sesamkobeli eklesiaTani~.68
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daaxloebiT 1030 wels saxelovani da cnobili di plomati _ mariam dedofali, deda bagrat IV-isa sagangebo misiiT gaemgzavra `...saberZneTad Ziebad mSYdobisa da erTobisa~.69 sumbat daviTis Ze wers: `Seimosa simKne da axovneba... da warvida konstantinepoled winaSe romanoz mefisa, vedrebad misa, raTa mSYdoba yos aRmosavleTisaTYs da raTa arRara iyos brZola berZenTa da qarTvelTa...~70 imperatorma romanozma ineba dazaveba saqarTvelosTan. qarTveli mefe imperatoris vasalad aRiarebda Tavis Tavs, rac imiT gamoixateboda, rom mzad iyo mieRo sakariskaco tituli. berZenTa da qarTvelTa samefo dinastiebi damoyvrdnen. mefe bagrat IV-s colad misces `keisris qali~ _ dedofali elene. saxelovani di plomatis, mariam dedoflis viziti warmatebiT dasrulda. mas imperatorma àRusrula yoveli saTxoveli sixaruliTa: `mosca ficni da simtkiceni erTobisa da siyuarulisaTYs. dauwerna oqro-beWedni, mosca pativi kurapalatobisa, da mosca colad bagratisaTYs elene dedofali~.71 bizantia-saqarTvelos Soris dadebulma zavma Seamsubuqa qarTuli eklesiis mdgomareoba. zavis dadebamde iveronis berebi ukiduresad Seviwroebulni iyvnen. zavis Semdeg imperatori romanozi iveronis winamZRvar giorgi I-is (1012-1030) mimarT megobrulad ganewyo, magram es megobroba didxans ar gagrZelebula, anu gagrZelda manamde, sanamdec bizantiasa da saqarTvelos Soris megobrul-moyvruli damokidebuleba iyo. bizantieli `keisris qali~, bagrat IV-is meuRle, male gardaicvala _ qorwilis Semdegve: `...Semdgomad mciredisa Jamisa miicvala elene dedofali quTaTiss Sina da SeirTo colad bagrat mefeman borena dedofali _ ovsT mefisa asuli~.72 bizantiis damokidebuleba saqarTvelosadmi kvlav daiZaba. giorgi mTawmideli iverTa monastris winamZRvris Sesaxeb wers: `JamTa romanoz mefisaTa didad warCinebul iqna giorgi winaSe romanoz mefisa da didad sakuTar da pativcemul merme... gandgomilebaA da orguloba daswames... amis mizezisaTYs eqsoria-iqmna~.73 am dros, daaxloebiT 1031_33 wlebSi `...didsa Relvasa da mimotacebasa STavcYveniT, rameTu samgzis daityuena monasteri da, raAca dristi turfaA iyo mamaTa CuenTa mogebuli, yoveli iavar-iqmna, da egreTve ganZi da kumaSi~74 iverTa monastris winamZRvrad im dros airCies beri grigoli, berZnebma isic daapatimres da gadaasaxles, ris Semdegac qarTvelTa mdgomareoba monasterSi savalalo gaxda: `...Jami poves berZenTa, da viTarca cecxlni aRegznnes Cuen zeda da sruliad aRmofxuraA Cueni eneba da dapyroba samkYdrebelisa CuenisaA~.75 amis Semdeg iveronis winamZRvari gaxda giorgi II. 1035 wels winamZRvari giorgi II xels awers Teoktist protosis aqtze _ aTonis mTis erT-erT saqmian qaRaldze.76 am dros damokidebuleba bizantia-saqarTvelos Soris kvlav daZabulia. `male bizantiam isev daiwyo mtruli moqmedeba saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg,
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1032 wels, bizantielebi SeuCndnen bagratis naxevarZma demetres, isic keisarTan gaiqca da anakofiis cixe afxazeTSi berZnebs gadasca~.77 winamZRvar giorgi II-s qarTveli berebi ùkeTurs~ uwodebdnen, radganac is iseve iqceoda, rogorc winamZRvari giorgi I. `..giorgi ukeTuri, araAT umolxinesi pirvelisa mis giorgisi~.78 am dros, daaxloebiT 1035-1036 wlebSi, qarTvelebisaTvis ukve mwvalebloba-eretikosoba dauwamebiaT da fizikurad scemdnen kidec. mematiane wers: `...didsa Wirsa Sina YyveniT da sawunel da saZulel maTda. da TYToeulad arca Tu SesaZlebel ars yovlisave warmoTqumaA, ravdenni ginebani, ravdenni Seuracxebani da yuedrebani moiweodes maT mier Cuen zeda dRiTi-dRe; da cemiTa da guemiTa da mwvalebelad xadiTa Seiwrebulni disa urvasa Sina viyveniT. da eseca eneba, raATamca saxelica maSenebelTaA aRmohKoces~.79 daaxloebiT 1036-1040 wlebSi iveronis berebze mzrunveli winamZRvrebi arian `netari mama grigoli~ da `netari arseni~. am wlebSi iveronidan saqarTveloSi mravalgzis agzavnian berebs mefe-mTavrebTan SewevnisaTvis. erT-erTi gavleniani didi mTavari saqarTvelosi, romelic karg damokidebulebaSi iyo bizantielebTan, iyo li pariti. is exmareboda iveronis berebs da TviTonac berad aRikveca. giorgi mTawmidels, mematianis azriT, wignis gadaweris saqmeSi, 1055-56 wlebSi, yvelaze metad xeli swored am pirma Seuwyo: ùfroAs yovelTaAsa didad iRvawa suliTa kurTxeulman antoni _ li parit-yofilman... wmidasa amas bersa didad pativ-upyra da nugeSinis-sca da mSvenieri qeba-galoba dawera...~.80 manamde ki, 1030-40 wlebSi Zalze gavlenian li parits kargi damokidebuleba hqonda rogorc bizantiis imperatorebTan, aseve bagrat IV-sTan. Cans, li paritis gavleniT imperator miqael IV-is (1034-41) dros iveronis berebis mdgomareoba odnav gaumjobesebula, magram mcire xniT: `...RmerTman yovlad Zlierman, saxierebiTa TvisiTa lmobier-yo guli miqael qristes-moyvarisa mefisa da wyalobad Cuenda moaqcia...~81 1039-40 wlebSi bagrat IV-m zavi dado amirasTan. am ambavma li pariti didad aRaSfoTa. `Seiqmna li parit qvegamxedvarad Tavis patronisagan~.82 bizantiam myisve gamoiyena Tavisi erTguli li paritis ukmayofileba. mdgomareoba kvlav daiZaba, ris gamoc 1040-41 wlebSi miqael V-is dros (1041-42) `kvalad aRetynes Cven zeda berZenni da mTa yoveli aRZres, didebulni yovelni gandriknes~,83 magram miqael mefes qarTvelTa mxare dauWeria, SesaZloa, li paritis gavleniT. mematianis mier Tqmuli `mTa yoveli aRZres~ gulisxmobs imas, rom mTeli mTawmidis berebi qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg aRZrulan. es gvafiqrebinebs, rom qarTvelebs, marTlac, mwvaleblobas, anu marTlmadideblobisagan gandrekas abralebdnen, sxva SemTxvevaSi mTeli mTawmida erTi monastris sawinaaRmdegod ar aRiZvroda.
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1041-42 wlebSi iverTa monastris winamZRvaria mama svimeoni.84 mis dros iveroni SedarebiT damSvidebuli iyo, magram gadataniliT SeWirvebul qarTvel berebs `JamTa svimeon mamisaATasa~,85 dauweriaT mosaxsenebeli, sadac wyevlian yvela Sinagamcem qarTvels. maT es sabuTi SudgeniaT ara marto Tavisi, aramed bizantiis imperiaSi mcxovrebi yvela qarTveli beris saxeliTac. Cans, bizantiaSi mcxovrebi yvela qarTveli beri erT dReSi iyo, qarTvelebi yvelgan idevnebodnen: `...erTiTa erTobiTa amas vityYi viTarca erTisa piriTa yovelTa qarTvelTa Tana, romelni sadaca arian aRmosavleTisa da Savisa mTisa da ierusalemisaTa da sadaca arian Zmani Cuenni~. mTel imperiaSi qarTuli eklesia devnilia; igi bizantiis imperiasTan mebrZoli xalxis eklesiaa, amitomac miiCneva `mwvalebelTa~ eklesiad; misi avtokefalia saeWvoa, sapatriarqo Rirseba _ miuRebeli, xolo am eklesiis wevrebi _ devnili.
qarTuli eklesiis sapatriarqo Rirsebis aRiareba 1054-1057 wlebSi

X saukunis Sua wlebidan bizantiis imperia, ganicdida ra aRmavlobas, saqarTvelosa da misi eklesiis mimarT amJRavnebda agresiul zraxvebs. swored am periodSi man arabebs waarTva zemo mesopotamia, mcire aziis nawili, siria, kreta da kvi prosi; 1018 wels dai pyro dasavleT bulgareTis samefo; mas emoCileboda, agreTve, balkaneTis naxevarkunZuli dunaimde. aseTi Zlierebis dros imperiam Tavis gverdiT ver igua saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli samefo da misi sapatriarqo. XI saukunis meore naxevarSi sruliad Seicvala bizantiis rogorc sagareo, ise saSinao mdgomareoba. am dros imperia kriziss ganicdida. gamwvavda brZola qveynis SigniT provinciel didebulebsa da dedaqalaqis warCinebulebs Soris. gauaresda imperiis sagareo politikuri mdgomareoba. mTavrobas erTdroulad uxdeboda paWanikebisa da Turq-seljukebis mogerieba. 1071 wels mancikertis brZolaSi bizantiis damarcxebis Semdeg Turq-seljukebma mcire aziis didi nawili miitaces, didi danaklisi ganicada bizantiam dasavleTSic.86 swored amiT iyo gamowveuli, rom XI saukunis 50-ian wlebSi bizantiis imperiam gadasinja Tavisi damokidebuleba saqarTvelos saxelmwifosadmi, radganac msoflio politikis arenaze gamosulma axalma Zalam _ Turqulma tomebma, mkveTrad Secvala saerTaSoriso viTareba. am tomebma gadalekes bizantiis aRmosavleTi qveynebi, dai pyres irani, xelSi Caigdes somxeTis udidesi nawili, Seesivnen da dai pyres bizantiis qalaqebi da dasaxldnen iq. yvelaferi es xdeboda sul ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, XI saukunis dasawyisidan, ris gamoc 1074 wlis xelSekrulebiT biza-
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tielebma aRmosavleTis qveynebis udidesi nawili, romelic maT mflobelobaSi imyofeboda, Turq-seljukebs dauTmes. Turq-seljukebi bizantiis imperias walekviT emuqrebodnen. XI saukunis 50-ian wlebSi es ukve naTlad gamoikveTa, amitomac, Tu am dromde bizantia varaudobda, rom Turqebs TviTve gaumklavdeboda da moigeriebda mis Semotevas, axla ukve naTeli gaxda, rom bizantias sWirdeboda Tavis mezoblad Zlieri qristianuli saxelmwifo, romelic imperias daicavda CrdiloeTisa da aRmosavleTis mxridan araqristian TurqTa Semotevisagan. es iyo mizezi saqarTvelos mimarT bizantiis damokidebulebis Secvlisa. Tu XI saukunis dasawyisSi bizantia eomeboda da asustebda saqarTvelos, 50iani wlebidan is momxrea saqarTvelos gaZlierebisa. aman gadawyvita mTavar li parit erisTavis bedi, rogorc politikuri moRvawisa, romelsac Tavis droze imperia aZlierebda saqarTvelos samefos daZabunebis mizniT. brZola bagrat IV-sa da erisTav li parits Soris 10 welze met xans gagrZelda. li paritma berZnebis daxmarebiT Zalze daasusta saqarTvelos mefe, miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo Zlierdeboda da farTovdeboda. 1045 wels mas anisi SeuerTda. `...ganZlierda bagrat mefe ... anisi mosces dedasa bagratisasa~,87 1046 wels saxelmwifos droebiT Tbilisic SeuerTda. liparitTan omSi dauZlurebulma bagrat IV-m gadawyvita bizantiasTan Serigebisa da samSvidobo molaparakebisaTvis TviTve Casuliyo konstantinopolSi. mas Tan axlda dedamisi mariami _ saxelovani di plomati. am dros imperatori iyo konstantine monomaxi (1042-1055). konstantine monomaxs qarTveli mefe da dedofali didebiTa da pativiT miuRia, magram bagrat IV 3 wlis manZilze ukan ar gamouSves. `...dayo mun sami weliwadi didsa didebasa da pativsa Sina~.88 giorgi mTawmidelis cxovrebidan Cans, rom konstantine monomaxTan bagrat IV-sa da mariam dedofals Zalze axlo, TiTqmis ojaxuri urTierToba aqvT. imperatori am dros konstantinopolSi myof giorgi mTawmidelis mimarTac kargad iyo ganwyobili. mefem misi TxovniT iveronis mTavari taZari tyviiT gadaaxurvina. axal epoqaSi bizantias sWirdeboda erTguli, masze damokidebuli, misi gavlenis qveS myofi qveyana. Turqebis gamoCenis gamo bizantiasTan dazaveba saqarTvelos interesebsac Seadgenda. samwliani molaparakeba 1054-1057 wlebSi damTavrda samSvidobo zaviT, romelic aRarasodes darRveula Semdgom saukuneTa manZilze. amis Semdeg saqarTvelosa da bizantiis urTierTdamokidebuleba megobrulia da gansxvavdeba XI saukunis I naxevrisagan, rodesac 1021 wels dawyebuli omi, 1030-1031 wlebamde mimdinareobda da gaxsnili iyo fronti samxreT saqarTveloSi. maSin bizantia exmareboda saqarTvelos erTianobis mtrebs.
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li parits yoveli SebrZolebisas mefis, bagrat IV-is, winaaRmdeg imperia uWerda mxars: `...berZenTa mefisa ganZi da laSqari Semwe iyo~, 89 anda liparitma `...naxa berZenTa mefe, da moirTo berZenTa mefisagan Zali...~90 magram zavis dadebisa da bagratis saqarTveloSi dabrunebisTanave, li pariti Seipyres da dasajes. molaparakebis Semdeg berZnebi mas aRar exmarebodnen. TviTon bagrat IV ki konstantinopolma `...wamoavlina didiTa didebiTa da niWiTa~. molaparakebas, romelsac awarmoebda bagrat IV konstantinopolSi, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda saqarTvelos sapatriarqosaTvis. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos meTaurTa mizani molaparakebis dros bizantiasa da saqarTvelos Soris urTierTobis normalizaciis garda iyo saqarTvelos eklesiis sapatriarqo uflebebis cnoba, rogorc bizantiis saxelmwifos, aseve konstantinopolis sapatriarqos mier. saqarTvelos delegacia molaparakebisas friad warmomadgenlobiTi iyo. konstantinopolSi `bagrat afxazTa mefe da deda misi mariam~ CabrZandnen `mTavrebisa da warCinebulebis~ TanxlebiT. delegacias saeklesio saqmeebic unda moegvarebina, amitomac aTonis mTidan Camovida im drois yvelaze didi avtoriteti eklesiisa _ giorgi mTawmideli, romelmac monawileoba miiRo delegaciis muSaobaSi: `mas Jamsa odes RvTismsaxuri bagrat afxazTa mefe da deda misi mariam dedofali samefod qalaqad movides, aRvida wmidaca ese mama Cueni winaSe RvTismsaxurTa maT mefeTada~.91 pirveli warmateba, rasac delegaciam miaRwia, iyo is, rom Sewyda qarTveli berebis sastiki devna konstantinopolis sapatriarqoSi, kerZod ki, iveronSi. am dros giorgi mTawmidelma `yovelive saqme monastrisa, raAca undoda, yoveli keTilad iurva...~92 bizantiis saimperatoro kari, gansxvavebiT konstantinopolisa da sxva sapatriarqoTagan, princi pulad arasodes yofila winaaRmdegi qarTuli eklesiis sapatriarqo eklesiad gamocxadebisa. wina wlebSi, bizantiisa da saqarTvelos, rogorc mSvidobian, ise daZabul periodebSic, imperatorebi iRebdnen da Rirseul pativs scemdnen saqarTvelos pirvel kaTalikos-patriarq melqisedek I-s. 1054-57 wlebis molaparakebis dros saqarTvelos sapatriarqo ukve TiTqmis naxevari saukunis istorias iTvlida; saukunis dasawyisidan qarTul eklesias patriarqebi marTavdnen. amitomac, im dros qarTuli eklesiis Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis aRiareba TavisTavad niSnavda faqtobrivad ukve arsebuli sapatriarqo Rirsebis iuridiul cnobas. saqarTvelos es moTxovna bizantiis mxares gauTvaliswinebia da daukmayofilebia. konstantine monomaxis dros, 1054 wels, antioqiaSi petres patriarqobisas, delegaciis ori wevri, mariam dedofali da giorgi mTawmideli, saeklesio sakiTxebze molaparakebisaTvis konstantinopolidan gaemgzavrnen antioqiisa da ierusalimis sapatriarqoebSi.
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konstantine monomaxi dainteresebuli iyo dadebiTad gadaWriliyo yoveli sadavo da maT Soris saeklesio sakiTxi or qveyanas Soris. amitomac man `sameufo brZaneba~ gagzavna antioqiaSi. mariam dedofalma antioqiis sapatriarqo karze winaswar waradgina giorgi mTawmideli, romelsac unda Seemzadebina sapatriarqo kari delegaciis misaRebad. imperatoris miTiTebiT antioqiis sapatriarqoSi mariam dedofali samefo didebiT miiRes. patriarq petre III-s dedofalma warugdgina imperatoris sagangebo miTiTeba. antioqiis patriarq petre III-Tan molaparakebis Semdeg dedofali ierusalimis sapatriarqoSi unda gamgzavrebuliyo. amis Sesaxeb icoda imperatorma da dedoflis usafrTxo mgzavrobisaTvis zrunva daavala antioqiis patriarq petre III-s. `...mariam dedofali, deda bagratis mefisa sameufoAT qalaqad antioqiad movida... aqunda brZaneba sameufo Tavadsa Tana da patriarqsa antioqiisa...~, xolo amis Semdeg `...eguleboda warsvla wmidad qalaqad ierusalimad...~ nabrZanebi iyo, rom antioqiis sapatriarqodan is `...yovliTa didebiTa da pativiTa wargzavnon~.93 qarTuli delegaciis wevrebi antioqia-ierusalimSi rom Cavidnen molaparakebisaTvis, iqidanac Cans, rom antioqiis patriarq petre III-s giorgi mTawmidelTan sagangebo saubrebi hqonda `kanonTaTYs saeklesioTa~ da agreTve `sarwmunoebisaTYs marTlisa~. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT qarTuli eklesiis imdroindel devnas, saubari swored mis sxvadasxva uflebebs Seexeboda. swored antioqiis patriarq petre III-is dros qarTuli eklesiis sxvadasxva uflebis aRiareba cnobili iyo mravali ucxoeli mkvlevarisTvis. magaliTad, XVII saukunis ierusalimeli patriarqebis Tanaxmad, antioqiis sapatriarqom avtokefalia mianiWa qarTul eklesias. magram maTi msjeloba qarTuli eklesiis istoriis mcodneTaTvis sruliad miuRebelia, radganac, rogorc dosiTeosi, ise xrisanfi fiqroben, rom petre III-is dros avtokefalia miiRo aRmosavleT saqarTvelos eklesiam, xolo dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesias igive uflebebi ganumtkicda gacilebiT adre, VIII saukuneSio.94 sinamdvileSi araTu aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, aramed mTliani saqarTvelos (mcxeTis) eklesia, antioqiis sapatriarqosTan mokamaTe giorgi mTawmidelis Tanaxmad, avtokefaluri iyo mociqulTa mier daarsebisTanave, I-II saukuneebidan. giorgi mTawmidelis azriT, qarTul eklesias ar esaWiroeba aravisagan avtokefaliis dasturi, piriqiT, samociqulo qarTuli eklesia Tavad iyo ucxoeTis eklesiaTa episkoposebis makurTxebeli, magaliTad, guTeTis episkoposisa ioanesi VIII saukuneSi. XI saukunes, mravali mkvlevari qarTuli eklesiisaTvis avtokefaliis miniWebis saukuned Tvlis, radganac ician, rom am dros antioqiaSi petre III-is patriarqobisas Catarda kreba, romelmac aRiara qarTuli eklesiis ufleba, magram am dros qarTul eklesias avtokefalia ki ar mianiWes,
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aramed aRiares misi sapatriarqo Rirseba. aseTi azri jer kidev adreve gamouTqvamT, magaliTad, korolevskis, romelTan dakavSirebiTac sardeli mitropoliti maqsime wers: àntioqiis eklesiis mier qarTuli eklesiis mimarT avtokefaliis gansazRvra warmoiSva im mizeziT, rom erT-erTma kaTalikosma TviTneburad miikuTvna patriarqis pativi~.95 cxadia, qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRiareba TavisTavad niSnavda ukve arsebuli sapatriarqo Rirsebis cnobas, magram 1054-1057 wlebSi bizantiis sapatriarqoebSi Catarebuli krebebi Seexeboda ara qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRiarebas, aramed am krebebze gadawyda, Sewyvetiliyo qarTuli eklesiis ukanono devna, qarTveli berebis aramarTlmadideblebad da mwvaleblebad gamocxadeba. krebebma aRiares qarTuli eklesiis yvela ufleba, romelic ki mas gaaCnda winaT, am devnis dawyebamde, maT Soris sapatriarqo Rirsebac. antioqiaSi molaparakebis Sedegebma qarTvel di plomatebs uCvena, rom aRar iyo saWiro ierusalimSi umaRlesi xelisuflis _ dedofal mariamis gamgzavreba. ierusalimis sapatriarqoSi giorgi mTawmidelis Casvlac sakmarisi aRmoCenila. patriarqma petre III-m sTxova dedofal mariams, ar gamgzavrebuliyo mahmadianebis mier dapyrobil qalaqSi: `...patriarqman da mTavarman ganizraxes da gaigones TanazraxviTa mamisa giorgisaTa, viTarmed _ àra keTil ars, aRmosavleTisa mefeTa deda raATamca sasarkinozeTs warvida _ vinaATgan codvaTa CuenTagan igini ufleben queyanasa mas~.96 patriarqma petre III-m da antioqiis mTavarma TavianTi Txovna `...moaxsenes dedofalsa da wasvlisagan daacxvres...~97 ierusalimSi saeklesio sakiTxebze molaparakebisaTvis gaemgzavra giorgi mTawmideli, mariam dedofalma amasTanave giorgi mTawmidelis xeliT didZali Tanxa-Sewirulebani gagzavna _ daafinansa jvris qarTuli monastris mSeneblobac. giorgi mTawmideli ierusalimSi `mSvidobiTa da uvneblad miiwia~, Sexvda eklesiis mamebs, `wmidaTa mamaTa locva miiRo~. giorgi mTawmidelis dabrunebis Semdeg antioqiasa da ierusalimSi molaparakebebis SedegebiT mariam dedofali Rrmad kmayofili yofila, delegaciis warmatebebma `RvTismsaxuri igi dedofali ganamxiarula~. antioqiis sapatriarqoSi vizitis Semdeg mariam dedofali saqarTveloSi dabrunda _ `...mamulad TYsad sameufod Zisa TYsisa Tana bagrat mefisa warvida~.98 giorgi mTawmideli darCa antioqiaSi da gaagrZela molaparakeba patriarq petre III-sTan. am wmida mamis antioqiaSi darCena miznad isaxavda qarTuli eklesiis sakiTxebis safuZvlian da saboloo mogvarebas antioqiis sapatriarqoSi. giorgi aTonelma es SeZlo 1056-57 wlebSi. Seqmnili rTuli viTarebis gamo msoflio qristianoba dasustebuli iyo, ramac 1054 wels gamoiwvia romisa da konstantinopolis mimdgom berZnul
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eklesiebs Soris ganxeTqileba. amas Tan daerTo muslimanTa Semosevebi aRmosavleTidan. ganxeTqileba da dabneuloba sufevda berZnul sapatriarqoTa Sorisac, aseve erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegebodnen bizantiis imperatorTa kari da konstantinopolis patriarqi. aseT dros sapatriarqoebSi xSirad iRebdnen urTierTgamomricxav dadgenilebebs, amitomac mosalodneli iyo mariam dedofalTan Sexvedrisas miRebuli dadgenileba antioqiis sapatriarqoSi Secvliliyo. aseT viTarebaSi giorgi mTawmideli xSirad xvdeba antioqiis patriarq petres. `...euwya moqalaqoba misi netarsa patrearqsa antioqiisasa, mouwoda da ezraxa saRmToTa werilTagan mraval-saxed: pirvelad sarwmunoebisaTYs marTlisasa da kanonTaTYs saeklesioTa...~99 giorgi mTawmidelsa da petre III-s hqondaT msjeloba `saeklesio kanonTa~ Sesaxeb. saeklesio kanonebSi Sedis mravali saeklesio sakiTxi, maT Soris sakiTxi romelime eklesiis sapatriarqo eklesiad wodebis Rirsebis Sesaxeb. im dros qarTuli sapatriarqo Tavisi arsebobis TiTqmis naxevar saukunes iTvlida. amitomac Seqmnili situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT unda vigulisxmoT, rom `saeklesio sakiTxebze~ msjelobisas saubari exeboda ara romelime ganyenebul, aramed aqtualur Temas. uTuod wmida mama giorgi icavda saqarTvelos sapatriarqos Rirsebas. moRweul wyaroTa gaanalizebis Sedegad, Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom saubrebi ar Seexeboda qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis sakiTxs, radganac giorgi mTawmidelis Tanaxmad, qarTuli eklesia avtokefaluri iyo mociqulTa mier misi daarsebisTanave I-II saukuneebidan. is avtokefaliis sakiTxze msjelobisas Zalze lakonur, mokle da amomwurav pasuxebs aZlevda da am Temaze ar saubrobda xangrZlivad. amitomac, petre III-sTan misi xangrZlivi saubrebi swored qarTuli eklesiis sapatriarqo Rirsebas Sexeboda. garda amisa, maT msjeloba hqoniaT `marTali sarwmunoebis~ Sesaxeb. im droisaTvis, TiTqmis 30 wlis manZilze, berZnebs eWvi SehqondaT qarTvelebis marTlmadideblobaSi. giorgi mTawmidels, mas Semdeg, rac petre III daurwmunebia, rom qarTuli sapatriarqos Seqmna ar ewinaaRmdegeboda `saeklesio kanonebs~ da rom am axali sapatriarqos SeqmniT ar darRveula `marTali sarwmunoeba~, antioqiis patriarqi TavisTan iaxloebs. patriarqi moxiblula giorgi mTawmidelis sulieri simaRliTa da codniT, amitomac is antioqiis sapatriarqos saqmeebis mogvarebasac ki qarTvel bers andobda, Tavis pirad cxovrebasac mas uziarebda: `...yoveli cxovreba Tvisi mas Sehvedra da mas hkiTxavn gulisityuaTa da yovelsave saeklesioTa saqmeTa~.100 petre III Zlieri `siyvaruliTa da sarwmunoebiTa aRsavse~ yofila giorgi mTawmidelis mimarT. antioqiis mTavari taZris dawvis Semdeg, Zlier damwuxrebul patriarq petre III-isTvis erTaderTi uaxloesi megobari da nugeSinismcemeli giorgi mTawmideli yofila. `...swavliTa sulieriTa yoveli mwuxareba da glova misi ganaqarva~. madlier patriarqs berisTvis uTqvams: ùkueTumca siwmide
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Seni ara momaSural iyo, hoi wmidao mamao kninRamca da mwuxarebaTa mier jojoxeTad STasul iyo suli Cemi~.101 antioqiis patriarq petre III-sa da giorgi mTawmidelis aseT damokidebulebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs qarTuli eklesiis sapatriarqo Rirsebis aRiarebis drois gansazRvrisaTvis. swored antioqiis patriarqis petre III-is dros antioqiis sapatriarqom iuridiulad cno qarTuli sapatriarqos faqtobrivi arseboba. amis Sesaxeb arsebobs arapirdapiri monacemebi, cnobilma kanonistma balsamonma icis is, rac mas mousmenia: àmboben, rom maSin, rodesac RvTaebrivi qalaqis, didi antioqiis uwmides patriarqad iyo ufali petre, gamotanili iqna krebis dadgenileba, rom iqnes Tavisufali da avtokefaluri eklesia iberiisa, romelic maSin eqvemdebareboda antioqiis patriarqs~.102 mkvlevarebi varaudoben, rom radganac balsamons es ambavi mousmenia, amitomac es kreba balsamonamde arcTu didi xnis winaT Catarebula, radganac am moRvawis uaxloesi patriarqi petres saxeliT iyo petre III. amitomac miiCneven, rom balsamonis mier aRwerili kreba gulisxmobs 1056 wlis krebas. 381 wlis msoflio krebis me-2 kanonis komentaris dros balsamoni wers ramdenime eklesiis da maT Soris iberiis eklesiis avtokefaliis Sesaxeb. balsamonis Tanaxmad, romis imperiaSi IV saukunisaTvis avtokefaluri iyo yvela provinciisa da diocezis eklesia, e.i. balsamonis Tanaxmad, romis imperiaSi 100-mde avtokefaluri eklesia iyo, radganac aseTive iyo provinciaTa ricxvi.103 ìstoria naTelyofs, rom II msoflio krebis dros TavisTavadni, avtokefalurni iyvnen eklesiebi romis yvela provinciaSi Tu ara (aseTi provincia iyo 100), yovel SemTxvevaSi, imperiis 14 diocezSi mainc (imperiaSi 14 diocezi iyo).104 balsamonis Tanaxmad, iberiis eklesia avtokefaluri iyo IV saukuneSive, radganac misi azriT, yvela saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulis eklesia am droisaTvis avtokefaluri iyo. TviT imperiaSic ki, provinciaTa eklesiebi avtokefalurni iyvnen, miT umetes, imperiis gareT myofi damoukidebeli saxelmwifos eklesia avtokefaluria. II msoflio krebis me-2 kanonic imperiis gareT myof `barbarosuli~ qveynebis eklesiebs avtokefalias aniWebda: `...xolo barbarozebrTa warmarTTa Soris myofTa eklesiaTa RmrTisaTa gangebaA jer ars mamaTa mier damtkicebulisaebr Cveulebisa~,105 es kanoni saerTod eklesiaTa erTmaneTisagan damoukideblobasa da avtokefalias icavda. Cans, balsamons iberiis eklesia avtokefalur eklesiad miaCnda II msoflio krebis droisaTvis, amitomac am krebis me-2 kanonis komentirebisas is wers qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad amisa, man icis, rom antioqiis patriarq petres dros am sapatriarqos krebam imsjela qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis Sesaxeb. mas ar SeeZlo efiqra, rom qarTul eklesias avtokefalia mianiWa petre III-m, radganac misi azriT, XI saukuneSi
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qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalia ukve iTvlida ramdenime saukunes. magram balsamons gaugonia, rom XI saukuneSi antioqiis sapatriarqoSi Catarebula raRac kreba, romelsac qarTuli eklesiis erTi raRac ufleba iuridiulad ucvnia. marTlac, 1056 wels petre III-is dros Catarebulma antioqiis saeklesio krebam aRiara qarTuli eklesia WeSmaritad marTlmadidebelTa eklesiad, amitomac Sewyvita qarTuli eklesiisa da misi berebis devna. garda amisa, am dros aRiarebul iqna qarTuli eklesiis yvela ufleba, maT Soris sapatriarqo Rirsebac. petre III-is dros Catarebuli saeklesio krebis Sesaxeb mravali istorikosi miuTiTebs. mravals es kreba miaCnia qarTuli eklesiisaTvis avtokefaliis miniWebis krebad, rac arasworia. am krebam Sewyvita qarTuli eklesiis 30-wliani ukanono devna da aRiara misi uflebebi. am krebis Semdeg petre III-s didxans ar ucocxlia. is 1057 wels gardaicvala. giorgi mTawmideli Sexvda axal patriarq Teodores (Teodosi) (1057-1076). am dros bizantia-saqarTvelos Soris samwliani sazavo molaparakeba (1054-57 wlebisa) jer kidev damTavrebuli ar iyo da qarTveli mefe bagrat IV jer kidev konstantinopolSi imyofeboda, Tumca bizantiis samefo karma 1054 welsve ineba Sewyvetiliyo qarTuli eklesiis sazogado devna, rac daadastura 1056 wlis antioqiis krebam. magram am devnis recidivebi 1057 wlisaTvis mainc arsebobda, radganac qarTvelebs mwvaleblobas, kerZod ki, monofizitur mwvaleblobas swamebdnen da TiTqmis 30 wlis manZilze devnidnen. amitomac zavis dadebisas bizantia-saqarTvelos Soris molaparakebis periodSi zogjer inerciiT kvlav meordeboda es movlenebi. ase momxdara 1057 wels antioqiaSi mdebare svimonwmidis monasterSi, sadac berZnebTan erTad qarTvelebic moRvaweobdnen. qarTvelebis devna im dros, kerZod 1056 wlis antioqiis krebis Semdeg akrZaluli iyo, amitomac TavianT moqmedebas berZnebi ase asabuTebdnen: àr vuwyiT, Tu qarTvelni arian anu somexni~,106 e.i ar viciT diofizitebi arian Tu monofizitebio. aq `qarTvelnSi~ da `somexnSi~ igulisxmebian ara erovnebiT qarTvelebi da somxebi, aramed sarwmunoebrivad `qarTvelebi~ da sarwmunoebrivad `somxebi~ anu diofizitebi (marTlmadideblebi) da monofizitebi (mwvaleblebi). marTaliao, ambobdnen svimonwmideli berZnebi, ucxo berebi `...qarTvelebad saxel-idebdnen TavTa TYsTa, da ara uwyiT Tu rasa zraxven, anu raA ars sarwmunoeba maTi...~107 e.i. ucxoeli berebi erovnebiT, marTalia, qarTvelebad acxadebdnen Tavian Tavs, magram sarwmunobiT SeiZleba `somexni~ ariano. erovnebiT qarTveli, magram sarwmunoebiT `somexi~, anu monofiziti qarTvelebis monasterSi saeWvo yofnis Sesaxeb moaxsenes antioqiis axal patriarqs, Teodores. is darwmunebuli yofila qarTvelebis marTmadidebloba-diofizitobaSi, amitomac am braldebis mosmenas Zlier gauocebia da ukiTxavs: `da viTar egebis ese, raTamca qarTvelni ara marTlmadidebelni iyvnes?~108
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magram svimonwmidelebi arwmunebdnen mas da magaliTic mouyvanes: `...verca xucesi maTi Jamsa wiravs monastersa Sina Cuensa~, marTlac, Turme im dromde mcire xniT adre, avtoris cnobiT, qarTuli wirvis wesi gansxvavebuli yofila berZnuli wirvis wesisagan. kerZod, qarTvelebi wiravdnen qalamniTa da sabeWuriT, samRvdelo Sesamoslis gareSe.109 magram ara monofizitobis gamo, aramed qarTuli eklesiis gaerovnulebisa da eklesiaSi uZvelesi wesebis SemorCenis gamo. aseTi yofila wirvis Zveli wesi, romelic berZnuli Targis Sesabamisad, SeusworebiaT XI saukunis dasawyisSi, magram saqarTvelos `soflur adgilebSi~ kvlav Zveleburi wesi darCenila. roca patriarqs gaugia, rom qarTuli wirvis wesi gansxvavdeboda berZnulisagan anu `marTlmadideblurisagan~, Zlier gancvifrebula. gancvifrebuli patriarqisaTvis kvlav mravali araswori cnoba miuwvdiaT da daueWvebiaT kidec qarTvelTa aramarTlmadideblobaSi. amis mizezi isic yofila, rom àxal-Semosuli~ patriarqi `...wuT umecar iyo naTesavisa Cuenisa...~. swored am mizeziT sapatriarqo karze miiwvies giorgi mTawmideli. patriarqma Teodorem icoda, rom giorgi mTawmideli antioqiaSi qarTuli eklesiisa da mefis wargzavnili diplomati iyo. icis, rom is mefes werilebs swers da mefe misi rCevis Sesabamisad iqceva. patriarqi eubneba mas: `...gismens mefe Tqueni, ukeTu miuwero da auwyo umjobesi...~.110 patriarqi gaesaubra mas da darwmunda mis Rrma ganswavlulobaSi, ris gamoc Tqva: `daRacaTu naTesaviT qarTveli xar, sxviTa kula yovliTa swavlulebiTa sruliad berZeni xar~.111 marTalia, aq `berZeni~ erovnebiT berZens niSnavs, magram xSirad `berZeni~ marTlmadideblis identuri iyo. patriarqis azriT, giorgi mTawmidels sruli marTlmadidebluri (`berZnuli~) swavla aqvs. roca antioqiis patriarqi darwmunda giorgi mTawmidelis marTlmadideblobaSi, misca aseTi SekiTxva: `...miTxar naTesavisa SenisaTYs: arsa raA naklulevanebaA marTlisa sarwmunoebisa maT Tana, gina urTierTas ganyofilebaA marTlisa sarwmunoebisa maT Soris da Cuen Soris?~112 kiTxvidan Cans, rom patriarqi qarTvelebs miiCnevs `marTali sarwmunoebis~ mqone erad, magram hgonia, rom qarTvelTa marTlmadideblobas gaaCnia raRac nakli da cdilobs gaerkves amaSi, kerZod, xom ar aris TviT qarTvelTa Sorisve (ùrTierTas~) sarwmunoebrivi gansxvaveba, anda xom ar gansxvavdeba qarTvelTa da berZenTa aRmsarebloba. giorgi mTawmindelma warmoTqva mrwamsi, romelsac im dros aRiarebda qarTuli eklesia: `...iwyo warmoTqumad marTlisa sarwmunoebisa esreT, romel ganakYrva msmenelni...~ patriarqi da masTan myofi episkoposebi darwmundnen, rom qarTvelTa sarwmunoeba unakloa. patriarqma ganacxada: `...vieTnime naklulevanebasa swamebdes qarTvelTa da aha esera mravalTa saxiTa uzeSTaes i povnes Cuensa da ufroAs xolo qalwulebiTa, romeli igi maRlad upyries maT~..113
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qarTvelTa marTlmadideblobaSi darwmunebulma patriarqma ciliswamebad gamoacxada svimonwmideli berZeni berebis moqmedeba. maT 1056 wlis krebis Semdeg akrZaluli hqondaT qarTveli berebis devna, amitomac 1057 wels maT mier xelaxla aRorZinebuli devnisaTvis isini patriarqma dasaja: `xolo patrearqman cudis-mzraxTa maT da amaoTa kacTa sYmeonwmidelTa friad Sehrisxna da kanonsa queSe saeklesiosa Seyarna da sxuasaca mravalsa ZYrsa uTqumida~.114 Tu, 1054 wlamde, mTeli bizantiis imperiaSi qarTveli berebis devna bunebrivad iTvleboda, 1057 wels igive qmedeba mkacrad isjeba. mcire xnis Semdeg antioqiis patriarqi kvlav aRiZra qarTuli eklesiis sawinaaRmdegod. axla ukve saqme Seexo ara sarwmunoebriv aRmsareblobas, aramed qarTuli eklesiis Tavisufleba-avtokefalias. patriarqs surs, gaerkves qarTuli eklesiis sxvadasxva uflebebSi. am sakiTxis gasarkvevad kvlav miiwvies giorgi mTawmideli. aqedan Cans, rom giorgi mTawmidelis di plomatiuri misia antioqiaSi kvlav grZeldeboda. qarTuli eklesiis mowinaaRmdegeebma patriarq Teodosis moaxsenes: `viTar ese meufeo, romel eklesiani da mRvdelTmoZRvarni qarTlisani ara romlisa patreaqisa xelmwifebasa queSe arian da yovelni saeklesioni wesni maT mier ganegebian da TYT daismen kaTalikozTa ebiskopozTa da ara samarTal ars ese, rameTu aTormetTa mociqulTagani aravin misrul ars queyanasa maTsa da jer ars... raATa xelmwifebasa queSe antioqieli patrearqisas imwysodin da aqa ikurTxeodis kaTalikosi maTi da viyvneT Cuen erT samwyso da erT mwyems~.115 aqedan aSkarad Cans, rom cdebian is mkvlevarebi, romlebic qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalias aTariReben XI saukunis 50-iani wlebiT. am droisaTvis qarTuli eklesia ar eqvemdebareba arc erT ucxoeTis patriarqs da ar aris romelime sapatriarqos xelmwifebis qveS. qarTuli eklesia sruliad damoukidebelia da avtokefaluri, rac imiT gamoixateba, rom nebismieri saeklesio wesi TviT qarTuli eklesiis mierve ganegeba, TviT qarTveli episkoposebi saqarTveloSive irCeven da svamen qarTvel mamamTavars, rac patriarqisadmi moxsenebuli cnobidan Cans. qarTul eklesias 1056 wels, petre III-is dros rom mieRo avtokefalia, 1057 wels patriarq Teodosis srulebiT sxvagvarad warudgendnen am sakiTxs, kerZod, moaxsenebdnen, rom qarTulma eklesiam erTi wlis win, petre III-is dros miiRo avtokefalia, rac Secdoma iyoo. Teodosis dros ki qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalia Camoyalibebulia, rac Cans avtoris monaTxrobidan. garda amisa, avtori, marTalia, sakmaod dawvrilebiT saubrobs petre III-is Sesaxeb, magram arafers ambobs mis mier qarTuli eklesiisaTvis avtokefaliis miniWebaze. is, rac patriarq Teodosis moaxsenes qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis Sesaxeb, mTlianad emTxveva `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ moTavsebul, qarTuli
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eklesiis mdgomareobis VII saukuniT daTariRebul aRweras. VII saukunis bolos qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalia yofila aseTi saxisa: `...kaTalikozi qarTlisa xelqveiT ara ars patriaqTa da ara ikurTxevian patriaqTagan, aramed TYsisa samwysosa mitrapolitTa da mTavarefiskopozTa da efiskopozTagan ikurTxevian, rameTu Tavisufali ars da mociqulTa magieri da mociqulTa taxtsa zeda mjdomi da patriaqi~.116 qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis es gansazRvreba Zalze msgavsia imisa, rac patriarq Teodosis moaxsenes. XI saukuneSi berZnebs SeuTxzavT Teoria, romlis mixedviTac avtokefaluri mxolod is eklesia SeiZleboda yofiliyo, sadac mociqulma iqadaga. antioqielTa azriT, saqarTveloSi ar uqadagnia arc erT mociquls, amitomac qarTuli eklesia romelime sapatriarqos unda daeqvemdebaros, umjobesia antioqiis sapatriarqos, radganac teritoriulad axlosaa saqarTvelosTan. aRsaniSnavia, rom ar amboben winaTac antioqias eqvemdebareboda qarTuli eklesia da axlac daeqvemdebaroso, aramed teritoriuli siaxlove miaCniaT mizezad. patriarqma Teodosim giorgi mTawmidels ganucxada: `...jer ars romel eklesiani da mRvdelT-moZRuarni Tquenni Kelsa queSe samociqulosa amis saydrisasa imwysodin...~,117 e.i. upriani da samarTliani iqneba qarTuli eklesia rom antioqiis samociqulo eklesiis mier imwysebodeso: `...da hmarTebsca esreT mizeziTa maxlobelobisaATa da ese Sengan SesaZlebel ars, rameTu uwyi, viTarmed gismens mefe Tqueni, ukueTu miuwero da auwyo umjobesi...~118 amis Semdeg patriarqi emuqreba, rom kvlav gaagrZelebs mTel bizantiis imperiaSi qarTuli eklesiis devnas: `...xolo ukueTu ara isminos, miuwero oTxTave patriaqTa saydris modgamTa CuenTa da vauwyo TYT-rCuloba da qedficxloba naTesavisa Tquenisa da viTarmed TYnier samociquloAsa kanonisa TYT imwysian da mociqulTagani aravin misrul ars queyanasa maTsa da esreT mravalsa Ruawlsa SegTxine vidre ara TYT mefe Tqueni winaSe Cuensa movides da xelmwifebasa Cuensa daemorCilos~.119 e.i. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqarTvelos mefe ar ganaxorcielebs Sengan miwodebul azrs qarTuli eklesiis antioqiaze daqvemdebarebis Sesaxeb, me amas msoflios oTxive patrarqs (maT Soris romis papsac gulisxmobs) vauwyeb da mivwer, rom qarTveli eri urCia, radganac samociqulo kanonebis nebadaurTvelad avtokefalurad acxadebs Tavis eklesias. es ki dauSvebelia, radganac arc samociqulo kanonebiT da arc mociqulTa mier es eklesia ar daarsebula da iseT saerTaSoriso izolaciaSi movaqcev saqarTvelos da iseT devnas daviwyeb qarTuli eklesiisas, rom TviT Tqveni mefe mova Cems winaSe da ara marto eklesias damiqvemdebarebs, TviTonac damemorCilebao. giorgi mTawmidels Tavis pasuxSi ugunurebad gamoucxadebia antioqiis survili qarTuli eklesiis damorCilebisa da ukiTxavs: `...vin-me arian
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ugunurni igi ganmzraxni Senni... raAsaTYs-me esreT advilad Kel-hyav didisa amis da maRlisa saqmisa mogonebad da aRsrulebad?~120 `didi da maRali saqme~ qarTuli eklesiis saukunovani avtokefaliisa antioqiis patriarq Teodoss àdvilad xeluyvia~, riTac ara marto Tavisi ùgunureba~, aramed Tavisi mrCevlebis ùgunurebac~ gaumJRavnebia. Zalze didmniSvnelovania azri, romelic qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis Sesaxeb gamoTqva giorgi mTawmidelma antioqiis patriarqis winaSe. giorgi mTawmidelis Tanaxmad, qarTul eklesias avtokefalia arc V saukuneSi miuRia, arc VIII-Si da miTumetes, arc XI-Si, aramed qarTuli eklesia daarsebisTanave avtokefaluri yofila, radganac igi mociqulTa mier daarsebuli da amitomac samociqulo yofila.121 I-II saukuneebSi mociqulTa mier daarsebuli qarTuli samociqulo eklesia daarsebisTanave avtokefaluria, amitomac mis avtokefalias arc vinmes dasturi esaWiroeba da arc sxva romelime eklesias aqvs qarTul eklesiaze batonobis ufleba. giorgi mTawmidelis pasuxi sruliad uaryofs im Tanamedrove mecnierTa mosazrebebs, romelnic fiqroben, rom qarTulma eklesiam avtokefalia XI saukuneSi miiRo. giorgi mTawmideli patriarqis winaSe imas ki ar ambobs, rom qarTul eklesias avtokefalia petre III-m mianiWa 1056 wels, erTi wlis wino, aramed medgrad da siamayiT acxadebs _ qarTuli eklesia avtokefaluri aris I saukunis bolodan da II saukunis dasawyisidan, radganac Cveni eklesia andria pirvelwodebulma daaarsa, xolo simon kananeli Cvens qveyanaSi aris dakrZalulio. Tavisi mtkicebis dasasabuTeblad giorgi mTawmidelma moiTxova wigni _ `mimosvla andrea mociqulisa~. wignis wakiTxvis Semdeg patriarqi da masTan myofi episkoposebi darwmundnen, rom qarTuli eklesia dauarsebia andria pirvelwodebuls, rac imas niSnavda, rom qarTuli eklesia samociquloa. amis Semdeg giorgi mTawmidelma patriarqs uTxra: `wmidao meufeo, Sen ityY, viTarmed Tavisa mis mociqulTasa petres saydarsa vzio, xolo Cuen pirvelwodebulisa da Zmisa Tvisisa mwodebelisa nawilni varT da samwysoni da mis mier moqceulni da ganaTlebulni; da erTi wmida aTormetTa mociqulaTagani _ simons vityvi kananelsa, queyanasa Cuensa damarxul ars afxazeTs, romelsa nikofsi ewodebis. amaT wmidaTa mociqulTa ganaTlebulni varT. da vinaATgan erTi RmerTi gvicnobies, arRara uar-gYyofies da arca odes wvalebisa mimarT midrekil ars naTesavi Cueni da yovelTa uarismyofelTa da mwvalebelTa SevaCuenebT da davswyevT. amas safuZvelsa zeda marTlmadideblobisasa da mcnebaTa da qadagebaTa zeda wmidaTa maT mociqulTasa mtkice varT. wmidao meufeo, Suenis esreT, raATa wodebuli igi mwodebelsa mas daemorCilos, rameTu petresi jer-ars, raATa daemorCilos mwodebelsa TYssa da Zmasa andreas da raATa Tquen Cuen daguemorCilneT~.122 giorgi mTawmidelis pasuxi imave logikiT iyo agebuli, rogoriTac patriarqis moTxovna. patriarqma ganacxada, saxarebis Tanaxmad, unda iyos
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erTi mwyemsi da erTi samwyso, radganac antioqiis patriarqi zis mociqulTa Tavis, wmida petres taxtze. amitomac misi mwyemsmTavrobis qveS unda iyos sxva eklesiebic, kerZod ki, qarTuli eklesiao. mTawmidelma upasuxa, radganac erTi mwyemsi da erTi samwyso unda arsebobdes, umjobesia, Tqven daemorCiloT wmida mociqul andria pirvelwodebulis saydars, radganac wmida andriam mouwoda wmida petres, rasac petre daemorCila da ufal ieso qristes am mowodebiT daemowafa, amitomac axlac wmida petres taxti wmida andrias taxts unda daemorCiloso, anu antioqiis sapatriarqo saqarTvelos sapatriarqos unda daemorCiloso. aseTi pasuxiT giorgi mTawmidelma agrZnobina antioqiis patriarqs, Tu ra araseriozuli da araeklesiuri iyo antioqielTa moTxovna. antioqiis sapatriarqoSi jer kidev XI saukuneSi yofila Teoria, romelsac amJamad ewodeba àRmosavluri papizmi~. amis Semdeg giorgi mTawmidelma ganacxada: `wmidao meufeo, romelni-ege Cuen umecarad da subuqad guxedavT da Tavni Tquenni brZen da mZime giyofian, iyo Jami, romel yovelsa saberZneTsa Sina marTlmadidebloba ara i poeboda da ioane guTel episkoposi mcxeTas ikurTxa ebiskoposad, viTarca sweria didsa svinaqsarsa~.123 VIII saukuneSi qarTuli eklesia, am pasuxis Tanaxmad, ara marto avtokefaluria, aramed sxva qveynis eklesiis meTaursac ki akurTxebs. aseTi ufleba mxolod sapatriarqo eklesiebs hqondaT. patriarqi savsebiT daukmayofilebia giorgi mTawmidelis pasuxs da masSi keTilganwyoba aRuZravs. patriarqs xumrobiT daumTavrebia es Sexvedra qarTvel wmida berTan: `...ganiRima patriarqman da hrqua mRdel-moZRuarTa maT da ersa: `xedavTa bersa amas viTar marto esodensa simravlesa guerevis? ekrZaleniT... ara xolo Tu sityYT, aramed saqmiT guamxilos Zleuleba Cueni da dagYmrwemnes da dagumrmelnes~.124 aRsaniSnavia, rom am Sekrebis Semdeg araviTari werilobiTi dokumenti ar SeudgeniaT qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis cnobis Sesaxeb, kreba damTavrda xumrobiT, amitomac is mecnierebic cdebian, romelnic varaudoben, rom qarTul eklesias avtokefalia mianiWa 1057 wels patriarq Teodosis dros zemoT aRwerilma krebam. am Sekrebaze qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliaze iyo saubari. es iyo ara di plomatiuri molaparakeba, aramed patriarqis mier qarTuli eklesiis zogadi sakiTxebis garkveva. am dros jer kidev ar iyo damTavrebuli 1054-57 wlebis sazavo molaparakeba bizantia-saqarTvelos Soris. amitomac, rogorc petre III-is, ise Teodosis mier qarTuli eklesiis Sesaxeb simarTlis rkveva sazavo molaparakebis dros, bunebrivia. 1056 wels petre III-is dros antioqiis sapatriarqom aRiara qarTuli eklesiis yvela ufleba, maT Soris sapatriarqo Rirsebis ufleba, ris Semdegac Sewyda qarTuli eklesiis devna.
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1054-57 wlebis samSvidobo molaparakeba bizantia-saqarTvelos Soris Zalze sasargeblo iyo qarTuli eklesiisTvisac. qarTuli eklesiis saqmeebis sruli mogvarebis Semdeg giorgi mTawmidelma Tavisi di plomatiuri misia amowura antioqiaSi. bagrat IV-sa da dedofal mariams surdaT moesminaT antioqiaSi am wmida mamis Sromis angariSi: `...raATa namuSakevi igi misi RmrTivmoniWebuli ixilon da aRivsnen sixaruliTa~, amitomac maT misweres antioqiis patriarqs Teodosis ezruna giorgi mTawmidelis ukan dabrunebaze. `...dawerna wignni patreaqsa Tana da duksa antioqiisasa wargzavnisa CuenisaTYs...~125 aqedan Cans, rom giorgi mTawmideli saxelmwifos wargzavnilia, romelic molaparakebas awarmoebs antioqiaSi, radganac mis uflebamosilebaze TviT imperatori da mefe zrunavs, antioqiis dukasTan _ `mTavarTan~ erTad (antioqiaSi Casvlis dros qarTul delegacias imperatoris werili hqonda: `...aqunda brZanebaA sameufoA Tavadsa Tana da patreaqsa antioqiisasa~).126 aRsaniSnavia, rom giorgi mTawmidelis biografi giorgi mcire mTlianad ar aris informirebuli qarTuli delegaciis vizitis mizezebis Sesaxeb antioqiis sapatriarqoSi. SeiZleba mas ar umxeldnen mefesa da imperators Soris molaparakebis wvrilmanebs. magaliTad, giorgi mTawmideli 1055 wels gaTavisuflda iverTa monastris winamZRvrobisagan da 1056 wels is ukve antioqiaSi molaparakebazea patriarqTan. biografis azriT, wmida giorgi winamZRvrobisagan gaTavisuflda, raTa Tavisuflad eTargmna wmida werili _ `Targmanebad wmida werilTa~, magram antioqiaSi giorgi mTawmideli ar Cerdeba da 1057-58 wlebSi saqarTveloSi Camodis, saidanac is maleve brundeba iveronSi. Tu mTawmidelis mizani iyo wignebis Targmnis gamo gaTavisufleba winamZRvrobisagan, is unda darCeniliyo antioqiis qarTvelTa savaneSi da daewyo es saqmianoba, magram is iq ar rCeba da saqarTveloSi miemgzavreba, sadac mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweobisaTvis gacilebiT mZime pirobebi iyo, vidre iveronsa da Sav mTaze. aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom giorgi mTawmideli winamZRvrobisagan gaTavisuflda ara marto mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweobisaTvis, aramed amis ZiriTadi mizezi iyo moegvarebina qarTuli eklesiis saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba, rac man SesZlo 1054-57 wlebSi. aseve mariam dedofali ara marto salocavad gaemgzavra ierusalimisaken, aramed sqem-monazons qarTuli eklesiis sakiTxebis saboloo mogvareba surda,127 risTvisac Sexvda kidec antioqiis patriarq petre III-s. konstantinopolSi ki patriarqs mravaljer Sexvdebodnen es wmidanebi bagrat IV-sTan erTad, molaparakebisas konstantine monomaxTan da dedofal TeodorasTan. 1054-57 wlebSi bizantiurma sapatriarqoebma aRiares qarTuli eklesiis sruli marTlmadidebloba. zavis dadebis Semdeg Sewyda qarTuli eklesiis ukanono devna, sapatriarqoebma cnes qarTuli eklesiis yvela ukve faqto-
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brivad arsebuli ufleba da maT Soris ufleba _ qarTuli eklesia wodebuliyo sapatriarqo eklesiad.
saqarTvelos sapatriarqos struqtura da iurisdiqciis sazRvrebi

saqarTvelos sapatriarqoSi Sedioda ramdenime sakaTalikoso. `saqarTvelos patriarqis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda marTlmadidebeli somxuri eparqiebi, `somxeTis mitropolitis~ meTaurobiT, àfxazeTis~ (dasavleT saqarTvelos) anu `biWvintis kaTalikosi~, romelic Tavis mxriv dasavleT saqarTvelos calkeul saepiskoposoebs iqvemdebarebda~.128 saqarTvelos sapatriarqos Seqmnis Semdeg sakaTalikosoebi ar gauqmebulan, isini arsebobas ganagrZobdnen iseve, rogorc somxur eklesiaSi ramdenime sakaTalikoso arsebobs. sakaTalikosoebi erTiani saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arsebobis dros iseTive funqcias asrulebdnen, rogorsac asrulebdnen samitropolitoebi berZnul sapatriarqoebSi. saqarTvelos sapatriarqoSi, wyaroTa Tanaxmad, Sedioda: 1. qarTlis sakaTalikoso; 2. afxazeTis sakaTalikoso; 3. somxeTis samitropolito; 4. Crdilo kavkasiis qristianebi. Tavis mxriv, yovel sakaTalikosoSi Sedioda saepiskoposoebi. dasavleT saqarTvelos saepiskoposoebi uSualod eqvemdebareboda afxazeTis kaTalikoss, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos saepiskoposoebi ki _ qarTlis kaTalikoss. qarTlis kaTalikossa da afxazeTis kaTalikoss Soris umcros-ufrosobiTi damokidebuleba arsebobda. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos meTaurad _ patriarqad yovelTvis qarTlis kaTalikoss svamdnen, anu qarTlis kaTalikosi imave dros saqarTvelos patriarqi iyo. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos meTaurs oficialurad ewodeboda _ `yovlisa saqarTveloAsa patriarqi da qarTlisa kaTalikosi~.129 qarTlis kaTalikosi rom imave dros saqarTvelos patriarqi iyo, amis dasamtkiceblad SeiZleba moviyvanoT amonawerebi Zveli dokumentebidan, romelTac xels aweren qarTuli eklesiis meTaurebi TavianTi sruli titulaturiT. am amonawerebis moyvanamde unda iTqvas, rom sityva `patriarqi~ _ Sua saukuneTa saqarTveloSi iTargmneboda da ixmareboda misi qarTuli Targmani `mamamTavari~. Zveli aRTqmis patriarqebsac ki saqarTveloSi uwodebdnen ara patriarqebs, aramed `mamamTavrebs~. magaliTad, `...mamaTmTavari iakob egvi ptes aRsrulebuli~; `mamaT-mTavarica didi ioseb mona iyo~.130 saqarTvelos sapatriarqos meTaursac zogjer tradiciis Sesabamisad uwodebdnen `mamaT-mTavars~ _ qarTul Targmans berZnuli sityva _ `patriarqisa~.
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1103 wlis dokumentSi patriarqs ase moixsenieben _ ìovane wmidisa kaTalikosisa da yovlisa saqarTveloAsa yovlad Rirsisa mamaT-mTavrisa mravalni arian welni~.131 VIII saukunis dokumentSia _ `...wmidisa mamaTmTavarsa Cuensa arsenis qristes mier qarTlisa kaTalikozsa...~132 1610 wlis _ `yovlisa saqarTveloAsa mamaTmTavarTmTavarman kaTalikozman patronman zebedem~.133 `yovlisa aRmosavlisa da CrdiloAsa didman mamamTavarman, kaTalikozman patronman zebedem~.134. 1616 wlis _ `yovlisa saqarTvelosa didman mamaTmTavarTmTavarman, qarTlisa kaTalikozman patronman iovanem~.135 aq yuradReba unda mieqces, rom qarTuli eklesiis meTaurs ewodeba saqarTvelos mamamTavari, anu patriarqi da qarTlis kaTalikosi. saqarTvelo da qarTli XI saukunis Semdeg erTi da igive cnebebi ar aris, saqarTvelo ewodeba qveyanas `nikofsiidan darubandamde~, xolo qarTli _ lixis mTis aRmosavleTiT mdebare provinciebs ewodeboda, amitomac roca qarTuli eklesiis meTaurs uwodeben saqarTvelos patriarqsa da qarTlis kaTalikoss, Cven iseve unda gavigoT, rogorc weren _ is mTeli, sruliadi, `yoveli~ saqarTvelos patriarqia da amave dros aris kaTalikosi qarTlisa. 1629 wlis dokumentSia _ `yovlisa saqarTvelosa makurTxevelman didman mamaT-mTavarman qarTlisa kaTalikozman zaqaria~.136 _ es aris sruliad saqarTvelos patriarqi da amave dros qarTlis kaTalikosi. 1634 wlis _ `didman mamaTmTavarman qarTlisa kaTalikozman patronman evdemoz~.137 `yovlisa saqarTveloAsa didman mamaTmTavarman qarTlisa kaTalikozman evdemoz~.138 1638 wlis _ `saqarTveloAsa didman mamamTmTavarman, qarTlisa kaTalikozman patronman evdemon~.139 1660 wlis _ `yovlis saqarTveloAs didman mamaTmTavarman, kaTalikozman domentim~.140 1670 wlis _ `yovlisa saqarTveloAsa makurTxevelman mamaTmTavarman, qarTlisa kaTalikozman amilaxoris Zeman nikolaoz...~141 `yovlisa saqarTveloAsa didman mamaTmTavarman, qarTlisa kaTalikozman batoniSvilman patronman domenti...~ (1672 weli),142 1678 w _ `yovlisa saqarTveloAsa didman mamaTmTavarman, qarTlisa kaTalikozman amilaxorisSvilman patronman nikoloz...~,143 1689 weli _ `yovlisa saqarTveloAsa didman mamaTmTavarman, qarTlisa kaTalikozman diasamiZem patronman iovanem...~144 1694 weli _ ``yovlisa saqarTveloAsa didman mamaT-mTavarman qarTlisa kaTalikozman, amilaxorisZeman patronman nikoloz...~145
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zemoT moyvanili amonawerebidan aSkarad Cans, rom sruliad saqarTvelos patriarqi imave dros aris qarTlis kaTalikosi, anu saqarTvelos mamamTavari aerTianebs or taxts _ qarTlis kaTalikosisas da saqarTvelos patriarqisas. is ori taxtis mpyrobelia. afxazeTis kaTalikossa da qarTlis kaTalikoss Soris damokidebuleba Tu rogori saxis iyo, garkveulia mecnierTa mier _ `mcxeTis patriarqi, afxazeTis kaTalikosisaTvis gaxda `mama~, TviT afxazeTis kaTalikosi ùmrwmesi~ (umcrosi) kaTalikosi~.146 rogorc vTqviT, saqarTvelos patriarqi imave dros qarTlis kaTalikosia da is ùxucesi~, `mama~, anu ufrosia afxazeTis kaTalikosze. sapatriarqoSi, rogorc adre aRvniSneT, Sedioda agreTve somxeTis samitropolito. somxeTis mitropoliti uSualod eqvemdebareboda qarTlis kaTalikoss. xolo sapatriarqoSi aseve Semavali Crdilo kavkasiis qristianebi da Crdilo kavkasiaSive mdebare xunZeTis kaTalikosi uSualod saqarTvelos patriarqs eqvemdebareboda.147 aRniSnulTa gamo saqarTvelos sapatriarqos struqturas grafikulad aseTi saxe eqneba:
saqarTvelos sapatriarqo
saqarTvelos patriarqi, anu mamaTmTavari
afxazeTis sakaTalikoso
qarTlis sakaTalikoso
Crdilo kavkasiis qristianebi xunZeTis sakaTalikoso
somxeTis samitropolito
saqarTvelos patriarqs uSualod eqvemdebarebodnen agreTve istoriuli albaneTis CrdiloeTis mxareebis qristianebi, romlebic wina saukuneebSi albanTa kaTalikosis samwysos warmoadgenda. amis Sesaxeb visaubrebT saqarTvelos sapatriarqos iurisdiqciis aRmosavleTis sazRvrebis gansazRvris dros, xolo rac Seexeba xunZeTis sakaTalikosos, unda aRiniSnos, rom `xunZeli kaTalikosi oqropiri~ moxsenebulia sinas mTis XV saukuniT daTariRebul xelnawerSi, magram Crdilo kavkasieli qristianebi gacilebiT adre eqvemdebarebodnen saqarTvelos patriarqs, amaze miuTiTebs tyobaierdis XI saukunis warwera.
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afxazeTis sakaTalikosos Sesaxeb unda aRiniSnos, rom is arc XV saukunis saqarTvelos erTiani samefos daSlis Semdeg daarsebula, rogorc hgonia sardel (berZen) mitropolit maqsimes Tavis gamokvlevaSi qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis Sesaxeb148 da arc XIII saukuneSi, rogorc adre fiqrobdnen. axali monacemebiT dadgenilia: àfxazeTis sakaTalikoso _ dasavleT saqarTvelos sakaTalikosoa. mis daarsebas zogi mkvlevari VIII saukunes, zogi ki X saukunis meore naxevars miakuTvnebs. afxazeTis sakaTalikosom Secvala konstantinopolis sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebuli lazikis samitropolito da abazgiis saarqiepiskoposo eparqiebi. afxazeTis kaTalikosis sakaTedro taZari, romelic andria mociqulis saydrad iwodeboda, biWvinTaSi iyo. afxazeTis kaTalikoss `biWvinTis kaTalikossac~ uwodebdnen. ierarqiulad igi saqarTvelos kaTalikoss eqvemdebareboda~.149 afxazeTis sakaTalikoso saqarTvelos sapatriarqos (XI saukuneSi) daarsebamde arsebobda da Sevida sapatriarqoSi. amis gamo XI saukuneSi, sapatriarqos daarsebis Semdegac, saqarTveloSi ramdenime kaTalikosi iyo erTdroulad, afxazeTis kaTalikosi da qarTlis kaTalikosi, amitomac es sityva ixmareboda TiTqmis yovelTvis mravlobiT ricxvSi. werdnen xolme _ `kaTalikosTa~, `kaTalikosni~ da ara `kaTalikosi~. SeiZleba aseTi magaliTis moyvana. XI saukunis 50-ian wlebSi _ `...iwyo RvTismsaxurman mefeman bagrat da Zeman misman, dedofalTa da kaTalikosTa wvevad~...150 giorgi mTawmidelisa saqarTveloSio, wers biografi. forma `dedofalTa~ gasagebia, giorgi mTawmidels iwvevdnen mefis deda _ mariami, mefis meuRle da rZali _ Zis coli, aseve `kaTalikozTaSi~ igulisxmeba, rom giorgi mTawmidels iwvevdnen afxazeTisa da qarTlis kaTalikosebi (ucxoeTidan saqarTveloSi). saqarTveloSi mosvlis Semdeg ki, roca giorgi mTawmideli gadavida aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, anu sakuTriv qarTlSi, masTan kavSiri aqvs erT kaTalikoss, dasavleT saqarTvelodan `qarTlSi~ gadasul giorgi mTawmidelis winaSe `...iwyes aRsarebad da sinanulad TviT mefeman, kaTalikozman... mRvdelTa, diakonTa, monazonTa...~.151 miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTuli eklesia im dros Sedgeboda ori mTavari sakaTalikososagan, es eklesia erTi qveynis eklesiaa. giorgi mcire dabejiTebiT amtkicebs imas, rac Tavis droze giorgi mTawmidelma antioqiis patriarqs moaxsena _ mTliani saqarTvelo mociqulebma andriam da simon kananelma moaqcies da daafuZnes aq erTi eklesia. amitomac saqarTvelo, anu rogorc maSin uwodebdnen àRmosavleTi~ _ nawilia am mociqulebisa. andriam mTeli saqarTvelo `movlo~. xolo svimon kananelma sruliad daimkvidra es qveyana. giorgi mTawmidelmao, wers biografi _ `...yoveli aRmosavleTi gananaTla da nawili igi andria mociqulisa da simon kananelisa kualad ganamtkica, rameTu andria mociqulman movlo qveyana Cveni, xolo svimon kananelman sruliad daimkvidra, rameTu nikofss arian nawilni misni wmidani~.152
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swored am ideologiur safuZvelzea damyarebuli saqarTvelos sapatriarqos Seqmna _ saqarTvelo erTi qveyanaa, erTi saxelmwifoa. saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebs sxvadasxva ganmanaTleblebi ki ar hyavdaT, aramed erTiani, mTliani saqarTvelos ganmanaTleblebi arian aq Camosuli mociqulebi _ andria pirvelwodebuli da svimon kananeli, amitomac eklesia erTi unda hqondes da ara ramdenime. erTian saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi Seiqmna erTi didi eklesia-sapatriarqo, xolo am sapatriarqoSi XI saukuneSive Sedioda ori sakaTalikoso _ ori administraciuli erTeuli, anu saeklesio samTavro _ saeklesio provincia. es Seesabameboda saxelmwifos politikur dayofas erTiani saxelmwifos Seqmnis Semdeg oficialurad calkeuli `samefoebi~ ar gauqmebulan, isini kvlavindeburad arsebobdnen, amitomac, erTiani saxelmwifos mefes ewodeboda _ mefe afxazTa, qarTvelTa, ranTa, kaxTa da somexTa, SahanSa da SarvanSa. `sanam kaxeT-hereTi gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos farglebs gareT imyofeba, saqarTvelos mefeebi iwodebian àfxazTa da qarTvelTa~ mefeebad, sadac àfxazTa~ dasavleT saqarTvelos gulisxmobs, xolo `qarTvelTa~ istoriul aRmosavleT saqarTvelos (qarTl-mesxeTs kaxeT-hereTis gareSe)... afxazTa da qarTvelTa mefes emateba ranTa (e.i. hereTis) da kaxTa mefis tituli, rac am provinciebis SemoerTebas asaxavs. daviT (aRmaSeneblis) mefis titulebSi Cndeba `somexTa~ mefis wodeba... (rac lores samefos SemoerTebas ukavSirdeba da ara anisis SemoerTebas, romlis mefeni SahanSas tituls atarebdnen... qarTvel mefeTa titulebSi rogorc `SahanSa~, aseve `SarvanSa~ daviTis dros unda iyos Sesuli, radgan anisis samefoc da Sarvanic daviT aRmaSeneblis dros SemouerTda saqarTvelos.153 sapatriarqo ori saeklesio samTavrosagan, `saeklesio mitropoliisagan~ _ qarTlisa da afxazeTis sakaTalikosoebisagan Sedgeboda. TandaTan saqarTvelos saxelmwifos gafarToebasTan erTad sapatriarqoSi Sevida sxva `saeklesio samTavroebic~. marTalia, sapatriarqoSi sakaTalikosoebi arsebobdnen, magram XI-XIII saukuneebSi sakaTalikosoebis TviTmmarTveloba da uflebebi SezRuduli iyo, amitomac afxazeTis kaTalikoss am drois wyaroebi TiTqmis aRarc axsenebdnen Tavisi tituliT. XIII saukuneSi monRolTa mier erTiani saxelmwifos orad gayofam afxazeTis sakaTalikosos imereTis samefoSi avtoriteti moupova. iv. javaxiSvilis Tanaxmad, XIII saukunis Semdgom axlo xanebSi `...afxazeTis kaTalikosoba winandeburad aRsdga~.154 imis gamo, rom qarTlis kaTalikosi avtomaturad iTvleboda saqarTvelos patriarqadac, qarTlis kaTalikosis saxeli ufro xSirad moixsenieba afxazeTis kaTalikosTan SedarebiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom XV saukuneSi erTiani saqarTvelos samefos daSlis Semdeg yvela provinciis mefe Tavis Tavs miiCnevda erTiani, sruliad saqarTvelos erTaderT kanonier mefed. erTiani saxelmwifos daSlas Tan
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mohyva erTiani saqarTvelos sapatriarqos daSla, magram miuxedavad amisa, rogorc qarTlis, ise afxazeTis kaTalikosebi ar cnobdnen erTiani eklesiis daSlas da TavianT Tavs uwodebdnen `sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikoss~, an mamamTavars. magaliTad, afxazeTis kaTalikosi grigoli XVIII saukunis dasawyisSic ki Tavis Tavs uwodebda ara afxazeTis, anu dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikoss, aramed sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikoss. amiTaa gamowveuli, rom Sewirulobis wigns biWvinTisadmi afxazeTis kaTalikosi 1712 wels artyams beWeds warwera-zedweriliT: `grigol mwyemsi qristesmier yovlisa saqarTvelos kaTalikozi~.155 ufro xSirad ki dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikosebi TavianT Tavs `qvemo iveriis~, anu afxazeTis kaTalikoss uwodebdnen,156 xolo aRmosavleT saqarTvelosi _ `zemo iveriis~ anu `zemo saqarTvelos~ kaTalikosebs.157 `qarTlis cxovreba~ qarTlisa da afxazeTis sakaTalikosoebs `samTavroebs~ uwodebs. sityva `samTavro~ uamravjer gvxvdeba `did sjuliskanonSi~. saeklesio olqis, saeklesio provinciis, eparqiis, mitropoliis mniSvnelobiT, romelsac aqvs Tavisi saepiskoposoebi. saeklesio `samTavros~ didi sjuliskanonis Tanaxmad, hyavs Tavisi pirvelierarqi, romelsac am samTavros episkoposebi emorCilebian. `qarTlis cxovrebaSia~ _ `Semokrbes orisave samTavrosa episkoposni...~158 aq sityva samTavros qveS swored saeklesio da ara saero-saxelmwifo-administraciuli samTavro igulisxmeba. es iqidan Cans, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi Sedioda ara òri samTavro~, aramed `Svidi samefo~ _ provincia: àfxazeTis, qarTlis, ranis, kaxeTis, somxeTis, anisis da Sirvanis samefoebi~ da ori saeklesio `samTavro~ _ afxazeTisa da qarTlis sakaTalikosoebi. Crdilo kavkasiis qristianebs saqarTvelos sapatriarqos cxovrebaSi umniSvnelo roli eniWeboda, xolo somxeTis samitropolito qarTlis sakaTalikosoSi Sedioda.
a. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos iurisdiqciis Crdilo-dasavleTi sazRvari

XI saukuneSive saqarTvelos sapatriarqoSi Sedioda `nikofsia~, dRevandeli tuafse, sadac qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebeli simon kananeli iyo dakrZaluli da romelic giorgi mTawmidelis Tanaxmad, `queyanasa Cuensa _ afxazeTs~ mdebareobda. es iyo provincia jiqeTis centrSi, es provincia ki qerCamde aRwevda. rogorc wyaroebi uCveneben, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos CrdilodasavleTis sazRvari aRwevda xersonesamde. ase magaliTad, 1525-1550 wlebis biWvinTis iadgarSi afxazeTis sakaTalikosos Crdilo-dasavleTis sazRvrad dasaxelebulia punqti `kafa~, CrdiloeTis sazRvrad ki _ `ruseTis samzRvari~. punqti `kafa~ mdebareobda xersonesTan _ `kaTalikozis sakurTxi aris, samwyso _ lixsa da kafas Sua da ruseTis samzRuarsa da WaneTs Sua~.159
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saerTod xersonesi da kafas naxevarkunZuli pirvel saukuneebSive dakavSirebuli iyo saqarTvelosTan, magaliTad _ `kardinal baroniusis azriT, ax.w.aR-is 100 wels imperator traianes mier xersonesSi gandevnili papi wm. klimentis mecadineobis Sedegad kolxeTsa da iberiaSi qristianoba gavrcelda. arqanjelo lamberti kardinal baroniusis am mosazrebis Sesaxeb iqve miuTiTebs, rom `... kolxeTi xuTasi miliTaa daSorebuli xersonesidan~, ...arqanjelo lamberti im azrs icavs, rom kolxeTsa da iberiaSi qristianoba wm. andream da wm. barTlomeom gaavrceles~.160 `qalaqi kaffa mdebareobs 17 verstis daSorebiT karagozidan... emxroba kafis yuris dasavleT nawils... am qalaqma yirimis aRebis Semdeg miiRo Tavisi Zveli saxeli _ `Teodosia~, amJamad ki isev ewodeba Tavisi winandeli saxeli kaffa~, magram adre TaTrebi eZaxdnen aseve _ quCuk _ stambuls. qalaqs uWiravs Zalze moxerxebuli da xelsayreli mdgomareoba vaWrobaSi. is iyo Zalze mniSvnelovani yvela punqts Soris, romlebic genuelebma daiWires yirimSi~.161 afxazeTis sakaTalikosos Crdilo-dasavleTis sazRvari aris punqti kaffa, yirimSi, xersonesTan. afxazeTis sakaTalikosos saqarTvelos sapatriarqoSi Sesvlis gamo saqarTvelos sapatriarqos sazRvari kaffamde aRwevda. xersonesis gaTxrebis dros aRmoCnda qarTuli taZari, rogorc es gamoikvlia kaTalikos-patriarqma kirionma. manve gamoTqva azri, rom VIII saukuneSi goTeTis upirvelesi episkoposis iberiaSi xeldasxmis Semdeg goTeTis eklesia qarTul eklesias daeqvemdebara.162 kaffa goTeTTan mdebareobda.
b. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos iurisdiqciis CrdiloeTis sazRvari

V saukuneSive vaxtang gorgasalis mier daarsebuli niqozis saepiskoposos samwysoSi Sediodnen Crdilo kavkasielebi, dval-osebi, aseve dasavleT saqarTveloSi glola-Rebis sanaxebi _ àrs niqozs eklesia... gorgasal hyo saepiskopozod da dasua episkopozi, zis dResac, mwyemsi kavkasianTa, dualTa da aw oseTad wodebulisa, glola RebiTurT~.163 `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, VIII saukuneSi qarTuli eklesiis sazRvari aRwevda `...Cerqezis sazRvramdis sruliad ovseTisa...~164 `...pontos zRvidam darubandis zRvamde~.165 XVI saukuneSi afxazeTis sakaTalikosos CrdiloeTis sazRvari emTxveoda ruseTis saxelmwifos samxreTis sazRvars, romelic jer kidev ar iyo moaxloebuli kavkasias _ `ruseTis samzRvarsa da WaneTs Sua~-o, _ wers `biWvinTis iadgari~. XVIII saukuneSic ki afxazeTis sakaTalikosos Tavis samwysod miaCnda `pontos~, anu Savi zRvis CrdiloeTiT mdebare miwebi _ `ponto CrdiloiT~.166 XI saukuneSi, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos Seqmnis dros qarTul eklesiaSi rom Sedioda CeCneTi, inguSeTi, oseTi, avareTi _ mTiani daRestani, amis
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Sesaxeb miuTiTebs axali gamokvlevebi.167 Crd. kavkasiaSi qristianuli religiisa da kulturis sivrcesa da siRrmeSi gavrceleba-SeRweva X saukuneSi iwyeba. feodaluri saqarTvelos srul gaerTianebamde Crdilo-dasavleT imierkavkasiaSi qristianobis gamavrcelebeli bizantiasTan erTad dasavleT qarTuli samefo _ afxazeTia, centralur imierkavkasiaSi (dvaleTi, CeCneT-inguSeTi) _ qarTl-kaxeTis samTavro, xolo gaerTianebis Semdeg _ saqarTvelos centraluri xelisufleba. calke aRiniSneba qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis roli. rogorc Cans, saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso-sapatriarqos status kvos da Crdilo kavkasiis qveynebSi saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis iurisdiqcias gamoxatavs XI saukunis damdegs saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis, melqisedek I-is moxsenieba àRmosavleTis patriarqad~ imierkavkasiis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi qristianuli Zeglis tyoba-ierdas (inguSeTis) taZarze... avareTSi qristianuli kulturisa da saqarTvelo-daRestnis kulturul-istoriul urTierTobaTa gasaSuqeblad gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania umTavresad xunZaxsa da mis SemogarenSi ZvelqarTuli damwerlobis ZeglTa arseboba... es unikaluri Zeglebi naTlad da utyuarad migviTiTeben Sua saukuneTa avareTSi qarTuli damwerlobisa da enis gavrcelebaze, iqaur eklesia-taZrebSi qarTuli RvTismsaxurebisa da qarTul grafikul sistemaze agebul adgilobriv damwerlobaze... X-XIV saukuneTa avareTSi qristianobis intensifikacia kargad Cans werilobiTi monacemebiTac _ ...1310 wlis maRalaSviliseuli saxarebis minawerSi (giorgi brwyinvales dros) dadasturebulia daRestanSi ramdenime eparqiis arseboba (xunZaxis, anwuxisa da waxurisa) da bolos aRvniSnavT, mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT uZvirfases cnobas sinas erT-erTi qarTuli monastris XV saukunis saaRape wignidan _ `xunZeli kaTalikosi oqropiris~ Sesaxeb, romelsac korneli kekeliZe mitropolitTan aigivebda da riTac daRestanSi qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis samitropolitos arsebobaa dadasturebuli~.168 Crdilo kavkasiaSi saqarTvelos sapatriarqos erT-erTi samitropolitos arseboba xunZeTis sakaTalikosos saxelwodebiT, werilobiTaa dadasturebuli.
g. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos aRmosavleTis sazRvari

jer kidev V saukuneSi mose xoreneli werda, qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebelma wmida ninom iqadaga `klarjeTidan _ masquTTa qveynamdeo~. masquTTa qveyana mdebareobda kaspiis zRvis piras, axlandeli derbendis siaxloves, TviT mose xoreneli Tvlida, rom mis dros V saukuneSi qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda vrceli miwebi klarjeTidan kaspiis zRvamde, rasac eTanxmeba qarTlis cxovreba _ qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi aRmosavleTiT Sedioda _ kaxeTi, Saqi, Sirvani da midgmiT _ warmovliT mTisa adgilni,169 `pontos zRvidan darubandis zRvamde~.
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1310 wlis werilobiT cnobaSia _ òdes sanatrelman man patriarqman Cuenman eqvTime moixila kaxeTs anwuxisa saepiskoposo da mieriTgan gardamovida waxurs, kak-elisens da movlo saydarni: kasri samebisa, yumi RvTismSoblisa, leqarTs wm. mociqulTasworisa ninosi, zars wm. mTavarmowamisa giorgisa, vardians wm. habosi, ganuxs arCilisi, qiS-nuxs RvTismSoblisa, bardaSens eliasi... kvalad saydarni xunZTa,naxCTa, ToSeTisa,nekresisa, laguTisa,belqanisa, maj-fifineTisa, ferijan-muxax-mamreTisa da yovlisa vakisa, e.i. ars Zvelisa movakanisa da elisenisa, verxvianT zeganiT gamo ivris mdinaris CasarTavamde, alazansa da sanatrelman eqvTime mibrZana qurmuxisa mTavar episkopossa da yovlisa mTeulisa winamZRvarsa kirile donaursa...~170 am amonaweridan Cans, rom uSualod saqarTvelos patriarqs eqvemdebareba albaneTis sakaTalikosos is samwyso, romelic ar SeuerTda somxur eklesias. aRsaniSnavia, rom hereTis qristianebi qarTulenovanni iyvnen. maTi dedaena iyo qarTuli ena. isini V saukuneSi mcxeTis eklesias eqvemdebarebodnen. rogorc `SuSanikis wamebidan~ Cans, Semdgom, raRac mizezis gamo, hereTis qristianebi ierarqiulad daeqvemdebarnen albaneTis sakaTalikosos. VI saukunidan rogorc albaneTis, ise qarTlis sakaTalikosoebi somxuri eklesiis mZlavr zegavlenas ganicdidnen sparsTa saxelmwifos nebiT. uTuod amis gamo, albaneTis sakaTalikosoSi, miuxedavad mcdelobisa, saeklesio enad dainerga ara mSobliuri qarTuli da albanuri enebi, aramed eklesiebSi wirva-locvisaTvis gamoiyeneboda somxuri ena. amis mizezi sparsTa zemoqmedebis garda, albaneTis xalxTa mravalerovneba iyo. albaneTSi gavrcelebuli iyo rogorc sparsuli, aseve Turquli da kavkasiuri enebi, am qveynis Crdilo-dasavleTiT ki hereTis mosaxleobis dedaena iyo qarTuli ena. VII saukunis bolos, movses kalankatuacis Tanaxmad, albaneTis eklesiam sabolood dakarga avtokefalia da is SeuerTda somxur eklesias.171 amis gamo albaneTis nawil hereTSic somxuri eklesiis mecadineobiT gavrcelda monofizitoba. es mwvalebloba hereTSi aRmoufxvria dinara dedofals X saukuneSi. amis Semdeg hereTi da aRmosavleTis mxareebi kvlav Tavis deda qarTul eklesias daubrunda. XI saukuneSi sapatriarqos Seqmnis Semdeg, hereTsa da mis aRmosavleTiT mdebare qveynebze iurisdiqcias saqarTvelos patriarqi axorcielebda, rogorc zemoT moyvanili amonawerebidanac Cans.
d. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos iurisdiqciis sazRvari samxreTiT

imperator konstantine porfirogenetis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos samxreTis sazRvari mdinare arezamde Cadioda, mdinare araqsis `...marcxena mxareo, _ wers is, _ iberiisaken mimarTuli epyraT iberebs, xolo marjvena, rac Teodosiopolisaken aris, rogorc cixeebi, ise soflebi iyves Cveni meufebis
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qveS ise, rom maSasadame orive sazRvrad mdinare iqneba~-o.172 `mesxeTis Zireul nawils Seadgenda mcire moculobis seqtorebi mezobeli araqsisa da dasavleT evfratis xeobebisa~.173 araqsisa da evfratis saTaveebSi qarTvelebi X saukuneSi konstantine porfirogenetis dros ki ar dasaxlebulan, aramed saerTod es mxareebi uZveles dros iyo qarTveli xalxis Tavdapirveli samSoblo, amitomac jer kidev qristeSobamde aTasi wliT adre aq, am mxareebSi warmoiqmna qarTveli xalxis pirveli saxelmwifoebi _ diaoxi da kolxa. diaoxisa da kolxasagan momdinareoben am mxareebSi gavrcelebuli toponimebi _ `tao~ da `kola~. moses xorenacis Tanaxmad, am mxareebSi armenielebis Semosvlis dros qristemde VI-V saukuneebSi, armenielebs aq adgilobrivi mosaxleoba daxvedria, romelTa asimilaciac maSinve dawyebula. xorenelis Tanaxmad, armenielTa erT mefes aukrZalavs adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis mSobliur enaze laparaki da neba daurTavs armenielTa enaze laparakisa. _ àmasTanave aramma ubrZana iqaur mkvidrT, SeeTvisebinaT somxuri ena da laparaki~.174 xoreneli mravalgzis aRniSnavs _ `sakvirvelia mematianis naTqvami, rom Cvens qveyanaSi mraval adgilas gafantulad mkvidrobda mcirericxovani xalxi, Cveni Zireuli winapris, haikis mosvlamde~,175 anda `matianeSi aqac aRniSnulia, rom velis samxreT nawilSi, erT wagrZelebul mTasTan adridanve cxovrobdnen mcireodeni kacni, romlebic nebiT damorCildnen gmirs~,176 anda `...ar SemiZlia vTqva dabejiTebiT, STamomavalia igi haikisa Tu haikis (mosvlamde) am qveyanaSi mcxovrebi xalxisa, romelTa arsebobaze miuTiTeben Zveli Tqmulebebi~.177 xorenelis mTargmneli da komentatori al. abdalaZe amis Sesaxeb wers _ `xorenacis am da msgavs cnobebSi asaxulia istoriuli sinamdvile imis Sesaxeb, rom e.w. `didi somxeTis~ miwa-wyalze somexTa mosvlamde mkvidrobdnen sxva xalxebi, maT Soris qarTuli modgmis tomebic~.178 qarTvelTa asimilacia armenielTa mier `didi somxeTis~ miwa-wyalze warmatebuli iyo somxeTis aRmosavleT nawilSi, magram dasavleT somxeTSi arezisa da evfratis siaxloves mcxovrebma qarTvelebma didxans SeinarCunes ena imis gamo, rom maT mezoblad mdebare kapadokia da ponto qarTulenovani iyo (igulisxmeba, rom am elinizebuli qarTvelebis saojaxo, saSinao ena iyo qarTuli ena). agreTve, qristemde IV-III saukuneebSi Seqmnili iberiis saxelmwifo am mimarTulebiT sazRvrebs ifarToebda xolme, gansakuTrebiT I-II saukuneebSi. Semdgom saukuneebSi somxeTis gaZlierebam daaCqara somxeTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis nawilobrivi asimilacia. n. maris azriT, mesxeTis aborigenuli mosaxleoba yofila lazuri an megruli _ àm raionis aborigenebi... romelime lazuri an megruli tomia~.179 saqarTvelos sapatriarqos warmoqmnis dros e.w. `didi somxeTis~ teritoriaze cxovrobda uamravi qarTveli, adgilobrivi mcxovrebi, maTTvis daarsebuli iqna saepiskoposoebi, romelTa sazRvrebi aRwevda raxsisa da evfrat-
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is xeobebamde. `XIII saukuneSi monRolTa batonobis drosac ki mesxeTis mTavris kuTvnili qveyana iwyeboda taSiskaridan da grZeldeboda, àRmarT, vidre karnu qalaqamde~. XIV saukuneSic taSiskaridan vidre basianamde `mesxTa qveSe dawesebuli qveyana iyo~... XVII saukunis antioqieli patriarqi makari adasturebs, rom adre saqarTvelos samxreTi sazRvari iyo mdinare evfrati da evfratis aqeTa teritoriebi sul saqarTvelod iTvleboda. saqarTvelos sazRvari rom evfratamde Cadioda, amas amowmebs Celebic. mdinare arezis aqeTa mxaresa da arzrumis midamoebs didxans SemorCa qarTuli mosaxleoba. XVII saukuneSi arzrumis midamoebSi gamovlilma arqanjelo lambertim ramdenime qarTuli sofeli naxa,romelTac arzrumelad wodebuli qarTveli mwyemsmTavari ejdaT arzrumSi~.180 amis gamo iyo, rom saqarTvelos sapatriarqoSi Sedioda _ anisis, yarsis, valaSkertisa da sxva saepiskoposoebi. cnobilia, rom osmaleTis mTavrobam Tavis qveyanaSi mcxovrebi qristianebi dauqvemdebara konstantinopolis berZen patriarqs, anda konstantinopolis grigorian patriarqs. amis gamo osmaleTSi mcxovrebi marTlmadideblebi ganixilebodnen rogorc `berZnebi~, is qristianebi, romelnic grigorian patriarqs daumorCiles, iTvlebodnen _ `somxebad~. am qveyanaSi cxovrobdnen agreTve `frangebi~, anu kaTolike qristianebi. amis Sesaxeb rumineli profesori wers _ `rogorc viciT, raRac drois Semdeg da TiTqmis Cvens saukunemde marTlmadidebeli qristianis wodeba xSirad gaigivebuli iyo berZnul erovnebasTan, ase rom, is, vinc Tavis Tavs Tvlida marTlmadideblad, amave dros Tavis Tavs berZens uwodebda... konstantinopolis patriarqi iyo amave dros eTnarqic, e.i. erovnul-politikuri meTauri `yvela berZenisa~ TurqeTis imperiaSi~.181 aRniSnulis gamo, samxreT saqarTvelos mrevlis ZiriTadi nawili, romelic TurqeTis imperiaSi moeqca, an `gaTaTrda~, an `gaberZnda~ an `gasomxda~, an `gafrangda~.182 saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arsebobis dros ki misi samxreTis sazRvari gadioda mdinare araqssa da evfratze.
qarTul eklesiaSi miRebuli Tvalsazrisi saqarTvelos sapatriarqos daarsebis kanonikuri uflebis Sesaxeb
saukuneTa manZilze qarTul eklesiaSi gabatonebuli iyo Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac, qarTulma eklesiam sapatriarqo eklesiad wodebis Rirseba miiRo VII saukuneSi, 681 wels Catarebul msoflio saeklesio krebaze. `qarTlis cxovreba~ wers _ `...iqmna kreba meeqvse, 170 (r~o) wmidaTa mamaTa konstantinopolis Sina, meaTasammetesa welsa poRonati konstanti-
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nes mefobisasa, romeli iyo mama iustinianesi, romlisa winamZRuar iyvnes Teodore da giorgi xucesni da ioane diakoni, adgilis-mcvelni aRaTon romTa papisani da giorgi konstantinopoleli, Teofane antioqeli. amis krebisa mier brZanes esreT wmidisa eklesiisa saqarTvelosaTYs, romel ars wmida mcxeTa, raTa iyos swor pativiTa viTarca wmidani samociqulo kaTolike eklesiani sapatriarqoni. da iyos kaTalikosi qarTlisa swori patriarqTa Tana, da akurTxevdes, mwysides da ganagebdes simarTliT mTavarepiskoposTa, .mitropolitTa da episkoposTa, da samwysosa TYssa... `misTYs migYTvlia saqarTvelos eklesiani, mas hmonebden da mis Kel queSe iyvnen, da sjulsa missa erCden, da misgan imwyseboden. mogYcemia Kelmwifeba Sekvrisa da ganKsnisa: ...xolo pirveliTgan antioqiis krebisa mier ganpatiosnebul iyo, da am krebisa mier dagYmtkicebia patriaqad... xolo ukeTu vinme ikadros kaTalikosisa winaaRdgoma, mTavarepiskoposman gina mitropolitman, anu episkoposman, anu dai pyras xarisxi da eklesia ZaliTa, kaTalikosisa ukiTxavad da Seundobelad, anu ikurTxos mefe gina mTavari, anu mTavarepiskoposni da mitropolit-episkoposni, _ ganikueTen. xolo odesca enebos Semzadeba da kurTxeva mironisa, akurTxos TYssa eklesiasa~.183 es cnoba, erTi `martviluri xelnaweris~ Tanaxmad, moTavsebuli yofila konstantinopolur `taqtikonSi~. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ zemoT moyvanil cnobaSi naTqvamia, rom VI msoflio krebam mxedvelobaSi miiRo is garemoeba, rom qarTuli eklesia `...pirveliTgan antioqiis krebisa mier ganpatiosnebuli iyo...~ amis Sesaxeb daculia ufro srulfasovani da amomwuravi cnoba `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ _ antioqiis saeklesio krebamo, wers is, aRiara qarTuli eklesiis sruli avtokefalia, amitomaco, weria iq _ àmieriTgan ganTavisuflda, rameTu kaTalikozi qarlisa KelqveiT ara ars patriaqTa da ara ikurTxvian patriaqTagan, aramed TYsisa samwysosa mitrapolitTa da mTavarefiskopozTa da efiskopozTagan ikurTxvian, rameTu Tavisufali ars da mociqulTa magieri da mociqulTa taxtsa zeda mjdomi da patriaqi, Tavi yovelTa eklesiaTa, wmida kaTolike samociqulo eklesia sveti cxoveli, da aqvs uaRresoba da Kelmwifeba kaTalikozsa yovelTa zeda, da mis mierve miecemis yovelTa madli da kurTxeva Sekvrisa da ganKsnisa da ikurTxeoden mefeni da mTavarni, mTavarefiskopozni da mitrapolitni, episkopozni da amas samwyso... pontos zRYdan darubandis zRvamde~.184 es ufleba sapatriarqo eklesiad wodebisa qarTul eklesias miuRia VII saukunis 30-40-ian wlebSi antioqiis sapatriarqo krebis mier, xolo 681 wels VI msoflio krebas daudasturebia qarTuli eklesiis sapatriarqo Rirseba. qarTul enaze Semonaxuli cnoba qarTuli eklesiisaTvis sapatriarqo Rirsebis miniWebas miawers VI msoflio krebas. cnobaSi naTqvamia, rom es moxda imperator konstantine pogonatis (668-685 ww.) dros.
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VI krebas kanonebi ar SeumuSavebia, amitom krebis dadgenileba mxolod dainteresebulma mxarem _ qarTulma eklesiam Semoinaxa. am cnobaSi naTqvamia, rom kreba Catarda konstantines mefobis me-13 wels, rac savsebiT sworia. konstantine 668 wels avida taxtze da misi mefobis me-13 weli aris 681 w. 680-681 wlebSi Catarebul msoflio saeklesio krebaze qarTvelTa daswreba, vaxtang goilaZis azriT, romelmac Tavis naSromSi es sakiTxi gamoikvlia, ivaraudeba 681 wlidan. `qarTuli wyaroebis (zemoT moyvanil) cnobaSi yvela monacemi sworia, kerZod is, rom konstantine pogonati iyo iustinianes (685-695) mama. iustinianeze miTiTeba imis maniSnebelia, rom es cnoba daiwera iustiniane II-is dros da im drois mkiTxvelisaTvis cnobili iyo swored iustiniane, romlis mamis drosac es kreba Catarda. am cnobaSi Zalze zustadaa dasaxelebuli krebaze damswre pirebic. VI krebis I sxdoma 680 wlis 7 noembers Sedga. krebaze damswre 153 episkopossa da presviters Soris iyvnen konstantinopolis patriarqi giorgi, antioqiis patriarqi makariosi, aleqsandriis patriarqis warmomadgeneli presviteri petre, ierusalimis patriarqis warmomadgeneli presviteri Teodore da agaTon romis papis warmomadgenlebi: Teodore, giorgi da ioane diakoni. qarTuli cnoba msoflio krebaze damswre antioqiis patriarqad asaxelebs ara makarioss, aramed antioqiis patriarq Teodores, marTlac, am krebam makariosi gadaayena da Teodore airCia, amitomac qarTuli wyaro ar asaxelebs makarioss. v. goilaZis azriT _ `swored es gansxvaveba sZens qarTul cnobas sandoobas da gvarwmunebs, rom igi krebaze miRebuli dadgenilebis zusti asaxvaa~.185 wmida krebam 18 sxdoma gamarTa da TiTqmis erT wels gaagrZela muSaoba. ZiriTadad, monoTelitebis sakiTxi ixileboda. makarios antioqieli krebis monoTelitTa jgufs meTaurobda. krebis dasawyisSi mas giorgi konstantinopolelic TanaugrZnobda, riTac agaTon romis papis marTlmadideblobas ewinaaRmdegeboda, Semdeg giorgi konstantinopoleli marTlmadidebelTa mxareze gadavida, ramac gamoiwvia makarios antioqielis damarcxeba. krebam makariosi mwvaleblad gamoacxada, patriarqobidan gadaayena da anaTemas gadasca. makariosis nacvlad antioqiis patriarqad qarTul cnobaSi moxsenebuli Teofane iqna arCeuli da krebis Semdgom muSaobaSic is monawileobda. daaxloebiT 681 wlis 5 aprilidan gamodioda Teofane antioqiis patriarqis tituliT da qarTuli eklesiis sapatriarqo Rirsebis sakiTxi _ `...konstantinopolis VI msoflio krebam, Cans, 681 wlis 5 aprilidan 16 seqtembramde gamarTul sxdomebze ganixila~.186 krebaze makariosis gadayenebis Semdeg marTlmadideblebma brZola gaagrZeles sxva mwvaleblebTan. bolos Camoayalibes marTlmadidebluri dogmati, romelic imperatorma daamtkica 681 wlis 16 seqtembers da dasacavad gadaeca saimperatoro
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kars. rac Seexeba kanonebs, igi 680-681 wlebis krebas ar SeumuSavebia. magram qarTuli eklesiis Sesaxeb am krebis dadgenileba Sesula dokumentSi, romelsac ewodeba `konstantinopoluri taxtikoni~. VI msoflio krebis gadawyvetilebis dedani dReisaTvis ucnobia. krebis dadgenilebiT, qarTvelebi iyvnen dainteresebulni da maT Semoinaxes ara mxolod zemoT moyvanili variantiT. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa Txzuleba `sityvis gebad laTinTa mimarT Cven marTlmadidebelTa mier~, romelic e. TayaiSvilma `martvilis xelnawerebSi~ aRwera. am Txzulebis bolo nawilSi ikiTxeba: `rameTu esreT Sesaswavebel ars taxtikonsa Sina konstantinopolissasa, viTarmed mas Jamsa Sina wmida meequse krebasa konstantine poRonatisasa da aRaTon romTa papisa, giorgi konstantinepolelisa da Teofane antioqielisasa da maT Tana asormocdaaTTa mamaTagan gapatiosnda kaTalikozi qarTlisa da yves mamamTavrad da Tavisufal da uflad yovlisa zeda saqarTveloAsa... aRaravisagan xel qveS ars, aramed Tavisufal da mamamTavari (e.i. `patriarqi~) ars~. v. goilaZe wers _ `Tu T. balsamoni qarTul eklesiaze saubrisas wyaros ar asaxelebs, samagierod, `martviluri xelnaweri~ wyarod `konstantinopolur taqtikons~ asaxelebs, romelSic ueWvelia is dokumenti unda igulisxmebodes, romelic 681 wlis 16 seqtembers saimperatoro kars gadaeca Sesanaxad~.187 am `taqtikonSi~ naTqvami yofila, rom 681 wlis krebis Semdeg qarTuli eklesia iTvleba samamamTavro eklesiad, anu sapatriarqo eklesiad, rom is srulebiT Tavisufalia da arc erT patriarqs ar eqvemdebareba _ `rameTu aRaravisagan xel qveS ars, aramed Tavisufal ars~, imave cnobas imeorebs berZeni kanonisti maTeos blastari _ kerZod, rom `... iberiis eklesia arc erT patriarqs ar eqvemdebareba, rom iberielTa eklesiis mRvdelmTavrebi Cveulebriv xelT isxmebodnen sakuTar episkoposTagan~ _ ueWvelia maTeos blastari `konstantinopolis taqtikonis~ msgavsi wyarodan sargeblobs. marTalia, blastari qarTul eklesiasTan kavSirSi ar axsenebs VI msoflio krebas, radganac is avtokefaliis Sesaxeb saubrobs da ara sapatriarqo Rirsebis Sesaxeb, avtokefalia ki, misi azriT, qarTul eklesias antioqiis krebisagan miuRia, cxadia, am dromde adre. iustiniane II rinotmatis mefobis dros, 692 wels, konstantinopolis trulis darbazSi kvlav Sesdga saeklesio kreba. am krebam gaiTvaliswina wmida mociqulTa kanonebi. aseve I, II, III, IV msoflio krebaTa da adgilobrivi krebebis kanonebi, zogic axali daumata da isini erTiani saxiT gamosca. Tumca, am kanonebSi wina krebebis zogi kanoni da dadgenileba ar iqna Setanili. aseTebi, Teodore balsamonis sityviT, mis dros, e.i. XII saukuneSi jer kidev bevri iyo. 692 wlis me-2 kanonisadmi darTul komentarSi igi wers, rom aseTi wignebi man araerTxel naxa didi Tanamdebobis
613
moxeleTa xelSi da afrTxilebda maT, rom Zveli kanonebi ar gamoeyenebinaT. rogorc Cans, SemdegSi aseTi kanonebi da dadgenilebebi TandaTan xmarebidan gamodioda da radgan xmarebaSi ar iyo, cxadia, aRarc gadaiwereboda. gamoricxuli araa, aseT wignebSi moxvedriliyo VI krebis dadgenileba qarTuli eklesiis sapatriarqo Rirsebis Sesaxeb. VII saukunis 80-ian wlebSi qarTvelebi aqtiurad ebrZodnen bizantiis mtrebs. `686 wels qarTlis erismTavarma nerse I-ma did somxeTSi mdgari arabTa sardali baraba daamarcxa da arabebi gandevna. am xanebSi bizantias Zlier esaWiroeboda qarTvelTa samxedro mxardaWera, amitom VI msoflio krebaze qarTuli eklesiisaTvis sapatriarqo Rirsebis miniWebas saimperatoro karic dauWerda mxars~.188 `qarTlis cxovrebisa~ da sxva cnobiT, 681 wels qarTul eklesias mieniWa sapatriarqo Rirseba. saqarTvelos sapatriarqoSi im dros dasavleT saqarTvelos zogierTi provinciac Sedioda. 720-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos sapatriarqo orad gaiyo _ qarTlisa da afxazeTis sakaTalikosoebad. X saukuneSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifos gaerTianebis Semdeg gaerTianda afxazeTisa da qarTlis sakaTalikosoebi _ kvlav Seiqmna erTiani saqarTvelos sapatriarqo. XI saukuneSi saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arseboba ueWvelia. rogorc aRiniSna, XI saukuneSi qarTulma eklesiam sapatriarqo Rirseba TviTneburad ki ar miikuTvna, aramed mas hqonda kanonikuri safuZveli sapatriarqo ewodebina qarTuli eklesiisaTvis _ safuZveli VI msoflio krebis dadgenileba iyo.
diptixis Sesaxeb
diptixi aris marTlmadidebelTa RvTismsaxurebis dros adgilobriv eklesiaTa meTaurebis moxsenebis rigiToba, anu msoflios marTlmadidebel eklesiaTa meTaurebis moxsenebis rigi. is warmoadgens gamoxatvas sulieri da kanonikuri erTobisa adgilobriv marTlmadidebel eklesiaTa Soris. marTalia, msoflio marTlmadidebel eklesias ar gaaCnia erTiani administraciuli centri, magram yoveli damoukidebeli, avtokefaluri adgilobrivi eklesiis meTauri da misi diakoni RvTismsaxurebis dros moixsenebs sxva adgilobrivi eklesiebis meTaurebs, amiT is gamoxatavs, rom yvela marTlmadidebeli eklesia, erovnebisagan damoukideblad, Seadgens erT, wmida, kaTolike da samociqulo eklesias. yvela adgilobrivi eklesia erTmaneTis mimarT Tanabaria da Tanaswori. ar arsebobs pirvelxarisxovani da meorexarisxovani, upiratesi da umciresi eklesia. mravalricxovneba, an teritoriis sidide ar aniWebs upiratesobas romelime eklesias meore mcire eklesiis winaSe. mamaTa kanonebis Tanaxmad, yoveli eklesiis Tavisufle-
614
ba mopovebulia ufal ieso qristes sisxliT. III msoflio kreba me-8 kanonSi werda, rom yoveli eklesiis damoukidebloba da Tavisufleba `...TYsiTa sisxliTa moguaniWa Cuen ufalman Cuenman iesu qristeman, ganmaTavisuflebelman yovelTa kacTaman~.189 RvTis sityvis Tanaxmad, qristes eklesiaSi ar aris arc elini, arc iudeveli, arc barbarosi, arc skviTi. mociqulTa 34-e kanoni yvela eTnikuri olqis eklesias TavisTavadobas aniWebs. is ar aZlevs romelime eklesias upiratesobas, amitomac Tanamedrove di ptixSi eklesiaTa meTaurebis moxseniebis dros, erTi eklesiis meTauris sxva eklesiis meTauris win Tu ukan dayeneba, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT erTisaTvis ùpiratesobis~ miniWeba meoresTan SedarebiT, ar Seesabameba qristianobis arss, Tumca Tavisi tradicia aqvs. istoria naTelyofs da mociqulTa 34-e kanoni uCvenebs, rom im di ptixis winasaxe, romelsac Cven dResdReobiT viyenebT, Camoyalibda qristianobis saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad aRiarebis Semdeg da ar arsebobda qristianobis pirvel saukuneebSi (imperatorTa gaqristianebamde). di ptixi arsebobda mxolod aRmosavleT romis imperiis SigniT myofi eklesiebis saWiroebisaTvis. di ptixi bizantiur eklesiaSi ixmareboda. dasavleT romis imperiis eklesiaSi ki RvTismsaxurebis dros arasodes ar ixmareboda di ptixi. aseve, radganac iberiis saxelmwifo arsebobda bizantiisagan damoukideblad, qarTuli avtokefaluri eklesiis meTauri bizantiur di ptixebSi Setanili ar yofila. di ptixi sWirdebodaT imperiis SigniT, imperiaSi Semaval eklesiebs TavianTi saWiroebisaTvis. di ptixi iyo gansazRvruli wesrigi kaTedrebis meTaurebis rangebis mixedviT ganawilebisas. di ptixi sazRvravda eklesiaTa Soris damokidebulebas. di ptixis Seqmna moiTxova imperiis erTianobisa da dauSlelobis saWiroebam, raTa imperiis farglebSi myof erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel eklesiaTa Soris, aseve episkoposTa Soris ar dawyebuliyo dausrulebeli kamaTi, winaaRmdegoba eklesiaTa da kaTedraTa Rirsebisa da pativis xarisxis gansazRvrisas. diptixis Seqmnis Semdegac ki erTi eklesiis, an kaTedris meTauris mier meoris dawyevlis an anaTemaze gadacemis dros erTi eklesia meore eklesias amoSlida xolme Tavisi di ptixidan. imperiaSi moTavsebul avtokefalur eklesiaTa da kaTedraTa meTaurebs saxelmwifoSi eWiraT didi administraciuli Tanamdebobebi. di ptixis Seqmna upirvelesad am eklesiaTa surviliT iyo gamowveuli, raTa ganesazRvraT pativis xarisxi eklesiaTa meTaur mRvdelmTavarTa Soris, Tu romeli eklesiis meTauri, anu saxelmwifos moxele idga pativiT sxva mRvdelmTavar-moxeleze maRla. radganac iberiis eklesiis meTauri ar iyo da arc SeiZleboda yofiliyo bizantiis saxelmwifos moxele, cxadia, iberiis eklesiis meTauris imperiaSi Semaval sxva mRvdelmTavrebTan pativis gansazRvris araviTari saWiroeba ar arsebobda. amitomac iberiis eklesia bizantiur di ptixSi ar Sedioda.
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uZveles dros sxvadasxva eklesiebs sxvadasxva diptixebi hqondaT. di ptixis Sedgenas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca IV saukunis Semdeg konstantinopolis episkoposis adgilis gansazRvrisas. trulis krebaze ganisazRvra ukve V-VI saukuneebSi arsebuli urTierTdamokidebuleba imperiis eklesiaTa Soris _ pirveli iyo romis saydari, meore _ kostantinopolisa, mesame _ aleqsandriisa, meoTxe _ antioqiisa, mexuTe _ ierusalimisa.190 am xuTi patriarqisagan damoukidebeli iyo kviprosis eklesia. saeklesio wesebis Tanaxmad, romis papi yovelTvis pirveli iyo yvela mRvdelmTavarTa Soris (igulisxmeba VI s-dan). qalkedonis krebis 28-e kanonis Tanaxmad, konstantinopolis episkoposs meore adgili mieniWa romis papis Semdeg, rac gaimeora trulis krebam 36-e kanonSi.191 qarTuli eklesiis di ptixi eyrdnoboda msoflio krebaTa kanonebs, amitomac pirvel adgilze romis saydars ayenebda XIII saukuneSic ki, Tumca marTlmadideblobis centrad `berZnul~ eklesias Tvlida.192 VI-VII saukuneebSi di ptixebi iqcnen oficialur dokumentebad romis imperiis mTavari qalaqebis episkoposTa Soris upiratesobis gansazRvrisas. iberiis avtokefaluri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Semavali qalaqebi ar Sediodnen imperiaSi, amitomac iberiis qalaqTa episkoposebi ar iyvnen di ptixSi Seyvanilni VII saukunemde. VII saukunis dasawyisSi herakle keisarma qvemo iberiis, anu dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispira miwebi CamoarTva iberiis saxelmwifos da SeuerTa bizantiis imperias. amis Semdeg VII saukuneSi saqarTvelos dapyrobili SavizRvispira qalaqebis fasisisa (foTi) da petronis (cixisZiri) episkoposebi Seyvanil iqnen bizantiur diptixSi. V trulis krebis kanonebs xels aweren fasisisa da petronis episkoposebi _ `Teodore uRirsman episkoposman fasoAsaman sofelsa Sina megrelTasa ganvasazRvren da warvweren...~193 (`fasoA-foTsa ityvis~ _ naTqvamia qarTveli mTargmnelis SeniSvnaSi). aseve xels awers _ ìoane uRirsman episkoposman qalaqisa petronisaman queyanasagan megrelTaAsa ganvasazRvre da warvwere~.194 aRsaniSnavia, rom trulis krebis kanonebs xels ar awers iberiis dedaqalaqis episkoposi da arc iberiis eklesiis warmomadgeneli, xolo iberiis im qalaqebis episkoposebi ki, romelnic bizantiis imperiaSi Sediodnen, Seyvanilni arian bizantiur di ptixSi da am krebis kanonebsac xels aweren. ierusalimeli patriarqebi dosiTeosi da xrisanfi weren _ lazikis eparqiaSi Semavali fasisisa samitropolitos konstantinopolis sapatriarqos diptixSi eWira 27-e adgili, xolo trulis krebas lazebis qveynidan (e.i. qvemo iberiidan) eswrebodnen Teodore faziseli da ioane petronis episkoposio.195 aqedan aSkarad Cans, rom di ptixSi Setanili iyo bizantiis qarTuli qalaqebis episkoposebi, xolo bizantiis gareT myofi qarTuli qalaqebis episkoposebi ki _ ara. e.i. di ptixi bizantiuri saxelmwifos saWiroebi-
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sTvisaa Sedgenili, amitomac iberiis avtokefaluri eklesiis warmomadgenelTa mouxsenebloba Zvel di ptixSi imis niSani ki araa, rom aseTi avtokefaluri eklesia ar arsebobda, aramed piriqiT, arsebobda da ar eqvemdebareboda imperiaSi Semaval sapatriarqoebs _ WeSmaritad avtokefaluri iyo. aRmosavluri (bizantiuri) di ptixis axali gaxsenebaa parizis kodeqsi XV saukunisa, sadac ixsenieba msoflio (konstantinopolis) patriarqi, aleqsandrieli, antioqieli da ierusalimeli patriarqebi, magram am kodeqsze ufro mniSvnelovania XV saukunis 30-ian wlebSi Semdgari `msoflio~ saeklesio (ferara-florenciis) krebaze daculi di ptixi, radganac am krebas eswrebodnen msoflios xuTive sapatriarqosa da im dros arsebuli yvela avtokefaluri eklesiis warmomadgenlebi. am krebis oqmebs patriarqebma da maTma warmomadgenlebma xeli moaweres. marTalia, es kreba `yaCaRuri~ kreba iyo da mis oqmebs iberiis eklesiis warmomadgenelma xeli ar moawera, magram kreba `yaCaRuri~ iyo sarwmunoebis sakiTxebSi da ara di ptixis sakiTxSi. am `msoflio~ krebaze daculi iyo wina msoflio krebaTa kanonebi eklesiaTa ganlagebis Sesaxeb. XV saukunis am krebis di ptixi aseTi iyo: _ romis eklesia, konstantinopolis msoflio sapatriarqo, aleqsandriis, antioqiis, ierusalimis sapatriarqoebi, ierusalimis Semdeg VI adgilze dgas iberiis eklesia. aqedan Cans, rom Zvel di ptixSi iberiis eklesias eWira VI adgili, magram aseTi saxis diptixi mxolod mTeli msoflios eklesias Seexeboda. konstantinopolis da bizantiur di ptixebSi XVI saukunemde Setanis ufleba mxolod oTxi aRmosavleli patriarqis privilegia iyo.196 marTalia, XVI saukuneSi ruseTis sapatriarqos daarsebis Semdeg moskovis patriarqs neba mieca di ptixSi da TaTbirebze mdgariyo ierusalimis sapatriarqos Semdeg, magram maleve, roca ruseTSi daarsda wmida sinodis mmarTveloba, yvela aRmosavleTis sapatriarqos di ptixebSi mxolod oTxi aRmosavleTis patriarqi moixseneboda.197 bizantiur (aRmosavleTis sapatriarqoebis) di ptixebSi Setanili ar iyo bulgareTis arqiepiskoposi, roca mas 1234 wels konstantinopolma patriarqis tituli mianiWa, di ptixSi ar iyvnen Setanilni, agreTve, avtekefaluri arqiepiskoposebi arqidisa, kvi prosisa, iberiisa (ori _ iberiaSi `zemo~ da `qvemo~) da pekiisa.198 XIX saukunis Sua wlebamde wmida di ptixSi ixsenieboda mxolod aRmosavleTis oTxi patriarqi, mxolod am saukuneSi da Semdgom axali avtokefaluri eklesiebis (eladis, serbeTis, rumineTis, poloneTis da albaneTis) daarsebis Semdeg msoflio konstantinopolis patriarqma isini daavaldebula, diptixSi moexseniebinaT oTxi patriarqis garda sxva episkoposebi da eklesiebi.

saqarTvelos sapatriarqos adgili marTlmadideblur diptixSi
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X da XI saukuneTa mijnaze saqarTvelo gaerTianda, risTvisac saukuneTa manZilze iRwvoda iberiis eklesia. sxvadasxva qarTuli politikuri erTeulebis gaerTianebam erTian mZlavr saxelmwifod gamoiwvia saqarTvelos hegemonoba mTel kavkasiaSi. aRmosavleTis eklesia gansakuTrebiT savaldebulod xdida samoqalaqo-saero dayofis gadaRebas saeklesioSi, ase rom, yovel cvlilebas saeroSi Sesabamisi cvlilebebi unda mohyoloda saeklesioSi. amitomac, saxelmwifos gaerTianebas Tan mohyva qarTuli eklesiis gaerTianeba. aqamde afxazeTis samefoSi arsebobda àfxazeTis sakaTalikoso~. qarTlis samefoSi ki _ `qarTlis sakaTalikoso~. samefoTa gaerTianebis Semdeg gaerTianda eklesiebic da erTian qarTul saxelmwifoSi warmoiqmna erTiani eklesia saqarTvelos sapatriarqos saxelwodebiT. saqarTvelos sapatriarqo, garda afxazeTisa da qarTlis sakaTalikosoebisa, Seicavda agreTve saqarTvelos saxelmwifos gavlenis sferoSi Semaval Crdilo kavkasiis qristianebs, agreTve somxeTisa da yofili albaneTis marTlmadidebel mosaxleobas. Crdilo kavkasiis qristianebi uSualod saqarTvelos patriarqs eqvemdebarebodnen, rasac mowmobs epigrafikuli masala, xolo XV saukunisaTvis Crdilo kavkasiis aRmosavleTiT Seqmnili iyo xunZeTis sakaTalikoso, romelic iberiis sapatriarqoSi Sedioda. saqarTvelos sapatriarqoSi Sevida somxeTis samitropolito, romelic istoriuli saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareT mdebareobda _ somxeTis (anisis) yofil samefoSi. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos Seqmnis Semdeg sakaTalikosoebi ar gauqmebulan, isini arsebobas ganagrZobdnen ise, rogorc bizantiur sapatriarqoSi arsebobdnen samitropolitoebi. rogorc wesi, patriarqi imave dros mcxeTis, anu qarTlis kaTalikosic iyo, mas sveticxovlis patriarqic ewodeboda sasaydro taZris mixedviT. saqarTvelos sapatriarqo kavkasiis masStabiT Zalze didi eklesia iyo. is moicavda ara marto kavkasiis marTlmadideblobas, aramed Zalze scildeboda kavkasiis sazRvrebs CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis mimarTulebiT. samxreTiT saqarTvelos sapatriarqos esazRvreboda vanis tba da teritoriebi, romelic daviT kurapalatma Seiyvana qarTvelTa samefoSi. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos warmoSobamde ar arsebobda qarTuli eklesiis meTauris Rirsebis bizantiel ierarqebis RirsebasTan Sedarebis saWiroeba, amitomac, albaT, qarTul eklesiaSi di ptixi ar gamoiyeneboda. viTareba Seicvala sapatriarqos Seqmnis Semdeg. axalma mdgomareobam warmoSva sakiTxi, Tu patriarqTa rigSi romel adgilze unda daeyenebinaT, anda romeli patriarqis Semdeg unda exsenebinaT axali patriarqi _ qarTuli eklesiis meTauri. marTalia, im dros zogierT aramarTlmadidebluri ekl-
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esiis meTaurs hqonda patriarqis tituli, magram msoflio marTlmadideblur eklesiaSi mxolod xuTi patriarqi arsebobda, rasac msoflio saeklesio krebebic adasturebda. im dros gadaxedes arsebul patriarqebis rigs da daadgines, rom axali qarTveli patriarqi iyo meeqvse patriarqi _ romis papis, konstantinopolis, aleqsandriis, antioqiis da ierusalimis patriarqebis Semdeg. ase Sedga qarTuli eklesiis di ptixi. qarTuli eklesiis di ptixi ukve arsebobda saeklesio gamoyofamde romsa da konstantinopols Soris, da amitomac am ganyofamde ukve arsebuli di ptixi saukuneebis manZilze ucvlelad gadadioda sabuTidan sabuTSi. XVIII saukunis dokumentSic aseTi di ptixia daculi: `...Cuenca, glaxaki, qristes mier, Semdgomad xuTTa patriarqTa da upirveles maTsa... suetiscxovlis meequsisa patriarqis da qristes mier yovlisa saqarTvelos kaTalikozi nikoloz vamtkiceb da warvswer...~199 aqedan Cans, rom qarTuli eklesiis meTaurs di ptixis patriarqTa rigSi VI adgili uWiravs, magram mas Tavisi Rirseba arc erTi patriarqis Rirsebaze naklebad ar miaCnia. di ptixSi qarTvel patriarqs VI adgilze XI saukunis dasawyisSive rom ayenebdnen, es Semdegidan Cans: saqarTvelos sapatriarqo Seiqmna msoflio qristianobis kaTolikebad da marTlmadideblebad gayofamde, rac 1054 wels moxda. amis Semdeg qarTuli eklesia marad marTlmadidebelTa didi ojaxis wevri iyo, amitomac gayofis Semdgom Sedgenil qarTul sabuTebSi romis papi aRar ixsenieboda marTlmadideblobasTan da marTlmadidebel patriarqebTan kavSirSi. gamonaklisia qarTuli eklesiis di ptixi, masSi romis papis sxva aRmosavleli patriarqebis gverdiT dayeneba miuTiTebs imaze, rom qarTuli eklesiis di ptixi Sedgenilia saeklesio ganxeTqilebamde, xolo Semdgomi saukuneebis sabuTebSi diptixis Seucvlelad gadatana miuTiTebs saeklesio tradiciulobaze, romelic gansakuTrebiT iyo daculi qarTul eklesiaSi. garda amisa, qarTuli eklesia mudamJams erTguli iyo saeklesio krebaTa kanonebisa, gansakuTrebiT ki qalkedonis krebisa, qalkedonis krebam ki Tavis 28-e kanonSi daadgina, rom konstantinopolis patriarqi unda mdgariyo ara pirvel adgilze, aramed meoreze. pirveli adgili romis patriarqs unda daekavebina. konstantinopoli `...meore iyo Semdgomad missa...~200 igive daadastura iustinianem Tavis 131-e novelaSi, kerZod, `saeklesio kanonebis gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, uwmidesi papi Zveli romisa iyo pirveli yvela mRvdelmTavarTa Soris. axali romisas ki eqneba meore adgili Zveli romis wmida samociqulo saydris Semdeg, magram adgils daiWers sxva saydrebis maRla~.201 trulis saeklesio krebis 36-e kanonmac gaimeora Zveli kanonebi da sapatriarqoTa adgilebi ase gansazRvra _ `...ganvasazRvrebT, raATa saydarsa konstantinepolisasa swori pativi aqundes hromisa saydrisaA da viTarca igi gandidnebis saeklesioTa Sina saqmeTa,
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meore iyos ese Semdgomad missa, romlisa Semdgomad iyavn aleqsandrielTa didisa qalaqisaA da Semdgomad missa ierusalemelTa qalaqisaA~.202 trulis krebam, gaimeora ra konstantinopolis saydarTan dakavSirebiT II msoflio krebis me-3 kanoni da 28-e kanoni IV msoflio krebisa, gansazRvra, rom pirveli yofiliyo romis saydari, meore _ konstantinopolisa, mesame _ aleqsandriisa, meoTxe _ antioqiisa da mexuTe _ ierusalimisa. mcxeTelis (saqarTvelos) sapatriarqo saydari dadga ierusalimis saydris Semdeg. qarTuli di ptixis Sedgenisas gaTvaliswinebuli iqna II msoflio krebis me-3, qalkedonis 28-e, trulis 36-e kanonebi da miiRo aseTi saxe: 1. romis saydari; 2. konstantinopolis saydari; 3. aleqsandriis saydari; 4. antioqiis saydari; 5. ierusalimis saydari; 6. mcxeTis (sveticxovlis) saydari. qarTuli di ptixis mixedviT, saqarTvelos eklesiis meTaurs sxva avtokefaluri eklesiebis meTaurTa rigSi eWira me-6 adgili. qarTuli eklesiis meTauris me-6 adgilze moxseniebas qarTul eklesiaSi saukuneebis manZilze hqonda istoriul-tradiciuli mniSvneloba da iseve Seucvlelad iTvleboda, rogorc saeklesio krebaTa da mamaTa kanonebi. di ptixis zemoT moyvanili saxe miuTiTebs imaze, rom is Sedgenilia saeklesio ganyofamde. bizantiis imperiaSi gabatonebuli iyo `pentarxiis Teoria~, msoflioSi xuTi avtokefaluri eklesiis arsebobis Sesaxeb. es Teoria iyo gamonagoni bizantiis saimperatoro da sapatriarqo karisa. TviT imperiaSive arsebobda meeqvse avtokefaluri eklesia kvi prosisa, xolo iustinianem daaarsa axali avtokefaluri eklesia `pirveli iustinianes~ saxelwodebiT, imperiis gareT ZvelTaganve iberiis (saqarTvelos) avtokefaluri eklesia arsebobda, miuxedavad amisa, aRmosavleTis eklesiebSi da maT Soris saqarTveloSic, icnobdnen pentarxiis Teorias da masSi koreqtivebic SehqondaT. saqarTveloSi gabatonebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, xuTi msoflio patriarqis Semdgom idga saqarTvelos, anu mcxeTis kaTalikos-patriarqi. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos daarsebidan mcire xnis Semdeg, 1057 wels mefe bagrat IV-is Sewirulebis sigels SiomRvimisadmi aqvs qarTuli eklesiis meTauris minaweri, romlis Tanaxmadac is dgas meeqvse adgilze msoflios xuTi patriarqis Semdeg. vinc es sigeli daarRvioso, wers is _ `...krulmca ars... xuTTa patriarqTa juariTa... da Cem glaxakisaca juariTa~.203 1245-1250 wlebis dawerils SiomRvimisadmi aqvs minaweri: `...xuTTa patriarqTa juariTa, wmidisa samociquloAsa kaTolike eklesiisa madliTa da raodenni mas Sina wmidani qarTlisa kaTalikozni sxdomil arian da
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dasxdebian maT yovelTa juariTa~.204 wmida kaTolike samociqulo eklesia iyo qarTuli eklesiis saxelwodeba da yovelTvis am formuliT moixsenieboda is. es sigelic xuTi msoflio sapatriarqo saydris Semdeg qarTul eklesias asaxelebs.205 1259 wlis Sewirulebis dawerils rkonis monastrisadmi amtkicebs saqarTvelos eklesiis meTauri _ `...Cuenca, Semdgomad xuTTa patriarqTa... meequsisa patriarqis... vamtkiceb...~206 zemoT moyvanilidan Cans, rom ukve XI saukuneSive, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos CamoyalibebisTanave, saqarTvelos patriarqs marTlmadideblur di ptixSi eWira meeqvse adgili xuTi patriarqis Semdeg. marTalia, qarTuli eklesiis di ptixSi qarTvel patriarqs eWira me-6 adgili, magram cnobdnen Tu ara amas msoflios sxva sapatriarqoebi, aRiarebdnen Tu ara isini qarTveli mamamTavris saydars meeqvse adgilze? Cven dabejiTebiT unda vTqvaT, rom rogorc romis papebi, ise aRmosavleTis oTxi patriarqi cnobda iberiis eklesias meeqvse adgilze ierusalimis sapatriarqos Semdeg. amas miuTiTebs ferara-florenciis saeklesio krebis di ptixi. am krebaze qarTul eklesias eWira VI adgili romis, konstantinopolis, aleqsandriis, antioqiisa da ierusalimis saydrebis Semdeg. es rom SemTxveviT ar iyo da eklesiaTa adgilebis ganawilebas am krebaze, ise rogorc `XII msoflio~ krebaze, sagangebo yuradReba eqceoda, iqidanac Cans, rom florenciis krebam 1438 wels uniis Sesaxeb dekretSi daadgina: `konstantinopolis patriarqi iqneba meore wmida romis papis Semdeg aleqsandrieli mesame, Semdeg meoTxe antioqieli da mexuTe _ ierusalimeli...~207 marTalia, am krebas ar gamoucia dokumenti, Tu rogor unda ganawilebuliyo Semdegi adgilebi, radganac kreba exeboda ara di ptixis sakiTxs, aramed sarwmunoebis sakiTxs, magram saerTod eklesiaTa (kaTedraTa) adgilebis ganawilebas Zalze didi yuradReba rom eqceoda, zemoT moyvanili dadgenilebidanac Cans. qarTuli, anu iberiis eklesiis warmomadgenels am krebaze eWira VI adgili. 1438 wlis 5 Tebervals feraraSi gaxsnil da florenciaSi gagrZelebul `msoflio~ saeklesio krebas, sadac erTmaneTs Sexvdnen aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis warmomadgenlebi da romlis aqtebsac aRmosavleTis sapatriarqoebma xeli moaweres, _ `Tanabari uflebiT eswreboda iberiis mitropoliti~.208 ìberiis mitropoliti ijda marTlmadidebelTa mxares mexuTe adgilze konstantinopolis, aleqsandriis, antioqiisa da ierusalimis warmomadgenlebis Semdeg. _ `pirveli kardinalis pirdapir idga patriarqis savarZeli... patriarqis Semdeg oTx skamze ganlagebulni iyvnen... ierusalimis patriarqis warmomadgeneli menziis arqiepiskoposi da iberiis mefis warmomadgeneli iberiis mitropoliti~.209
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krebis monawileni isxdnen Semdegi rigis mixedviT: centridan Tanabar manZilze idga ori taxti _ romis imperatorisa da berZenTa imperatorisa. sasuliero pirebi ganlagebulni iyvnen Semdegi rigis mixedviT: erT mxares isxdnen laTinTa warmomadgenlebi, meore mxares isxdnen marTlmadidebelTa warmomadgenlebi. CvenTvis saintereso marTlmadidebelTa rigi iyo Semdegi saxisaa: marTlmadidebelTa rigSi pirvelad idga _ 1. konstantinopolis patriarqis savarZeli (patriarqi am sxdomas ar eswreboda); patriarqis Semdeg oTx skamze ganlagebulni iyvnen _ 2. aleqsandriis patriarqis warmomadgeneli _ arqiepiskoposi; 3. antioqiis patriarqis warmomadgeneli _ arqiepiskoposi; 4. ierusalimis patriarqis warmomadgeneli _ arqiepiskoposi; 5. iberiis patriarqis (dokumentSia _ `mefis~) warmomadgeneli mitropoliti. amis Semdeg di ptixis mixedviT isxdnen sxva marTlmadidebeli episkoposebi. `nawyveti florenciis wmida msoflio saeklesio krebis oqmidan... sasuliero pirebis ganlagebis Sesaxeb... pirveli kardinalis pirdapir idga patriarqis savarZeli (patriarqi, SeuZlod yofnis gamo, im dRes krebas ver eswreboda)... patriarqis Semdeg oTx skamze ganlagebulni iyvnen _ herakliis arqiepiskoposi, romelsac aleqsandriis patriarqis kanonieri mandati hqonda da misi adgili ekava; antioqiis patriarqis mier gamogzavnili _ efesiis arqiepiskoposi; ierusalimis patriarqis warmogzavnili _ meneziis arqiepiskoposi da iberiis mefis warmomadgeneli _ iberiis mitropoliti; amaT Semdeg isxdnen trapezuntis, rizes, nikeis... arqiepiskoposebi... mitropolitebi... berebi, TavianTi wesis mixedviT~.210 florenciis krebaze ara marto eklesiaTa warmomadgeneli sasuliero pirebi isxdnen `wesis~, anu di ptixis mixedviT, aramed saero pirebic aseve (wesis mixedviT) isxdnen. ferara-florenciis `msoflio~ saeklesio krebidan Cans, rom qarTuli eklesiis meeqvse adgili msoflio eklesiaTa rigSi, xolo V adgili marTlmadidebelTa rigSi aRiarebuli da cnobili iyo rogorc romis papis, aseve msoflio (konstantinopolis) patriarqis da sxva aRmosavleTis patriarqebis mier, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi iseT, Tavisi droisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovan krebaze, romelic msoflio eklesiis gaerTianebas isaxavda miznad, romisa da aRmosavleTis qristianebi erTmaneTTan uTanxmoebaSi ar Sevidodnen iberiis eklesiis adgilis ZiebisaTvis. iberiis eklesiis adgili di ptixSi ZvelTaganve cnobili iyo, amitomac man am `msoflio~ krebaze yovelgvari davis gareSe Tavisi adgili daikava. XV saukunis pirveli naxevris di ptixi, daculi ferara-florenciis krebaze, aseTia: 1. romis papi; 2. msoflio (konstantinopolis) patriarqi; 3. aleqsandriis; 4. antioqiis; 5. ierusalimis; 6. iberiis; 7. trapezuntis; 8. rizes; 9. nikeis; 10. lakedemoniis; 11. nikomediis; 12. trivoniis; 13. amasiis;
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14. mitilenis; 15. tolozinos; 16. stavropolis; 17. tustricis; 18. garinis; 19. melentinis; 20. aqilis; 21. muldulis patriarqebi da arqiepiskoposebi.211 marTalia, am krebaze ase isxdnen eklesiis ierarqebi, magram maTgan avtokefalur eklesiad miiCneoda mxolod xuTi eklesia: konstantinopolis, aleqsandriis, antioqiis, ierusalimisa da iberiisa, amitomac am avtokefalur eklesiaTa warmomadgenlebs am krebaze eWiraT gansakuTrebuli, sxvebisagan gansxvavebuli skamebi krebis monawileTa pirvel rigSi, xolo iberiis mefis elCi, romelsac agreTve trapezuntis imperatoris mandati hqonda, papis Tanmxlebi piris pirdapir ijda.212 aseTi saxis iyo `msoflio~ eklesiis di ptixi. marTlmadidebluri di ptixidan ki amoiRes romis papis moxsenieba, magram amas araviTari gavlena ar mouxdenia qarTuli eklesiisaTvis kanonikurad miCneul meeqvse adgilze. kerZod, marTalia, marTlmadidebluri di ptixidan gavida romis papis moxsenieba, ramac vakanturi adgili warmoSva adgilobrivi eklesiebis meTaurTa eqvseulSi, magram male vakanturi adgili daiWira ruseTis eklesiam msoflio sapatriarqosa da sxva sapatriarqoTa gadawyvetilebiT, rac cno qarTulma eklesiam. `konstantinopolis patriarqma genadi sxolarim (1453-1460) sxva aRmosavlel patriarqebTan erTad cno rusuli eklesiis damoukidebeli arseboba da gansazRvra CaTvliliyo avtokefaluri rusuli mitropolia Tavisi RirsebiT ierusalimis sapatriarqos Semdeg, e.i. mexuTe adgilobriv marTlmadidebel eklesiaTa di ptixSi~.213 aqamde qarTul eklesias di ptixSi adgili ierusalimis patriarqis Semdeg eWira, amis Semdeg ki man Tavisi tradiciuli meeqvse adgili daiWira (ruseTis eklesiis Semdeg). 1589 wels ruseTis sapatriarqos daarsebis Semdeg misma patriarqma di ptixSi maRali adgili daikava. `roca didma krebam 1593 wels gansazRvra moskovis sapatriarqos mdgomareoba, mas gamoeyo ufro maRali adgili, vidre maSin arsebul arqiepiskoposebs avtokefalur da TviTmmarTvel eklesiebisa _ arxidiisas, kvi prosisas, iveriisas da pekiisas, magram ara aleqsandriis patriarqis Semdeg, rogorc surda ruseTis mefes, aramed mxolod ierusalimis patriarqis Semdeg, imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom krebis mamebma Sesabamis mimarTvaSi ganacxades wmida mamaTa kanonebis Seucvleloba~.214 ruseTis mefes surda da aRmosavleTis sapatriarqoebic ar iyvnen winaaRmdegni ruseTis patriarqs di ptixSi daeWira adgili aleqsandriis patriarqis Semdeg, magram radganac wina saukuneebSi wmida mamaTa mier dadgenili iyo di ptixSi aleqsandriis sapatriarqos Semdeg antioqiisa da ierusalimis patriarqTa xseneba, rac dadasturebuli iyo trulis krebis kanoniT, amitomac aRmosavleTis patriarqebma gadawyvites ruseTis patriarqis
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adgili marTlmadideblur di ptixSi yofiliyo ierusalimis patriarqis Semdeg. es adgili ruseTis sapatriarqom miiRo Tavisi ara marto sididisa da ekonomikuri siZlieris gamo, aramed imitomac, rom im dros mahmadianur qveynebSi arsebuli aRmosavleTis yvela patriarqi ruseTis qristianul saxelmwifos imedis TvaliT Sescqeroda. aseve iyo saqarTveloSic. amitomac qarTulma eklesiam cno da aRiara ruseTis sapatriarqos adgili ierusalimis sapatriarqos Semdeg, magram di ptixSi VI adgilze kvlav qarTuli eklesia unda yofiliyo. qarTulma eklesiam ruseTis patriarqis adgili ierusalimis patriarqis Semdeg rom aRiara, amas miuTiTebs saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarq antonis mimarTva ruseTis imperatrica elisabedisadmi. 1757 wels anton I, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqi werda: _ `...yovelsa, rasaca aRiarebs da daamtkicebs, Seiwynarebs da miiRebs dRes wm. eklesia aRmosavleTisa, romel ars konstantinepolisa, aleqsandriisa, antioqiisa da ierusalimisa da yovlisa ruseTisa _ meca aRviareb...~215 aqedan Cans, rom ukve XVII saukunis Semdgom, qarTuli eklesiis di ptixi aseTi iyo: 1. konstantinopolis msoflio sapatriarqo; 2. aleqsandriis; 3. antioqiis; 4. ierusalimis; 5. ruseTis sapatriarqoebi; 6. saqarTvelos sapatriarqo. amJamadac, marTlmadideblur di ptixSi qarTul eklesias uWiravs istoriul-tradiciuli meeqvse adgili, rac savsebiT kanonieria.
qarTuli eklesiis VI adgili ferara-florenciis `msoflio~ saeklesio krebaze

`msoflio~ saeklesio krebebma XV saukunis pirvel naxevarSi Tavisi ganviTarebis umaRles dones miaRwies. isini saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobis organoebs warmoadgendnen da ganixilavdnen ara mxolod sasuliero, aramed saero da politikur sakiTxebsac. magaliTad, saeklesio krebis kompetenciaSi Sedioda saimperatoro taxtze kandidaturebis SerCeva, imperatorebis gadayeneba, germanel mTavarTa urTierTobis mowesrigeba, samxreT-aRmosavleTi evropis qveynebis TurqeTis agresiisagan dacva da a.S. XV saukunis saeklesio krebebi ar warmoadgendnen ubralo iaraRs papebis xelSi, rogorc es XII-XIII saukuneebSi iyo. es saeklesio krebebi damoukidebel politikas atarebdnen da acxadebdnen pretenziebs umaRles avtoritetze saeklesio da saero saqmeebis gadawyvetis dros. isini iTvisebdnen agreTve papebis kontrolisa da gasamarTlebis uflebas~.216 1389 wels Turqebma kosovos velze evropuli qveynebis koalicia daamarcxes da serbeTi dai pyres, xolo 1393 wels _ bulgareTi. 1430 wels sulTanma murad II-m Tesalonike daikava, amieridan bizantia Sedgeboda TviT konstantinopolisagan. imperiis dReebi daTvlili iyo. bizantiis im-
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peratorebi aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis eklesiebis gaerTianebis fasad romisagan elodnen daxmarebis miRebas. mZime mdgomareobam aiZula bizantiis imperatorebi manuil II da ioane VIII miemarTaT romis papisadmi winadadebiT, kaTolikuri da marTlmadidebluri eklesiebis SeerTebis Taobaze. aseTi Zalze mniSvnelovani saqmis gadawyveta miandes msoflio saeklesio krebas. es kreba unda yofiliyo Zalze warmomadgenlobiTi da moecva msoflios yvela qristianuli eklesia. 1436 wels imperatorma dagzavna Tavisi elCebi marTlmadidebel qveynebSi da moiwvia maTi eklesiebis meTaurebi saeklesio krebaze bazelSi. bizantiis imperatorTan da patriarqTan erTad italiaSi aRmosavleTis eklesiis 22 warmomadgeneli gaemgzavra, maT Soris ori qarTveli. 1436 wels imperatorma ioanem saqarTvelosa da trapizonSi saeklesio krebaze elCebis Camosayvanad gagzavna andronike iagrini. siropulosi wers, rom `man iberiidan waiyvana ori episkoposi, erTi elCi da iberiis mefeTa gansakuTrebuli senatorebi~. isini konstantinopolSi Cavidnen da aqedan patriarqis amalasTan erTad italiaSi gaemgzavrnen.217 `laTinur enaze Seqmnil erT TxzulebaSi, romelic am epoqas Seexeba, sxva qveynebs Soris moxsenebulia iberiac. igi aq daxasiaTebulia, rogorc uzarmazari qveyana, romelsac Tavisi ena da mwerloba gaaCnia, mimdevaria berZnuli eklesiisa, magram amave dros aRmasrulebelia sakuTari Cveulebisa da hyavs erovnuli samRvdeloeba. 1438 wlis 10 TebervliT daTariRebuli erT-erTi saistorio wyarodan irkveva, rom veneciis navsadgurSi Semosulan romis papis galerebi. erT maTgans Camouyvania saberZneTis imperatori Tavisi amaliT, meores ki _ amave qveynis patriarqi da mravali warCinebuli piri... somxeTidan, saqarTvelodan da ruseTidan~.218 wyaroebidan Cans, rom saqarTvelos eklesia sxva warmomadgenlebs Soris am saeklesio krebaze pativiscemiT sargeblobda. es gamowveuli iyo, rogorc ekonomikuri ZlierebiT, aseve mis mier marTlmadideblobis mtkice dacviT. 1437-1439 wlebis ferara-florenciis saeklesio krebis aqtebi moRweulia ori redaqciiT. pirveli maTgani warmoadgens saeklesio krebis kaTolikur versias. pirobiTad mas uwodeben àqta latinas~. aqtebis meore redaqcia gadmogvcems berZenTa delegaciis prolaTinurad ganwyobili nawilis Tvalsazriss. mas uwodeben àkta graekas~. mesame da ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgens diakvnisa da didi eklesiarxis silvesteros siropulosis memuarebi. CvenTvis sainteresoa konstantinopolis didi eklesiis eklesiarxis siropulosis cnoba iberiis eklesiis meTauris Sesaxeb. is mas aRmosavleTis patriarqs uwodebs. siropulosi gadmogvcems aseT ambavs: krebisaTvis saWiro iyo Tanxebis gamoZebna, imperatorma iberiis eklesiis meTaurs mosTxova 30 000 _ ìberiis arqiepiskoposma gulmodgined izruna da imperators Seacvlevina 30 aTasi fuli 20 aTasze. mas uxvad aqvs simdidre. masTan arqieli mivida da misgan mxolod oci miiRo, radgan igi mTeli aRmosavle-
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Tis patriarqia da mahmadianTa mflobelobis qveS imyofeboda. is sulTans aZlevs aTas florins imisaTvis, rom patriarqad ekurTxos. misTvis fulis gadaxda mZime ar aris~.219 siropulosis Sroma gamoxatavs marTlmadidebluri mimarTulebis Tvalsazriss. siropulosi italiaSi Cavida patriarq ioseb II-is anturaJSi. is iyo TviTmxilveli da mravali ambis monawile, romelic krebaze xdeboda. man TviTve moawera krebis aqtebs xeli. amitomac, misi Tvalsazrisi qarTuli eklesiis sapatriarqo wodebis (Rirsebis) Sesaxeb aris konstantinopolis eklesiis Tvalsazrisi, radganac siropulosi patriarqTan daaxloebuli piri iyo, konstantinopolis mTavari eklesiis eklesiarxi. is qarTuli eklesiis meTaurs àRmosavleTis patriarqs~ uwodebs ise, rogorc saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareT tyoba-ierdSi aRmoCenili warwera XI saukunisa. siropulosis mixedviT, iberiis eklesia sulTans garkveul Tanxas aZlevda, rom misi mamaTmTavari patriarqad kurTxeuliyo. zemoT moyvanilidan Cans, rom qarTuli eklesia ferara-florenciis krebaze monawileobda rogorc sapatriarqo eklesia. swored amiTaa gamowveuli is, rom iberiis eklesiis warmomadgeneli di ptixSi daayenes sapatriarqoTa rigSi ierusalimis sapatriarqos Semdeg. krebaze konstantinopolis patriarqis savarZlis Semdeg oTx skamze isxdnen sapatriarqoTa warmomadgenlebi, xolo maT Semdeg raime gansakuTrebuli gamoyofis gareSe isxdnen sxva arqiepiskoposebi. konstantinopolis patriarqis Semdeg oTx gansakuTrebul skamze isxdnen aleqsandriis, antioqiis, ierusalimisa da iberiis sapatriarqoTa warmomadgenlebi _ herakliis arqiepiskoposi, romelsac aleqsandriis patriarqis kanonieri mandati hqonda da misi adgili ekava, antioqiis patriarqis mier gamozavnili efesiis arqiepikoposi, ierusalimis patriarqis warmomadgeneli _ menziis arqiepiskoposi da iberiis mefis warmomadgeneli _ iberiis mitropoliti.220 papis protonotariusi andrea di santa kroCe Tavis SromaSi florenciis krebis Sesaxeb (romelic Semdeg vatikanis bibilioTekarma horacio justinianom Seavso) marTlmadidebeli eklesiis ierarqebis CamoTvlis dros saqarTvelos warmomadgenels V safexurze ayenebda.221 (àqtaLlatina~, gv. 72) konstantinopolis, aleqsandriis, antioqiis da ierusalimis patriarqebis Semdeg, romlebic msoflio patriarqebad iTvlebodnen. es maRali adgili saeklesio ierarqiaSi maCvenebelia imisa, rom saqarTvelos eklesia am dros erT-erT Zlier da gavlenian organizacias warmoadgenda, amasve miuTiTebs marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mesveurebisadmi gagzavnili papi evgenis werili, romelSic 4 msoflio patriarqis Semdeg moxsenebulia saqarTvelos mefe da trapizonis mitropoliti da mxolod Semdegaa dasaxelebuli ruseTis, moldo-vlaxeTisa da sxva mitropolitebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos elCebs Cabarebuli hqondaT trapizonis imperatoris mandati da maTi saxeliT moqmedebis ufleba hqondaT.222
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sxva bulaSi, aRmosavleTis eklesiebisadmi mimarTvis dros, papi uwodebs àRmosavleTis rCeul xalxebs _ berZnebs, rusebs, qarTvelebs da valaxebs~.223 ufro metic, am krebis laTini mwerlebi saqarTvelos araTu me-6 adgilze, aramed xandaxan me-3 adgilze moixsenieben, me-5 adgilze ki am krebis di ptixSi laTini istorikosebi mudam ixsenieben qarTul eklesias. am krebis prolaTinurad ganwyobili berZeni samRvdeloeba TavianT àqta graekaSi~ saqarTvelos yvela warmomadgenlis CamoTvlis Semdeg moixsenieben da dasZenen _ ìyvnen agreTve iberiidanac mitropoliti da erTi episkoposi~. saqme isaa, rom am prolaTin berZen avtorebs ar moswondaT iberiis eklesiis mier marTlmadideblobis mtkice dacva. 1439 wlis ivliss marTlmadidebeli eklesiis warmomadgenelTa umravlesobam xeli moawera eklesiebis gaerTianebis aqts, qarTulma eklesiam xeli ar moawera krebis dadgenilebas eklesiaTa gaerTianebis Sesaxeb. amiT man prolaTinurad ganwyobili berZeni samRvdeloebis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia, rac aisaxa kidec àqta graekaSi~. uniis mowinaaRmdege saqarTvelos elCi TavisTan miiwvia molaparakebisaTvis romis papma. papi mis mimarT iCenda pativiscemas, radganac is ganaTlebuli yofila da marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis sakiTxebSi Seuryeveli. iberiis elCma paps upasuxa: `Cveni eklesia mosawonia da Cvens dogmebs vemorCilebiT, Cveni eklesia Zalian mtkiced icavs TiToeul cnebas Cveni uflis ieso qristesi, aseve wmida mociqulTa tradiciebs... eklesiis saxelganTqmuli maswavleblebis swavlas maSinve gadmoviRebT xolme Cvens enaze. amisgan arasodes ar gadagvixvevia, araferi ar dagvimatebia. romis eklesiam ki mravali ram daumata da sabolood wmida mamebis swavlebis sazRvrebi gadalaxa. amis gamo Tqvens eklesias Cven CamovSordiT da orive gayris gziT wavediT~... amis Semdeg iberma paps urCia xeli ar exlo barbarosul enebze arsebuli dogmebisaTvis, romelTa ZaliT warTmeva da maT nacvlad Tavisis danergva surs. papma pasuxi faruli simwariT moismina da gancvifrebuli gaCumda~.224 swored amitom qarTulma delegaciam uaryo uniis miReba. iberiidan krebaze gagzavnili yofila sami warmomadgeneli: ori sasuliero piri _ Tbileli episkoposebi grigoli da ioane, agreTve gamoCenili samoqalaqo piri.225 aRsaniSnavia, rom krebaze warmodgenili marTlmadidebeli eklesiebis umravlesobam cno unia da xeli moawera krebis aqtebs gaerTianebis Sesaxeb. dekrets gaerTianebis Sesaxeb xeli moaweres berZenTa imperatorma, patriarqma da berZnuli eklesiis wevrebma.226 evropeli mecnierebi, mag. d. jila, am krebas msoflio krebas uwodeben. jila, kerZod, werda _ `rac ar unda iTqvas, es iyo msoflio kreba, romelmac Seafasa da gadawyvita doqtrinis sakiTxebi~.227
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marTalia, rusuli Tanadrouli wyaroebi uaryofiTad afaseben am krebas, magram mainc mas `merve krebas~ uwodeben. agreTve `msoflio krebis~ saxeliTac moixsenieben (erTi rusuli wyaro `yaCaRurs~ uwodebs).228 ferara-florenciis saeklesio krebam gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia di ptixis sakiTxs. krebam uniis Sesaxeb dekretSi, romelsac xeli moaweres berZenTa imperatorma da aRmosavleTis sapatriarqoebma, daadgina, Tu rogori unda yofiliyo rigiToba msoflio patriarqebisa saeklesio di ptixSi.229 rogorc vTqviT, ferara-florenciis `msoflio~ saeklesio krebaze qarTul eklesias diptixSi mudam VI adgili eWira, romis, konstantinopolis, aleqsandriis, antioqiis da ierusalimis sapatriarqoebis Semdeg, amitomac dabejiTebiT unda iTqvas, rom XV saukunisaTvis bizantiis imperatori, romis papi, konstantinopolis msoflio patriarqi, aleqsandriisa, antioqiisa da ierusalimis sapatriarqoebi aRiarebdnen da cnobdnen qarTuli eklesiis VI adgils diptixSi.
qarTuli eklesiis Sinagani diptixi
( j d o m i s a d a d g o m i s w e s i ) 230
qarTul eklesiaSi episkoposebi wirva-locvis Tu darbazobis dros isxdnen saepiskoposoebis Rirsebis mixedviT. amis Sesaxeb daculia cnobebi uZvelesi droidan vidre XVIII saukunis CaTvliT. darbazobis Tu romelime ceremonialis dros mRvdelmTavrebi _ àrian mdgomareni: ...TYsTa xarisxTa Sina... viTarca-igi ganwesebul ars samRvdeloTa dasTaTYs~. samRvdelo dass hqonia Tavisi `ganweseba~, romlis Tanaxmad, Tavisi xarisxis Sesabamisad unda dadges mRvdelmTavari, da ara marto mRvdelmTavari, aramed TavianTi ganweseba aqvT samRvdeloebas _ `dekanozebs, kandelakebs da krebuls~. di ptixs ZvelqarTulad ewodeboda _ `samRvdeloTa dasTa wyobileba~, an `wesdeba da garigeba~ da aseve `zeviT da qveviT dgomis wesi~. `samRvdeloTa dasTa wyobileba~ erTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwifos arsebobis dros sxvagvari yofila, xolo samefos daSlis Semdeg `samRvdeloTa dasTa wesdeba da garigeba~ Secvlila. di ptixSi Zveli wesebis Secvla gamouwvevia imasac, rom axali saepiskoposoebi gaCenila, xolo zogierTi Zveli gamqrala. am mdgomareobas gamouwvevia di ptixis aSla da amis gamo _ `zeviT da qvemoT dgomaze mravali cileba da ganxeTqileba ars mRvdelmTavarTa, arximandritTa, protopapTa da samRudeloTa dasTa Soris~.231 erTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwifos arsebobis dros di ptixis rigi mtkiced yofila gansazRvruli da aRwerilia rogorc samefo matianeebSi, aseve saeklesio sabuTebSi _ `...odes saqarTuelo iyo sruliad erTsamefo, maSin samRudeloTa dasTa wyobileba da xarisxni iyunen sruliad mis-missa xarisxsa Sina wesdgomiT, viTa ixilvebis qarTlis aRwerisa matianesa Sina da egreTve mcxeTisa werilsa Sina xucursa~.232
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saqarTvelos erTiani saxelmwifos daSlis Semdgom di ptixis, anu wesdgomis rigic Seicvala _ `xolo odes saqarTvelo ganiyo da sam sameufod gansqda: qarTlad, kaxeTad da imereTad da agreTve xuT samTavrod, e.i. saaTabagod, sadadianod, sagurielod, saafxazod da sasvaneTod, maSin yovelTave mefeTaca da mTavarTaca TYs TYsad sardrebi ganiweses... egreTve didebismoyuarebisaTYs romelTame axalni episkoposni dasxes, romelime saepiskoposo avis drosagan moiSala, romelime damdablda, romelime amaRlda da arRara ars adrindeli wesdeba da garigeba...~233 samRvdeloTa dasTa Zveli wesdebisa da garigebis moSlis gamo, rogorc aRvniSneT, eklesiaSi arev-dareva Seqmnila. qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi erT-erTi samgloviaro ceremoniis dros, XVIII saukuneSi, `samRvdelo dasTaTYs ganweseba da dawyobileba~ ase yofila gansazRvruli ceremonmaistris mier _ ùwmidesi kaTalikos-patriarxi, piruelni mitropolitni, arxiepiskoposni, episkoposni, pirvelni arximandritni... xolo Semdgomad sxvani mRudelni, viTa maTni mRudelmTavarni iyunen mdgomareni, egreT maTni dekanosni, kandelakni da krebulni iyunen mdgomni TYsTa xarisxTa Sina. egreT hsdgen viTa igi ganwesebul ars werilTa Sina samRudeloTa dasTaTYs~.234 dokumentSi, romelsac ewodeba `kurTxeva mironisa~ da romelsac XIII saukuniT aTariReben, saqarTvelos (Cans aRmosavleT saqarTvelos) mRvdelmTavrebi darbazobis dros sxdebodnen Semdegi saxiT _ `gangeba darbazobisa _ raJams ikurTxos mefe da dajdes taxtsa zeda, efiskoposni am wesiTa dasxden: 1. brZanos qarTlisa kaTalikozman da dajdes marjueniT mefisa, taxtsa zeda mokidebiT, natiTa da baliSiTa; 2. Semovides Wyondideli da dajdes marcxeniT mefisa, natiTa da baliSiTa; 3. Semovides didisa somxeTisa mitropoliti da dajdes kaTalikozisa quemoT, natiTa da baliSiTa; 4. Semovides mTavarefiskopozi da dajdes mitropolitsa quemoT, natiTa, ubaliSod; 5. Semovides mawyuereli da dajdes mTavarefiskopozsa quemoT, natiTa, ubaliSod; 6. Semovides amba alaverdeli da dajdes Wyondidelsa quemoT natiTa, ubaliSod; 7. Semovides qisiyeli da dajdes amba alaverdelsa quemoT unatod; 8. Semovides kumurdoeli da dajdes qisiyelsa quemoT; 9. Semovides ninowmideli arqimandriti da dajdes qisiyelsa quemoT; 10. Semovides iSxneli da dajdes kumurdoelsa quemoT; 11. Semovides anCeli arqimandriti da dajdes ninowmidelsa quemoT; 12. Semovides mtbevari da dajdes anCelsa quemoT; 13. Semovides wurwyabeli da dajdes mtbevarsa quemoT; 14. Semovides wyaroAsTveli da dajdes wurwyabelsa quemoT; 15. Semovides eruSneli da dajdes wyaroAsTvelsa quemoT; 16. Semovides mangleli da dajdes eruSnelsa quemoT; 17. Semovides winwyaroeli da dajdes manglelsa quemoT; 18. Semovides rusTveli da dajdes winwyaroelsa quemoT; 19. Semovides wilkneli da dajdes rusTvelsa que-
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moT; 20. Semovides kawareli da dajdes wilknelsa quemoT; 21. Semovides urbneli da dajdes kawarelsa quemoT; 22. Semovides mrueli da dajdes urbnelsa quemioT; 23. Semovides samTavneli da dajdes mruelsa quemoT; 24. Semovides niqozeli da dajdes samTavnelsa quemoT; 25. Semovides valaSkerteli da dajdes niqozelsa quemoT; 26. Semovides bolneli mamaTmTavari da dajdes valaSkertelsa quemoT; 27. Semovides kareli mamamTavari da dajdes bolnelsa quemoT; 28. Semovides xarWaSneli da dajdes karelsa quemoT; 29. Semovides tfileli da dajdes xarWaSnelsa quemoT; 30. Semovides walkeli da dajdes tfililsa quemoT; 31. Semovides baneli da dajdes walkelsa quemoT; 32. Semovides Werem-qalaqeli da dajdes banelsa quemoT; 33. Semovides dmaneli da dajdes Werem-qalaqelsa quemoT; 34. Semovides dadaSneli da dajdes dmanelsa quemoT; 35. Semovides giSeli da dajdes dadaSnelsa quemoT. modgnen yovelTa monasterTa moZRuarni da winamZRuarni da maTiTa wesiTa winamoisxdnen efiskoposTa~.235 aqedan Cans, rom darbazobisa da sxva oficialuri Sekrebis dros episkoposebi sxdebodnen sagangebo wesiT, maTi kaTedrebis Rirsebis mixedviT. imave Sekrebis dros samRvdeloebac sagangebo wesis mixedviT sxdeboda Tav-Tavisi episkoposebis win _ TavianTi wodebisa da Rirsebis mixedviT. es dokumenti, rogorc sxvagan gvqonda aRniSnuli, xelT hqoniaT erekle II-sa da kaTalikos antons da amis mixedviT ganusazRvravT ninowmidelis pativi da adgili. es dokumenti ereklesa da antons miaCndaT im Zvel dros Sedgenilad, roca qalaqi tfilisi ar iyo samefo, anu sataxto qalaqi, aramed _ nisani da quTaTisi, amis gamoo, _ weren isini, _ Tbileli episkoposis pativi da Rirseba SedarebiT mcirea da is dgas episkoposTa rigis boloSio~.236 am dokumentis gadamwers erT-erT mTavar nusxaSi amba alaverdelis gaswvriv marcxena kideze miuweria _ `Semovides cixe-gojeli da dajdes bediels quemoT~.237 bolneli mamamTavris gaswvriv marjvena kideze gadamwers miuweria _ `Semovides aneli da dajdes bolnelsa quemoT~.238 minaweridan _ `Semovides cixe-gojeli da dajdes bediels quemoT,~ Cans, rom arsebula ara marto aRmosavleT saqarTvelos episkoposTa pativisa da Rirsebis adgilis ganweseba, aramed dasavleT saqarTvelos, anu afxazeTis sakaTalikosos `wesdgoma~. motanili nawyvetidan Cans, rom pativiT cixe-gojeli ufro qvemoT dgas bedielze. saerTod, aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos erTiani saxelmwifos arsebobisas darbazobis dros mefis marjvniv isxdnen, anda idgnen qarTlis sakaTalikosos episkoposebi, xolo mefis marcxniv afxazeTis sakaTalikosos episkoposebi. amaze migviTiTebs sabuTi _ `wesi da gangeba mefed kurTxevisa~, romelsac XIII saukuniT aTariReben. aq aRniSnulia _ `marjuene Keli kaTalikozTa eWiros, xolo marcxene Keli afxazeTisa kaTalikozsa...~239 e.i.
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mefis marjvniv qarTlis kaTalikosi dgas, xolo marcxniv _ afxazeTis kaTalikosi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu afxazeTis kaTalikosi ar eswreboda mefis kurTxevas, misi adgili mefis marcxniv SeeZlo daeWira Wyondidels mTavarepiskoposs anda iSxnels, ceremoniis moTxovnilebaTa mixedviT. mefis daburvis Rirseba mefis kurTxvis dros hqonia afxazeTis kaTalikoss, an mTavarepiskoposs. xolo qarTl-kaxeTis samefos bolo wlebSi samRvdeloeba ceremoniis dros orad iyofoda _ marjvniv mcxeTis samRvdeloeba dgeboda, xolo marcxniv alaverdis samRvdeloeba. e.i. qarTlisa da kaxeTisa. _ `...marjueniT mcxeTisa, xolo marcxeniT alaverdisa...~240 mefis marcxniv adgili Zveli erTianobis dros afxazeTis sakaTalikosos episkoposebs unda daeWiraT, magram samefos daSlis Semdeg marcxena adgili alaverdelma episkoposma daiWira. 1745 wels Teimurazis mefed kurTxevis dros, darbazobisas, mefis marjvniv dajda saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqi _ `xolo vinaATgan arca samegreloAsa da imeriTisa episkopozni arcaRa mesxni iyunes mun, sxvadasxvaTa mier mizezTa, da saydarica somxiTisa mitropolitisa moSlil iyo Zveladve, da ganeCinaT yoveli pativi somxiTis mitropolitisa amba-alaverdelisad, dajda marcxeniT mefisa amba alaverdeli... somxiTisa mitropolitisa pativisa Rirsqmnili mefisa leon I-is mier, adgilsa Wyondidelisasa, marcxeniT mefisa~.241 e.i. leon I-is dros amba alaverdelma miiRo somxeTis mitropolitis pativi, xolo darbazobis dros mieniWa Rirseba Wyondidelis adgilze jdomisa _ mefis marcxniv. sanam ganvixilavdeT mefis marcxniv àfxazeTis sakaTalikosos~ episkoposebis `wesdgomas~, manamde unda iTqvas, rom erTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwifos Seqmnis Semdgom, XI saukunidan, saqarTvelos patriarqi (anu rac igivea _ qarTlis kaTalikosi), afxazeTis kaTalikosi, Wyondideli da moZRvarTmoZRvari xdebian saxelmwifos moxeleebi, isini Sedian umaRles sakanonmdeblo sabWoSi, romelSic mefesTan erTad Sedioda agreTve sami veziri. `darbazis kari~ Sedgeboda òTxi berisagan~ da `sami vezirisagan~. òTxi beri~ arian _ 1. moZRvarT-moZRvari; 2. patriarqi; 3. afxazeTis kaTalikosi; 4. Wyondideli. `sami veziri~ arian _ 1. aTabagi (mogvianebiT, manamde, albaT, sxva saxeli iyo); 2. amirspasalari; 3. mandaturT-uxucesi. `...darbaziT aTqs oTxTave: moZRvarT-moZRvarsa, kaTalikozTa, Wyondidelsa da samTave vezirTa: aTabagsa, amir-spasalarsa da mandaturT-uxucessa~.242 àmirejibi _ kaTalikozTa, moZRvarT-moZRvarsa, Wyondidelsa _ amaT win tablas dasdgamen... es oTxive adgebian... aTabagsa, amir-spasalarsa da mandaturT-uxucessa tabaks ejibi daudgams, adgebian. gamgeT-uxucesi monazonT oTxTave sam-samis jamiT, egreTve samTa vezirTa iTvalavs...~243
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darbazis kari _ umaRlesi saxelmwifo organo _ Sedgeba oTxi monazonisagan, anu oTxi berisagan da sami vezirisagan. òTxi berisagan~ Seqmnili sabWo, romelic arsebobda mefesTan, Cans, warmoadgenda qarTuli eklesiis sinods, radganac darbazis kars ufleba hqonda mieca kanoni eklesiebisaTvis _ `kanons darbazis kariT miiRebdnen~ eklesia-monastrebio, _ weria erT dokumentSi. Semdeg saukuneTa dokumentebSic es oTxi beri, anu oTxi monazoni moCans. darbazobis dros moZRvarT-moZRvari mefis marjvniv dgeboda, an jdeboda. moZRvarT-moZRvari Zalze sapatio monazonia. mas mefe darbazobis dros ufro meti pativiT xvdeboda, vidre kaTalikosebsa da Wyondidels. mefe noxispirze miegebeboda moZRvarT-moZRvars, e.i. mis win dafenil noxs mefe mTlianad gaivlida, xolo kaTalikosebisa da Wyondidelis misalmebis dros mefes survilisamebr SeeZlo gaevlo noxis mesamedi, anda saerTod ar gaevlo, adgilzeve darCeniliyo. aseTive wesiT egebeboda mefe samive vezirsac, e.i. moZRvarT-moZRvris pativi aRemateboda, rogorc darCenili monazvnebis, aseve samive veziris pativsac. `moZRvarT-moZRvari Sevides da eTayvanos mefesa da merme mefeca eTayvanos... mefe noxTa pirsa moegebeis da moesalmos: `moaxsne~, brZanoso. wavides [moZRvarT-moZRvari] da marjveniT gardadges axlo... kaTalikozi, romelic movides egreTve eTayvanos... gina noxsa zeda mesamedi warmoiaros da miTve wesiTa Wyondidelsa da samTa vezirTa awvios~.244 mefesTan darbazis karis Sekrebis dros mefis marjvniv adgils iWeren mwignobarTuxucesi da qarTlis kaTalikosi, xolo mefis marcxniv _ Wyondideli da afxazeTis kaTalikosi. xolo darbazobis dros mefis marjvniv qarTlis kaTalikosis qvemoT sxdebian aRmosavleT saqarTvelos episkoposebi Tavisi wesis mixedviT, xolo mefis marcxniv afxazeTis kaTalikosis qvemoT sxdebian dasavleT saqarTvelos episkoposebi. moZRvarT-moZRvris pativis gadidebiT odnav Semcirebulia saqarTvelos patriarqis (qarTlis kaTalikosis) pativi, xolo Wyondidelis pativis gadidebiT Semcirebulia afxazeTis kaTalikosis pativi, anu eklesiis TviTmmarTveloba SezRudulia saxelmwifos mier. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom saeklesio kanonmdebelia ara patriarqi, aramed oTxi berisagan Seqmnili sabWo, romelic darbazis karze arsebobs. dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTedraTa Soris erT-erTi sapatio yofila quTaTelis kaTedra. quTaTelis pativi iseTive yofila, rogoric iSxnelisa. Tu ra didi iyo iSxnelis pativi, iqidanac Cans, rom darbazobis dros iSxnelis misalmebisas mefe or-sam nabijs gadadgamda, xolo sxva episkoposTa misalmebisas adgilidanac ar daiZvroda _ `ra sworad episkoposni mividnen imieriT: iSxneli, mawyvereli, anCeli, mtbevari da golgoTeli, maT raA eTayvanen... iSxnelisaTYs ufro mdablad da ori anu sami biji warmoiaros da miesalmos; da am sxuaTaTYs sworad nu daiZvris~.245
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iSxnelisa da quTaTelis pativi Tanabari yofila _ `da miT erTob sabatio aris [quTaTeli} da iSxnelis swori pativi marTebs~,246 e.i. quTaTelis misalmebis drosac mefe or-sam nabijs warmodgamda. didi pativi hqonia agreTve bediis episkopossac, radganac `...bedieli mosaflavea [mefisa] da quTaTeli [makurTxevelica] da mesaflavec aris~.247 aqedan Cans, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos episkoposebis `wesdgoma~ iqneboda aseTi saxisa: 1. mefis marcxniv dgeboda afxazeTis, anu biWvinTis kaTalikosi; 2. mefis marcxniTve iyo adgili Wyondidelisa, magram ara afxazeTis kaTalikosis qvemoT, aramed mis gverdiT. maTi pativi Tanabari iqneboda, radganac Wyondideli mefis moxelea _ `Wyondideli mama ars mefisa~;248 3. afxazeTis kaTalikosis qvemoT adgili ekuTvnoda quTaTel episkoposs, radganac dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTedraTa Soris mxolod quTaisis taZarSi akurTxebdnen mefes. quTaisis taZarSi inaxeboda mefis skiptra da gvirgvini. `...[quTaTelis saydarsa Sina] mefeni dailocvian... quTaTelman ase Tqua, Tu: àw, orjer-samjer Cems saydarsa Sigan orni mefeni dalocvilan da ar memarTlebi, gYrgYni anu ski ptra Cems saydarsa Sigan ar dasdva~. da merme vezirT da erTobilT laSqarTa Tqves Tu `quTaTeli umarTlea~ da skiptra quTaTels gauCines...~249 4. quTaTeli episkoposis qvemoT adgili ekuTvnoda bediel episkoposs, radganac `...bedieli mosaflavea [mefisa]... didi giorgi, romelman basili berZenTa mefe gaaqcia misisa [bedielis] saydarsa Sigan ars...~250 5. Cans, erT dros bedielis qvemoT adgili eWira cixe-gojel episkoposs, amaze gvaqvs pirdapiri miTiTeba _ `Semovides cixe-gojeli da dajdes bediels quemoT~.251 danarCeni dasavleT saqarTvelos episkoposebis adgilis gansazRvra darbazobis dros Znelia. maSasadame, afxazeTis sakaTalikosoSi `wesdgoma~ aseTi unda yofiliyo: 1. afxazeTis kaTalikosi; 2. Wyondideli; 3. quTaTeli; 4. bedieli; 5. cixe-gojeli... erTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwifos daSlis Semdgom didi pativi mieca alaverdis saepiskoposo kaTedras, gansakuTrebiT erekle II-is dros. `q. Cuen, sruliad saqarTvelos mefeman iraklim ese ganaCeni davdeviT am rigaT: Zveladganve CvenTa CamomavlobaTa mier maTi yovlad samRvdelooba arxiepizkopozi alaverdisa didad gapatiosnebuli aris sxvaTa saqarTveloTa yovlad samRvdeloTa zeda da umetesi pativi miscemies~.252 erekle II-m gazarda aseve ninowmideli episkoposis adgili da pativi. erekle II-is dros saqarTvelos eklesiis Sina di ptixi aseTi iyo (aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi):
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1. `zemoAsa saqarTveloAsa mamaTmTavari kaTalikos-patriarxi~; 2. arqiepiskoposi amba-alaverdeli _ somxiTisa mitropoliti; 3. mitropoliti qisiyeli; 4. mitropoliti Tbileli; 5. mitropoliti ninowmideli; 6. mangleli; 7. rusTveli; 8. wilkneli; 9. kawareli, urbneli, mroveli, nekreseli, samTavneli, niqozeli, bolneli, xarWaSneli, walkeli, dmaneli, giSeli _ moSlili saepiskoposoebi. erekle II ninowmidelis adgils 1749 wlis dokumentiT sazRvravs Tbilelis qvemoT _ àmisaTvis, Semdgomad qisiyelisa da tfilelisa mitropolitTa aqvndes adgili mitropolitobiT mieriTagan yovelTa yovlad-samRudeloTa ninowmidelTa...~253 `...miveciT ninowmidelsa mRudelmTavarsa adgili krebasa Sina dgomisa anu jdomisa, uzemoes manglelisa, rusTvelisa da walkelisa da Tu same iqmnes ganaxleba kawarelisa... urbnelisa da mrovelisa, nekreselisa, samTavnelisa, niqozelisa... bolnelisa... xarWaSnelisaca... walkelisaca da dmanelisa... giSelisaca... TYT Tbilelisaca uzemoes aqunda adgili krebasa Sina yovlad-samRudelosa ninowmidelsa, viTar igi weril ars ganCinebasa Sina mefeTa gvirgvinosan-yofiTa da darbazobisaTa... samefo qalaqi ara iyo Tbilisi droTa mas Sina, aramed nisani da quTaTisi... papaman Cuenman irakli pirvelman... tfileli episkopozi... mitropolit hyo... eseve saydari samitropolito tfilelisa Rirsad... qvemo qisiyelis mitropolitisa saydrisa, vqmeniT ara ugangebod. amisTvis, Semdgomad qisiyelisa da tfilelisa mitropolitTa aqvndes adgili mitropolitobiT... ninowmidelTa...~254 aqedan Cans, rom ereklesa da antonis ganCinebiT, erT dros ninowmidelis adgili TviT Tbilelis maRla yofila, rac imiT yofila gamowveuli, rom Tbilisi Zveli darbazobis ganCinebis dros samefo qalaqi ar yofila. Semdgom, roca tfilisi dedaqalaqi gamxdara, Teimuraz II-s TbilelisaTvis miuniWebia mitropolitobis pativi da darbazobis dros TbilelisaTvis ganuCeniaT adgili _ `qvemo qisiyelisa~, e.i. qisiyelis qvemoT dajdeboda Tbileli, xolo ninowmidels adgili ganusazRvres qisiyelisa da Tbilelis qvemoT.
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Tavi IX
` gaqarTvelebis ~ moZvelebuli Teoria
`q a r T v e l m a T a v i s i s a rwm u n o e b i s a T v i s j v a r c m u l m a , i c i s p a t i v i s x v i s s a rwm u n o e b i s a c . a m i t o m a c C v e n s i s t o r i aS i a r a r i s m a ga l i T i , r o m q a r T v e l s s u r v e b i y o s o d e s m e s x v i s a s a rwm u n o e b i s d a C a gv r a d a d e v n a . s o m e x n i , e b r a e l n i , T v i T m a h m a d i a n ni c a , C v e n s S o r i s m c x o v r e b n i , a m aS i C v e n v e r a f e r s v e r wa g v a y v e d r e b e n~.

ilia marTali

Teoria qarTuli eklesiis mier saqarTvelos kuTxeTa `gaqarTvelebis~ Sesaxeb
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..... s a q a r T v e l o a r i s i s q v e y a n a , s a d a c m e c n i e r u l i az r i a r Z v e l d e b a , m i T u m e t e s , Tu mas patroni hyavs. Cveni me cnierebi erTxel, o d e s R a c ga m o T q m u l az r s xS i r a d v e r e l e v i a n ; a r a d a , we s i T y v e l a m e c n i e r u l i az r i a r S e i Z l e b a i y o s m a r a d i u l i , z o gi u n d a Z v e l d e b o d e s . r a d ga n az r i T u ar m o Z v e l d a , a r c p r o gr e s i i q n e b a , y o v e l S e m T x v e v aS i , ga n s x v a v e b u l az r s m a i n c u n d a m i v c e T a r s e b o b i s u f l e b a~.

arCil sulakauri
VIII-X saukuneebi qarTuli eklesiis istoriaSi mniSvnelovani yofila imiT, rom am dros Turme mimdinareobda qalkedonuri sarwmunoebis mqone somxebis gaqarTveleba. gaqarTvelebula somexTa didi raodenoba, imdenad didi, rom amas uzarmazari danaklisi miucia somexi xalxisaTvis da am procesis Sedegad somxeTs daukargavs erovnuli teritoriebis nawili, saqarTvelo ki gamdidrebula miwebiT, romelzedac mosaxle gaqarTvelebuli somxebi saqarTvelos kulturul cxovrebaSi brwyinavdnen TavianTi umaRlesi xarisxis mwarmoeblurobis Sedegad (n. mari). qarTuli eklesia uSualo kavSirSi aRmoCenila somxeTis am tragediasTan, radganac gaqarTvelebulan qalkedoniti somxebi, qarTuli eklesia ki sazogadod am mimarTulebisaa. ufro metic, qarTuli eklesia Turme iWreboda somxeTis miwa-wyalze da somexi samRvdeloebis namoRvaw da namuSakev adgilebze qarTul eklesia-monastrebs awesebda (i. abulaZe). mainc somxeTis romel teritoriebzea saubari, sad iyo im somxebis miwawyali, romlebic kargavdnen erovnebas da qarTveldebodnen? zogierTi mecnieris azriT, mesxeTi (tao, klarjeTi) da saerTod saqarTvelos samxreTi nawili istoriuli somxeTia, romelic saqarTvelos SemouerTda aq mosaxle `somxebis gaqarTvelebis~ Sedegad, garda amisa, qvemo qarTlic somxeTis nawili yofila, romelic aseve gaqarTvelebula~. ufro metic, maTi azriT, X saukunemde àraqarTuli~ qveynebi yofilan hereTi da dasavleT saqarTveloc. mesxeTis msgavsad, X saukuneSi hereTi gaqalkedonebula da amiT herebi gaqarTvelebulan, xolo amave droisaTvis dasavleT saqarTveloSi qarTulenovani wirva-locvis SemoRebis Sedegad es mxarec gaqarTvelebula.
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aseTia daskvnebi zogierTi mecnierisa. maS sadRa iyo saqarTvelo, sad cxovrobda qarTveli xalxi? aleqsandre abdalaZec am kiTxvas svams somxur enciklopediaSi dabeWdil r. xonelias statiis ganxilvis Semdgom: _ `...r. xonelias rom kacma yuri ugdos (vai, rom hyavs mas sakmaod mravalricxovani auditoria!) qarTlis elementi X saukuneSi aramcTu dasavleT, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic ar yofila. Zalian mainteresebs r. xonelias azriT, rodis da saidan gaCndnen qarTvelebi?!~1 `...gamovida kidev erTi wigni àzerbaijanis istoriuli geografia~, romelsac 1987 wlis TariRi uzis... am wignSi gatarebulia azri, rom albanelebi azerbaijanelTa uSualo winaprebi arian, xolo ingiloebi _ gaqarTvelebuli albanelebi... aseve `gaqarTvelebulia~ kaxeTis didi nawili, hereTi da a.S. xom xedavT, sanamdis midis saqme?~ _ wers r. miminoSvili (ix. lit. saq. 24 ivnisi, 1988 w. `dRes an arasodes~). ramdenadac cnobilia, n. maris gavleniT istorikosebis mier SemuSavebuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, erTiani qarTveli xalxis Camoyalibeba dasrulda XI saukunisaTvis.2 n. maris Teoriebze dafuZnebuli Sromebis Tanaxmad, `qarTebis~ toms didZali mosaxleoba Seemata sxvadasxva tomebis gaqalkedonitebisa da maTTvis qarTulenovani wirva-locvis danergvis Sedegad, riTac TiTqosda safuZveli daedo erTiani qarTveli xalxis Camoyalibebas. `qristianobis gavrceleba aRm. saqarTvelos mTianeTSi maT qarTizacias ganapirobebda. rac Seexeba das. saqarTvelos... das. saqarTveloSi gabatonda qarTuli eklesia da mRvdelmsaxurebac qarTul enaze sruldeboda, ramac didad Seuwyo xeli das. saqarTvelos qarTizaciis process~ (q.s.e. t `saq. ssr~, gv. 61). saerTod, termini `qarTi~ niko maris SemoRebulia. cxadia, misganve momdinareobs idea aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis da das. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis `qarTizaciis~ Sesaxeb. xelovnuria termini da idea. sinamdvileSi, ZvelqarTul wyaroTa Tanaxmad, arc mTianeTisa da arc dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas `qarTizacia~ ar esaWiroeboda, radganac ZvelTaganve da farnavaz mefis drosac, rogorc mTielebi, ise egriselebi qarTveli xalxis ZiriTad nawilad ganixilebodnen. ise, rogorc saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeTa mcxovrebni. niko maris mier SemoRebuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, erTiani qarTveli xalxi qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg Camoyalibda imiT, rom `qarTis~ tomma qristianobis meoxebiT moaxerxa sxvadasxva tomebis `qarTizacia~, ramac ganapiroba qarTveli xalxis Seqmna. sinamdvileSi ki, erTiani qarTveli xalxi jer kidev qristianobamde arsebobda erTiani saxelmwifoTi. Zveli qarTveli istorikosebi ki Tvlidnen, rom qarTveli xalxi ukve arsebobda pirveli erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos Seqmnis dros qristemde IV-III saukuneebSi. aseTive Sexedulebis iyo didi ilia WavWavaZe da misi
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drois qarTveli istorikosebi (d. baqraZe, m. TamaraSvili, i. gvaramaZe, T. Jordania, m. janaSvili da sxvebi), mxolod n. maris Semdgom iqna uaryofili es Tvalsazrisi. aRsaniSnavia, rom n. mari aRzrdili iyo profesor patkanovis mier, amitomac n. mari aviTarebda patkanovis saistorio Sexedulebebs. patkanovis saistorio skolas kritikis qarcecxlSi atarebda didi ilia. patkanovio, _ werda ilia marTali, `... xels iwvdis taoskarze, exlandel Woroxis xeobaze~.3 `me patkanovis Segirdi varo, iZaxis TavmowonebiT b-ni mari... Tumca patkanovisamebr oinebSi jer Tavi ar uCenia... sxvafriv ki imis gzaze damdgara~.4 marTalia, ilias am werilis daweris dros, n. mars patkanovisamebr oinebSi jer Tavi ar eCina, magram XX saukunis damdegs Woroxis xeobaze (taosa da klarjeTze) manac `xeli gaiwoda~ da Tavi gamoiCina: _ `n. maris daskvniT, Tumca klarjeTi, taosTan erTad SemoerTebuli iqnao saqarTvelosTan VIIIIX saukuneebSi, magram mosaxleobis SemadgenlobiT igi, viTomc amis Semdegac somxuri darCa. klarjeTi, ise rogorc tao, dasaxlebuli iyoo somxebiT, romlebic sarwmunoebiT qalkedonitebi (e.i. marTlmadideblebi) iyvneno. klarjeTisa da taos mosaxleobas viTomc aerTebda saqarTvelosTan mxolod es sarwmunoebrivi erToba (marTlmadidebloba-qalkedonitoba). am sarwmunoebrivi erTobis niadagze moxdao TandaTan daaxloeba klarjeTis da taos somxobisa qarTvelobasTan da Semdeg TandaTan maTi gaqarTvelebao... amrigad, n. maris mtkicebiT, klarjeTisa da taos mosaxleoba TviT Semdgom xanaSic, iyvnen araqarTvelebi, aramed ZiriTadSi gaqarTvelebuli somxebi~.5 n. mari sastikad sayvedurobda did ivane javaxiSvils, roca is dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas, maT Soris svanebs, Wanebsa da megrelebs X s-mde qarTvelebs uwodebda. ivane javaxiSvilma safuZveli Cauyara Teorias qarTveli xalxis qristianobamde Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb, kerZod, daamtkica, rom arsebobda saerTo (yvela qarTul tomTaTvis) sarwmunoeba da arsebobda kultmsaxurebisaTvis saWiro yvela qarTul tomTaTvis saerTo ena, magram mis dros arsebuli gansakuTrebuli sazogadoebrivi viTarebis gamo mas ar gauRrmavebia es Teoria, xolo n. maris Teoria qarTveli xalxis eTnikuri araerTgvarovnebisa da am xalxis gvian xanaSi Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb waxalisebuli iyo imdroindel xelisufalTa mier. `... mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom carizmis rusifikatoruli politika sagangebod iTvaliswinebda ruseTis ganapira mxareebis erovnul-uflebrivi interesebis Selaxvas, aTanabrebda eTnografiul da erovnul niSnebs da am gziT cdilobda daenawevrebina erTiani erovnuli sxeuli, win aRdgomoda Cagruli xalxebis TviTSegnebis gamoRviZebas, yovelmxriv Seeferxebina eris konsolidacia. am politikis uSualo anarekli iyo is faqti, rom 1886 wlis
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mosaxleobis ojaxobrivi siebis Sedgenisas calke erovnebebad aRnusxes qarTlelebi, xevsurebi, imerlebi, gurulebi, megrelebi, samurzayanoelebi da qarTveli xalxis sxva eTnografiuli jgufebi... erovnul kuTvnilebas xSirad aigivebdnen sarwmunoebriv da eTnografiul niSnebTan~.6 aseTi moTxovnis dros maSindeli xelisuflebisTvis srulebiT miuRebeli iqneboda ZvelqarTuli istoriografiuli Sexeduleba erTiani qarTveli xalxis jer kidev qristianobamde arsebobis Sesaxeb. n. maris Teoriac swored carizmis Sesabamis politikas uWerda mxars. n. mari carizmisaTvis Tavisi erTgulebis damtkicebas rom cdilobda, gamoCnda iv. javaxiSvilisadmi damokidebulebaSi 1905 wlis revoluciis dros. am dros cnobilma rusma akademikosebma, profesorebma da ivane javaxiSvilma gamoaqveynes werili, sadac amxeldnen mTavrobis uxeS politikas ganaTlebis sistemaSi. amis gamo, 1905 wlis 25 ianvars n. mari wyeniT swers iv. javaxiSvils: `...Tqveni gancxadeba gazeTSi _ `naSi dni~ sabolood CemTvis savsebiT naTels xdis, rom Cven ar SegviZlia gulwrfelad viaroT erTi da imave mecnieruli gziT, rom Cven ar SegviZlia xelixelCakidebuli da adrindeli axlo TanamSromlobiT viaroT... Cemi Rrma rwmenaa, rom mecnieri profesoris monawileoba partiul-politikur brZolaSi safrTxes uqmnis mecnierebis akademiur Tavisuflebas...~7 carizmis damxobis Semdeg ki n. mari droebiT mTavrobaSi yvelafers akeTebs Tavisi uzarmazari avtoritetis moSveliebiT, raTa CaSalos TbilisSi qarTuli universitetis gaxsnis saqme _ ìs, rac niko marma 1917 wlis seqtember-oqtomberSi dawera da warmoTqva droebiTi mTavrobis saxalxo ganaTlebis uaRresad reaqciul komisiaSi, man saWirod CaTvala gamoeqveynebina 1918 wels~.8 am werils kinaRam sabediswero roli Seusrulebia qarTuli universitetis gaxsnis saqmeSi (iqve). droebiTi mTavrobis damxobis Semdeg n. mari sruliad axal mimarTulebas iwyebs enaTmecnierebaSi. am droisaTvis igi erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli partiuli muSakia da niko maris Teoriebis kritika srulebiT SeuZlebeli gaxda.9 am statiaSi naTqvamia, rom mravali WeSmaritad didi mecnieris sicocxle Seiwira `marizmma~, _ ase uwodebs avtori n. maris samecniero mimdinareobasa da mis skolas. im xanebSi SeiZleboda am Teoriis gaRrmaveba... magaliTad, 1937 wels i. abulaZem sajaro sxdomaze waikiTxa moxseneba, romelSic ganaviTara da gaaRrmava n. maris adrindeli Sexedulebebi, kerZod, qarTuli eklesia angrevda somxur eklesiebs, wvavda jvrebs da a.S. èklesiaTa ngreva da jvarTa wva kidev imas unda moaswavebdes, rom erTi eklesia iWreba meoreSi da maT gverdiT, Tu maT naamagarze Tavisas afuZnebs. esec araa ucxo ambavi im droisaTvis. somxeTis miwa-wyalze ara erTi da ori `qarTvelTa~ savane ixsneba am dros. termini `qarTveli~, rogorc akademikosma n. marma daamt-
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kica, diofiziturs niSnavs am droisaTvis da iqneba igi martooden qarTvelTa da somexTa elementebisagan Sedgenili~.10 es i. abulaZem sajarod warmoTqva 1937 wlis miwuruls, 17 dekembers, man am wlis mware gakveTiliT icoda, risi Tqma SeiZleboda am dros da risi _ ara. iTqva is, rac mosawoni iyo im droisaTvis. marTlac, esaa gaRrmaveba n. maris adrindeli gamonaTqvamisa am Temaze. n. mari werda: `somxuri antiqalkedonuri eklesiis nacionalizaciasTan dakavSirebiT (somex) qalkedonur garemoSi mimdinareobs sapirispiro procesi, saxeldobr, `denacionalizacia~, romelmac somex xalxs miayena uzarmazari danakargi ricxobrivad da moralurad... am procesis wyalobiT somex qalkedonitebis denacionalizaciiT, saqarTvelo gamdidrda ori umaRlesi xarisxis mwarmoebluri olqiT, saqarTveloSi pirdapir brwyinvale kulturuli cxovrebis mqoneni, sityva exeba taos da klarjeTs... IX saukunis dasawyisSi somexi qalkedonitebis mdgomareoba somxeTSi... iyo jer kidev mtkice, rom isini batonobisaken miiswrafodnen. Crdilo-dasavleTi somxeTi olqebiT klarjqiT (klarjeTi) da taiqiT (tao), am dros iyo maT xelSi. qalkedonitoba aq poulobda mxurvale mxardaWeras ara marto berZnebSi, aramed qarTvelebSic. artanujeli bagratidebi, mxaris mflobelebi, ukve qalkedonitebi iyvnen da es xels uwyobda qalkedonizmis zeims am kuTxeSi... aq (klarjeTsa da taoSi) efuZnebian qarTveli ber-monazvnebi yvelani daqvrivebul somxur nagebobebze... am epoqaSi IX-X saukuneebSic ki, qarTveli berebi iyvnen garemoculni. marTalia, erTmorwmune, magram mainc ucxo somxuri mosaxleobiT da miuxedavad qarTvelTa politikuri batonobisa, uflebas am mxaris qarTulad wodebisa isini afuZnebdnen masze, rom eklesiebSi wirvalocva tardeboda qarTul enaze~.11 rogorc zemoT moyvanilidan Cans, i. abulaZis azriT, termini `qarTveli~ Turme eTnikurad qarTvels ar aRniSnavda, radganac es `qarTvelebi~ Sedgebian `qarTvelTa da somexTa elementebisagan~, e.i. qarTveli qarTveli ar aris, xolo n. maris azriT, samxreTi saqarTvelo saerTod somxeTis miwa-wyalia. pavle ingroyvam damajereblad uaryo aseTi Teoriebi, magram miuxedavad amisa, amJamad TiTqmis yvela qarTveli mecnieri (istorikosebic da sxva dargis specialistebic), rogorc wesi, VI-XI saukuneebis mimoxilvis dros xmarobs termins `gaqarTveleba~ an `gaqarTeba~ e.i. aRiareben da emxrobian n. maris Teorias somexTa, herTa da dasavleT saqarTvelos `gaqarTvelebis~ Sesaxeb. eyrdnoba Tu ara aseTi didmniSvnelovani Teoria faqtebs, romelTa WeSmariteba ueWvelia? ara, aseTi faqtebi ar arseboben. magaliTad: 1. IX-X saukuneebSi dasavleT saqarTvelos `gaqarTvelebis~ damadasturebel faqtad miaCniaT `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~ arsebuli winadadeba, rom qarTlad is qveyana iTvleba, sadac wirva-locva qarTul
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enaze mimdinareobso. sinamdvileSi es winadadeba ar SeiZleba amis damamtkicebel faqtad CaiTvalos, radganac srulebiT gansxvavebuli viTarebis gadmosacemad mohyavs is mis avtors. am faqtis garda sxva raime damajerebeli faqti ar gaaCniaT (Tu ar CavTvliT abo Tbilelis viTomda `gaqarTvelebas~). 2. hereTis `gaqarTvelebis~ damamtkicebel faqtad miaCniaT `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ gadmocemuli cnoba, rom hereTi qalkedonituri gaxda dinara dedoflis wyalobiT. es cnoba araa gaqarTvelebis faqti, radganac is gadmogvcems, rom herebi, anu rac igivea hereTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi, dinara dedoflamde iyvnen qarTvelebive, magram ara qalkedonitebi, aramed monofizitebi. isini dinara dedoflis dros ki ar gaqarTveldnen, aramed gaqalkedonitdnen. herebma, anu qarTvelebma qristianobis erTi mimarTuleba meoriT Secvales. 3. faqtad iTvleba, qvemo qarTlSi, anu gugarqSi mcxovrebi somxebis `gaqarTveleba~ kirion kaTalikosis mier maTTvis eklesiaSi qarTulenovani wirva-locvis danergvis Sedegad. sinamdvileSi ki qvemo qarTli erT periodSi kirionamdec, da ZiriTadad, kirionis Semdegac XI saukunemde somxeTisa da somxuri eklesiis gavlenis sferoSi Sedioda da aq swored is procesi mimdinareobda, rac albaneTSi, kerZod, adgilobrivi mcxovreblebis (e.i. aq qarTvelebis) armenizacia. kirionma isargebla xelsayreli politikuri viTarebiT da am armenizebuli qarTvelebisTvis eklesiaSi somxurenovani wirva-locvis gverdiT qarTulenovani wirva-locva daawesa, amitomac somxebi ki ar gaqarTveldnen, aramed qarTvelebi armenizaciis gavlenisagan gaTavisufldnen. qarTvelebs dedaenaze wirva-locvis saSualeba miecaT, magram samwuxarod, sul ramdenime wlis (kerZod, e.w. `sparsuli~ krebisa (614 w.) da gansakuTrebiT ki, bizantiur-somxuri eklesiebis ùniis~) Semdeg, es mxare kvlav somxuri eklesiis gavlenis qveS moeqca. swored es iyo safuZveli am mxareSi taSiris kvirikianTa somxuri samefos daarsebisa da misi arsebobisa TiTqmis XII saukunemde. amitomac, somxebi ki ar `qarTveldebodnen~, aramed mimdinareobda sapirispiro procesi _ qarTvelebi somxdebodnen. araviTari faqti qvemo qarTlSi somxebis `gaqarTvelebisa~ ar arsebobs. am mxaris mosaxleoba qarTuli iyo uxsovari droidan TviT taSiris kvirikianTa samefos arsebobis drosac. 4. mesxeTis mxareebi, TviT niko maris azriTac ki, uZvelesi droidan dasaxlebuli iyo qarTvelebiT (`Tubal-kainuri tomebiT~), magram xSirad VIII saukunemde es mxareebi somxeTisa da somxuri eklesiis gavlenis sferoSi Sedioda. amitomac, adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, niko maris azriT, gasomxebula, xolo VIII-X saukuneebSi es `somxebi gaqarTveldnen~. marTalia, samxreT saqarTvelos zogierTi mxare VIII saukunemde somxeTisa da somxuri eklesiis gavlenis sferoebSi Sedioda, magram moxda misi mosaxleobis kulturuli da ara eTnikuri armenizacia. eTnikurad qarTvelebi
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qarTvelebadve darCnen, xolo kulturuli armenizacia imiT gamoixata, rom msgavsad albanelebisa, maTTvis saeklesio da kulturis enad gaxda somxuri ena. amas xels uwyobda is, rom VIII saukunemde somxuri eklesia ar iyo nacionalizebuli, aramed es eklesia Tavis mSobliur (araeTnikuri aramed sarwmunoebrivi TvalsazrisiT) eklesiad miaCndaT sxvadasxva erebs: albanelebs, qarTvelebs, sirielebsa da sparselebsac ki (arsebobs sparseli qristianebis mimarTvebi somxeTis kaTalikosisadmi). rogorc ki 726 wlis Semdeg daiwyo somxuri eklesiis nacionalizacia, es eklesia miatoves mesxeTis qarTvelebma. am dros arsebiTi iyo ara sarwmunoebrivi, aramed eTnikuri momenti (kartaSevs msgavsi sarwmunoebrivi ganxeTqilebis warmomSob mizezad miaCnia ara dogmatikuri uTanxmoeba, aramed eTnikuri momenti). VIII saukunemde ùniis~ dros, somxuri eklesiis gavlenis sferoSi yofnisas, mesxeTis zogierT regionSi dainerga somxuri wirva-locva, aqaurma qarTvelma samRvdeloebam SeiTvisa somxuri ena da damwerloba (ise, rogorc albanelebma). VIII saukunis Semdgom saWiro gaxda qarTulenovani wignebi, amitomac kulturulad armenizebul qarTvelTa mier qarTuli wignebis Targmnis an redaqtirebisas SeimCneva armenizmebis kvali. es bunebrivia, kulturulad armenizebuli mweral-redaqtorebis mier redaqtirebuli wignebi ver acda armenizmebs. am faqtis (armenizmebis arseboba) garda sxva raime damajerebeli faqti ar gaaCniaT. n. maramdec somxur (da aqedan evropul) mecnierebaSi iyo azri, rom tao da qvemo qarTli istoriuli somxeTis miwebia.12 n. mari, aRzrdili patkanovisa, aviTarebda somxuri saistorio skolis Tvalsazriss, romelsac srulebiT ewinaaRmdegeboda mesxeTSi VIII saukunis Semdgom arsebuli kulturul-eTnikuri viTareba, amitomac n. marma SeuTanxma erTmaneTs somxuri samecniero Tvalsazrisi da mesxeTSi VIII saukunis Semdgomi realuri viTareba, kerZod, tao-klarjeTis kultura (e.i. VIII saukunis Semdeg) marTalia, qarTulia, magram qveyana mainc somxuria, radganac am kulturis Semoqmedi aris gaqarTvelebuli adgilobrivi somxuri mosaxleoba da ara qarTvelebio. `...am Semcdarma da tendenciurma koncefciam farTo gavrceleba miiRo. es Sexeduleba ganmtkicda rusul da evropul specialur literaturaSi. am Sexedulebebis mimdevrebi da damcvelebi gamoCndnen qarTvel mkvlevarTa Sorisac... korneli kekeliZe imeorebs am azrs, rom klarjeTi (taosTan erTad) viTomc ukavSirdeba saqarTvelos mxolod VIII saukunis Semdeg, rom es mxare, klarjeTi, eTnikurad viTomc ar iyo qarTuli qveyana~.13 am koncefciaze dayrdnobiT n. tokarskis Tavis wignSi `Zveli somxeTis arqiteqtura~, taoSi mdebare oSki, xaxuli, iSxani, klarjeTis opiza, forTaxanZTa, SavSeTis, tbeTis taZrebi somxuri arqiteqturis Zeglebad gamoucx-
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adebia.14 mixankova Tvlis, rom Woroxis xeobis es provinciebi (tao, SavSeTi, klarjeTi...) ar iyo qarTuli qveyana, qarTuli eniTa da kulturiT, aramed mxare, romelic politikurad da agreTve eTnikuradac, ZiriTadSi dakavSirebuli iyo somxeTTan. mixankova Tvlis, rom n. maris koncefcia tao-klarjeTis istoriisa, es aris uryevi istoriuli WeSmariteba.15 `TviT aseTi kargad orientirebuli da miudgomeli avtori, rogoric aris a. iakobsoni, dajerebulia, rom mesxeTis teritoriebi QWoroxis xeobisa gaxda qarTuli mxolod am gvian xanaSi. aseTia gavlena n. maris koncefciisa mesxeTis mxareTa istoriis Sesaxeb, romelic dRemde erTgvar dogmad iyo miCneuli~.16 marTali iyo didi ilia WavWavaZe, roca patkanovis Sesaxeb werda. is `... xels iwvdis taoskarze, exlandel Woroxis xeobaze~, aseve moiqca misi Segirdi n. maric. saqarTveloSi kargad icodnen, rom n. mari antiqarTul poziciebze idga da istoriul-filologiur mecnierebaSi aviTarebda yovelive qarTulis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebas. amitomac jer kidev III kursze studentobisas ivane javaxiSvili gaafrTxila mamamisma aleqsandrem, rom yvelafrisaTvis Seexeda sakuTari TvaliT da ara n. maris TvaliT: `1898 wlis 22 oqtombers aforiaqebuli mama swerda: `Svilo, rogorc mama, girCev, Seni sakuTari da WeSmariti kritikulis TvaliT Sexedo yvelafers da ara miepyro maris qarTulis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebas~.17 roca iv. javaxiSvili àr miepyro maris qarTulis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebas~ da saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis Svilebs _ qarTlelebs, kaxelebs Tu megrelebs sazogadod qarTveli uwoda da qarTveli eris Semadgenel jgufebad miiCnia, mas winaaRmdegoba gauwia n. marma. n. mari `mecnierulad asabuTebda~ erTiani qarTveli eris ararsebobas. man qarTveli eris sxvadasxva eTnografiul jgufebs ìafeturi~ xalxebi daarqva, xolo qarTvelur da mis monaTesave enebs ìafeturi~ Tu `Tubalkainuri~. man yvelaferi gaakeTa imisaTvis, raTa `daesabuTebina~, rom TiTqosda megrelebi ar iyvnen qarTvelebi. erTi wyaros araswori komentirebiT man qarTvel mecnierebs miaRebina dogma, TiTqosda `qarTebis~ tomma kulturul-eklesiuri zemoqmedebis saSualebiT megreli `xalxi~ `gaaqarTvela~ IX-X saukuneebSi. ivane javaxiSvilma pasuxi gasca am yalb Teorias da
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daasabuTa, rom qarTuli ena araTu IX-X saukuneebSi iqna dasavleT saqarTveloSi kultmsaxurebis enad, aramed TviT warmarTobis drosac ki dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ samegrelosa da svaneTSi, warmarTuli kultmsaxureba qarTul enaze aResruleboda. pavle ingoroyvam ki daasabuTa, rom samxreT saqarTveloSi qarTuli mosaxleoba uwyvetad arsebobda da es mxareebi yovelTvis qarTuli iyo eTnikuri SemadgenlobiT. ivane javaxiSvilma gamoarkvia, rom saqarTveloSi adgili arasodes hqonia ucxo mosaxleobis arc sarwmunoebriv, arc rasobriv-eTnikur devnas. qarTveli xalxi rjuliT da tomiT Semwynarebelia. n. maris azriT ki, piriqiT, qarTvelebs araTu SeuviwroebiaT sxva tomebi, aramed maTTvis deda ena da vinaobac ki dauviwyebiaT. somxebi, herebi da sxvebi gauqarTvelebiaT qarTuli eklesiis meoxebiT. qarTuli eklesia Turme `wvavda~ sxvaTa eklesiebs, ìWreboda~ sxva ucxo erTa eklesiebSi, maT `namoRvawev namonastralebze~ Tavisas afuZnebda, qarTulenovani wirva-locvis danergviT sxva xalxebs àqarTvelebda~. es yovelive ciliswamebaa. qarTuli eklesia yovelTvis saTno da Semwynarebeli iyo sxvaTa mimarT. sinamdvileSi rogori politikuri viTareba iyo VIII-X saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi? saqarTvelos guli _ Sida da qvemo qarTli arabTa da maT mier waxalisebul somexi naxararebisa da samRvdeloebis gavlenis qveSaa. es ki pirobas qmnida araTu ucxoTa gaqarTvelebisaTvis, aramed qarTvelebis erovnul mdgradobasac ki safuZveli Seerya, rogorc es àbo Tbilelis wamebidan~ Cans.
somxuri eklesiis istoria, monoTelitoba da xatmebrZoloba masTan kavSirSi a. kartaSevis mixedviT

a. kartaSevis wignSi `msoflio krebebi~ (parizi, 1963, rus. enaze) gadmocemulia mizezebi, romlis gamoc somxuri eklesia Camoscilda msoflio sayovelTao (kaTolike) eklesias. am avtoris azriT, somxuri eklesia msoflio eklesias ganSorda ara sarwmunoebrvi, aramed erovnuli motivis gamo: rom berZenTa imperiaSi mcxovrebi patara erebi, imisaTvis, rom aecilebinaT did erSi asimilacia, iRebdnen ara centrSi aRiarebul, aramed gansxvavebul sarwmunoebas. imperiis patara erebma _ koptebma, asirielebma, somxebma da sxvebma miiRes monofizitoba da sxva sarwmunoebrivi mimarTulebebi gaberZnebisa da `garomaelebis~ Tavidan acilebisaTvis. Cans, amasTan erTad sxva mizezebic arsebobda.
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qveTavi am wignisa _ `ganyofa marTlmadideblobisagan erovnuli motivis gamo~ ganixilavs, patara erebis eklesiebTan erTad, somxuri eklesiis ganyofas msoflio eklesiisagan. qalkedonis krebis droisaTvis (451 w.), roca mezobelma imperiebma gansakuTrebiT moindomes somexTa asimilacia, somexi xalxi TiTqmis aTaswlovani istoriuli warsulis mqone eri iyo, erovnuli mobilizeba misTvis Zneli ar iyo, amitomac mezobeli saxelmwifoebis mxridan mravali cdis miuxedavad, maT ver SeZles somxebis verc gasparseleba da verc `garomaeleba~, anu gaberZneba, rac imiT moxerxda, rom somxebma ar miiRes sparselTa sarwmunoeba _ cecxlTayvanismcemloba, xolo qristianobaSi is mimdinareoba miiRes, romelic gansxvavdeboda konstantinopolis sarwmunoebisagan. ra Tqma unda, sarwmunoebis arCevaze laparaki Znelia, magram kartaSevisa da sxvaTa dakvirvebis Tanaxmad, bizantiis imperiaSi mcxovreb patara erebs swored is sarwmunoebrivi mimarTuleba miaCndaT swor, WeSmarit da erTaderT marTal sarwmunoebad, romelic gansxvavebuli iyo konstantinopolSi aRiarebulisagan. saerTod, unda aRiniSnos, rom saukuneTa manZilze (aq igulisxmeba IV-X saukuneebi) somxuri eklesia iyo Zalze Zlieri organizacia, romelsac angariSs uwevdnen rogorc sparseTis Sahebi, ise bizantiis saimperatoro kari. bizantiaSi monofizitTa da monoTelitTa gavlenis gavrcelebis dros mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda somxuri eklesia da somxuri elementi. saimperatoro karze myofma somxebma, kartaSevis Tanaxmad, didi gavlena iqonies bizantiaSi xatmebrZolobis eresis rogorc gavrcelebis, ise misi ganadgurebis dros. aRsaniSnavia, rom ara marto sparseTis da bizantiis samefo kari, aramed arabebic angariSs uwevdnen somxur eklesias, aZlierebdnen da m. kalankatuacis Tanaxmad, sxva (albaneTis) qalkedonitur eklesiazec abatonebdnen mas. amgvari viTarebis gamo, swori ar unda iyos qarTul mecnierebaSi miRebuli Teoria `qalkedoniti somxebis gaqarTvelebis Sesaxeb~, im mizezis gamo, rom es Teoria am sakiTxs ar ixilavs globaluri TvalsazrisiT.
ganyofa marTlmadideblobisagan erovnuli motivebis gamo ~,

kartaSevi Tavisi wignis qveTavSi _ `
a.
wers:
kamaTma qalkedonis krebaze moamzada saeklesio ganyofa somxebisa. am SemTxvevaSi saqme exeboda im teritoriebs, romelnic bizantiis imperiaSi Sediodnen (bizantiasa da sparseTs somxeTis miwa-wyali gayofili hqondaT). bizantiis imperatorTa mxridan ufro yuradRebian politikas ucxo eris mimarT SeeZlo Seenelebina es ganyofa. somxeTs uxdeboda politikurad or orientaciaze TamaSi _ bizantiursa da sparsulze. momentis Sesaferisad, an erT an meore Zlier mezobels unda mimxrobodnen.
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Tavisi pirveli arqiepiskoposis miRebisas kesaria-kapadokiisgan somxeTs Tavisi warmomadgeneli hyavda I msoflio krebaze _ grigor ganmanaTleblis Svili _ arqiepiskoposi aristakesi, magram arqiepiskopos nerse I-is (374) Semdeg, romelsac kaTalikosi ewoda, wamoyenebuli iqna azri avtokefaliis Sesaxeb. kaTalikosi uwoda Tavis Tavs, radganac miiCnevda, rom somxuri eklesia mociqul Tomasagan aris warmoSobili. somexTa mefis sasaxleSi wamoyenebul iqna azri avtokefaliis Sesaxeb. nersesis memkvidre iusiki somxeTis mefe-papma ukve aRar gaagzavna xeldasasxmelad kesariaSi, aramed uwoda arqiepiskoposi Tavissave qveyanaSi. amgvarad, somxeTis eklesiis avtokefalia damkvidrda arakanonikuri gziT, wers kartaSevi. kesaria aprotestebda somxeTis aseT moqmedebas. II msoflio krebaze berZnebma somxebi ar miiwvies, xolo cnobebma am dadgenilebaTa Sesaxeb somxeTamde miaRwia mogvianebiT. somxuri eklesia izrdeboda da Zlierdeboda. am eklesias 397 wlidan 448 wlamde marTavda grigoris STamomavali didi sahaki (isaaki), reformatori somxuri eklesiisa da mTargmneli wmida werilisa somxur enaze. am dros berZnebi flobdnen somxeTis erT naxevars, sparselebi ki _ meores. Semdeg berZnebma gadasces mTeli somxeTi sparselebs. imperatorma Teodosi II-m xelaxla daibruna berZnuli naxevari somxeTisa, magram mTeli am drois manZilze berZnebi aRizianebdnen somxebs (igulisxmeba nacionaluri TvalsazrisiT) da somexTa simpaTiebi sparselebis mxares iyo. male somxebi gaTavisufldnen sparselebisagan da ocnebobdnen berZnebisagan gaTavisuflebas. isaaki (sahaki) droebiT somxeTis saero mmarTveli gaxda (aRsaniSnavia, rom daaxloebiT am dros `moqcevaA qarTlisaAs~ Tanaxmad, qarTuli eklesiis meTauri arqiepiskoposi glonoqori saqarTvelos (qarTl-hereTis) saero mmarTvelad (erisTavad) iyo daniSnuli). isaaki berZnebs ise uyurebda, rogorc erovnul mtrebs. mas ar undoda kurTxeuliyo kesariakapadokiaSi da roca mcire azia kanonikurad daeqvemdebara konstantinopolis patriarqs (e.i. 451 wels), somxebma konstantinopolsac zurgi Seaqcies ise, rogorc kesaria-kapadokias. 400 wels wmida ioane oqropirma somxeTSi gagzavna konstantinopolis krebis dadgenileba qristeSobisa da RvTisgancxadebis cal-calke dResaswaulis Sesaxeb _ romauli wesis Tanaxmad. isaakma arc ki upasuxa. somxeTis eklesia darCa Zvel Cvevaze _ dRemde. sparselebi mtrulad eqceodnen berZnul kulturas somxeTSi da iq anadgurebdnen somxebisaTvis gaxsnil berZnul skolebs. im dros somxebs wirva-locva da RvTismsaxureba hqondaT ara somxur, aramed berZnul enaze, somxuri anbanis ararsebobis gamo. sparsuli orientaciis dros somxebma gadawyvites gaTavisuflebuliyvnen berZnuli gavlenisagan saeklesio sferoSi. amaSi mdgomareobda paTosi didi nacionaluri reformisa somxur eklesiaSi isaak didis dros _ somxuri anbanis gamogoneba da wmida werilis Targmna. aqamde ki inerciiT RvTismsaxureba sruldeboda berZnulad.
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kesaria-kapadokiis mitropolitebi somxebs mwvaleblebad miiCnevdnen eklesiuri damoukideblobisaTvis. III msoflio krebaze somxebs, Cans, ar gaugzavnes miwveva da efesoSi somxuri eklesiidan aravin iyo. 435 wels somxurma eklesiam dagmo nestorianoba da amiT berZnebTan erTad wavida win. amis Sedegad somxurma eklesiam aRiara da miiRo samive msoflio kreba (I, II, III). am droisaTvis somxeTi mTlianad sparsTa qveS iyo. somex aristokratiaSi midioda propaganda cecxlTayvanismcemlobis sasargeblod. Semdeg movida brZaneba qristianobis uaryofis Sesaxeb. somex episkoposTan krebam sparsTa mefes sakadrisi pasuxi gaugzavna da daadgines _ iaraRiT xelSi daecvaT sarwmunoeba. krebis dadgenileba JRers gadamwyvetad: `dae aRimarTos Zmis xeli Zmaze, Tu is uaryofs uflis mcnebas, da mama Sebralebis gareSe wavides Svilze da Svili mamaze, nuRar eSinia cols xelis aRmarTvisa urjulo qmarze da aRdges msaxuri batonze~. somxebma Svela Txoves berZnebs, magram arc Teodosi II-s da arc markianes (imperatorebs) ar gaaCndaT Zalebi sparsTa sawinaaRmdegod. somxeTi ajanyda. 451 wels ajanyeba damarcxda. is sparselebma CaaxSes. am wels Catarda qalkedonis msoflio kreba. ajanyebis beladi varTan I da sxvebi kanonizebul iqnen. qalkedonis krebisas berZnebs didad ar SeuwuxebiaT Tavi somexTa mimxrobisaTvis. formalurad berZnebs is amarTlebda, rom somexi episkoposebi ucxoeTis da ara imperiis episkoposebi iyvnen, xolo krebebi iyo ìmperiisa~ da imperia ki msoflio eklesia ar aris (igulisxmeba, rom `msoflio krebebi~ iyo ekumenuri, anu berZnul-romauli samyaros krebebi, romelSic, faqtobrivad, imperiis18 SigniT arsebul kaTedraTa episkoposebi monawileobdnen). garda amisa, somxebs mianiSnes, rom isini berZnuli TvalsazrisiT Sedian kesaria-kapadokiis mitropoliaSi, amitomac araa saWiro maTi gansakuTrebuli miwveva msoflio krebaze. somxeTi siriis gziT win aRudga `qalkedonitebs~. am dros TviT saimperatoro karzec mimdinareobda sarwmunoebrivi WeSmaritebis Zieba (bizantiaSi). 491 wels somxeTis krebam dedaqalaq vaRarSapatSi miiRo henotikoni zenonisa da Tanabrad dagmo nestoric da evtixic. uaryo agreTve qalkedonis kreba, romelmac TiTqosda daamtkica òri saxe~. 491 wlis vaRarSapatis dadgenileba ase JRers: `Cven, somxebi da berZnebi, qarTvelebi da albanelebi, romlebic vaRiarebT erT WeSmarit sarwmunoebas, gadmocemulT wmida mamebis mier sam msoflio krebaze, uarvyofT iseT RvTissagmob sityvas (e.i. rom qristeSi ori gansxvavebuli saxea) da erTsulovnad gadavcemT anaTemas yovelive msgavss~. esaa is sarwmunoeba, romelic im dros bizantiaSi iyo gavrcelebuli saimperatoro karis mier (zenonis henotikoni) da is aRiares berZnebma, somxebma, qarTvelebma da albanelebma. `kreba gaxda istoriuli gamyofi berZnul marTlmadideblobasa da somxur grigorianul aRmsareblobas Soris. droebiT ganSorda berZnul mar-
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Tlmadideblobas qarTuli eklesiac. vaRarSapatis krebaze monawileoba miiRes mezobelma kaTalikosebma saqarTvelosa da alvaneTisa~, _ wers kartaSevi, magram am krebis dokumenti xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom im dros qarTvelebsa da berZnebs erTiani sarwmunoeba hqondaT, sxva xalxebsac aseve. `527 wlis dvinis axalma krebam kidev ufro gaaRrmava gansxvavebaganyofa berZnul marTlmadideblobasa da somxur grigorianul aRmsareblobas Soris. krebam moiTxova eRiarebinaT qristeSi erTi buneba(!). imisaTvis, rom es erTbunebianoba ufro kargad warmoeCinaT, daadgines, erT dRes edResaswaulaT Soba da RvTis gancxadeba 6 ianvars. dadginda rom evqaristiis (ziarebis) saidumlo SeesrulebinaT aufuebeli puriT da mxolod wyalgaureveli RviniT. aqve `samwmidaos~ galobas Tan daurTes monofizituri sityva-damateba: `romelic CvenTvis jvars ecvi~. am dros aekrZalaT somxebs ierusalimSi salocavad gamgzavreba da berZnebTan urTierToba. es kreba, 527 wels, nakarnaxevi iyo antiberZnuli ganwyobilebiT, rac gamowveuli iyo Semdegi garemoebiT: 518 wels, iustine I-is gamefebis Semdeg, konstantinopolSi daiwyo zeimi (aRorZineba) qalkedonitobisa. manamde monofizitebs imperiaSi mtkice poziciebi ekavaT. imperatorma vasiliskom uaryo qalkedoniis kreba. aleqsandriaSi, siriasa da palestinaSi monofizitebi Zlierdebodnen da devnidnen qalkedonitebs... TviT imperiis mTavar taZarSi konstantinopolis aia-sofiaSi 512 wels Seitanes monofizituri samwmidao galoba _ `jvars ecvi~. qalaqSi daiwyo brZolebi morwmuneTa Soris. 518 wels axalma imperatorma monofizituri galoba akrZala, moiwvia kreba. `romis sarwmunoeba~, anu qalkedonitizmi aRsdga. im mizezis gamo, rom konstantinopolis imperiam 518 wlidan sruliad aRadgina qalkedonitoba, somxebma sparsTa gavleniT, Tavis sarwmunoebad antikonstantinopoluri sarwmunoeba _ monofizitoba miiRes 527 wels. am droisaTvis sparselebi Sinagani aSlilobis gamo Zalian aamebdnen da ufrTxildebodnen somxebs, gaafarToves maTi TviTmmarTvelobis formebi. 518 wels erovnuli mTavrobac ki dauniSnes, misces erovnebiT somexi mTavari (aRsaniSnavia, rom swored am dros sparselebma qarTlSi mefoba gaauqmes). `TiTqosda qalkedonis krebis paralelurad (451 w.) dvinis krebam (igulisxmeba 527 w.) somex kaTalikosebs mianiWa patriarqis tituli, radganac qalkedonis krebaze patriarqebi uwodes _ romael, konstantinopolel, aleqsandriel, antioqiel da ierusalimel mRvdelmTavrebs~.19
b. somxeTi iustinianedan ereklemde

a. kartaSevi ganagrZobs: _ ìustinianes hqonda gamaerTianebeli _ Semrigeblur-kompromisuli politika (igulisxmeba qalkedonitTa da monofizitTa
648
Soris). aman aRZra imedi somxebis SemoerTebisa. somxur eklesiaSi gaZlierda moZraoba berZnul eklesiasTan SesaerTeblad. iustiniane xazgasmiT efereboda da pativs scemda somxeTis berZnul nawils. aSenebda somxeTis berZnul nawilSi eklesiebsa da monastrebs, sjida berZen Cinovnikebs xelisuflebis borotad gamoyenebisaTvis, amyarebda wesrigs, 553 wels marTalia, V msoflio krebas somxuri eklesia ar eswreboda, magram igulisxmeboda igi iyo berZnebTan kavSirSi. 571 wels somxeTis ajanyebam sparsTa winaaRmdeg vardan II-is meTaurobiT gaaZliera simpaTiebi berZnebis mimarT. marTalia, ajanyeba sparselebma CaaxSes, magram 589 wels is gadaizarda somxebisa da berZnebis samxedro kavSirSi, radganac imperatori mavrike ereoda sparsTa Sinaur saqmeebSi da taxtze dasva Sahi xosro. xosrom berZenTa imperator mavrikes dauTmo somxeTis nawili da naxevari saqarTvelo. am dros aRiZra moZraoba berZnebTan SesaerTeblad. daiwyo kamaTi, krebebi. Sedegad berZnebisadmi daqvemdebarebul somxeTis nawilSi gaimarjva marTlmadideblobam. somxeTis berZnul nawilSi somxebma airCies marTlmadidebeli kaTalikosi ioane III, romelic marTavda qalkedonitur somxur eklesias 616 wlamde. am wels is tyved Caigdo xosrom da waiyvana, maSin xosrom mTeli mcire azia dai pyro. `qarTveli kaTalikosi kirioni, anu kironi aseve gadavida berZnuli marTlmadideblobis mxares da amiT mospo TiTqmis 70-wliani yofna Tavisi eklesiisa monofizitobaSi mezobeli somxebis gavlenis qveS~.20 magram sparseTis somxeTis kaTalikosebma moiwvies kreba da dawyevles qalkedonis kreba da akurTxes Tavisi vaRarSapatis 491 wlis da dvinis 527 wlis krebebi. qarTuli eklesiis berZnebis mxareze gadasvlis gamo, somxebma 596 wels moiwvies kreba dvinSi da daadgines, ganSorebodnen qarTvelebs saSineli wyevliT. es kamaTi somxebTan daexmara qarTvelebs ganmtkicebuliyvnen berZnul marTlmadideblobaSi. 611-617 wlebSi xosrom didi warmatebiT Seutia bizantias, daiwyo misi gamarjvebuli svla bizantiis miwebze, dai pyro somxeTis berZnuli nawili. xosro somexTa kaTalikosebma aRiares megobrad, radganac somexi kaTalikosebis msgavsad, xosro qalkedonitobis mteri iyo. sparselebma aiZules yvela somexi (yofil berZnul somxeTSi mcxovrebni) mieRoT monofizitoba da uareyoT qalkedonitoba, amisaTvis xosrom Tavis sasaxleSi moiwvia sagangebo kreba, ris Sedegadac aiZula da daavaldebula yvela somexi mieRoT monofiziti kaTalikosebis rwmena. magram erekle keisarma male daamarcxa xosro da amiT gaaTavisufla qalkedonitTa sindisi. ereklem Caatara sawinaaRmdego politika da droebiT SeierTa somxebi.21
649
g. erekles religiuri politika da somxuri eklesiis nawilis SeerTeba

bizantiis imperator erekles TvalsazrisiT imperiis erTianoba miiRweoda rwmenis erTianobis saSualebiT. konstantinopolis patriarqi sergei erekles koronaciis (610 w.) Semdeg daumegobrda erekles.22 is iyo misi mrCeveli. 626 wels erekle iyo lazikaSi, qalaq fazisSi (foTSi). aq man molaparakeba daiwyo fazisis mitropolitTan _ kirTan. `kiri aq iyo mezoblad qarTuli eklesiisa da meTaurobda berZnulenovan marTlmadideblebs. TviT kirma icoda siriuli ena da SeiZleba siriidanac iyo. kiri dainteresda marTlmadideblebis monofizitebTan kompromisiT. patriarqma sergim kirs gaugzavna saRvTismetyvelo gasaRebi. kirs uxaroda qarTvelTa dabruneba marTlmadideblobaSi da imedi hqonda somxebze imoqmedebda kompromisiT (monoenergizmiT). irakli kmayofili iyo da gadawyvita kiri aleqsandriis kaTedraze aeyvana.23 somxuri eklesiis nawilis SeerTeba berZnebTan (sarwmunoebrivad) moxda kaTalikos ezras erTpirovnuli gadawyvetilebiT. ezra Tavis banakSi gamoiZaxa imperatorma ereklem. aq ezra eziara da swira, aqve somexTa kaTalikosma gadawyvita SeerTeboda berZnul ierarqias. ezra cxovrobda somxeTis berZnul nawilSi da ebrZoda mis mowinaaRmdege kaTalikos qristefores. iraklis mier rwmenis aRmsarebloba miwodebuli iyo somxebisaTvis misaRebi saxiT. amis Semdeg somxebis am teritoriaze (e.i. berZnul somxeTSi) somxuri eklesiisa da berZnul-marTlmadidebluri eklesiis erToba gagrZelda 85 wels _ 6 kaTalikosis dros. am dros somxur eklesiaSi SemoiRes afuebuli puri da Tbilwyaldamatebuli Rvino (ziarebisas) da agreTve 25 dekembers aRniSnavdnen Sobas. magram sxvaobis garkveuli odenoba arsebobda da darCenili iyvnen disidentebi. berZnebma sirieli iakobitebi SeierTes 630 wels da aleqsandrieli monofizitebi _ 632 wels. 634 wlidan palestinaSi Sevidnen muslimani arabebi. meore xalif omaris (634-644) dros aiRes damasko da ierusalimi (638 w.). siriis qalaqebi advilad bardebodnen arabebs da siamovnebiT debdnen maTTan xelSekrulebas. disidentebi (igulisxmeba berZnuli sarwmunoebis mowinaaRmdegeni) sixaruliT xvdebodnen musulmanebs, berZenTa zizRis gamo. erekle gardaicvala 641 wlis 11 Tebervals.24
650
d. VI msoflio kreba
VI msoflio krebam dagmo monoTelitoba (681 w.). `monoTelitoba-monoenergizmi, VII saukuneSi aRmosavleTis qristianul eklesiaSi gabatonebuli moZRvrebaa. monoTelitobis mixedviT, qristeSi ori bunebaa mocemuli, magram misi neba da qmedeba erTia _ RmerTkacuri. am dogmaturi formulis mizani iyo diofizitebisa da monofizitebis gaerTianeba orive mimdinareobisaTvis garkveuli daTmobiT da bizantiis imperiisaTvis aRmosavleTis monofizituri provinciebis Semomtkiceba. monoTelituri dogmati Camoyalibda 620-iani wlebis kavkasiaSi herakle keisris, sergi konstantinopolelisa da kiros fasiselis TaTbirisa da mimoweris Sedegad. xolo 633 wels gamoaqveyna aleqsandriis patriaqris saydarze gamosulma kiros fasiselma. monofizitebma monoTelituri unia Tavis gamarjvebad miiCnies, xolo qalkedonelebi mas sofron palestinelis meTaurobiT win aRudgnen. bizantiis samefo karma da eklesiam ukan daixia. 638 wels gamoqveynda `sarwmunoebis gardamocema~, romliTac aikrZala kamaTi qristes `qmedebaTa~ Sesaxeb, xolo ZalaSi darCa dogmati qristes èrTi nebis~ Sesaxeb. savaraudoa, rom VII saukuneSi kavkasiis eklesiebis oficialuri mrwamsi monoTelituri iyo. 680-681 wlebSi VI msoflio saeklesio krebam monoTelitoba mwvaleblobad gamoacxada, dawyevla da yvela monoTelituri Txzuleba dawva~.25 monoTelitoba kvlav aRadgina imperatorma vardan fili pikma, romelic erovnebiT somexi iyo, monoTeliti. kartaSevi ganagrZobs _ VI krebis dros, `680 wlis 7 noembridan 681 wlis 16 seqtembramde Sesdga sul 18 sxdoma. krebis monawileTa raodenoba izrdeboda da bolos miaRwia 174-s. makari antioqielis dakiTxvis Semdeg krebaze aRar darCnen monoTelitebi. makaris bedi gadawyda. is jiutobda, magram gadaayenes. makaris nacvlad antioqielma samRvdeloebam airCia Teofani. makarTan kamaTis Semdeg waikiTxes warsulis werilebi _ sofronis epistole, `Tavebi~ kirisa, sergis werilebi, gonoris pasuxi. sofronis epistoles garda yvela gadasces anaTemas. es iyo me-13 sxdomaze _ 28.03.681 w. daiwera _ ùnda aRixocos eklesiidan saxelebi: sergisa, romelmac pirvelad dawera am upatiosno swavlebis Sesaxeb, kir aleqsandrielisa, pirosisa, pavlesi da petre konstantinepolelisa da Teodore faranelisa _ yvelas gadavcemT anaTemas. maTTan erTad papi gonoria...~ me-14 sxdoma 5 aprils mTlianad mieZRvna msjelobas jer kidev adre aRmoCenili falsifikatis Sesaxeb V msoflio krebis aqtebSi. saarqivo Ziebam aCvena, rom V krebis aqtebSi patriarq makaris mwerlis, giorgi beris xeliT damatebuli iyo falsifikati, aseve sxva falsifikati _ krebam anaTemas gadasca Cammateblebi. bolo me-18 krebas daeswro 174 episkoposi.
651
konstantine poRonatis Svili, iustiniane II (rinotmiti _ 685-695 da 705711 ww.) simkacriT yvelas aWarbebda. misi imperatorobis pirveli periodis Semdeg taxtze avidnen leonti (695-698) da tiberi (609-705). tiberi Camoagdo iustiniane rinotmitma, romelic xersonesSi iyo gadasaxlebuli. xersonesi xalxmravali savaWro forposti iyo bizantiisa, romelic mas akavSirebda sarmatebTan da skviTebTan. xersonesis mcxovrebni iyvnen xelisuflebismoyvareni da avtonomiuri mmarTveloba gaaCndaT. bizantia Zalze afasebda xersoness _ egvi ptis dakargvis Semdeg purs skviTebidan iRebda. gadasaxlebis dros xersoneselebi iustinianes moepyrnen arastumarTmoyvrulad, amitomac taxtis dabrunebis Semdeg iustinianem gadawyvita mkacrad daesaja xersoneselebi. man 100 aTasi jariskaci dasxa flotze da gagzavna TavridaSi brZanebiT, moespoT yvela mcxovrebi xersonesisa. dampyroblebma mTeli maRali fena gaanadgures, bavSvebs ar klavdnen, danarCenebma Tavs gaqceviT uSveles... iustinianem roca gaigo, rom yvelas ar klavdnen, moiTxova xersoneseli tyveebi masTan mieyvanaT. qariSxalSi daiRupa 73 aTasi tyve. momdevno 711 wels iustinianem xersonesSi gagzavna axali floti brZanebiT _ moespoT yvela cocxali adamiani da gaenadgurebinaT qalaqi. floti ajanyda. mas sxva bizantielebic miemxrnen. amoirCies bizantiidan xersonesSi gadasaxlebuli vardani da gamoacxades imperatorad _ saxeliT filipike. iustiniane da misi vaJi mokles. somexma imperatorma vardane filipikem fuZe daudo isavrosTa _ bizantiel imperatorTa dinastias. erovnebiT somexma imperatorma fili pike-vardanem uaryo VI msoflio kreba da trulis kreba. man gamoacxada monoTelitoba. filipike-vardane iyo aRzrdili stefanesi, romelic iyo mowafe makari antioqielisa, monoTelitTa burjisa VI krebaze. 712 wels fili pikem moiwvia konstantinopolSi kreba, romelmac VI msoflio kreba anaTemas gadasca da aRadgina monoTelitoba. 713 wels filipike Camoagdes. axalma imperatorma anastasi II-m marTlmadideblobis mxare daiWira.26
e. somxuri eklesia monoTelitobis dros

632 wels ezra kaTalikosis mier ereklesTan dadebuli unia ar iyo saxalxo, amitomac mudam wyvetili saxisa iyo. berZnebi TviTon iyvnen damnaSaveni da somxebs aSinebdnen TavianTi monoTelitobiT, _ wers kartaSevi.27 erekle, romelmac 638 wels gamosca Tavisi ektezisi, ar iyo TanxmobaSi qalkedonis krebasTan. somxeTSi Tavi wamoyo antiqalkedonitTa partiam, romelic popularuli iyo, xolo ti posis gamocemis (648 w.) Semdeg somxebi sabolood alaparakdnen, rom sakiTxi qalkedonis Sesaxeb sakamaToa TviT berZnebTan, rom somxebs ara aqvT mizezi, Secvalon grigoris sarwmunoeba `levis~ sarwmunoebaze. kaTalikosi iyo nerses III, aRzrdili saberZneTSi
652
da qalkedonis momxre, magram is iZulebuli gaxda 648 wels moewvia kreba dvinSi, man gamosca epistole monofizituri swavlebiT. imperatorma konsta II-m (641-668 ww.) daarwmuna somxebi, ar daetovebinaT berZnebi. imperatori jariT Sevida karinSi (somxeTSi), mivida dvinSi nersesTan, daniSna mSvidobis liturgia. wirvis dros nersesma aRiara qalkedonis kreba. 663 wels somxeTi moeqca arabTa Zalauflebis qveS da daiwyo kvlav Tavisi gancalkevebuli saeklesio cxovreba, magram unias formalurad kvlav ar uaryofda. somxebma yuradReba ar miaqcies trulis krebis im kanonebs, romelnic sagangebod somxuri Cveulebebis sawinaaRmdegod iyo mimarTuli. am dadgenilebebs mxedvelobaSi hyavdaT somxeTis marTlmadidebluri nawili alvaneTis kaTalikosis meTaurobiT, es iyo (700 wels) nerses-bakuri. is locvebSi moixseniebda berZenTa mefes. amis gamo misma konkurentma, mTavarma kaTalikosma, isaak (sahak) III egiam (iliam) (713-717) daabezRa is arabTa winaSe, rogorc arabTa moRalate. xalifam gagzavna jari da moiTxova, nersess uareyo berZnuli rwmena: sahak-ilia alvaneTSi Cavida xalifas moTxovniT, nersesis kaTedralur qalaq bardavSi. nersesi ar daemorCila, is Sei pyres, daades borkilebi da borkilebSi gardaicvala. maSin Seadgines sagangebo aqti, romelSic uaryofdnen marTlmadideblobas da aRiarebdnen monofizitobas (707 w.), yvelam xeli moawera, xolo somxuri erTiani monofizituri eklesia aRdga.28
v. VII msoflio kreba _ xatmebrZoloba. 787 w.

a. kartaSevi ganagrZobs _ jer kidev 713 wels bizantiis somexi imperatori filipike-vardane apirebda gamoeca kanoni xatebis Tayvaniscemis winaaRmdeg. is ase iyo ganwyobili Tavisi monoTelituri ideologiiTac da Tavisi adgilobrivi somxur-pavlikianuri (eretikuli) aRzrdiTac, romelic mtrobda saeklesio kults, magram xatmebrZoloba daiwyo imperator lev isavrosis (717-741 ww.) dros. igi iyo frigiis samxedro gubernatori (warmoSobiT sirieli _ semiti). iq aRizarda da mieCvia xatmebrZolobas, romelic saerTod miRebuli iyo rogorc somxeTSi warmoSobil pavlikianobaSi, ise frigiul montanistebsa da novatianebSi. 717 wels arabebma alya Semoavles konstantinopols. imperia mxolod dedaqalaqisagan Sesdgeboda. erTi wlis Semdeg, 718 wels arabebma alya moxsnes, dakarges 150 aTasi kaci da male berZnebs arabebma waarTves somxeTi, kapadokia, biTvinia. levma daamarcxa arabebi frigiaSi 740 wels. amas levma miaRwia Zveli armiis reorganizaciiT. Tavisi mmarTvelobis me-10 wels is xatTa winaaRmdeg gamovida _ 754 weli. bizantiis TiTqmis yvela episkoposi (ricxviT 338) gamovida xatebis winaaRmdeg (isavria-siriaSi hyvaoda xatmebrZoluri pavlikianoba da massalianoba).
653
levi mtrulad iyo ganwyobili papis mimarT... aqamde Zveli `didi saberZneTi~, e.i. italiis samxreTi (apulia, kalabria, sicilia), sadac cxovrobdnen berZnebi da am droisaTvis TavianT berZnul enaze laparakobdnen, da agreTve mTeli balkaneTis naxevarkunZuli (axaia, epiri, Tesalia, iliria, makedonia, dakia, mezia, dardania) imperiis Zvel imperatorTa mier dayofis Sesabamisad, iTvleboda dasavleT romis imperiis provinciebad da amitom romis patriarqis saeklesio kuTvnilebad, magram iq saeklesio cxovreba, saeklesio ena, wesi da Cveuleba mimdinareobda ara laTinur, aramed berZnul enaze (e.i. marTalia, balkaneTis naxevarkunZuli samxreT italiasTan erTad papis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda, magram aq saeklesio ena iyo ara laTinuri, aramed berZnuli). laTinuri Cveuleba da ena is-is iyo iwyebda berZnuli enis Seviwroebas italiis samxreTsa da ukidures dasavleTSi (axaiesa da makedoniaSi). imperatorma levma, papis siZulvilis gamo, krebebis gareSe, Secvala sapatriarqoTa sazRvrebi romisa da konstantinopolisa. man ZaliT waarTva iurisdiqcia am vrcel teritoriaze da aseulobiT eparqia da saepiskoposo dauqvemdebara konstantinopolis arqiepiskoposs (e.i. balkaneTis naxevarkunZuli sxva teritoriebTan erTad CamoarTva papis iurisdiqcias da gadasca konstantinopols), ramac gaaRiziana romi. swored es gaRizianeba romsa da konstantinopols Soris safuZvlad daedo patriarq fotis (IX s.) dros eklesiaTa momaval ganxeTqilebas.29 (aRsaniSnavia, rom bizantiis saxelmwifo ena VII saukunis dasawyisamde iyo ara berZnuli, aramed laTinuri). berZnuli ena aq saeklesio ena iyo... kartaSevi ase aRwers bizantiaSi laTinuri saxelmwifo enis Secvlas berZnuli eniT _ imperatori mavriki (582-602) kapadokieli iyo da cudad esmoda laTinuri ena. man sabolood oficialur saxelmwifo enad SemoiRo berZnuli ena laTinuri enis nacvlad (e.i. ukve dawyebuli procesi sabolood daasrula). ès detali asimbolizirebda aRmosavleT romis imperiis (bizantiis) wasvlas dasavleT romis imperiis batonobisagan~.30 imperator levis politikis gamgrZelebeli iyo misi Svili konstantine V (741-775), romelmac xatmebrZoloba devnamde miiyvana. mas uwodebdnen `kopronims~ (nexvians). qarTulad ki, rogorc es matianedan Cans, `skore~ erqva (amJamadac `skore~ _ frinvelis ganavals qvia). mas aujanyda misi dis qmari, somexi ardavazdi (romelic mxedarTmTavari iyo somxeTSi arabTa winaaRmdeg). ardavazdi Cavida konstantinopolSi, xelSi aiRo xelisufleba da gamoacxada xatTayvaniscema. erTi wlis Semdeg imperatorma konstantinem xelisufleba daibruna. 754 wels Catarda xatmebrZolTa kreba. daiwyo eklesiebidan xatebis gamotana. xatTayvanismcemeli berebi midiodnen emigraciaSi _ Savi zRvis Crdilo sanapiroze, yirimSi, xersonesSi, arabTa mier dapyrobil antioqiasa da aleqsandriis sapatriarqoebSi, sadac ar iyo devna. ber-monazvnoba gamocxadda danaSaulad, maT awamebdnen da klavdnen.
654
garda konstantinopolisa, sxva sapatriarqoebSi, romelnic im dros imperiis gareT mdebareobdnen, srulebiT wynarad uyurebdnen bizantiur kamaTs. irines mefobisas (Tavis Svil konstantine VI-sTan erTad (780-790) xatTayvaniscema aRsdga. berebi ukan brundebodnen, magram es politika frTxilad tardeboda. VII msoflio kreba (787 w.) Catarda nikeaSi, romelic axlos iyo dedaqalaqTan _ irinesa da konstantines dros. Catarda 8 sxdoma. I nikeaSi 24.09. bolo 787 wels 24.10. konstantinopolSi. mas eswreboda 350-368 wevri. xatTayvaniscema aRsdga. dadginda: `safuZveli xatTayvaniscemisa _ esaa eklesiis gadmocema; ukamaTo saxe (nimuSi) _ jvris Tayvaniscema...~ 788 wels irinem gadawyvita ganeSorebina 18 wlis konstantine sacolisagan da misTvis misi nebis sawinaaRmdegod SeerTo somexi maria. konstantines simkacrem SeTqmulTa mimarT TviT somxeTSi ajanyeba gamoiwvia (793). konstantine gaSorda somex marias. irine 797-802 ww-Si erTmmarTveli gaxda. misi Camogdebis Semdeg 802 wlidan 860 wlamde basili I makedonelis (860) gamefebamde saimperatoro taxtze avida ori arabi, erTi arabcoliani berZeni, erTi somexi da sami frigieli; maTTvis xatebis Tayvaniscema ucxo iyo. xatTayvaniscema ufro èlinur~ dasavleTis provinciebSi (sicilia, samxreT italia, aqaia-aTenSi) iyo gavrcelebuli. jari, ZiriTadad, somxuri provinciebidan iyo da somxur provinciebSi daqiravebuli jariskacebisagan Sedgeboda, romlebic xatTayvaniscemas kerpTayvanismcemlobasTan aigivebdnen. imperatorebis nikoforesa (802-811) da mixail I rangaves (811-813) (romelic yofili ministri _ kurapalati iyo sasaxleSi), Semdeg imperatori gaxda lev V somexi (813-820) _ xatmebrZoli. 815 wels Catarda meore xatmebrZoluri kreba. am krebam Zala daubruna 754 wlis xatmebrZolur krebas, xolo 787 wels xatTayvanismcemluri kreba Zaladakargulad gamocxadda. imperatori mixeil II travli (820-829) pavlikiani iyo, romelsac ewodeboda aTigani. zogierTi bizantisti aigivebs maT `cignebTan~. is religiuri sindisis damcveli iyo, amitomac xatTayvanismcemlebs ar devnida. 822-823 ww. ajanyda Toma slavi, man miimxro spars-somex-qarTvel-kavkasielebi. imperatori Teofile (829-842) xatmebrZoli iyo. man SeirTo naxevradsomexi Teodora. qmris sikvdilis Semdeg Teodora gamefda. mas hyavda Ze _ 38 wlis mixail III. saxelmwifos marTavda mcire jgufi somxebisa _ Teodoras naTesavebi. mmarTvelebi erovnebiT somxebi logoTeti Teokrite, barda, Teodoras Zma da magistrosi manuili _ gvardiuli korpusis meTauri _ Teodoras biZa. saxelmwifoSi iseTi atmosfero iyo, rom yvela regentma gadawyvita aRedginaT xatebis Tayvaniscema da SeewyvitaT devna. gadasaxlebulebi gaaTavisufles. 843 wlis 11 marts, didmarxvis pirvel kviras erisa da samRvdeloebis saerTo wirvaze aRsdga xatebis Tayvaniscema Teodorasa da misi regentebis mier. es aris saeklesio dResaswaulis _ `marTlmadideblobis zeimis~ dRe.31
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z. somxuri eklesia VIII-X saukuneebSi

707 wels xalifas gulis mosagebad somxurma eklesiam kavSiri gawyvita (formalurad) berZnul eklesiasTan da gaagrZela Tavisi erovnul-monofizituri cxovreba. kaTalikosma ioane oZunelma (717-729) moiwvia kreba siriel iakobitebTan erTad manaskertSi da anaTemas gadasca eretikosebi (e.i marTlmadideblebi), aikrZala berZnuli Cvevebis darCenili saeklesio naSTebi, aikrZala afuebuli puri(!), aikrZala Sobis dResaswauli 25 dekembers, gancalkevebiT gancxadebisagan (6 ianvrisagan) aikrZala didmarxvis yvela dReebSi Tevzis, Rvinisa da zeTis gamoyeneba. male somxuri eklesia mivida Tavis xatmebrZolobamde. xatebi im dros somxebs ar hqondaT, magram Tayvans scemdnen jvrebsa da nawilebs. xatebs eklesiebSi dekoraciuli mizniT kidebdnen, amitomac eklesiebs TiTqmis ar xatavdnen. moxatavdnen xolme arabeskebiTa da CitebiT, xanac srulebiT ar xatavdnen. roca X saukunis bolos kaTalikosma vaganma gamoiCina siyvaruli berZnuli ikonostasebis mimarT, is taxtidan Camoagdes.32 zemoT moyvanilidan naTlad Cans, rom V-X saukuneebSi somxuri eklesia iyo mZlavri organizacia, romelic Tavisi gavlenis sferoSi moicavda istoriuli somxeTis gareT myof teritoriebsac (alvaneTs VII-X saukuneebSi, taosa da samxreT saqarTvelos VI-VII saukuneebSi da qvemo qarTls IXX saukuneebSi). TviT somxur eklesias angariSs uwevdnen bizantiis imperiaSi. saimperatoro karze didi gavlena hqondaT somxebs. sparseTis SahebisaTvis somxuri eklesia srulebiT misaRebi iyo da pativcemuli. arabebic aseve aZlierebdnen somxur eklesias, amitomac amgvar situaciaSi gacilebiT ufro SesaZlebeli iyo qarTvelebs mieRoT imperiebis mier pativcemuli somxuri sarwmunoeba da gadaqceuliyvnen somxuri eklesiis samwysod, vidre is, rom somxebs mieRoT qalkedonitoba da amis gamo isini `gaqarTvelebuliyvnen~. miT umetes, rom TviT somxur eklesiaSi qalkedonituri frTa Zlieri iyo IX-X saukuneebSic ki.
somxuri eklesiis pretenziebi qarTuli eklesiis dauflebisaTvis

somxuri eklesia sparsTa da arabTa imperiebma usazRvrod ganadides,33 gaaZlieres, somxebs daumorCiles sxva arasomexi xalxebi, sxva qristianuli eklesiebi, kerZod, istorikos sebeosis Tanaxmad, sparselebma VII saukunis 10-ian wlebSi somxur eklesias daumorCiles sxva arasomexi qristianuli eklesiebi imiT, rom sparseTis imperiaSi mcxovrebi qristianebi aiZules mieRoT `somxuri sarwmunoeba~, amasve aRniSnavs mose kalankatuelic, arabTa xalifam somxebs ierarqiulad dauqvemdebara albaneTis eklesia,
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riTac am eklesiis avtokefalia gauqmda. amis Semdeg srulebiT moispo albanTa eklesiis nacionaluri saxe da is gasomxda. am eklesiis gasomxeba, kerZod, imiT gamoixata, rom xmarebidan ganidevna albanuri damwerloba, romlis adgili aq daiWira somxurma anbanma (anu, rac igivea, mesrop maStocis anbanma). aq dainerga somxuri wirva-locvis wesi da alvanTa eklesia daemorCila `wmida grigoris taxts~, anu dvinis sakaTalikosos somxeTSi. sruli ufleba gvaqvs, imdroindeli saerTaSoriso situaciidan gamomdinare, vifiqroT, rom am dros (VI-VII ss.) dampyrobelma imperiebma (sparselebisa da arabebisam) saqarTvelos im miwa-wyalzec gaavrcela somxuri eklesiis gavlena, romelic somxeTis mezoblad mdebareobda. cnobilia, rom berZnul-bizantiuri da somxuri eklesiebi erTmaneTs SeukavSirdnen erekle keisris dros, ufro metic, somxuri eklesiis erTi nawili saerTod SeuerTda berZnul eklesias. kerZod, somxeTis is nawili, romelic bizantiiis imperiis sazRvrebSi arsebobda. berZnul-somxuri eklesiebis erToba gagrZelebula 85 wels, vidre VIII saukunis dasawyisamde, rogorc a. kartaSevi wers: _ `somxuri eklesiis nawilis SeerTeba berZnebTan (sarwmunoebrivad) moxda kaTalikos ezras erTpirovnuli gadawyvetilebiT. ezra Tavis banakSi gamoiZaxa imperatorma iraklim. aq ezra eziara da swira, aqve somexTa kaTalikosma gadawyvita SeerTeboda berZnul ierarqias. ezra cxovrobda somxeTis berZnul nawilSi da ebrZoda mis mowinaaRmdege kaTalikos qristefores. iraklis mier rwmenis aRmsarebloba mowodebuli iyo somxebisaTvis misaRebi saxiT. maSasadame, VII saukunis dasawyisamde berZnul somxeTSi SeiZleba iTqvas, arsebobda marTlmadidebluri qalkedonuri eklesia. ziarebisas gamoiyeneboda afuebuli puri da wyalgareuli Rvino (rogorc qarTul eklesiaSi). cnobilia, rom tao (da mesxeTis zogierTi nawili) politikuri TvalsazrisiT VII saukuneSi somxeTis SemadgenlobaSia. taos (da mesxeTis sxva nawilebs) miiCneven bizantiur somxeTSi Semaval teritoriad, amitomac taos da mesxeTis zogierT nawilSi bizantiur-somxuri eklesiebis èrTobis~ dros batonobda marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoeba, oRond aq eklesiebSi wirva-locvis dros gamoiyeneboda somxuri ena. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ara marto berZnul somxeTSi, aramed saerTod somxeTSi, somexTa kaTalikos eliamde ase Tu ise qalkedonuri sarwmunoeba arsebobda. somxeTSi 663 wlis Semdeg arabTa Zalaufleba damyarda. somxebma ar uaryves ùnia~ berZnebTan. magram imis Semdeg, rac arabTa xelisuflebasTan somexma samRvdeloebam daamyara megobruli urTierToba, xolo 681 wels VI msoflio krebam dagmo monoTelitoba, somxeTma TandaTanobiT gawyvita saeklesio urTierToba bizantiasTan, arabTa xelisuflebac amis msurveli iyo. arabebTan axlo urTierToba daamyares somexTa kaTalikosebma sahak III Zoraforecma (677-703); ilia (elia) I-ma (703-717); hovhanes oZnecma (717-728).
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swored maT dros somxurma eklesiam uaryo erToba berZnul eklesiasTan da sabolood daubrunda monofizitobas. kaTalikos sahak III-s arabTa sardali Sehpirebia `...Sevasruleb da gavakeTeb yovelives, rasac werilSi iTxov Cemgan da dae, Seni RvTisnieri locva-kurTxeva aRsruldes Cems mimarT~. sahak kaTalikosis Tanmxlebma pirebma arabi sardlis `werilobiTi fici wamoiRes da dabrundnen somexTa qveyanaSi~. somxebma irwmunes es fici da àmis Semdeg monuri morCilebiT emsaxurebodnen ismaitelebs~, _ wers istorikosi Revondi.34 cnobilia, arabTa mxardaWeriT Tu rogor sastikad dasaja somexTa kaTalikosma eliam albaneTis avtokefaluri eklesia da misi kaTalikosi bizantiuri orientaciis gamo. elias Semdgomi kaTalikosi hovhanesic arabTaTvis sasurveli kacia. TviT arabTa xalifam masTan xelSekruleba dado. arabebma somxuri eklesiis saxiT dasayrdeni SeiZines somxeTsa da dapyrobil amierkavkasiaSi. arabebs iseTi kargi urTierToba hqondaT somex samRvdeloebasTan, rom legendac ki Seqmnila, TiTqosda TviT winaswarmetyvel muhameds daudevs xelSekruleba somxebTan. `hovhanesi Turme imdeni uqiaT xalifa omar II-saTvis (717-720), rom mas saocrad mondomebia exila es sakvirveli pirovneba da TavisTan miewvia kidec... kaTalikosma sTxova xalifas, rom somexTaTvis rwmenis Tavisufleba mieniWebina da gadasaxadi ar moeTxova somxuri eklesiisaTvis. xalifam daakmayofila hovhanesis Txovna, riTac arabTa xelisufleba dasayrdens iZenda somxeTSi... somexTa Soris bolo xanebamde SemorCenilia gadmocemebi arabTa mfarvelobiT hovhanes oZnecis brZolis Taobaze qalkedonianobisa da bizantiis winaaRmdeg... erTi somxuri Tqmulebis mixedviT, viTomc TviT islamis fuZemdebels, winaswarmetyvel muhameds daudvia xelSekruleba somxebTan, romliTac rwmenis Tavisufleba miuniWebia maTTvis, amasTanave mRvdlebi, aznaurebi da mxedrebic gauTavisuflebia gadasaxadebisagan. arabebTan zavis dasamyareblad wasul somexTa zemoxsenebul kaTalikos sahak III-s, TiTqos xelT hqonda aRniSnuli xelSekruleba~.35 arabebi gansakuTrebiT devnidnen qarTvel mefeTa samefo saxls. dasces igi, xolo amave dros somxeTSi mefoba aRadgines. `matiane qarTlisaAs~ Tanaxmad, romelic cnobilia, rogorc umetes SemTxvevaSi sinamdvilis simarTliT aRmweri Txzuleba, arabebi devnidnen xosroian-gorgaslianTa qarTul samefo saxls. _ `xolo amieriTgan iwyo Semcirebad mefobaman didTa mefeTa xuasroanTman. pirvelad, ufleba sarkinozTa gandidna da mierTagan mieca yoveli ese qveyana JamiTi-Jamad rbevasa da oxrebasa. meored iqna simravle mTavarTa qveyanasa qarTlisasa da Seeria brZola, iqmnes mter urTierTs da ukeTu vinme gamoCndis SvilTa Soris vaxtangisTa, romelimca Rirs iyo mefed, iqmnis Semcirebul sarkinozTagan. rameTu dai pyres qalaqi
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tfilisi agarianTa, Seqmnes saxlad sayofelad Tvisad, miiRebdes xarksa qveyanasa amisgan, romelsa hqvian xaraja, rameTu gangebiTa RmrTisaTa simravlisaTvis codvaTa CvenTasa gandidna naTesavi agarianTa~.36 qarTveli mefeebis gandevnisa da samefo saxlis ganadgurebis Semdeg arabebma somexi mefe aSot I cnes qarTvelTa mefedac. aSot I da misi memkvidreebi wyaroebSi ixsenieba rogorc `somexTa da qarTvelTa mefeebad~. aSot erkaTi somexTa da qarTvelTa SahinSahis tituliTac ixsenieba. somexi mefeebi, romelnic arabebma `qarTvelTa mefeebadac~ gamoacxades, ar cnes kaxeTis, dasavleT saqarTvelos da tao-klarjeTis qarTvelebma. am somex mefeebs xeli miuwvdebodaT mxolod Sida da qvemo qarTlze IX-X saukuneebSi, XI saukunis dasawyisSic. xolo qvemo qarTlSic saerTod Seiqmna somxuri, e.w. kvirikinTa samefo. saqarTvelos centrSi qvemo da Sida qarTlSi somxurma eklesiam gavlena moi pova, gansakuTrebiT qvemo qarTlSi. swored saqarTvelos gulSi qarTuli eklesiis gavlenis Sesustebis dros, qarTvelebma igrZnes, rom qarTveli xalxis gamaerTianebeli Zala iyo qarTuli eklesia. amitomac qarTvelebi tao-klarjeTSi, dasavleT saqarTvelosa da hereTSi mWidrod erTiandebian qarTuli eklesiis irgvliv. taosa da mimdebare provinciebis qarTveloba VIII saukunis Semdeg, dasavleT saqarTvelos qarTveloba VIIIX saukuneebSi da hereTis qarTveloba X saukuneSi qarTuli eklesiis erTguli mrevli xdeba. amave dros ki swored saqarTvelos gulSi, Sida da qvemo qarTlSi, xeli naklebad miuwvdeba qarTul eklesias, aq somxuri eklesiis (gansakuTrebiT qvemo qarTlSi) gavlena vrceldeba arabTa xelSewyobiT. `bizantiis sazRvarze, e.w. sasazRvro zonaSi, saxelmwifos yuradReba upirvelesad sam qveyanazea mi pyrobili. esenia: asureTi, ufro sworad, misi Crdilo nawili, zemo SuamdinareTi (jazira) da somxeTi _ amis gamo saxalifo xelisufleba yoveli RoniT cdilobda somxeTSi Tavisi Zalauflebis ganmtkicebas. somxeTis eklesiisa Tu saero zedafenis erTi nawilis saxiT SedarebiT saimedo dasayrdeni gaiCina. amgvari viTarebis Sedegia, rom somexi bagratunebi xSirad saxalifos keTilganwyobilebiT sargeblobdnen da maTi Zalauflebac TandaTan mtkicdeboda somxeTSi... swored amgvar pirobebSi moxda, rom saxalifos nebiTa Tu TanxmobiT somxeTis mTavari aSot I jer 862 wels somxeTis mTavarTa-mTavari gaxda, xolo 884/85 wels aRdgenil iqna V s-is pirvel mesamedSi (428 w.) gauqmebuli, dacemuli somxeTis samefo. saxalifos nebarTviT aRdgenili somxeTis samefos taxtze igive aSot I aiyvanes... xalifebi somex xelisufalTa gamoyenebiT, maTi meSveobiTac apirebdnen somxeTSi arsebul, centraluri xelisuflebisagan gandgomis mosurne arabuli saamiroebis daqvemdebarebas. vfiqrobT, swored ase unda gavigoT is faqti, rom aSot I-is xelisuflebas saxalifos nebiT
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unda damorCilebodnen istoriuli somxeTis teritoriaze mdebare arabuli saamiroebic... aseT viTarebaSi savsebiT mosalodnelia, saxalifo kars somexTa xelisufali aSot I qarTlis mTavradac ecno. marTlac, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, aSot I SedarebiT mogviano xanis somxur wyaroebSi ixsenieba ara marto somexTa, aramed `somexTa da qarTvelTa mTavarTa-mTavrad~. aseve aSot I da misi memkvidreebi somxur wyaroebSive `somexTa da qarTvelTa mefeebad~ iwodebian. dReisaTvis araerTi mkvlevaria im azrisa, rom `somexTa da qarTvelTa mTavarTa mTavris~ tituli aSot I-s swored xalifam uwyaloba. aseve, 922 wels xalifas unda eboZebina somexTa mefe aSot erkaTisTvis ara marto somexTa, aramed `somexTa da qarTvelTa SahinSahis~ tituli... rac 862 wels aSot I-s saxalifom `mTavarTa mTavris~ tituli uboZa, misTvis qarTlze meTvalyureobac unda miendo... radgan xalifebma somex xelisufalTa gamoyenebac scades somxeTis orguli amirebis dasaqvemdebareblad, bunebrivia, Tbilisis saamirosa da sazogadod `mourjulebel~ qarTlze aSot I-isTvis daekisrebinaT Tvalyuris devneba... arc aSot I-s da mis memkvidreebs ar SeswevdaT Zala mTeli qarTlis dasamorCileblad, Tumca, am mimarTulebiT maT erTgvar warmatebas mainc miaRwies. somexma mefeebma SesZles esargeblaT qarTvel xelisufalTa Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobiT, kerZod, guram mamfalis saxlis ganadgurebiT, agreTve Tbilisis amirebis sisustiT da TandaTan qvemo qarTlis mniSvnelovani nawili daisakuTres. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom arabTa batonobis Sesustebis Jams somxeTi TiTqmis erTian qveyanas, erTian saxelmwifos warmoadgenda~.37 Tu Tbilisis saamiro da qvemo qarTli somex mefeebs daemorCila, maT qarTlis umetes nawilzec (igulisxmeba Sida qarTli) gavlena eqnebodaT. Cans, am mizeziTac iyo gamowveuli is, rom kaxeTis, egris-afxazeTis Tu taoklarjeTis konsolidaciisa da am kuTxeebSi centralizebuli qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebis gaCenis Semdeg Sida qarTli kvlav daSlildayofili iyo ramdenime sagvareulos Soris, xolo qvemo qarTlSi saerTod qarTul-erovnuli mmarTvelobiTi institutis nacvlad somxur-qarTuli samefo warmoiqmna (qarTuli imdenad, ramdenadac am kuTxis mosaxleoba eTnikurad qarTvelebs warmoadgenda, grigorianuli sarwmunoebis mqones anu `somxebs~). somxeTis samefos aRdgenis Semdeg somex mefeTa mTel samflobeloSi vrceldeba `somxuri sarwmunoeba~. aRsaniSnavia, rom TviT arabi mmarTvelebic ki xels uwyobdnen somxuri sarwmunoebis gavrcelebas. im mizezis gamo, rom qvemo qarTli somexi mefeebis xelqveiT moeqca, aq intensiurad vrceldeba grigorianoba. somex istorikos drasxanakertcs daculi hqonda cnoba, romlis Tanaxmadac, erTi arabi rjulismoZRvari amxelda, Turme arab mmarTvels somxuri sarwmunoebis gavrcelebis xelSewyobis saqmeSi. erTi mahmadiani rjulis moZRvari Turme ase mimarTavda arab mmarTvels: ganZis gulisaTvis somex qristianTa `moZRvrebis gavrcelebas ratom uwyob xels?~38
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somex mefeebs, romelTac `somexTa da qarTvelTa SahinSahis~ tituli hqondaT arabTagan miRebuli, albaT, xeli unda SeewyoT maTi gavlenis sferoSi moqceuli mezobeli qveynebis, maT Soris, Sida da qvemo qarTlSi `somxuri sarwmunoebis~ gavrcelebisa da qalkedonuri, anu `qarTuli sarwmunoebis~ devnisaTvis. `naTelia, rom somexi mefe-mTavrebi Tu somxuri eklesiis mesveurebi qrTamiT bevr rames aRwevdnen arabTa xelisuflebasTan. am saSualebiT `somxuri qristianobis~ (grigorianobis) gavrcelebasac ki axerxebdnen mezobel mxareebSi. vfiqrobT, SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom aSot I-ma da misma memkvidreebma _ sumbat I-ma da aSot II erkaTma aramarto somexTa, aramed `somexTa da qarTvelTa mTavarTa mTavrisa~ Tu mefis, anda SahinSahis titulebi rom miiRes arabTagan, aSot I-s arabebma rom miandes meTvalyureoba qarTlzec, xsenebul somex xelisufalT am saqmeSic unda daxmarebodaT qrTami, Zvirfasi saCuqrebi, saxalifos karis moqrTamva, mosyidva. sxvaTa Soris, aSot I-s 862 wels `mTavarTa mTavris~ tituli somxeTis arabi mmarTvelis, warmoSobiT somexi ali ibn iahia al-armanis xalifas winaSe SuamdgomlobiT mieniWa... imis gamo, rom bagratunebi mTel kavkasiaSi gabatonebaze ocnebobdnen, isini am mimarTulebiT pirvel rigSi qarTlis daqvemdebarebaze fiqrobdnen, rameTu qarTli ara marto saqarTvelos guls, aramed mTeli kavkasiis bunebriv centrsac warmoadgenda... sakuTriv qarTlSi Zlieri qarTuli politikuri erTeuli arc IX saukunis dasasrulisaTvis da arc momdevno xanebSi ar arsebobda, calkeuli qarTuli samefo-samTavroebic erTmaneTs ebrZodnen pirvelobisaTvis da TiTqmis erTiani somxeTis mefeebma, somexma bagratunebma, rogorc ukve iTqva, moaxerxes droebiT esargeblaT amiT, IX-X saukuneTa mijnaze somexTa mefe pretenzias rom acxadebda TiTqmis mTel saqarTveloze, saxeldobr, qarTlsa da darialzec, amis Sesaxeb araerTi cnoba moi poveba drasxanakertcis `somxeTis istoriaSi~... `...am dros egrisis mefem konstantinem... Sekriba jari da gaemarTa... raTa gugarTa qveyana da alanTa karis axlos mcxovrebi mosaxleoba erTxelve Tavis xelqveiT daemorCilebina, radgan es xalxi sumbat mefes hyavda damorCilebuli da xelqveiTad qceuli~...39 drasxanakertci gugars uwodebs mTel qarTls.40 misi azriT, somxeTs emezoblebian Semdegi xalxebi _ berZnebi, egriselebi, gugarelebi da utielebi.41 utielebi alvanelebi iyvnen, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos qarTvelebs (Sida da qvemo qarTlis mosaxleobas) ki gugarelebs uwodebs. gugarTa qveyana, misi azriT, somxeTis mefes emorCileba. gugarelebi, (anu mTeli aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, qarTvelebi) somexi mefis xelqveiTia, maTze araviTari ufleba ara aqvs egris-afxazeTis mefes _ ase fiqrobs es istorikosi, romelic somxuri eklesiis meTauri _ kaTalikosi iyo. somexTa am kaTalikoss, cxadia, miaCnia, rom mas, iseve rogorc somexTa mefes, sruli ufleba aqvs mTel aRmosavleT saqarTveloze. Cans, es qveyana Tavis samwysod miaCnda.
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swored aseTi Tvalsazrisi edo safuZvlad somxur eklesias, roca is qarTuli eklesiis daqvemdebarebaze pretenzias acxadebda. `sazogadod, somxuri eklesiis didi pretenziebi mecnierebisaTvis kargadaa cnobili. marTalia, somxuri eklesiis mesveurTa miswrafebebs, ierarqiulad somxurisadmi daeqvemdebarebinaT qarTuli eklesiac, praqtikulad TiTqmis araviTari Sedegi ar mohyolia, magram Sexla-Semoxla saukuneebis manZilze grZeldeboda. drodadro qarTul-somxuri eklesiebis urTierToba metismetad, ukiduresobamde mwvavdeboda. qarTlis mimarT somxuri eklesiis pretenziebis `dasasabuTeblad~ somxur garemoSi araerTi legenda warmoiqmna. somxuri eklesia qarTuli eklesiis daqvemdebarebaze pretenzias stefane mtbevaris xanaSic acxadebda, maSin, rodesac qarTuli eklesia aSkarad aRmavlobis, gaZlierebis gzaze idga.42 _ `somxuri eklesiis didi pretenziebi adridanve dasturdeba mas Semdeg, rac VII saukunis damdegs qarTul-somxur eklesiebs Soris ganxeTqileba moxda, qarTuli eklesia TandaTan mWidrod daukavSirda bizantias, berZnul eklesias, xolo somxuri eklesia kvlavindeburad da kidev ufro mkveTrad dapirispirebuli aRmoCnda bizantiis eklesiasTan. sasanidTa iranis msgavsad, arabTa xelisuflebam ganizraxa esargebla amiT da somxuri eklesia Tavis Tanamdgomad eqcia bizantiis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi~.43 a. abdalaZe wers: _ `sxvaTa Soris, IX saukunesa da X saukunis naxevarSic ki SeimCneva somxuri eklesiis erTgvari pretenzia ara marto mTels amierkavkasiaze, aramed Crdilo kavkasiazec~.44 Sida da qvemo qarTlisaTvis brZolisas, qarTvel xelisufalTa da somex mefeTa Soris, cxadia, qarTuli eklesia qarTvel xelisufalTa mxares iyo, radganac somexi mefeebis gabatonebas qarTlSi Sedegad mohyveboda qarTuli eklesiis an ganadgureba, anda somxuri eklesiisadmi daqvemdebareba am kuTxeSi. nawilobriv es asec moxda, qvemo qarTlSi somex mefeTa gabatonebis Semdeg adgilobrivi mkvidri qarTveli mosaxleoba somxuri eklesiis mrevlad iqca. `somex bagratun da lixsiqeTis mefeebs Soris qarTlisaTvis gaCaRebul brZolaSi qarTvelTa kaTalikosebi, mcxeTis sakaTalikoso taxti, ra Tqma unda, lixsiqeTis mefeebs dauWerda mxars, xolo somexTa mefeebs, rac ki SeeZlo, yovelgvari saSualebiT aRudgeboda win, rasac didi mniSvneloba unda hqonoda brZolis bedis lixsiqeTis mefeebis sasargeblod gadawyvetisaTvis. sxva rom ara iyos ra, qarTlSi somex bagratunTa SemoWras mohyveboda mTeli kavkasiis mimarT didi pretenziebis mqone somxuri eklesiis gaZliereba, misi SemoRweva qarTlis olqebSi, rac qarTuli eklesiis Tavkacebs aramc da aramc ar endomebodaT. ...somexTa mefeebTan WidilSi qarTuli eklesia uyoymanod unda damdgariyo lixsiqeTis mefeebis mxareze...45
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SeiZleba gamoiTqvas mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom SesaZloa, IX-X saukuneTa periodSi qarTlis (mcxeTis) kaTalikosi ijda ara mcxeTaSi (qalaqSi), aramed jer guaram mamfalis `samamfloSi~, xolo Semdgom daviT kurapalatis `qarTvelTa samefoSi~. SeiZleba sakaTalikoso kari droebiT, gansakuTrebuli viTarebis gamo qalaq mcxeTaSi ar imyofeboda, Tumca ki mainc kaTalikoss `mcxeTeli mamamTavris~ tituli hqonda, mcxeTas uSualod emezobleboda Tbilisis saamiro. am saamiroze ufleba, rogorc zemoT iyo naTqvami, miniWebuli hqondaT somexTa mefeebs. saerTod, mTel qarTlze somexi mefeebi (da eklesia) pretenzias acxadebdnen. aseve, mcxeTis uSualo mezobeli hereTic, somxuri eklesiis gavlenis sferoSi iyo moqceuli. grigol xanZTelis cxovrebidan Cans, rom mis dros qarTuli eklesiis kreba, romelsac mravali episkoposi eswreboda, Catarda ara mcxeTaSi, aramed javaxeTSi. am krebas axali kaTalikosi unda gamoerCia da taxtze daesva, amitomac mosalodneli iyo am krebis mcxeTaSi, anu sakaTalikoso qalaqSi Catareba, magram mcxeTel kaTalikoss javaxeTSi irCeven. saqme is unda yofiliyo, rom IX saukuneSi qarTlis samxreT miwebze arsebobda politikur-administraciuli erTeuli samamflos saxelwodebiT. samamflo moicavda samcxes, javaxeTs, TrialeTs, artaans, taSirs da abocs. samamflos damaarsebeli iyo aSot didi kurapalatis Ze _ guaram mamfali. guaramis sikvdilis Semdeg (882 w.) samamfloc daiSala da misi erTi nawili gasomxda. swored am samamfloSi unda yofiliyo gadasuli mcxeTis kaTalikosi arab-somexTa Tbilisisaken moZalebis Jams guaram mamfalis dros. amas TiTqosda miuTiTebs is, rom giorgi merCules mier mocemuli cnobis Tanaxmad, mcxeTis kaTalikosis arCeva-dadgenaSi swored upiratesad samcxisa da javaxeTis (anu samamfloSi Semavali provinciebi) eriskacni da samRvdeloni monawileoben. agreTve monawileobda guaram mamfali, romelsac giorgi merCule did mamfals da did xelmwifes uwodebda. samcxe da TrialeTi samamflos ZiriTadi olqebi iyo. guaram mamfali gansakuTrebul yuradRebas rom aqcevda samcxes, iqidanac Cans, rom aq augia cixeebi _ oZrxe, jvaris cixe da lomsianTa. mcxeTeli kaTalikosis karis droebiT samamfloSi yofnas SeiZleba miuTiTebdes is, rom `samcxis ers~ da samcxel xelisufal mirians Zala SeswevT daadginon axali kaTalikosi. giorgi merCule wers... àramed qarTlisa episkoposni mirvani arsenis mamisaTvis friad gulwyebul iyvnes amis mizezisaTvis, rameTu Tvinier ganzraxvisa maTsa mZlavr samcxisa eriTa ZeA Tvisi daadgina kaTalikosad TandgomiTa da kurTxeviTa mciredTa episkoposTaATa~.46 guaram mamfals ki surda, samcxisve episkoposi efrem mawyvereli daedgina kaTalikosad. orive sakaTalikoso kandidati efremica da arsenic, samcxelebi arian. `didi efrem uwinares mravliT wliT arsenisa iqna episkopos awyurisa saydarsa `samcxes~,47 magram `samcxis eris mZlavrobiT sakaTal-
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ikoso taxtze ukve auyvaniaT arseni, arsenis mamis, mirvan samcxeli xelisuflis survilis Tanaxmad. guaram mamfals surda gadaeyenebina sakaTalikoso taxtidan arseni da mis magier efremi daedgina. am mizezis gamo, is unda cdiliyo saeklesio kreba (romelsac ufleba hqonda amgvari moqmedebisa) Caetarebina rac SeiZleba samcxedan Sors, raTa `samcxis ers~ ar hqonoda krebaze zemoqmedebis saSualeba. marTlac, krebas iwveven javaxeTSi. ratom ar iwveven krebas mcxeTaSi an sxvagan? Cans, swored imis gamo, rom samamflo aris is politikuri olqi, sadac Tavisufalad moqmedebs qarTuli eklesia. Cans, mcxeTaSi, Sida qarTlsa da sxva kuTxeebSi arabsomexTa mZlavrobis gamo qarTuli eklesia Tavisuflad ver moqmedebs. cnobilia, rom VIII saukunis Sua wlebSi mcxeTa ise iyo dangreuli, rom iq arCil mefe ver dajda egrisidan dabrunebis Semdeg. _ `xolo garyvnili iyo sayofelad mcxeTa. gardamovida arCil egrisiT da dajda nacixarsa xidrisasa~.48 mcxeTaze ukeTesi samyofeli xidris nacixari yofila, sadac arCili dajda, magram, Cans, aqac yofna SeuZlebeli iyo da is kaxeTSi gadavida, Tumca mainc awames. SeiZleba imis Semdeg, rac qarTlis erismTavrebma (bagrationebma) datoves Sida qarTli da miaSures samxreT saqarTvelos, kaTalikosis taxtic droebiT maT gahyva. albaT amitomacaa, rom guaram mamfali Tavis qveyanaSi iwvevs saeklesio krebas `da swrafad brZana Sekreba episkoposTa da udabnoAsa mamaTa. da yovelni Semokrebs javaxeTs...~ (aRsaniSnavia, rom klarjeTSi am dros saeklesio mSenebloba mimdinareobda, romelic dasrulebuli ar iyo. mcxeTaSi mogvianebiT patriarq melqisedeks aRudgenia taZari da qalaqi (X saukunis bolos da XI saukunis dasawyisSi).49 es imas ar niSnavs, rom qarTul eklesias aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi realuri Zalaufleba ar hqonda, magram radganac es mxare am dros iyo Zalze xSiri omebis asparezi arab-somexTa da qarTvelTa (afxaz, tao-klarjel da kaxel mflobelTa) Soris. amitomac SeiZleba sakaTalikoso kari samamfloSi iyo, xolo samamflos daSlis Semdeg kaTalikosi SeiZleba tao-klarjeTSi daviT kurapalatis karze imyofeboda. iahia antioqieli wers: daviT kurapalatma elCad berZenTa imperatorTan kaTalikosi gaagzavnao. Cven zemoT moyvaniliT mxolod imis Tqma gvsurda, rom qarTuli eklesiis centri ise dasustebuli iyo arab-somexTa Sida da qvemo qarTlze batonobisas, rom mas araviTari Zala ar Seswevda qarTuli qristianoba gaevrcelebina hereTSi, dasavleT saqarTvelosa da taoSi da es mxareebi qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi moeqcia. magram radganac centris amgvari krizisuli yofis drosac ki qarTuli qristianoba mainc gaZlierda hereTSi, dasavleT saqarTvelosa da taoSi, gviCvenebs, rom am provinciebSi qarTulma eklesiam gaimarjva ara garedan Zaldataneba-iZulebis Sedegad, aramed Sinagani moTxovnilebis ZaliT. magaliTad, qarTuli eklesiis centrs Zala ar Seswevda hereTis vrceli mxare moeqcia qalkedonitobaze,
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magram radganac hereTi gaqalkedonitda, miuTiTebs, rom es procesi aq iyo Sinagani moTxovnis Sedegi (e.i. qarTvel xalxTan, qarTul eklesiasTan dabrunebis moTxovna) da ara garedan Zaldatanebisa. aseve iTqmis taosa da dasavleT saqarTvelozec. hereTSi, taosa da dasavleT saqarTveloSi qarTulma eklesiam gaimarjva am kuTxeebis adgilobrivi qarTuli mosaxleobis TviTSegnebisa da TviTSemecnebis gazrdis Sedegad. hereTma da taom uaryves somxeTis eklesia da daubrundnen deda eklesias (romelic am dros dasustebuli iyo), xolo dasavleT saqarTvelos qarTvelebma uaryves berZnuli eklesia da daubrundnen qarTul eklesias. qarTuli eklesia amiT gaZlierda da is gaZlierda periferiebis dabrunebis Semdeg. cxadia, hereTisa da taos dakargvam VII-X saukuneebSi gaaRiziana somxuri eklesia, xolo berZnuli eklesia gaaRiziana dasavleT saqarTvelos dakargvam (VIII-X saukuneebSi), aman TiTqosda SeakavSira bizantiel-somexi ierarqebi qarTuli eklesiis sawinaaRmdegod. konstantinopolis patriarqs nikoloz mistikoss (901-907, 911-925) werili miuweria somexTa kaTalikos-patriarqisaTvis: `...Seni RvTismoyvareobisaTvis vgoneb ar aris gaugebari Cveni gulis didi wuxili da daunelebeli tkivili somexTa, qarTvelTa da alvanelTa Sendami rwmunebuli erToblivi samwysosaTvis mware Wiris gamo, romelic Tavs dagatydaT ismaitel moZaladeTgan. ...aw Tu Tqveni uwmidesoba marTebulad miiCnevs, upirvelesad yovlisa saWiroa... RmerTis mimarT vedreba somexTa, qarTvelTa da alvanelTa Seni sawymsosaTvis... werili gamougzavneT mag kurapalatsac (qarTvelTa mefe àdarnases~) da afxazTa meTaursac da vurCevdiT, rom maT esminaT Tqveni darigeba...~50 xazgasmiT aRsaniSnavia is, rom bizantiis imperia gansaxilvel periodSi VIII_X saukuneebSi da saerTodac, gacilebiT ufro rbilad da loialurad epyroboda somxur eklesias, vidre erTmorwmune qarTul eklesias. amis damamtkicebel erT-erT magaliTad gamodgeba imperator basil bulgarTmmusvrelis damokidebuleba qarTuli da somxuri eklesiebisadmi. marTalia, basili erT periodSi barda skliarosis ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg, madlobis niSnad ekonomiurad daexmara qarTvel samRvdeloebas, magram swored mis dros daiwyo bizantiaSi qarTuli eklesiis sawinaaRmdego is totaluri devna, romelic XI saukunis Sua wlebamde gagrZelda. qarTuli matianis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I-is winaaRmdeg mebrZolma imperatorma basilim cxovelmyofeli jvaric ki dasca miwaze da SehRaRada _ aRar gcem Tayvans, Tu qarTvelebi damamarcxebeno (ix. sxva TavebSi). TiTqos amis Semdeg basilim SesZlo qarTvelTa damarcxeba. es uCvenebs, Tu rogor ukiduresobamde mivida basili qarTul saxelmwifosa da eklesiasTan brZolisas. maSin, roca somxur eklesiasTan basilis damokidebuleba srulebiT gansxvavebulia. saerTod, bizantieli xelisufalni rbilad da yuradRebiT epyrobodnen somex sasuliero xelisufalT _ `bi-
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zantiis xelisufalni zogjer, garkveuli mosazrebiT, somexTa `mamamTavrebis~ gulis mogebasac cdilobdnen. ase magaliTad, Tavisi sisastikiT cnobili keisari basil II bulgarTmmusvreli (976-1025)... iseTi `yuradRebiT~, imdenad `Tbilad~ epyroboda somex `mamebs~, rom somxeTSi legendac ki Seiqmna, TiTqos bizantiis es mrisxane keisari `somxuri sarwmunoebis~ (grigorianobis) aRmsarebeli gamxdara. kirakos ganZakecis sityviT, basili II ìyo kaci keTilmorwmune, metadre somexi eris mimarT, amitomac uaryo man qalkedonuri mrwamsi da Cvens (somexTa-a.a) WeSmarit sarwmunoebaze moiqcia~.51 Tu rogori Rrma pativiscemiT epyroboda ara marto bizantiis saero xelisufleba, aramed sasulieroc ki somxebsa da maT eklesias, iqidanac Cans, rom `...bizantiaSi gavrcelda patriarq fotiosis (857-867, 877-886) mier politikuri mosazrebiT SeTxzuli cnobebi keisar basili I-is (867886) somex arSakunTagan warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. am Tvalsazriss ar uaryofdnen basili I-is memkvidreebi~...52 ufro metic, bizantiis patriarqma fotiosma miswera werili somexTa patriarqs, romelSic fotiosi cnobs somxuri eklesiis uzenaesobas CrdiloeTis yvela xalxze (albaT, qarTvelebze) da scnobs somxuri eklesiis samociqulo uflebebs, `fotiosmac miswera werili Tavis Tanamedrove somxeTis patriarqs zaqaria I-s (855-876)... fotiosi cdilobs somexi `mamebis~ gulis mogebas, maT gadabirebas. amis gamo igi cnobs somxuri eklesiis samociqulo uflebebs, mis uzenaesobas CrdiloeTis yvela xalxze~.53 faqtobrivad, aseve iqceva bizantiis Semdgomi patriarqi nikoloz mistikosic~ `...nikoloz mistikossac, imperiis samoqmedo gegmis Sesabamisad, carieli sityvebiT da ara saqmiT, moCvenebiT, angariSi gauwevia somxeTis patriarqis, darasxanarketcis pretenziebisaTvis qarTuli eklesiis mimarT~.54 maSasadame, X saukuneSic ki, berZenTa da somexTa am patriarqebis dros, roca qarTuli eklesia uCveulod ganmtkicda da amaRlda sulierad, gaizarda da gaifarTova iurisdiqciis sazRvrebi, aseTi mdgomareobisasac ki somxuri eklesiis meTauri pretenzias acxadebs qarTuli eklesiis mimarT da am pretenzias, somxur wyaroTa Tanaxmad, bizantiac ki mxars uWers. roca bizantieli patriarqebi fotiosi (IX s.) Tu nikolozi (X s.) cnoben somxuri eklesiis ùzenaesobas CrdiloeTis yvela xalxze~ da aRiareben `somxebs, qarTvelebs da albanelebs~ somxuri eklesiis `samwysod~, amis mizezad ar unda davasaxeloT mxolod politikuri motivebi, TiTqosda aseT daTmobaze bizantia midioda somxeTis advilad dapyrobis mizniT. sinamdvileSi, am mimarTvebSi, Cans, asaxva hpova im realurma viTarebam, romelSic imyofeboda rogorc albanelTa, ise qarTvelTa eklesiebis nawili VI-X saukuneebSi. cxadia, qarTuli eklesia, rogorc mTliani erTeuli, yovelTvis damoukidebeli da avtokefaluri iyo somxuri eklesiisagan, magram misi sxvadasxva
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nawili sxvadasxva saukuneSi eqceoda somxuri eklesiis gavlenis sferoSi, kerZod, VI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis nawili moeqca somxuri eklesiis gavlenis qveS, VII-IX saukuneebSi qarTuli eklesiis ganuyofeli nawili hereTi, somxuri eklesiis gavlenis sferoSia. VII saukuneSi mesxeTi (klarjeTic ki nawilobriv) aseve somxuri eklesiis gavlenis qveSaa (aq tao, basiani da speric igulisxmeba VI-IX saukuneebSi). IX saukunidan somxuri eklesia Sida qarTlze iwyebs gavlenis gavrcelebas da amis gamo qvemo qarTlSi IX-X saukuneebSi saerTod vrceldeba somxuri sarwmunoeba _ grigorianoba qarTvelTa Soris (e.w. kvirikianTa samefoSi), e.i. `qarTveldebodnen~ ara somxebi, aramed, piriqiT, qarTvelebi somxdebodnen.
didi mTargmnelebi
giorgi mTawmidelis meSveobiT qarTulma saxelmwifom da eklesiam SesZles antioqiisa da sxva berZnul sapatriarqoebSi qarTuli eklesiis avtoritetis amaRleba. daamtkices berZnul wyaroTa Cvenebebis safuZvelze qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis arseboba, aqedan gamomdinareobda qarTuli eklesiis faqtobrivad arsebuli sapatriarqo Rirsebis iuridiulad cnobac. am didi gamarjvebis miRweva SeuZlebeli iqneboda eqvTime, giorgi da sxva wmida mamebis mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweobis gareSe. qarTveli wmida mamebis mier qarTul enaze intensiuri, umagaliTo, gasaocari masStabis mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweoba gamowveuli iyo ara wminda literaturuli interesebiT, aramed mwvave politikur-sarwmunoebrivi garemoebiT.55 saqarTvelos erTiani saxelmwifos Seqmnam X saukunis dasasruls, Semdgom ki umalve saqarTvelos sapatriarqos daarsebam, Zlier gaaRiziana rogorc bizantiis imperia, aseve berZnuli sapatriarqoebi. bizantiis imperiam omi gamoucxada saqarTvelos saxelmwifos, romelic 33 weli gagrZelda. bizantiis imperiasTan mebrZoli eri da misi eklesia mwvalebelTa erad da mwvalebelTa eklesiad gamoacxades, miT umetes, rom qarTulma eklesiam sapatriarqo eklesiad aRiara Tavisi Tavi. amas Tan daemTxva is garemoebac, rom berZnuli eklesia im dros ukompromiso brZolas eweoda yvela araberZnuli eklesiis winaaRmdeg da mwvaleblebad acxadebda yvela eklesias, romelic iotisodena saeklesio praqtikiTac ki gansxvavdeboda berZnuli eklesiisagan. 1054 wels srulebiT daSordnen erTmaneTs berZnuli marTlmadidebluri da romis `kaTolike~ eklesiebi. kidev ufro adre, 730-iani wlebidan somxuri eklesia monofizituri mrwamsis miRebis gamo srulebiT ganSorebuli iyo qarTul-berZnul-romauli eklesiebisagan. XI saukunis dasawyisSi bizantiis `marTlmadideblur~ imperiasTan mebrZoli qarTveli eri mwvalebelTa erad gamocxadda, daiwyo qarTvelebis masobrivi devna imperiaSi. romel mwvaleblobas abralebdnen berZnebi qarTvelebs _ sarwmunoebriv erTobas romis `kaTolike~ eklesiasTan, Tu sarwmunoebriv erTo-
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bas somxur monofizitur eklesiasTan? berZnebma qarTvelebs wauyenes cru braldeba, rom qarTuli eklesia Tavisi Sinagani bunebiT, sarwmunoebiT somxur-monofizituris msgavsia. TvalSi sacemi saeklesio arqiteqturis msgavsebis garda aRmoCnda, rom Turme liturgikac ar yofila saqarTveloSi konstantinopoluri da, rac mTavaria, aRmoCnda, rom Zveli qarTuli saeklesio wignebi _ biblia, saxareba, saRvTismetyvelo wignebi Turme somxuri Sesabamisi wmida wignebis mixedviTaa redaqtirebuli, an somxuri enidanaa Targmnili. es sruliad sakmarisi sababi aRmoCnda qarTvelebis mwvaleblebad gamocxadebisa da qarTuli eklesiis devnisaTvis, radganac monofizitebi, anu `somxebi~ bizantiis imperiaSi mwvaleblebad iwodebodnen da maTTan yovelgvari saeklesio kavSiri gawyvetili hqondaT. marTla hqondaT qarTvelebs somxuri enidan Targmnili `wmida werili~, Tu es ciliswameba iyo berZnebis mxridan? giorgi mciris cnobiT, qarTvelebs marTlac hqoniaT `wmida werili~ (zogierTi nawili) somxuri Targmanebis Sesabamisad redaqtirebuli, rac Turme gamousworebiaT eqvTime da giorgi mTawmidelebs. am cnobas faqtebiT asabuTebs korneli danelia Tavis wignSi `qarTuli samwerlo enis istoriis sakiTxebi~. mkvlevarebs bibliis qarTuli Targmanis sxvadasxva wignis sxvadasxva ti pis teqstebi udarebiaT berZnul, somxur da siriul wyaroebTan. bibliologiiT dainteresebul ucxoel qarTvelologebs bibliuri wignebis qarTul TargmanebSi Warbad gamouvleniaT somxuri elementebi.56 qarTvelologi moliTori askvnis _ `somxurma versiam mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa iakobis epistolis qarTuli teqstis CamoyalibebaSi... Zveli qarTuli Targmani Sesrulebulia somxuri dednis mixedviT... yovel mkvlevars Tavisi mtkicebisaTvis garkveuli masala hqonia da tendenciurobas vervis mivawerT~.57 zogierTi mkvlevari ase msjelobs: `qarTul TargmanSi armenizmebi uZvelesi teqstobrivi fenisaa, vidre grecizmebi. ratom? imitom, rom VII saukunis dasawyisis aqeT, roca saqarTvelosa da somxeTs Soris saeklesio ganxeTqileba moxda, qarTuli TargmanebisaTvis somxuri wyaros gamoyeneba ar aris savaraudo~.58 àrmenizmebi Zvel qarTul redaqciebSi xelSesaxebi da sagrZnobia. somxuri wyaros gavlena Cans rogorc frazis konstruqciasa da leqsikurderivaciul Tu gramatikul kalkebSi, aseve zogierTi sakuTari saxelis formaSi~,59 _ `...teqstobrivi xasiaTis SeniSvnebi, anu glosebi qarTulsa da somxur Targmanebs erT da imave adgilebze moudiT~.60 `Zvel qarTul redaqciebSi aris iseTi sakiTxebi, romlebic ramdenadme Sordeba berZnul teqsts da uaxlovdeba somxurs~.61 miuxedavad imisa, rom XI saukuneSi ramdenjerme gadaamuSaves bibliuri wignebi armenizmebis aRmosafxvrelad, XX saukunis mkvlevarTaTvis maTi arseboba SeumCneveli ar darCa.
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ram gamoiwvia armenizmebis gaCena Zvel qarTul redaqciebSi? korneli danelias daskvna, romelic emyareba rogorc mis mier Catarebul kvlevaZiebas, aseve giorgi mcirisa da giorgi mTawmidelis cnobebs, aseTia _ qristianobis miRebis umalve qarTvelebs IV-V saukuneebSi bibliuri wignebi gadauTargmniaT berZnuli enidan, xolo Semdgom raRac mizezebis gamo `berZnulidan momdinare Targmani V-VI saukuneebSi Sejerebul iqna somxurTan~. bibliuri wignebis Targmnas Zvel dros udides saxelmwifoebriv mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen: `cxadia, aseTi udidesi saxelmwifoebrivi movlenis (qristianizaciis) sayrdenis _ bibliuri wignebis _ nacionalur enaze gadmoReba metad seriozul da sapasuxismgeblo saqmed iqneboda miCneuli...~62 `...amrigad, IV-V saukuneebis saqarTvelos politikuri, kulturuli da religiuri kavSiri bizantiur samyarosTan, logikuri aucileblobiT gulisxmobs, rom qristianuli religiis qvakuTxedis _ axali aRTqmis _ qarTul enaze gadmoRebisas berZnuli originali unda yofiliyo gamoyenebuli~63. mkvlevaris am daskvnas amagrebs literaturul wyaroTa Cveneba _ `X-XI saukuneebSi bibliuri wignebis Zvelma qarTulma redaqciebma safuZvliani gadamuSaveba ganicades berZnul wyarosTan maqsimaluri daaxloebis mizniT. am droisaTvis mwignobarTa SegnebaSi jer kidev cocxalia warmodgena bibliis Zveli qarTuli Targmanis Rirsebasa da warmomavlobaze~.64 aseTi cnoba aqvs giorgi mcires _ `pirveliTganve guqondes werilnca da sarwmunoebaA WeSmariti da marTali~, magram es cnoba XX saukunis erT mkvlevars legendad miuCnevia. àra, giorgi mciris cnoba legenda ki ar aris, aramed istoriuli viTarebis anarekli da adre arsebuli tradiciuli azris werilobiTi fiqsacia~.65 `giorgi mcire TviTon ki ar Txzavs am faqts, aramed, arsebiTad, tradiciul azrs imeorebs. masze adre giorgi mTwmideli araerTgzis aRniSnavs bibliuri wignebis pirvandel TargmanTa maRal Rirsebas, rac, ra Tqma unda, pirvel yovlisa, berZnul wyarosTan siaxlove-Sesatyvisobas gulisxmobs (am droisaTvis Targmanis Rirsebis sazomad berZnul wyarosTan siaxlove iTvleba!). giorgi mTawmideli wers: `Cuenni yovelni saxarebani pirveliTgan wmidad Targmnilnia da keTilad~, an kidev: ègeviTari Targmani, gareSe maT pirvelTasa, arRara gamoCinebul ars enasa Cuensa...~.66 `Tu kritikulad SevafasebT giorgi mciris cnobas... pozitiur faqtad rCeba Semdegi: 1) qarTvelebs qristianobis miRebisTanave hqoniaT Zvel mTargmnelTa mier gadmoRebuli bibliuri wignebi (`pirveliTganve guqondes werilnica~); 2) Semdgom, radgan saberZneTi teritoriulad Sors iyo saqarTvelosagan, saqarTveloSi (Tu saqarTvelos mezoblad) mcxovreb somxebs qarTvelebisaTvis `mizeziTa wesierebisaATa~, e.i. Targmnis sisworis dacvis motiviT, SeuTavazebiaT bibliuri wignebis somxuri TargmaniT sargebloba; 3) amis Sedegad, qarTul enaze somxuridan gadmouRiaT zogierTi bibliuri
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wigni... bibliuri wignis somxuridan momdinare qarTuli Targmani qronologiurad meoreul, mogviano movlenad aris miCneuli~.67 ra mizezis gamo moxda IV-V saukuneebSi berZnulidan Sesrulebuli Tavdapirveli Targmanebis Semdgom saukuneebSi Sejereba somxur redaqciebTan, anu ram gamoiwvia qarTul TargmanebSi somxurenovani elementebis, armenizmebis gaCena? mkvlevarebi am movlenas ganixilaven ara globaluri masStabiT, imdroindeli saerTaSoriso viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, aramed miaCniaT saqarTvelosa da saqarTvelos SigniT momxdari eTnikuri cvlilebebis arekvlad literaturaSi, TiTqosda berZnulidan momdinare ZvelqarTuli Targmanebis somxur redaqciebTan Sejereba moxda `somxuri warmoSobis~ qarTuli wreebis moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad. `Zveli qarTuli Targmanis somxur wyarosTan Sejereba Tu somxuridan xelaxla Targmna V-VI saukuneebisaTvis ufro safiqrebelia samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos taos TemSi, sadac somxuri warmoSobis mosaxleobis xvedriTi wona didi iyo~.68 rogori didic ar unda yofiliyo `somxuri warmoSobis qarTuli wreebis~(!) raodenoba da wona qarTvel erSi, maTi moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad erisa da saxelmwifosaTvis gansakuTrebuli politikuri mniSvnelobis mqone bibliur wignebs xelaxla aravin Targmnida. meorec, Tuki aseT wreebs ar akmayofilebdaT Zveli qarTuli Targmanebi da swunobdnen maT, SeeZloT ufro `swori TargmanebiT~ dakmayofilebuliyvnen, romelic ukve arsebobda somxur enaze. magram qarTuli bibliuri da saRvTismetyvelo wignebi somxur redaqciebTan Sejerda da xelaxla iTargmna ara viwro eTnikuri wreebis dakmayofilebisaTvis, aramed sparseTis imperiis nebiT, meorec, qarTul eklesias somxuridan xelaxla Targmna-Sejereba dasWirda Tavisi sparsofilobisa da antiberZnulobis dasamtkiceblad _ Seqmnili politikuri viTarebis gamo. dapyrobil saqarTveloSi sparseTi berZnuli enis da yovelive berZnulis mimarT gaatarebda iseTive RonisZiebebs, rogoric ramdenime xnis win somxeTSi. Tu rogor iqceodnen sparselebi somxeTSi IV-V saukuneebSi, aRwerili aqvs movses xorenacs. sparselebi ise iqcevian, TiTqosda isini somexTa imdroindel sarwmunoebas _ qriatianobas ki ar devnian, aramed krZalaven maTi mteri saxelmwifos enasa da mwerlobas, e.i. berZnul enasa da berZnul wignebs. sparselebi wvaven berZnul wignebs, sadac ki waawydebian. sparseTs Tavis mier dapyrobil somxeTSi berZnuli mwignobroba aukrZalavs da neba daurTavs somxebisaTvis exmaraT mRvdelmsaxurebisaTvis asuruli, an sxva araberZnuli mwignobroba. `...berZnuli wignebis uqonlobis gamo sahak dids xeli miuyvia asurulidan TargmnisaTvis. saqme isaa, rom mehruJanma dawva berZnuli wignebi
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mTels Cvens qveyanaSi; amasTanave, somxeTis danawilebisas, sparsTa wil somxeTSi sparseli moxeleebi aravis rTavdnen berZnuli mwignobrobis SeTvisebis nebas, mxolod asurulis Seswavla SeiZleboda~.69 amis Semdeg sahak didi da mesropi bizantiaSi agzavnidnen gamorCeul axalgazrdebs, raTa gawafuliyvnen berZnul mwignobrobaSi da Sedgomodnen somxur enaze Targmnasa da weras. male sahak didi daabezRes sparseTis imperatorTan `...berZenTadmi mimxrobis gamo~.70 sahak dids apatimreben, Semdeg aTavisufleben da aficeben `daifice Seni rjulis mixedviT, rom erTgulad gvemsaxurebi Cven, ar gacdunebs berZenTa erTmorwmuneobis sicrue da fiqrad ar gaivleb amboxebas~.71 bizantiidan dabrunebul ganswavlul axalgazrdebs dapyrobil somxeTSi devnian da aviwroeben berZnulad ganswavlulobis gamo. `saqme isaa, rom mas Semdeg, rac daeca somex mefeTa taxti (428 w.), somxeTSi sparsTa xelisuflebam TandaTan fexi mtkiced moikida. bizantiis imperiisadmi dapirispirebuli iranis Sahis kari im xanebSi somxeTSi mxars uWerda siriuli kulturis gavlenis gavrcelebas berZnulis sawinaaRmdegod. siriul kulturas somxeTSi isedac Rrmad hqonda fesvebi gamdgari da mTavrobis mfarvelobis pirobebSi mas kidev ufro gaeSala frTebi. amgvar viTarebaSi berZnul civilizacias naziarebi, misi Tayvanismcemeli moazrovneni aramcTu aravis undoda, maT devnidnen, aviwroebdnen kidec~, _ wers mkvlevari al. abdalaZe72 movses xorenacis `somxeTis istoriis~ winasityvaobaSi. rogorc somex mefeTa taxtis dacemis (428 w.), iseve qarTvel mefeTa taxtis dacemis Semdgom (523 w.), sparseTis imperia dapyrobil qveynebSi atarebs erTi da igive antibizantiur-antiberZnul politikas. rogorc somxeTSi ganadgurda da daiwva berZnuli wignebi, ganidevna berZnulad ganswavluli moazrovneni, igive moxdeboda saqarTveloSic. qarTuli bibliuri da wmida wignebi Targmnili iyo berZnuli enidan. VI saukunis dasawyisSi sparseTis imperia da somxeTis eklesia moiTxovdnen yovelive berZnulobis kvalis aRmofxvras qarTul TargmanebSi. amisaTvis qarTul Targmanebs Seudarebdnen somxur Targmanebs da `Seawamebdnen~ masTan, Seasworebdnen somxuri redaqciebis mixedviT, anda xelaxla Targmnidnen somxuridan. im dros somxuri eklesia sparsTa dasayrdeni eklesia iyo mTel aRmosavleTSi. e.i. moxdeboda imis sapirispiro ram, rac moxda XI saukuneSi. XI saukunis dasawyisSi berZnebma qarTvelebs daswames `mwvalebloba~ imis gamo, rom maTi wmida werili somxuris mixedviT iyo redaqtirebuli anda somxuridan Targmnili, xolo VI saukunis I naxevarSi qarTvelebs daswames `mwvalebloba~ imis gamo, rom maTi wmida werili berZnulidan iyo Targmnili da ara somxuri da siriuli enebidan. amitomac, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT VI saukunis politikur viTarebas, unda davaskvnaT, rom bibiliuri wignebis ZvelqarTuli Targmanebis somxurad
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redaqtireba moxda ara romelime eTnikuri jgufis moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad saqarTvelos romelime kuTxeSi, aramed saerTod sparseTisagan dapyrobil saqarTveloSi. 574 wlis ajanyebis Semdgom aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi qalkedonitebma ganimtkices TavianTi mdgomareoba, xolo `me6 saukunis damlevisaTvis ki monofizitebi aq sabolood damarcxdnen~ (saq. ist., gv. 71); gamodis, rom monofizitebi saqarTveloSi batonobdnen 506 wels somxeTis dedaqalaq dvinSi mowveuli somxeTis, qarTlisa da albaneTis eklesiebis saerTo (506 wlis) krebis Semdgom _ 574 wlamde. TiTqosda 70 wlis ganmavlobaSi Zneli iqneboda mTeli bibliisa da wmida werilis ZvelqarTuli Targmanebis somxuris mixedviT redaqtireba, magram XI saukunis ufro mcire periodSi mTeli, ukve arsebuli qarTuli Targmanebi gadamuSavda berZnuli redaqciebis mixedviT ara erTxel, aramed samjer. XI saukuneSi qarTul wmida werils uaxlovebdnen berZnuls, raTa berZnebs, anu bizantiis imperias qarTvelTaTvis `mwvalebloba~ da `biwi~ ar daewamebinaT, aseve VI saukuneSic ramdenjerme gaukeTebdnen redaqcias qarTul Targmanebs somxur TargmanebTan daaxloebis mizniT, raTa sparseTis dampyrobel imperias da mis wiaRSi arsebul oficialur qristianul eklesias `mwvalebloba~ da `biwi~ ar daewamebina qarTuli eklesiisaTvis. safiqrebelia, rom ZvelqarTuli Targmanebis somxuris mixedviT redaqtireba da somxuridan intensiurad Targmna mimdinareobda ara marto VI saukuneSi, aramed VII saukuneSic da VIII saukunis dasawyisSic. saqme isaa, rom, marTalia, 607-609 wlebSi qarTuli da somxuri eklesiebi daSordnen erTmaneTs, magram herakles mier sparseTis saxelmwifos TiTqmis ganadgurebis Semdgom, urTierTdamokidebuleba am or eklesias Soris Seicvala. gamarjvebulma imperatorma heraklem somxeTSi moiwvia somxuri eklesiis kreba, romelmac dagmo monofizitoba da aRiara qalkedonuri mrwamsi. mTeli VII saukunis ganmavlobaSi vidre 723 wlamde, manaskertis krebis mowvevamde, somxuri eklesia, ZiriTadad, qalkedonuri aRmsareblobisa iyo. qalkedonituri aRmsareblobisa iyo aseve qarTuli eklesia. or moZme qalkedonitur eklesias Soris aucileblad iqneboda èrToba~ da, aqedan gamomdinare, VII saukuneSic tradiciulad grZeldeboda VI saukuneSi dawyebuli ZvelqarTuli Targmanebis somxuris mixedviT redaqtireba da intensiuri Targmna somxuri enidan, miT umetes, rom orive es qveyana arabTa mier iyo dapyrobili da arabebisaTvis yovelive bizantiuri iseve `dasawuni~ iqneboda, rogorc adre sparselebisaTvis. qarTvelebi iZulebulni iqnebodnen, esargeblaT qarTulTan SedarebiT gacilebiT Rrma da mdidari somxuri saRvTismetyvelo, istoriuli da filosofiuri literaturiT. ase gagrZeldeboda vidre 723 wlamde, roca somxuri da qarTuli eklesiebi sabolood daSordnen erTmaneTs, radganac somxurma eklesiam aSkarad da gadaWriT aRiara monofizituri mrwamsi. grZeldeboda Tu ara somxuridan Targmna IX-X saukuneebSi?
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grZeldeboda, radganac ukve arsebobda Targmnis TiTqmis 250-wliani tradicia. garda amisa, marTalia, somxurma eklesiam miiRo monofizituri mrwamsi, magram somxeTsa da danarCen qristianul msoflios Soris kedeli ar aRmarTula. bizantiis patriarqebi sakmaod Tavazian werilebs weren èrTmorwmune~ e.i. qristian somxeTis patriarqebs, magaliTad _ patriarqi foti. somxuri enidan qarTul enaze Targmna gagrZeldeboda im dromde, roca bizantiis eklesiam `mwvalebloba~ daswama qarTul eklesias somxur eklesiasTan urTierTobis gamo. e.i. somxuridan qarTulad Targmna Sewydeboda X saukunis II naxevarSi. es imas ar niSnavs, rom yoveli Targmani momdinareobda somxuri enidan, piriqiT, qarTvelebs ukve VI saukunis II naxevridan dauwyiaT brZola somxuri saeklesio morCilebisagan Tavis daRwevis mizniT da warmatebisTvisac miuRweviaT imave saukuneSi. àrmenizebuli~ qarTuli redaqciebis TiTo nusxiT moRweva Cvens dromde gasakviri ar aris. XI saukunis Semdgom, roca eklesiam kanonikurad miiRo eqvTime da giorgi mTawmidelebis skolidan gamosuli `Targmanebi~, Zveli redaqciebi aRar gamoiyeneboda eklesiebSi, aRar gadawerdnen, aRar uvlidnen _ ufro metic, uaryofdnen rogorc TiTqmis `mwvaleblurs~, amitomac bunebrivia, aRarc unda moeRwia Cvens dromde. taos Temi, marTlac, IV-VI saukuneebSi somxuri provincia gaxda, magram es ar gvaZlevs safuZvels vTqvaT, rom adgilobrivma qarTulma mosaxleobam mTlianad daiviwya Tavisi erovneba da gasomxda. piriqiT, Semdgomi VIIIX saukuneTa tao-klarjeTis mosaxleobis gasaocari ltolva qarTvelobisaken, maT mier `qarTvelTa samefos~ Seqmna, maT mier fanatikuri siyvaruli `qarTvelobisadmi~, amtkicebs imas, rom IV-VI saukuneebSi taos mosaxleobis didi wili araTu gasomxebula, aramed piriqiT, yovelive somxuri maTTvis arasasurveli gamxdara da masSi gaRviZebula miZinebuli qarTuli erovnuli grZnobebi. TargmanTa Sesaxeb unda iTqvas, rom mosaxleobisaTvis, mrevlisaTvis mniSvneloba ara aqvs, saidan iqneba naTargmni saeklesio wignebi, mTavari isaa, rom maT mSobliur enaze esmaT saxareba Tu samociqulo da teqsti gasagebi iyos maTTvis. TviT mkvlevarebs, specialistebsac uWirT gaarkvion da daadginon, romeli enidanaa naTargmni teqstebi qarTul enaze, miT umetes, ubralo mrevlisaTvis. amitomac, taos qarTulenovani mrevlis `somxuri warmoSobis qarTuli wreebis moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad~ wmida werilis maincdamainc somxuridan Targmna raRac gaugebari Cans. Tu mosaxleobam Tavisi erovneba, somxoba uaryo, miiRo sul sxva _ qarTuli ena `qalkedonituri~ aRmsareblobis gamo _ rogorc fiqrobs zogierTi specialisti _ ratom unda moeTxova qalkedonit mrevls monofizitur somxur eklesiaSi kanonikurad miCneuli saeklesio wignebis Targmna? gamodis, rom qalkedonitebs kanonikurad miaCndaT monofizitur eklesiaSi miRebu-
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li wmida werili, rac SeuZlebelia. amitomac, ZvelqarTuli Targmanebis somxur wyarosTan Sejereba Tu somxuridan xelaxla Targmna moxda ara taos TemSi `gaqarTvelebuli~ somxebis dasakmayofileblad, aramed mTlianad qarTul eklesiaSi Seqmnili politikuri garemoebis gamo. qalkedonituri partia yovelTvis arsebobda somxur eklesiaSi. VII saukuneSi da VIII saukunis dasawyisSi TviT somexi kaTalikosebi iyvnen qalkedonitebi. somex-qarTvelTa cnobili saeklesio kamaTis dros da Semdgom 607609 wlebSi arsebobda damoukidebeli somxuri qalkedonituri eklesia, romelsac Tavisi kaTalikosi marTavda _ `berZenTa mxares dasves moses saydris mowinaaRmdege vinme ioan-orbunebiani... romelic abraamis xeldasxmis Semdegac mowinaaRmdege darCa~.73 IX saukuneSic somxuri eklesiis SigniT mwvave brZola mimdinareobda monofizitebsa da qalkedonitebs Soris. ase rom, Tu romelime somexi ar aRiarebda monofizitur eklesias, mas SeeZlo erovnuli qalkedonituri eklesiis wevrad gamoecxadebina Tavisi Tavi. erovnuli somxuri qalkedonituri eklesiis centri mdebareobda bizantiis imperiaSi, istoriul somxeTSi, taosTan axlos, xolo qarTuli qalkedonituri eklesiis centri taosagan Zlier daSorebiT mcxeTaSi mdebareobda. aseT viTarebaSi araTu taos somxebi gaxdebodnen qarTuli qalkedonituri eklesiis wevrebi, piriqiT, taos qarTvelebi iqceodnen somxurqalkedonituri eklesiis wevrebad. saerTod, araviTari saWiroeba ar arsebobda imisa, rom qalkedoniti somxebi qarTuli eklesiis wevrebi gamxdariyvnen, maT TavianTi erovnuli qalkedonituri eklesia hqondaT, sakmaod Zlieri da bizantiisagan dafinansebuli. taos provincias aRmosavleTidan somxeTi esazRvreboda, dasavleTidan _ bizantiis imperia, romelTa dapyrobis obieqtic TiTqmis mudmivad iyo is. aseT dros somxebis gaqarTveleba taoSi SeuZlebeli iyo. Tu qalkedonitobas aRiarebdnen, iqve iyo berZnul-qalkedonituri eklesia, somxur qalkedoniturs rom Tavi davaneboT. miT umetes, rom tao TviT Sedioda bizantiis imperiaSi VII-IX saukuneebSi da saxelmwifo ena _ berZnuli ena iq, albaT, yvelam icoda. amitomac unda vifiqroT, rom imis Semdeg, rac tao-klarjeTi moeqca bizantiis imperiaSi da amiT gaTavisuflda arabTa politikuri da somexTa eklesiuri batonobisagan _ tao-klarjeTis qarTvelebSi xdeba erovnuli grZnobebis afeTqeba _ Zvelad somex-spars-arabTagan daTrgunvili qarTvelobis aRorZineba, erovnuli grZnobebis gamoaSkaraveba, rasac Sedegad mohyva iq qarTuli enis, kulturis ayvaveba da qarTuli erovnuli saxelmwifos Seqmna, maSin, roca arabTagan dapyrobili qarTli da kaxeTi am mxriv ukan rCebian. radganac qarTuli biblia da saeklesio wignebi naredaqtirevi, an naTargmni aRmoCnda somxuri Sesabamisi wignebis mixedviT, cxadia, qarTul eklesias VIII saukunis Semdeg aRar daakmayofilebda aseTi Targmanebi,
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radganac 726 wlis manaskertis krebis Semdeg somxuri eklesia aSkarad monofizituri iyo. qarTul eklesias ki ukve monofiziturad miCneuli somxuri wmida werilis mixedviT naTargmni wignebi aRar daakmayofilebda. am mdgomareobas unda gamoewvia ucxoeTSi, bizantiis imperiaSi mdebare qarTuli monastrebis, gansakuTrebiT ki, sabawmidis monastris literaturuli muSaobis gacxoveleba. sabawmidis monastris erT-erTi umTavresi funqcia iqneboda qarTuli Targmanebis redaqtireba axla ukve berZnuli redaqciebis mixedviT. am dros, rodesac Zveli V-VI-VII saukuneTa qarTuli Targmanebi (e.i. bunebrivia, xanmeti teqstebi) udardeboda imdroindel berZnul redaqciebs, axali qarTuli redaqciis miRebis dros redaqtorebs Zveli teqstebidan axal teqstebSi zedmeti `xan~-ebi aRar gadahqondaT. Cans, ase iqna miRebuli `sabawmiduri~ redaqciebi bibliuri teqstebisa. sabawmidaSi moRvaweoben grigol xanZTelis mowafeebi. sabawmidaSi dawerili `sinuri mravalTavis~ `...Seqmna ganuzraxavs da sisruleSi mouyvania makari leTeTels~. `rom makari leTeTeli grigol xanZTelis mowafe unda iyos, es azri pirvelad n. marsa aqvs gamoTqmuli~.74 grigol xanZTels ki orientacia aRebuli hqonda berZnul eklesiaze. is TviTon Cavida da gaecno konstantinopolSi saeklesio cxovrebas, xolo ierusalimSi mowafeebi hyavda da iqidan saeklesio berZnul ti pikons iRebda. sabawmidis, ise rogorc sxva ucxour Tu qarTul monastrebSi, albaT, gacxovelebiT adarebdnen qarTul teqstebs berZnuls da axdendnen qarTuli teqstis gamarTvas berZnulis mixedviT. miuxedavad amisa, somxuridan naTargmnobis da redaqtirebis kvalis aRmofxvra ver SeZles, Tumca es arc iqneboda saboloo mizani. mizani iqneboda is, rom qarTuli Targmani damTxveoda berZnul redaqcias (Cans, Tu qarTuli da berZnuli teqstebi Sinaarsobriv-azrobrivad identuri iqneboda, Zvel qarTul teqsts zedmeti `xan~-ebis gamoklebiT gadaitandnen axal redaqciaSi). redaqtorebis mizani iqneboda ara Zveli Targmanebis lingvistur-filologiuri kvleva-Zieba, aramed TargmanTa teqstis gamarTva berZnul redaqciasTan Sedarebis gziT. Semdgom ki, XI saukuneSi, qarTuli Targmanebi didi sizustiT dauaxloves berZnuls, miuxedavad amisa, rogorc qarTvelTa Soris, ise berZenTa Sorisac yofilan saeklesio pirebi `mabralobelni~ da `mayvedrebelni~, romlebic swunobdnen qarTul Targmanebs im mxriv, rom TiTqosda ar iyvnen identurni berZnulisa. `...mecnierni berZnulisani mabralobel gueqmnebodes gamouZieblad dawerisaTYs sityuaTasa~.75 igulisxmeba berZnulis mcodne qarTvelebi, magram yofilan agreTve qarTulis mcodne berZnebi _ `mayvedrebelni~. `...amas `guayuedrebdes berZennio~. saqme isaa, rom sxvadasxva sityva grigol RvTismetyvelisa, romelic eqvTimes Tavis dros, unda vifiqroT, cal-calke uTargmnia, viRacas mere SeuerTebia, meqanikurad gadaubams. es berZnebsac ki SeuniSnavT da qarTvelebi gaukicxavT aseTi aRrevisaTvis.
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`mabraloblebisa~ da `mayvedreblebis~ gamravleba XI saukunis dasawyisSi gamoiwvia bizantia-saqarTvelos Soris omma, roca qarTul eklesias bralad dasdes aramarTlmadidebloba _ mwvalebloba, ris safuZvelsac berZnebs aZlevda is, rom qarTuli eklesia, miuxedavad imisa, rom qalkedonitobis mtkice damcveli iyo, mainc gansxvavdeboda bizantiur-berZnuli eklesiisagan Tavisi nacionalur-qristianuli kulturiT. imis Semdeg, rac qarTuli eklesia Camoscilda somxur eklesias, `...romelTanac mas akavSirebda erTi da igive saeklesio wesebi, zne-Cveuleba da tradiciebi~,76 qarTvel ers miuCnevia, rom denacionalizaciis saSineli katastrofisagan Tavis daRwevis gza aris _ `...sakuTari eklesiis frTaTa qveSe nacionalurqristianuli kulturis gaRviveba~,77 rasac Sedegad mohyolia VIII-X saukuneebSi originaluri saeklesio wesebis mZlavri zrda-ganviTareba: SemuSavebula nacionaluri agiografia, `dawesebul iqna wmida qarTuli dResaswaulebi erovnuli wmidanebisa~.78 qarTvelebs saberZneTis praqtikidan momdinare msoflio eklesiis dResaswaulebisaTvis `Tavisi erovnuli suli CauberiaT, ris gamoc Semdegi drois, XI saukunidan, mwerlebs, romelTac maTi warmoSoba ukve naTlad aRar gaegebodaT, qarTul dResaswaulebad mounaTlavT. aseTia, magaliTad jvris dResaswauli aRdgomis meore dRes, ... dResaswauli wmida giorgisa 10 noembers..., satfureba ierusalimis taZrisa 13 seqtembers~79 da sxva. am dResaswaulebs am ricxvebSi berZnebi ar dResaswaulobdnen, rac iwvevda gaocebas. arsebobda sakuTari qarTuli `wesi da gangeba saxarebis sakiTxavebisa~ berZnulisagan gansxvavebuli, arsebobda qarTuli sistema welTaRricxvisa, aseve gansxvavebuli berZnulisagan, magram yvelaze meti Tavisebureba da `qarTveloba~ Cvens winaprebs am xanaSi liturgikul mwerlobaSi gamouCeniaT... SeuTxzavT zatiki. am araCveulebrivs, istoriaSi erTaderT magaliTs, gansakuTrebiT Tavi uCenia X saukuneSi...~80 swored qarTuli eklesiis nacionalur-qristianulma xasiaTma misca sababi berZnebs mwvaleblebad moenaTlaT qarTvelebi, radgan qarTuli eklesiis liturgikac ki gansxvavebuli yofila berZnulisagan. `qarTvelebi dadgomian RvTismsaxurebis sruli gaerovnebis gzas, ara marto enis mxriT, aramed SinaarsiTac, magram Semdgomma periodma es mimarTuleba Seayena~.81 qarTuli RvTismsaxurebis srul gaerovnebas win aRudga bizantiis eklesia imiT, rom erovnuli niSan-Tvisebebi mwvaleblobad CauTvales qarTul eklesias da monofizit somxur eklesiasTan Zveli kavSiris damadasturebel niSnad miiCnies. qarTuli eklesiis marTlmadideblobis damtkicebas Tavisi Sroma Sealies XI saukunis moRvaweebma praqtikuli saqmianobiT _ saeklesio wignebis berZnulTan Sedareba-Sewameba-daaxloebiT. es praqtika qarTul eklesiaSi miRebuli yofila XI saukunemde _ VIII-X saukuneebSi `...berZnulis mixedviT asworeben Zvel Targmanebs, romelnic somxuri enidan momdinareobdnen. aseTi SedarebaSesworebis gziT warmoiSva àxali Targmani~. am dros unda ekuTvnodes prof. ak. SaniZis mier aRwerili wvirimis (svaneTSia) X saukunis iadgari~.82
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imisaTvis, raTa moespoT berZnebisaTvis sababi qarTvelTa mwvaleblebad gamocxadebisa, eqvTime, giorgi mTawmidelebi da maTi skola asrulebs Semdegi saxis samuSaos `...bibliis manamde arsebul qarTul Targmanebs maqsimalurad uaxloeben berZnul wyaros, rom `biwi rame~ ar daswamon maT. sul raRac naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi bibliuri wignebis Zvelma qarTulma Targmanma samjer ganicada safuZvliani gadamuSaveba da qarTuli teqstis berZnulTan daaxloeba aRmavali xaziT warimarTa (giorgi mTawmideli, efrem mcire, petriwi, iyalToeli)... aseT muSaobas Tavidan mxolod wminda literaturuli interesebi ki ar gansazRvravda, aramed ufro mwvave politikur-kulturuli garemoc... es iyo iZulebiTi RonisZieba qarTuli kulturis kerebis TviTmyofobis SesanarCuneblad didmpyrobeluri berZnebis mimZlavrebis Jams... V-XI saukuneebSi qarTul enaSi ar momxdara iseTi didi masStabis cvilebebi, rom amis gamo XI saukuneSi aucilebeli yofiliyo Zvel qarTul TargmanTa redaqciuli gadamuSaveba da enobrivi modernizacia... mizani iyo ara Zveli teqstebis enobrivi modernizacia, aramed maqsimaluri daaxloeba berZnul wyarosTan~.83 aRmoCnda, rom giorgi mTawmideli aris bibliuri wignebis ara mTargmneli, am sityvis dRevandeli mniSvnelobiT, aramed redaqtori, romelic Zvel qarTul Targmanebs, berZenTagan dawunebuls, _ asworebs imdroindeli berZnuli redaqciebis mixedviT. `giorgi rom bibliur wignebs xelaxla ar Targmnis, es faqtia, romelsac mxolod danaxva unda da ara mtkiceba... giorgis redaqciuli kalami arsebiTad Seexo Zveli redaqciebis ara gramatikul, aramed Sinaarsobriv-stilistur mxares~.84 `giorgis redaqtoruli muSaobis mizania, rom Zveli qarTuli redaqciis teqsti ufro dauaxlovos berZnul wyaros~.85 `...efrem mcire ki giorgis naredaqciev qarTul Targmans kidev ufro aaxloebs berZnul wyarosTan ara marto Sinaarsis, aramed struqturis, stilis TvalsazrisiTac~,86 `...raTa qarTuli Targmani maqsimalurad Seesatyvisebodes berZnul wyaros azrobrivadac da enobrivadac~,87 `magram es xdeba ... qarTuli enis bunebis sawinaaRmdegod~.88 aseT ukiduresobamde qarTveli mTargmnel-redaqtorebis miyvana gamoiwvies `mabraloblebma~ da `mayvedreblebma~ TavianTi ciliswamebiT, TiTqosda qarTul Targmanebs raRaca monofizituri `biwi~ gaaCnda. qarTvelma mTargmnel-redaqtorebma mospes sababi qarTuli eklesiis mwvalebelTa eklesiad gamocxadebisa da amiT udidesi saqme Seasrules qarTuli eklesis avtokefalia-TavisTavadobis saqmeSi.
`qarTlis cxovrebis~ armenofiluri redaqcia

CvenSi, Zvels dros, somxuridan uTargmniaT an somxuris mixedviT uredaqtirebiaT ara marto wmida werilis erTi nawili, aramed zogierTi saero wignic. giorgi mcire werda: marTalia, Cven ZvelTaganve gvqonda wmida
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werilis SesaniSnavi qarTuli Targmani, magram garkveuli mizezebis gamo somxebma SeZles Cvens winaprebs somxuris mixedviT xelaxla èTargmnaT~, eredaqtirebinaT igio. aseve iTqmis zogierT ZvelqarTul saero wignze. cnobilia, rom `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Sesavali (àmbavi rvaTa ZmaTa~) da saerTod, `mefeTa cxovreba~ armenofiluri tendenciebis matarebelia da Zveli somxuri tradiciis gavleniT aris dawerili.89 es miuTiTebs imaze, rom Zveli qarTuli saistorio Txzulebani garkveul dros, garkveuli mizezis Sedegad redaqtirebul iqna armenofilebis mier. unda vigulisxmoT, rom igi armenofiluri TvalsazrisiT redaqtirebul iqna swored im dros, roca somxuris mixedviT aredaqtirebdnen qarTul wmida werils. somxuris mixedviT redaqtireba, es iyo saqarTvelosTvis globaluri procesi, romelic moicavda ara marto saeklesio wignebs, aramed, Cans, saerosac. giorgi mcire wers _ `daRacaTu pirvelTaganve gvqondes werilnica da sarwmunoeba WeSmariti da marTali, garna qveyana Cveni Sors iyo qveynisagan saberZneTisa. da viTarca Teslni arawmidani Soris Cvensa daTesul iyvnen borotni igi Teslni somexTani, gularZnilni da manqanani, da amis mier friad gvevneboda, rameTu naTesavi Cveni wrfeli iyo da umanko, xolo igini reca mizeziTa wesierebisaTa, reca cdunebad gvazmnobdes, da romelnime wignica gvqondes maTgan Targmnilni~.90 cnobilia, rom imis Semdeg, rac VIII saukunis 20-ian wlebSi somxurma eklesiam sabolood miiRo monofizituri mrwamsi, qarTuli eklesia sruliad gaemijna am eklesias. somxurma eklesiamac Tavis mxriv kavSiri gawyvita bizantiasTan da saerTod, qalkedonitur samyarosTan. wignebi, romelTa Sesaxebac wers giorgi mcire, SeiZleboda ZiriTadad Targmnil-redaqtirebuliyo VIII saukunemde. giorgi mcire wers, rom am dromde `pirvelTaganve~ arsebuli qarTulad Targmnili wignebi, `WeSmariti da marTali~ iyoo. CvenSi qristianoba, rogorc saerTo-saxalxo sarwmunoeba, damkvidrda IV saukunidan. amitomac unda vigulisxmoT, rom am droidan ukve daiwyeboda kidec qarTul enaze wmida werilis Targmna. amitomac `pirvelTaganni~ wignebi qarTul enaze IV-V saukuneebSi berZnulidan unda Targmniliyo da Seqmniliyo wmida werilis qarTuli redaqcia. swored amis Semdeg iwyeba is procesi, romelsac aRSfoTebiT aRwers giorgi mcire. iwyeba `pirvelTagani~ wignebis redaqtireba somxuri redaqciebis mixedviT. Tu am movlenis qveda zRvrad miviCnevT V saukunes, xolo zedad VIII-s, maSin somxuris mixedviT qarTuli wignebis `Targmna~-redaqtireba mimdinareobda VI-VII saukuneebSi. marTlac, VI saukune tragikuli iyo qarTveli xalxisaTvis. am dros daiSala da gauqmda farnavazis mier daarsebuli TiTqmis aTaswlovani qarTuli saxelmwifo, sparselebma qveyana dai pyres. qarTuli eklesiac, rogorc elinofiluri eklesia, devnili iyo sparsTa mier. samagierod ki, rogorc cnobilia, somxur eklesias Zalian mowyale TvaliT uyurebdnen
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sparseTis Sahebi da Semdeg arabebi. maT is miaCndaT berZnuli eklesiis sawinaaRmdego realur Zalad. amitomac, somxur eklesias abatonebdnen sparseTis imperiaSi moqceul amierkavkasiel qristianebze. qarTuli da albanuri eklesiebi VI saukunis dasawyisSi somxuri eklesiis gavlenis sferoSi moeqcnen. am dros iwyeba swored qarTuli wmida werilis xelaxali redaqtireba somxuris mixedviT _ `mizezisaTa wesierebisaTa~. am procesis mizani iqneboda elinofiluri Txzulebebi qceuliyo somxofilur Txzulebebad. saboloo mizani ki iyo _ qarTvelebs bizantiis magier orientacia aeRoT sparseTze. aseTive mdgomareoba gagrZeldeboda VII saukuneSic. marTalia, VI saukunis bolos saqarTvelo kvlav gaerTianda da saxelmwifoebrioba aRsdga, magram erekle keisarma Seaferxa misi gaZliereba. sparsTa damarcxebis Semdeg, ereklem ùnia~ Sekra somxur eklesiasTan da is kvlav gaabatona. erekle da saerTod bizantia, didi mowiwebiTa da ridiT epyrobodnen somxur eklesias VII saukuneSi. amitomac VII saukuneSic qarTuli wignebis somxuris mixedviT redaqtirebas veraferi daabrkolebda (Cven amis Sesaxeb vwerdiT sxvadasxva TavebSi). swored am dros VI-IX saukuneebSi sparsTa da arabTa batonobis dros unda `Targmniliyo~, anu rac igivea redaqtirebuliyo (Zvel qarTulad `Targmna~ redaqtirebasac aRniSnavda), ukve arsebuli qarTuli saistorio Txzulebani, kerZod ki, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Sesavali, àmbavi qarTvelTa mefeTani~. marTlac, `mefeTa ambavi~ da `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Sesavali iseTi armenofiluri tendenciebiT aris gaJRenTili, rom SeuZlebelia aRniSnuli saukuneebis garda CvenSi odesme Seqmniliyo pirobebi msgavsi qmedebisaTvis, garda XVII-XVIII saukuneebisa. isini, romelnic aredaqtirebdnen Zvel wignebs, marTlac rom `gularZnilni da manqanani~ yofilan. es kargad Cans `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Sesavlidan. aq sxvadasxva xerxebiT (`manqanebiT~) damcrobilia yovelive qarTuli. sazogadod miCneulia, rom am nawilis avtori aris leonti mroveli, rac ase ar unda iyos. qarTuli erovnuli Tavmoyvareobis Semlaxveli Txzuleba qarTuli saxelmwifos damxobisa da saqarTvelos kulturul cxovrebaSi ucxoelTa batonobis dros unda Seqmniliyo, xolo Semdeg dros is, rogorc WeSmariteba (`Zveli ambavi~), gaimeores sxva avtorebma. qarTlis cxovrebis am redaqciebis mixedviT qarTvelebi arian yvela erze uborotesni, uwminduri znisani saZageli cxovrebiT mcxovrebni, mkvdris gvamis mWamelni, amitomac usaflavoni, naTesavTa armcnobni. marTalia, TiTqosda qarTvelebi aseTni iyvnen aleqsandre makedonelis saqarTveloSi Semosvlamde, magram amis Semdegac mainc Wamdnen im kacis gvams, romelsac kerpebs msxverplad swiravdnen. am Txzulebis Tanaxmad, zemoT aRniSnulis garda, qarTvelebi samxedro ZaliTac ise Zlierebi ar arian, rogorc mezobeli somexi xalxi. am xalxis gavlenis qveS arian da aRiareben kidec im xalxs uzenaesad.
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gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, rom qarTlis cxovrebis SesavalSi qarTuli enac damcrobilia. es ena TiTqosda axali enaa, ara babilonis godolis dangrevis dros RvTis mier Seqmnili, rodesac bibliis Tanaxmad Seiqmna sazogadod yvela ena, aramed TiTqosda qarTuli ena Seqmnilia eqvsi sxvadasxva xalxis enebis stiqiuri aRrevis Sedegad, maT Soris somexi xalxis enis meoxebiTac. da es yovelive saukuneTa manZilze meordeboda qarTvelTa mTavar saistorio wignSi. es gasaocari movlena, marTlac, imiT SeiZleba aixsnas, rom `naTesavi Cveni wrfeli iyo da umanko~ _ rogorc giorgi mcire werda. aRniSnuli koncefcia srulebiT gansxvavdeboda sxvebisagan, magaliTad, TviT macxovari qarTvel ers `sazepuro~, RvTisagan rCeuls uwodebda `wmida andrias cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad. amitomac aseTi urTierTgamomricxveli koncefciebi sxvadasxva wyaroebidan momdinareobs da ar aixsneba imiT, TiTqosda aRniSnuli damamcirebeli siyalbe Seiqmna qristianobis rolis gazrdis mizniT. qarTvelebi, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, qarTlosis STamomavlebi arian, romelTa Sesaxebac Tavis TxzulebaSi wers leonti mroveli: _ àqamomdis qarTlosianTa ena somxuri iyo, romelTa zraxvides xolo odes Semokrbes ese uricxvni naTesavni qarTlsa Sina, maSin qarTvelTaca dauteves ena somxuri. da amaT yovelTa naTesavTagan Seiqmna ena qarTuli~. `...da ipyres sjuli uborotesi yovelTa naTesavTaca, rameTu col-qmrobisaTvis ara uCndaT naTesaoba da yovelsa suliersa Wamdes, saflavi ara iyo, mkudarsa SesWamdes~.91 da Semdeg `...iyvnen qarTls esreT aRreul ese yovelni naTesavni da izraxeboda qarTlsa Sina eqvsi ena: somxuri, qarTuli, xazaruli, asuruli, ebrauli da berZnuli. ese enani icodes yovelTa mefeTa qarTlisaTa, mamaTa da dedaTa~.92 sainteresoa, rom sul ramdenime striqonis Semdeg kvlav meordeba zemoT moyvanili Tvalsazrisi aleqsandre makedonelTan dakavSirebiT: àman aleqsandre dai pyrna yovelni kideni qveynisani... movida qarTlad da povna yovelni qarTvelni uborotes yovelTa naTesavTa sjuliTa, rameTu colqmrobisa da siZvisaTvis ara unda naTesaoba, yovelsa suliersa Wamdes, mkvdarsa SesWamdes, viTarca mxecni da pirutyvni, romelTa qcevisa warmoTqma uxm ars~.93 aleqsandre makedonelis wasvlis Semdeg qarTvelebs odnav SeucvliaT Tavisi Cveva _ `da radgan warvida aleqsandre, arRara Wamdes kacsa Tvinier romel Seswirian kerpsa msxverplad~.94 SeiZleboda zemoT moyvanili erovnuli Tavmoyvareobis Semlaxveli cnobebi qarTvelTa TviTkritikadac migveCnia da raime gamamarTlebeli mizezi mogveZebna, aqve, am cnobebis gverdiT rom ar iyos gasaocari qeba yovelive somxurisa. `leonti mrovelis~ Txzulebis aRniSnuli nawili mTlianad gaJRenTilia ideiT, rom somxebi upiratesni arian qarTvelebze, radganac somexTa wina-
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pari ufrosobda ara marto qarTvelebs, aramed saerTod kavkasielTa winaprebzedac. Targamosis rva vaJiSvils (gmirebs) Soris haosi ufrosi iyo: `SvidTave gmirTa zeda iyo gamgebel da ufal haos da eseni iyvnen morCil haosisa~.95 somexTa winapari iseTi Zlieri `devgmiria~, rom is amarcxebs `yoveli qveynis pirvel mefes~ _ nebroTs. nebroTis damarcxebis Semdeg haosi gamefda qarTvelTa winaparze da sxva kavkasielebze _ `maSin haos hyo Tavi Tvisi mefed ZmaTa TvisTa zeda da sxvaTaca naTesavTa zeda, maxlobelad sazRvarTa misTasa~.96 am TxzulebaSi, rogorc vTqviT, dakninebulia saqarTvelos istoria, kerZod, qarTvelebi jer somxebs emorCilebian, Semdeg xazarebsa da sparselebs, Semdeg kvlav somxebs, xolo haosi iseTi gmiria, romlis msgavsi arc warRvnamde da arc mis Semdeg ar arsebula. _ `xolo haos umetes gmiri iyo yovelTasa, rameTu egeviTari araodes yofil iyo arca wylis-rRvnis winaT da arca Semdgomad taniTa, ZaliTa da simxniTa~.97 farnavaz mefis Semdeg mirianis gamefebamde, am Txzulebis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelo somexi mefeebis xelTaa _ TiTqmis 600-700 wlis ganmavlobaSi, amis Sesaxeb a. bogveraZe wers _ àmis Semdeg Targamosianebis, kerZod, qarTvelebisa da somxebis cxovreba TavTavisi gziT warimarTa. qarTlosianebi jer xazarebis morCilebaSi arian, mere sparselebisa~. `farnavazis Semdeg, romelmac Seqmna qarTvelTa samefo da `msaxurebda antioqoss, mefesa asuristanisasa~, samxedro-politikuri upiratesoba, leontis mixedviT, amierkavkasiaSi mTlianad somexi mefeebis xelTaa, romlebsac morCilebdnen qarTvelTa mefeebi da qarTvelebi. ase gagrZelda qarTlSi mirianis gamefebamde. maeJan qarTlis spaspeti sparsTa mier somxeTis mooxrebis Semdeg ambobs: `warRebul ars somxeTi, romelsa ekida samefo Cueni~. `leonti aRar asaxelebs imis mizezs, Tu ram ganapiroba somexTa upiratesoba qarTlosianebze, magram saeWvo araa, rom misi azriT, amas hqonda is istoriul-genetikuri safuZveli, romlis ZaliTac haosi Tavis Zmebze jer ìyo gamgebel da ufal~ da mere `mefe~.98 `leonti mrovels~ qarTvel mefeTa cxovrebis aRweris dros uxvad gamouyenebia somxuri masalebi, Tqmulebebi da legendebi, vrclad saubrobs somxuri enis gansakuTrebul rolze maSin, roca qarTuli ena, rogorc iTqva, dakninebulia. a. abdalaZe wers _ `cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTas~ armenofiluri tendencia imiTac unda aixsnas, rom leonti mrovels, garkveuli mizezebis gamo, mis winaSe dasaxuli miznis gansaxorcieleblad uxvad gamouyenebia somxuri masalebi, somxuri Tqmulebebi, legendebi~.99 `leonti sakmaod vrclad saubrobs somxebis Zlierebaze, mis did warsulze, somxuri enis gansakuTrebul rolze...~100
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cnobilia, rom I-II saukuneebSi saqarTvelo amierkavkasiaSi uZlieresi saxelmwifo iyo da masTan romis imperiac ki megobrobda. qarTvelTa jars eWira somxeTi da somxeTis samefo taxtzec arc Tu iSviaTad qarTveli mefeebi isxdnen. miuxedavad amisa, `leonti mrovels~ am drosac ki saqarTvelo somxeTze damokidebul qveyanad hyavs gamoyvanili. I saukunis 30-50-ian wlebTan dakavSirebiT, g. meliqiSvili wers _ àSkaraa, rom `qarTlis cxovrebis~ monaTxrobs am laSqrobis Sesaxeb somxuri tradicia udevs safuZvlad. amaze miuTiTebs aSkara armenofiluri tendencia, romelic monaTxrobs wiTel zolad gasdevs... `qarTlis cxovrebac~ I saukunis 70-80-iani wlebis ambebis gadmocemisas, rogorc vTqviT, agreTve somxur tradicias eyrdnoba.101 g. meliqiSvili wers, I saukunis miwuruls `qarTamis mefobis aRwerisas qarTuli wyaroebi kvlav Zveli somxuri tradiciidan modian...~102 rogorc zemoT moyvanilidan Cans, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ I nawils axasiaTebs ori mTavari tendencia: 1. qarTvelTa erovnuli Tavmoyvareobis Selaxva; 2. mkveTrad gamoxatuli da gadaWarbebuli armenofiloba. am Txzulebis armenofiluri tendencia amJamadac ki uxerxulobas iwvevs. magaliTad, g. peCs germanulad uTargmnia `qarTlis cxovreba~ Tavisi armenofiluri cnobebiTa da adgilebiT, rasac SeuZlia ucxoelebs mcdari warmodgena Seuqmnas Cvens istoriazeo, _ wers al. abdalaZe: _ `raxania mkvlevarni msjeloben, kamaToben `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Semadgeneli erTerTi Txzulebis, `cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTas~ armenofiluri tendenciis mizezebis Sesaxeb, magram miRebuli Sedegebi, rogorc Cans, samecniero wreebs ar akmayofilebs. amis dasturad SeiZleba movixmoT axlaxan gamoqveynebuli `qarTlis cxovrebis~ g. peCiseuli germanuli Targmanic, rac TavisTavad friad mniSvnelovan movlenas warmoadgens. g. peCisve mier Targmanisadmi darTul winasityvaobasa da SeniSvnebSi `cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTas~ armenofiluri tendenciebis kvaldakval araferia naTqvami. komentarebis gareSea gadaTargmnili qarTuli teqstis saTanado, armenofiluri tendenciis amsaxveli cnobebi Tu adgilebi. am sakiTxze arsebuli arc samecniero literaturaa miTiTebuli, amiT ki saqmeSi Cauxedav ucxoel mkiTxvels, SesaZloa, mcdari warmodgena Seeqmnas Cvens uZveles istoriaze~.103 aRsaniSnavia, rom Cveni mkvlevarebi, marTalia, didi xania ikvleven aRniSnuli Txzulebis rogorc armenofilur, ise qarTvelTa erovnuli Tavmoyvareobis Semlaxvel tendenciebs, magram ikvleven ara orive tendencias erTad _ mTlianobaSi, aramed cal-calke, magaliTad, roca armenofilur tendenciebs ikvleven, saerTod gverds uqceven da ar exebian qarTvelTa damamcirebel cnobebs, xolo roca qarTvelTa damamcirebel tendenciebs ikvleven, armenofilur cnobebs ar ganixilaven. aseTi midgoma xels ar uwyobs WeSmaritebis dadgenas im mizezis gamo, rom radganac `qarTlis
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cxovrebis~ aRniSnuli Txzuleba aris erTi mTliani naSromi, amitomac mTlianobaSi da urTierTkavSirSi unda iqnas ganxiluli masSi arsebuli yvela tendencia. es Txzuleba qronikebis ubralo krebuli rom iyos erTiani redaqciis gareSe, maSin, cxadia, cal-calke SeiZleboda yoveli tendenciis ganxilva, magram radganac aRiarebulia, rom es Txzuleba aris erTi avtoris, an yovel SeTxvevaSi erTi redaqtoris mier damuSavebuli, misi kvlevac erTiani unda iyos. am Txzulebis (igulisxmeba `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Sesavali) avtori (Tu redaqtori) SemTxveviT srulebiT ar laxavs qarTul erovnul Tavmoyvareobas da ganadidebs yovelive somxurs. es aris avtor-redaqtoris winaswardasaxuli gezi, romelic mtkiced miiswrafis erTi garkveuli miznisaken. wina TavebSi vwerdiT, rom qarTvelebis armenizacia VI-VII saukuneebSi mimdinareobda ara marto mesxeTSi, aramed qvemo qarTlSic (gugarqSi); es procesi mimdinareobda hereTSic. iq mcxovrebi qarTuli mosaxleoba iqca somxuri eklesiis mrevlad, ris gamoc, maT eklesiebSi Sewyvetili iyo qarTulenovani msaxureba da danergili iyo somxurenovani. qarTuli ena gandevnil iqna saeklesio msaxurebidan. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom eklesia Zvel dros moicavda kulturis yvela sferos, cxadia, qarTuli enis xmarebidan gandevna qarTuli mosaxleobis guliswyromas gamoiwvevda. swored am dros, qarTvelTa winaaRmdegobis dacxromis mizniT, albaT, SemuSavda kidec Sesabamis wreebSi qarTuli enis damamcirebeli Teoria (romelic gadmotanilia `qarTlis cxovrebis~ SesavalSi) da gavrcelda. magaliTad, kerZod, aq enis Sesaxeb naTqvamia, rom qarTvelebis ena Tavdapirvelad ara qarTuli, aramed somxuri ena iyo. qarTvelebma imis Semdeg daanebes Tavi somxur enaze laparaks, rac SemuSavda qarTuli ena. qarTuli ena, am Teoriis Tanaxmad, ase Seqmnila _ saqarTveloSi cxovrobdnen qarTvelebi (somxuri salaparako eniT), berZnebi, somxebi, ebraelebi, xazarebi, asurelebi da sxvebi. Semdeg am xalxebis enaTa aRrevis Sedegad Seiqmna qarTuli ena. qarTuli enis Seqmnis Semdeg qarTvelebma miatoves somxur enaze laparaki da daiwyes qarTuli: àqamomdis qarTlosianTa ena somxuri iyo, romelsa zraxvdes, xolo odes Semokrbes ese uricxvni naTesavni qarTlsa Sina, maSin qarTvelTaca dauteves ena somxuri da amiT yovelTa naTesavTagan Seiqmna ena qarTuli~.104 qarTuli enis Seqmnis Semdegac ucxo xalxebi saqarTveloSi cxovrebas ganagrZobdnen. Zvelad yovelma ubralo, rigiTma qristianmac ki icoda, rom yoveli ena Seqmnilia RvTis mier, babilonis godolis dangrevisas. zemoT moyvanili qarTuli enis Rirsebis damamcirebeli Teoriis gavrcelebis Semdeg, qarTvelebs arwmunebdnen, rom qarTuli ena RvTis mier ki ar aris Seqmnili, aramed es ena aris sxvadasxva enaTa stiqiuri aRrevis Sedegad axalSeqmnili ena, xolo am enis Seqmnamde qarTvelebi RvTisagan Seqmnil somxur enaze metyvelebdnen.
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swored es weria `qarTlis cxovrebis~ SesavalSi. am Teoriis gavrcelebis dros ar SeiZleboda ar gamoCeniliyo sapirispiro Teoria da marTlac, qarTuli eklesia gavlenis sferoebisaTvis enaTa WidilSi aqtiurad monawileobda. amas miuTiTebs arseboba Teoriisa, romelsac ewodeba `qebaA da didebaA qarTulisa enisaA~. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, qarTuli ena araTu RvTis mier aris Seqmnili, aramed qarTuli ena saRmrTo enaa, romelzedac isaubrebs da romliTac ganikiTxavs ieso qriste meored mosvlis dros mkvdreTiT aRmdgar adamianebs. es rom namdvilad asea, amas miuTiTebs mravali niSani, kerZod, qarTuli ena sxva enebis gaCenamde 104 Tu 94 wliT adrea Seqmnili. `saswaulad ese aqvs asoTxi weli umetes sxvaTa enaTa qristes mosvliTgan dResamomde~.105 aqvea miTiTebuli sxva niSnebic qarTuli enis RvTiuri warmoSobis dasadastureblad da agreTve am enis araTu sxva enebze naklebobis, aramed upiratesobis dasamtkiceblad. yvela qarTvels, romelnic aRniSnul pirobebSi cxovrobdnen da Tavisi TvaliT uyurebdnen qarTuli enis gandevnas eklesiidan da kulturis yvela sferodan, ar SeeZloT daejerebinaT am devnili qarTuli enis upiratesoba sxvaTa enaze. swored maTTvis naTqvamia iqve, rom marTalia, amJamad qarTuli ena damdablebulia da dawunebulia, magram es srulebiT ar niSnavs imas, rom qarTuli ena mdabali enaa, ara, es ena uflis saxeliTaa kurTxeuli, magram amJamad igi uflis mier Senaxulia (`damarxul ars~) da daZinebulia (`mZinare ars~), raTa meored mosvlisas yvela ena (e.i. yvela eri) am eniT ganikiTxos ufalmao (e.i. gadmocemulia im drois realuri suraTi: ena damdablebul-dawunebulia) _ `damarxul ars ena qarTuli dRemde meored mosvlisa mesiisa sawamebelad, raTa yovelsa enasa RmerTman amxilos amiT eniTa da ese enaA mZinare dResamomde... da ese enaA Semkuli da kurTxeuli saxeliTa uflisaTa mdabali da dawunebuli _ moelis dResa mas meored mosvlasa uflisasa~.106 saerTod, es Txzuleba antigrigorianuli suliskveTebiTaa gaJRenTili, rac iqidan Cans, rom masSi qarTvelTa momaqcevlad dasaxelebulia ara wmida grigori, rogoradac saxavda VI-VII saukuneebSi somxuri eklesia, aramed berZenTa dedofali elene (romis imperator konstantines deda) da wmida nino. es miuTiTebs, rom Txzuleba elinofiluria da am Tavisi mimarTulebiTac somxuri eklesiis sawinaaRmdego. àxalman nino moaqcia da helene dedofalman~. qarTuli ena araa Rirsi damdablebisa (rogoradac amdablebda mas fsevdoleonti mroveli) da dawunebisa, radganac `yoveli saidumlo amasa enasa Sina damarxul ars~, _ weria iq. wmida saxarebidan cnobilia, rom lazare gardacvalebis Semdeg oTxi dRe ido saflavSi da iqve darCeboda meored mosvlamde, ufal ieso qristes rom ar enebebina misi gacocxleba.
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qarTul enasac swored iseve Zinavs, rogorc eZina lazares. qarTul enas saxarebaSi lazare hqvia (e.i. lazare qarTuli enis simboloa), radganac qarTuli ena swored iseve aRsdgeba, rogorc aRsdga lazare `da ese enaA mZinare ars dResamomde da saxarebasa Sina mas enasa lazare hqvian~. wmida saxarebidan cnobilia, rom ufali ieso qriste iyo megobari lazaresi da misi debisa _ mariamisa da marTasi. ieso qristec megobaria qarTuli enisa (e.i. lazaresi) da es megobroba imiT mtkicdeba, rom yoveli saidumlo qarTul enaSia Senaxuli. `qebaA da didebaA~ qebaa ara marto qarTuli enisa, aramed qarTuli anbanisa da qarTuli wmida wignebisa (maTes saxarebisa). amas didi mniSvneloba hqonda, radganac mesxeTSi (igulisxmeba tao da sxvadasxva kuTxeebi), gugarqSi da hereTSi eklesiebSi somxurenovani msaxurebis danergvis dros ganidevna qarTulenovani wignebi da dainerga `maStocis da wmida grigoris wesi da msaxureba~, e.i somxurenovani wignebiT somxurenovani msaxureba (wirva-locva). aseT dros gancxadebas imisas, rom qarTul saxarebas (kerZod, maTesas) aqvs idumali, saRvTo winaswarmetyveluri niSnebi, didi mniSvneloba hqonda. unda aRiniSnos, rom VI-VII saukuneebis ZiriTad periodebSi qarTuli da somxuri eklesiebi TiTqmis erTi da igive sarwmunoebrivi mimarTulebisa iyvnen (ganxeTqileba, `ganyofa~ am or eklesias Soris moxda 607-609 wlebSi, xolo erekle keisris laSqrobis Semdeg somxurma eklesiam ùnia~ Sekra bizantiur (e.i. CvenTanac) eklesiasTan, amitom zemoT aRniSnuli metoqeoba am dros (VIIs.) ideologiurad uzrunvelyofili ar iyo (ar hqonda iseTi aSkarad gamoxatuli erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi saxe, rogoric VIII saukunis Semdeg). swored am mdgomareobis gamo, SeiZleba iTqvas, totaluri armenizaciis dros, qarTvelTa wmida wignebzec ki xeli miuwvdebodaT armenofilebs. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Sesavali da àmbavi mefeTanis~ somxofiluri redaqciis arsebobac am mizeziT aris gamowveuli. miiCneva, rom swored `somxur-qalkedonurma~ versiam, romelic VII saukuniT TariRdeba, safuZveli daudo `leonti mrovelis~ erT-erT sqemas _ `gavrcelebulia Tvalsazrisi, TiTqos arqauli nawilis, e.w. eTnarqebis sqema mTlianad XI saukunisaa. masSi areklilia kavkasiis xalxTa megobrobis am saukunis idea. kritikuli Seswavla ki mowmobs, rom es sqema metad Zvelia. Tavisi faqturiT igi misdevs da emTxveva imas, rasac vicnobT `xalxTa warmomavlobis~ wignis somxuri qalkedonuri versiiT, romelic VII saukuniT TariRdeba.107 `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Sedgenilobidan Cans, rom qarTvelebs Tavdapirvelad hqoniaT TavianTi istoriis qronikebi an Canawerebi. aseve Tqmulebebi da erovnuli istoriis folkloruli Zeglebi. SesaZlebelia isini Sekrebili da erT qronologiur sistemaSic iyo moyvanili da Txzulebis saxe
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hqonda, magram VI-VII saukuneebSi armenofilebs es ZvelqarTuli istoriuli Txzuleba uredaqtirebiaT, misTvis miuciaT mkveTrad gamoxatuli armenofiluri saxe. `cnobilia, rom leonti mrovelma Tavisi moTxroba qarTlis gaqristianebis Sesaxeb ZiriTadad `moqcevaAdan~ aiRo. rac Seexeba warmarTobis xanis istorias, kerZod, aleqsandre makedonelis Semosvlis epizods, k. kekeliZis azriT, igi uSualod `moqcevaA qarTlisaAdan~ ar momdinareobs, aramed VII-VIII saukuneebis romeliRac istoriuli Txzulebidan, romelic unda iyos wyaro TviT `moqcevaA qarTlisaAsTvisac~.108 swored aleqsandre makedonelis Semosvlis epizodi, romelsac k. kekeliZe VII-VIII saukuneebis romeliRac istoriuli Txzulebidan aRebulad Tvlis, Seicavs qarTvelTa Zlier uaryofiT Sefasebas. aq qarTvelebi sxvadasxva uwmindur zneTa mqoned arian gamoyvanilni. mose xoreneli qalkedonituri mimarTulebis moRvawed iyo miCneuli. amitomac mas somexi qalkedonitebi pativs scemdnen, xolo VII saukuneSi mTeli somxuri eklesiis TiTqmis qalkedonituri mimarTulebis gamo is mTel somxeTSi iqneboda pativcemuli. miCneulia, rom swored xorenacis istorias gavlena hqonda leonti mrovelis istoriaze. `somxeTis istoriaSi~, sadac daxasiaTebulia artaSes II-is (33-20 ww. Zv.w.) moRvaweoba, naTqvamia: `msgavsad CrdiloeTis qveynebisa (CvenSic) mkvdris WamiobiT da sxva amisTanebiT cxovrobdnen. da ese yoveli mowesrigda dReTa Sina artaSesisa~. rogorc vxedavT, aseTi `codva~ leonti mrovels ar Caudenia. aqedan im daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba, rom erT-erTi wyaro fsevdokalistenes àleqsandrianTan~ erTad, leonti mrovelisTvis SeiZleba yofiliyo movses xorenacis `somxeTis istoriac~. albaT, es adgili hqonda mxedvelobaSi q. patkanovs, rodesac werda, rom cnoba ùwmindur zneTa~ Sesaxeb `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ zoroastrizmisa da movses xorenacis gavleniT gaCndao~.109 armenofilebs qarTvelTa saistorio Txzulebis redaqtirebis dros xelT hqoniaT xorenacis ìstoria~, romlis gavlena etyoba kidec `leonti mrovelis~ Txzulebas _ `leonti, ueWvelia, icnobda movses xorenacis `somxeTis istorias~ (misi terminologiiT `cxovrebas somxeTisa~), romelSic somexTa mamamTavari haiki, anu leontis enaze haosi, aseve Targamosianad aris gamoyvanili. magram Tu xorenaciT haoss Zmebi ar hyolia, leontim kavkasiis xalxebis mamamTavrebi (eTnarqosebi) haosis umcros Zmebad gamoacxada da amiT aRniSnuli xalxebis naTesaobis originaluri koncefcia Seqmna.110 rogorc aRiniSna, armenofiluri redaqtirebisas `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Sesavalsa da `mefeTa cxovrebaSi~ uxvad CaurTavT somxuri masalebi, somxuri Tqmulebebi, legendebi, aq armenofilebi saubroben somxebis Zlierebaze, mis did warsulze, somxuri enis gansakuTrebul rolze,111 aq saubaria imis Sesaxeb, rom somxebi upiratesni arian qarTlosianebze, rasac TiTqos-
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da istoriul-genetikuri safuZveli hqonda. haosi qarTvelebisaTvis ìyo ganmgebel da ufal~ da mere `mefe~. haosianebs TiTqosda istoriulad `marTebdaT ufloba~ qarTlosianebisa, amitomac iyo, rom somex-qarTvelTa omebSi qarTvelTa calkeuli warmatebis miuxedavad, sabolood gamarjveba somxebs unda darCenodaT da rCebodaT kidec leontis Tanaxmad. es koncefcia leontim somxebis siyvaruliT ki ar SeimuSava, aramed xorenacis Txzulebidan gamomdinare Seqmna.112 `qarTlis cxovrebis~ dawerili nawilis armenofiluri redaqcia SesaZlebeli iyo gansakuTrebiT VI-VIII saukuneebSi, radganac es periodi umZimesi iyo qarTveli xalxis istoriaSi. g. anCabaZe wers _ `VI-VIII saukuneebi saqarTvelos istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze mZime xana iyo. feodaluri urTierTobis ganmtkiceba-ganviTarebis periodi CvenSi daemTxva saSinao da sagareo politikuri viTarebis mkveTr gauaresebas. gafeodalebuli erisTavebi ar epuebodnen centralur xelisuflebas. qveyanas gars ekra Zlieri da agresiuli saxelmwifoebi: bizantiis imperia, xazarTa samefo da sasanuri iranis adgilze aRmocenebuli arabTa saxalifo. mZime krizisSi imyofeboda TviT qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobac, romelic am droisaTvis Tavisi istoriis meore aTwleuls iTvlida. VII saukunis bolos gaqra samefo Zalaufleba lazikaSi, ufro adre ki _ qarTlSi. adgilobrivi mmarTvelebi ucxoeli dampyroblebis SiSiT mefis tituls veRar atarebdnen. daqsaqsuli, politikur damoukideblobas moklebuli, gauTavebeli omebiT sisxlisagan daclili, daxarkuli xalxi, ioane sabanisZis sityviT, ìryeoda viTarca lerwami qarTagan ZlierTa~. gaxSirda renegatobis SemTxvevebi...~113 hqondaT Tu ara qarTvelebs VI-VII saukuneebamde saistorio Txzulebani? SeuZlebelia qarTvelebs IV-V saukuneebSi ar hqonodaT istoriuli nawarmoebebi da Canawerebi. amaze miuTiTebs TviT `mefeTa cxovreba~. Tu am Txzulebas Cven CamovacliT armenofilur Canamatebs da saerTod, gavwmendT armenofiluri redaqciisagan, SeiZleba miviRoT V saukunemdeli qarTveli xalxis istoriis SesaniSnavi Tanadrouli wyaro. `saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis amsaxveli qarTuli saistorio Txzulebis, `mefeTa cxovrebis~ bevri cnoba berZnul-romauli da somxuri wyaroebiT, arqeologiuri da epigrafikuli masaliT dadasturda, ris Semdegac `mefeTa cxovrebis~, rogorc saistorio wyaros Sesaxeb, Zveli Sexeduleba Seicvala~.114 `moqcevaA qarTlisaA~-dan Cans, rom masSi Sesulia VI saukunemde dawerili qronikebi. m. CxartiSvilma gamoarkvia, rom wmida ninos cxovreba IV saukuneSive dawerila saqarTveloSi. V saukuneSi somxeTSi mravali istorikosi moRvaweobda. Cans, am dros Cvens mezobel albanel xalxsac hyavda Tavisi istorikosebi. `Zveli msoflios istoriis~ III tomSi amis Sesaxeb naTqvami yofila _ `rogorc Cans, albanelebs mokle drois ganmavlobaSi hyavdaT TavianTi Zveli istorikosebi~.115
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qarTveli xalxis ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebrioba, romelic VI saukunisaTvis TiTqmis aTaswlovani iyo, moiTxovda Tavisi istorikosebis arsebobas, gansakuTrebiT ki gaqristianebis Semdeg. p. ingoroyvam gamoarkvia, rom `mefeTa cxovrebaSi~ Sesulia uZvelesi folkloruli masalebi. xalxuri saleqso formiT yofila dawerili arqauli xasiaTis folkloruli Zeglebi _ `brZola qarTvelTa mefisa mirvanisa da durZukTa~, Tqmulebani farnavazze, `glova qarTvelTa mefisa farsman qvelisa~, `brZola gmirTa da sastikeba haerisa~.116 unda vifiqroT, rom qarTuli folkloruli Zeglis `brZola gmirTas~ mTavar gmirad Txzulebis armenofiluri redaqciis dros haosi iqca. `leonti mrovelis~ TxzulebaSi SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT azrobrivi sxvadasxvaobani, magaliTad, is genealogia eTnarqebisa, romelic gadmocemulia àmbavi rvaTa ZmaTaSi~ srulebiT gansxvavdeba `cxovreba farnavazisaSi~ SefarviT arsebul genealogiisagan. `farnavazis cxovrebaSi~ SefarviT arsebobs aseTi genealogia _ qarTlosi (romlis adgilzec farnavazia im droisaTvis) Tavi da ùfali~ aris yvela qarTvelisa, maT Soris megrelebisac (egrosi _ quji). megrelTa meTauri quji eubneba farnavazs _ `Sen xar Svili TavTa maT qarTlisaTa da Sen gmarTebs ufleba Cemi... Sen xar ufali Cveni da me var mona Seni~.117 ratom marTebs farnavazs megrelTa meTauris qujis ùfleba~, ratom aris quji mona farnavazisa, xolo farnavazi misi ufali? am kiTxvas TviT quji pasuxobs _ imitom, rom farnavazi Svilia qarTlisa TavTa, e.i. `qarTlis Tavebi~ egrisis ùflebi~ arian istoriulad. farnavazis `cxovrebaSi~ gadmocemuli genealogia aSkarad miuTiTebs, rom egrosis (megrelTa eTnarqis) ùfali~ aris qarTlosi. maSin, roca àmbavi rvaTa ZmaTasaSi~ gadmocemuli genealogia sruliad gansxvavebulia. aq egrosis ùfali~ aris ara qarTlosi, aramed haosi (ise, rogorc sxva Zmebisa) _ àmaT SvidTave gmirTa zeda iyo gamgebel da ufal haos da ese yovelni iyvnes morCil haosisa~.118 maSasadame, am TxzulebaSi gadmocemulia ori srulebiT erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli genealogia eTnarqebisa, erTis mixedviT, egrosis ùfali~ aris qarTlosi, meoris mixedviT, egrosis ùfali~ aris haosi. am ori genealogiidan ufro Zveli unda iyos is, romelSic egrosis uflad qarTlosia gamocxadebuli, aseTi azris gamoTqmis uflebas iZleva sxva uZvelesi wyaro _ `moqcevaA qarTlisaA~, aqac igive genealogiuri Tvalsazrisia gadmocemuli. saerTod, qarTuli saistorio Txzulebani `qarTlis cxovreba~ iqneba is mTlianobaSi, `moqcevaA qarTlisaA~, arseni beris Tu sxvaTa naSromebi, Seicavs Tvalsazriss, romelic gamudmebiT da dabejiTebiT meordeba maTSi, rom qarTvelTa saxelmwifos sazRvari yovelTvis gadioda mdinare egriswyalsa da Sav zRvaze (farnavazidan vidre arCilis CaTvliT), samegrelo
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yovelTvis qarTvelTa saxelmwifos SigniT mdebareobs, es ki niSnavs, rom megrelebic iseTive qarTvelebad arian miCneulni, rogorc saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeTa mcxovrebni. am Tvalsazrisidan ki srulebiT gansxvavdeba is Tvalsazrisi, romelic `qarTlis cxovrebis~ armenizebul SesavalSi _ àmbavi rvaTa ZmaTaSia~ mocemuli. aq gansxvavebiT erovnul-qarTuli Tvalsazrisisagan gadmocemulia, rom megrelebi iseTive eTnikur siaxloveSia qarTvelebTan (qarTlelebTan), rogorc somxebTan da sxva kavkasiel tomebTan. e.i megrelebi, qarTebi (qarTlelebi), somxebi da sxva tomebi erTnair eTnikur naTesaur kavSirSi imyofebian. isini Zmebi _ `Tvisni~ arian. maSin roca, rogorc vTqviT, qarTuli uZvelesi erovnuli TvalsazrisiT, qarTvelebi erTiani xalxia, xolo megrelebi iseve arian qarTvelebi, rogorc qarTlelebi, xolo somxebi ki srulebiT ucxo xalxia. SeiZleba `qarTlis cxovrebis~ armenofiluri redaqciis dros masSi aisaxa ramdenadme gamZafrebuli saxe im eTnikuri suraTisa, romelic qarTvel xalxs gaaCnda VI-VIII saukuneebSi, erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos gauqmebis Semdeg. cnobilia, rom erovnuli saxelmwifos arseboba aucilebeli pirobaa xalxis erTian erad (naciad) Camoyalibeba-arsebobisaTvis. amitomac, unda vifiqroT, rom erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos arsebobis droidan, farnavazidan _ vaxtang gorgasalis CaTvliT, qarTveli xalxi arsebobda da erTiani iyo. am xalxSi Sedioda megrelebic, xolo imis Semdeg, rac VI saukuneSi erTiani saxelmwifo gauqmda, VII saukuneSi arabebi SemoiWrnen, xolo VIII saukunis dasawyisSi arsebulma katastrofam zRvramde miaRwia, daiwyo qarTveli xalxis denacionalizaciis procesi. qarTveli xalxi ìryeva viTarca lerwami qarTagan ZlierTa~, qarTvelebi mahmadiandebian, rac `qarTvelobis~ uaryofasac niSnavda. qarTvelebi somxuri eklesiis mrevli xdebian (monofizituri somxuri eklesiis, Tu diofizitur-monoTelituri somxuri eklesiisa), rac armenizacias niSnavda. garda amisa, dasavleT saqarTveloSi adgilobrivi saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebi swored maSin Zlierdeboda, roca centraluri, erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifo sustdeboda, kerZod, maSin, roca VI saukunis dasawyisSi erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifo gauqmda, dasavleT saqarTveloSi asparezze gamovida egrisis samefo. misi didi nawilis bizantielTa mier aneqsiam xeli Seuwyo aqaurebis tomobriv gancalkevebas erTiani qarTveli xalxisagan _ es iyo denacionalizaciis erTiani procesis mxare. Cans, am dros megruli dialeqti kidev ufro Sordeba erTian fuZe qarTul enas da is ukve damoukidebel enad yalibdeba. `megruli ena~, rogorc calke ena, ukve moixseneba daviT da konstantines `wamebaSi~. aseve iTqmis saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi mcxovreblebzec. arabTa Semosevas iseTi didi xalxis denacionalizaciac ki gamouwvevia, rogoric iyo sparseli xalxi, amitomac arabTa Semosevis gamo mosalodneli iyo kidec qarTveli xalxis denacionalizacia. magram es procesi
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mxolod dawyebula da ver dasrulda sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo, kerZod, qarTulma eklesiam SeZlo qalkedonitur mimarTulebaze dayrdnobiT da erovnuli TviTSegnebis gaRvivebis saSualebiT qarTveloba gaeerTianebina. marTalia, Semdeg VIII-X saukuneebSi Seiqmna saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi erovnul-qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebi, magram maT, tao-klarjeTis, afxazeTis da kaxeT-hereTis samefoebs, aerTianebda qarTuli eklesia erTiani qalkedonituri sarwmunoebiT _ amiT ki `qarTveloba~ kvlav erTiani iyo. e.i. denacionalizaciis procesi ar gaRrmavda, is male Sewyda. qarTveli xalxi kvlav mTlianad arsebobda. denacionalizaciis VI-VIII saukuneebSi arsebulma saxem uTuod gavlena iqonia àmbavi rvaTa ZmaTaSi~ gadmocemul suraTze. rogorc iTqva, `moqcevaA qarTlisaA~ da àmbavi mefeTani~ erTmaneTisagan Zlier gansxvavdebian maTSi gadmocemuli TvalsazrisiT qarTveli xalxis Tavdapirveli istoriis Sesaxeb. `moqcevaA qarTlisaAs~ Tanaxmad, qarTvelebi gadmosaxldnen samxreTiT mdebare samSoblodan, romelsac àrian-qarTli~ erqva, àmbavi mefeTaAs~ mixedviT ki, qarTveli xalxi adgilze _ saqarTveloSive Camoyalibda qarTlosis STamomavlebis gamravlebis Sedegad. `moqcevaAs~ Tanaxmad, qarTveli xalxi gadmosaxlebis dros dasaxlda vrcel teritoriaze mdinare egriswylidan vidre hereTis CaTvliT. am teritoriaze mxolod qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen _ e.i. megrelebi qarTvelebi arian ise, rogorc yvela adgilobrivi mkvidri mcxovrebi aRniSnul sazRvrebSi. àmbavi mefeTanis~ Tanaxmad ki, qarTlosis STamomavlebi arian qarTvelebi, xolo megrelebs TavianTi eTnarqi hyavT, anu megrelebi qarTlosis STamomavlebi ar arian. `moqcevaAs~ Tanaxmad, samxreTidan gadmosaxlebul qarTvelebs saqarTveloSi daxvdaT ucxo tomebi, romlebic iyvnen veluri da saZageli cxovrebiT mcxovrebni. àmbavi mefeTanis~ Tanaxmad ki, velurebi da saZageli cxovrebiT mcxovrebni TviTon qarTvelebi iyvnen. `moqcevaAdan~ TavisTavad igulisxmeba, rom samxreTidan gadmosaxlebuli qarTvelebis ena iyo qarTuli ena, amas adasturebs arseni beri, roca wers: `Cven qarTvelni Svilni varT maT arian-qarTliT gamosulTani da maTi ena uwyiT~.119 àmbavi mefeTanis~ Tanaxmad ki, Tavdapirvelad qarTveli xalxis mSobliuri ena iyo ara qarTuli, aramed somxuri ena, TiTqosda qarTuli ena mogvianebiT Camoyalibda sxvadasxva enaTa aRrevis Sedegad. `moqcevaA qarTlisaASi~ ar Cans raime tendencia sxva erebis, an Tundac qarTvelTa mimarT. aq istoria bunebrivi mdinarebiT aRiwereba. àmbavi mefeTani~ ki xasiaTdeba mkveTrad gamoxatuli tendenciurobiT, rogorc ucxo xalxis, ise qarTvelTa mimarT. kerZod, àmbavi mefeTani~ antiberZnuli (antiromauli) da prosparsuli mimarTulebisaa, rom araferi vTqvaT somxofilobasa da qarTvelTa augze. antiberZnuloba (anu, rac igivea im droisaTvis, antiromauloba) imiT gamoixateba, rom pirveli mefe azoni aris
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romaelTa (anu `berZenTa~) warmomadgeneli, romelsac ar uyvars qarTvelebi da a.S. moviyvanoT Sesabamisi adgilebi `moqcevaA qarTlisaAdan~120 (Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, I, 1964 w.) da àmbavi mefeTanidan~.121
`moqcevai qarTlisai~
qarTvelTa gadmosaxleba
`qarTlis cxovreba~
qarTvelTa eTnogenezisi
`Tana-hyvanda aleqsandres mefesa azo, Ze arian-qarTlisa mefisa, da mas miuboZa mcxeTa sajdomad da sazRvari daudva mas hereTi da egriswyali da somxiTi da mTa crolisa da warvida, xolo es azo warvida arian qarTlad, mamisa Tvisisa da warmoiyvana rva saxli da aTni saxlni _ mama mZuZeTani da dajda Zvel mcxeTas~ (gv.81). aqedan Cans, rom qarTvelTa dasaxlebis dasavleTi sazRvari gadis mdinare egriswyalze.
`pirvelad vaxsenoT ese rameTu somexTa da qarTvelTa, ranTa da movaknelTa, herTa da lekTa, megrelTa da kavkasianTa _ amiT TvisTa erTi iyo mama, saxeliT Targamos... misca qarTloss da uCina sazRvari: aRmosavliT hereTi da mdinare berdujisi, dasavliT zRva pontosi... da CrdiloT sazRvari Rado, mTa mcire... romelsa aw hqvian lixi... xolo egriss misca qveyana zRvis yurisa da uCina sazRvari... dasavliT zRva, CrdiloT mdinare mcirisa xazareTisa (gv. 5). aqedan ki Cans, rom `qarTvelTa~ (qarTlosis STamomavalTa) dasaxlebis dasavleTi sazRvari gadis lixis mTaze, xolo megrelTa dasavleTi sazRvari gadis lixis mTaze, xolo megrelTa dasavleTi sazRvari gadis mcire xazareTis mdinareze. TviT `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ sxvagan ki naCvenebia, rom sazRvari qarTvelTa saxelmwifosi (qarTlisa) mudam gadioda mdinare egriswyalze. azrobrivi sxvaoba TvalsaCinoa.
TviT qarTvelebi velurebi iyvnen
saqarTveloSi velurebi cxovrobdnen qarTvelebis mosvlamde
`pirvel, odes aleqsandre mefeman naTesavni igi loTis SvilTani wariqcina da Sexadna igi kedarsa mas qveyanasa, ixilna naTesavni sastikni bunTurqni, msxdomareni mdinaresa zeda mtkvarsa... daukuirda aleqsan-
àqamomdis qarTlosianTa ena somxuri iyo, romelsa zraxvides, xolo odes Semokrbes ese uricxvni naTesavni qarTlsa Sina, maSin qarTvelTaca dauteves ena somxuri. da amaT yovelTa naTesavTagan Seqmna ena

dres da cna, rameTu ieboselTa naTesavni iyvnes, yovelsa xorcielsa Wamdes da samare maTi ara iyo, mkvdarsa SeSWamdes~ ... (gv. 81) Semosvlis Semdeg maT SeebrZola aleqsandre. xolo isini, `meot iqmnnes~, saqarTvelodan gaiqcnen. azo qarTvelTa pirveli mcxeTeli mefea qarTvel mefeTa Ze. qarTveli xalxi Camoyalibda ara azos dros, aramed manamdec qarTvelebs TavianTi saxelmwifo hqondaT, samxreTiT, iq Tavisi mefeebic hyavdaT, azo qarTveli mefis Zea _ `Ze arian _ qarTlis mefisaA... ese iyo pirveli mefe mcxeTas Sina azoi, Ze arian qarTvelTa mefisa...~ (gv.31-82).
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qarTuli. da ipyres sjuli uborotesi yovelTa naTesavTaca, rameTu colqmrobisaTvis ara uCndaT naTesaoba da yovelsa suliersa Wamdes, saflavi ara iyo mkvdarsa SesWamdes... (gv.16).
azo aris makedoneli (berZeni), mas romaeli jariskacebi hyavs, ar uyvars qarTvelebi. aleqsandre qarTvelebs `...dauteva maT zeda patrikad saxeliT azon, Ze iaredosi, naTesavi misi _ qveyaniT makedoniT, da misca asi aTasi kaci qveyaniT hromiT... dauteva qarTls erisTavad azon da mis Tana spani igi, mpyrobelad qarTlisa... aman azon moarRvivna zRudeni qalaqsa mcxeTas safuZvliTurT... da yovelsa qarTlisa qalaqTa moarRvivna zRudeni... iyo kaci Zneli da mesisxle da ese daawesa da amcno spaTa misTa, viTarmed: `yovelman qarTvelTaganman romelman povos saWurveli, mokaliT igi~ da hyofdes hromni esreT qarTvelTa zeda da vinc vin gamoCndis qarTvelTagani qmnulkeTili da asakovani, moklian igi. da iyo Wiri didi naTesavsa zeda qarTvelTasa~ (gv. 19-20). anti-berZnulia da amave dros sparsofiluria Tundac imiT, rom pirveli qarTveli mefis deda sparsia, xolo sxva saukuneTa qarTvel mefeTa dinastiebi sparsuli warmoSobisa da sxva msgavsi.
`moqcevaA qarTlisaAs~ cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom kavkasiaSi gadmosaxlebisas qarTvelebs saqarTveloSi daxvdaT sxva, ucxo xalxi, dasturdeba berZnuli cnobebiT, romelTa mixedviTac iberielebs samxreTidan gadmosaxlebis dros kavkasiaSi daxvdaT sxva eri, romelsac qarTvelebi SeebrZolnen da daamarcxes _ `kaspiisa da veqsinis zRvas Soris mdebare yelze cxovrobs iberTa aRmosavluri tomi, romelic odesRac pirineidan movida aRmosavleTSi da hirkanielebTan sastiki brZola hqonda~.122
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T. yauxCiSvilis azriT, ès literaturuli cnoba iberTa da hirkanielTa Soris realurad arsebuli urTierTobis gamoZaxili unda iyos~.123 am cnobas sxva berZeni avtorebic imeoreben. maSasadame, `moqcevaA qarTlisaAs~ Sesabamis cnobas aqvs wyaro, an raime realuri safuZveli, maSin, roca `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobebi qarTvelTa eTnogenezisis Sesaxeb aris zRapruli da tendenciuri. is, rogorc aRiniSna, xorenacis istoriasa da somxur-qalkedonitur raRac wyaroze yofila dayrdnobili. maSasadame, àmbavi rvaTa ZmaTa~ dawerilia xorenacis Semdeg, misi erT-erTi wyaro VII saukunis somxuri Txzulebac yofila _ `xalxTa warmomavlobis~ wignis somxur-qalkedonituri versia, romelic VII saukuniT TariRdeba~,124 xolo `moqcevaA qarTlisaAs~ is berZnuli wyaroebi, romelSic hirkanielebisa da iberebis saqarTveloSi urTierTbrZolazea laparaki, antikur periods ganekuTvneba. (`hirkanielebSi~ vgulisxmobT ìeboselTa naTesav~ bun-Turqebs, romelnic qarTvelebs daxvdnen mtkvris xeobaSi Semosvlisas). srulebiT aSkaraa, rom `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Sesavali aris daufaravi, gamokveTili armenofiluri Txzuleba, romelSic qarTvelebi arcTu kargad xasiaTdebian, amitomac unda daisvas kiTxva imis Sesaxeb, iyo Tu ara aRiarebuli am Txzulebis Sesavali sazogadoebis mier, aRiarebdnen Tu ara am Txzulebas saqarTveloSi da qarTveli xalxisaTvis ramdenad mosaTmeni iyo is? Cven arseni beris (arsen iyalToelis) erT Txzulebaze dayrdnobiT unda ganvacxadoT _ qarTuli eklesiisaTvis miuRebeli iyo `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Sesavlis (àmbavi mefeTanis~) armenofiluri redaqcia, ufro metic, SeiZleba gamoiTqvas azri, rom es redaqcia saerTod akrZaluli iyo qalkedonur saqarTveloSi da is arsebobda mxolod qarTvel monofizitTa wreSi. es Txzuleba iyo dafaruli apokrifi (igulisxmeba XI-XIV saukuneebSi), romelsac krZalavda qarTuli samociqulo eklesia. es Cans arseni beris `cxovreba wmida ninosidan~. `cxovreba da moqalaqeoba ninoAsi~ `...dawerilia XII saukunis 10-20-ian wlebSi daviT aRmaSeneblis (Tu ioane kaTalikosis) brZanebiT arseni monazonis (beris), anu arseni iyalToelis mier... Txzuleba ZiriTadad mTavrdeba ninos gardacvalebisa da dakrZalvis aRweriT. amis Semdeg iwyeba axali Txroba, romelsac uZRvis zed warwerili _ èseca waurTe yoveli, rameTu Svenier ars, sayvarelno da satrfialo msmenelTaTvis~. es Txroba Seicavs saqarTvelosa da qarTuli eklesiis istoriisaTvis friad sayuradRebo masalebs qarTvelebisa da maTi mefeebis Camomavlobis... da sxvaTa Sesaxeb~.125 cnobilia, Tu ra didi avtoriteti iyo arsen iyalToeli qarTuli eklesiisaTvis da daviT aRmaSeneblisaTvisac. SeiZleba iTqvas, mis mier organizebulma ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebam daviT aRmaSeneblis dros, erTgvarad Seafasa da Seajama wina saukuneebSi qarTuli eklesiis saqmianoba da gansazRvra momavalSi misi mimarTuleba. arsen beri istoriuli piri
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iyo, amitomac misi Txzuleba qarTvelTa eTnogenezisis da mefeTa Camomavlobis Sesaxeb daTariRebulia. am mxriv, ra SeiZleba iTqvas àmbavi mefeTanis~ avtoris Sesaxeb? marTalia, zogierTma Cvenma didma mecnierma miiCnia, rom is dawerilia XI saukuneSi leonti mrovelis mier, magram es gancxadeba efuZneboda mxolod logikur msjelobas da ara istoriul faqts. amitomac, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arc àmbavi mefeTanis~ avtoria cnobili da arc misi daweris (miT umetes redaqtirebis) TariRi, arseni beris Txzulebis avtori ki cnobilia. is faqti, rom arsen beris TxzulebaSi gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisi srulebiT ewinaaRmdegeba àmbavi mefeTanSi~ gamoTqmul Tvalsazriss qarTvelTa eTnogenezisis, qarTvelTa qveynis sazRvrebis, mefeTa warmomavlobis, qarTuli enis da sxvaTa Sesaxeb, gvaZlevs uflebas iTqvas, rom `qarTlis cxovrebis~ arsebuli nawili XI-XIV saukuneebSi araTu samefo karis SekveTiT iwereboda (igulisxmeba armenofiluri redaqcia), aramed akrZaluli iyo samefo karis mier, radganac swored mefis karis moZRvari, mefis maswavlebeli da sulieri mama arseni ar iziarebda da, ufro metic, uaryofda àmbavi mefeTanis~ mraval Tvalsazriss. dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas isic, rom (XII saukunis dasawyisSi) qarTuli eklesiisaTvis srulebiT mouTmeneli iyo àmbavi mefeTanSi~ arsebul armenofilur TvalsazrisTagan umravlesi. cnobilia, rom msoflio saeklesio kreba aris kanonmdebeli organo, aseve adgilobrivi saeklesio kreba kanonmdebelia adgilobrivi eklesiis mimarT, amitomac ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis gadawyvetilebani savaldebulo iyo eklesiisaTvis, mas efuZneboda saeklesio samarTali. es kreba saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da qarTuli eklesiis urTierTTanamSromlobis kargi gamoxatulebaa. am krebas ara marto saeklesio, aramed saxelmwifo-samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis Zalac hqonda. krebam moixsenia kidec saqarTvelos saxelmwifos meTaurebi da agreTve qarTuli eklesiis xelmZRvanelebi. kerZod, krebis `Zegliswera~ moixseniebs saqarTvelos patriarqs (mamamTavars) _ kaTalikos ioanes, evstaTi monazons (SeiZleba es iyos afxazeTis kaTalikosi), giorgi mwignobarTuxucess (Wyondidels) da arseni monazons. aqve `ZeglisweraSi~ sagangebodaa CarTuli arsen iyalToelis mimarTva mefisadmi _ daviT aRmaSeneblisadmi.126 zemoT moyvanilis gamo, arseni monazonis (beris) mier mefis, anda kaTalikosis brZanebiT daweril `wmida ninos cxovrebas~ da masze darTul qarTuli eklesiis mokle istorias hqonda dogmis mniSvneloba. is Seucvlelad unda yofiliyo aRiarebuli eklesiis mier, xolo yovelive sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazrisi iqneboda oficialurad uaryofili saxelmwifosa da eklesiis mier. amitomac, radgan arseni beri Tavis eklesiis istoriaSi gamoTqvams `qarTlis cxovrebis~ armenofiluri redaqciisagan kardinalurad gansxvavebul Tvalsazriss, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es armenofiluri redaqcia da masSi
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gamoTqmuli mravali Tvalsazrisi uaryofili da miuRebeli iyo rogorc qarTuli eklesiis, aseve samefo karis mier (igulisxmeba arsenis epoqa). arseni saerTod ibrZoda monofizitobis gavlenis winaaRmdeg _ àman SeTxza erTbunebianTa wvalebisa da pirisdasayofeli werili, romel veraraisame RoniTa Zaledves somexTa pasuxisgebad~, _ wers i. bagrationi.127 arsen beri wmida ninos `cxovrebaSi~ wers, saWiroa vicodeT `Cven qarTvelni romelTa naTesavTa Svilni varT da `mefeni qarTvelTani~ vin iyvneno. Semdeg wers _ Cveni qveyana, Cvens mefes àzoves~ aleqsandre makedonelma `misca qveyana ese~. aleqsandre makedonelma qarTvelebs misca qveyana Semdegi sazRvrebiT _ `hereTi da egriswyali da somxeTi da mTa crolisa~.128 qarTvelebi gadmosaxldnen da daemkvidrnen swored am sazRvrebSi. am gadmosaxlebamde arseni beris azriT, qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen sxva qveyanaSi, romelsac àrian-qarTli~ erqva. aq maT hqondaT erovnuli saxelmwifo da mefeebic hyavdaT. am qarTvel mefeTa Svili iyo azove, romelmac qarTvelTa erTi nawili gadmoasaxla arian-qarTlidan da daasaxla axal qveyenaSi. qarTvelebi dasaxlebulan mdinare egriswylidan hereTis CaTvliT (an hereTamde), somxiTidan crolis mTamde. arseni beris Txzuleba uflebas iZleva iTqvas, rom qarTuli samociqulo eklesia ar iziarebda `qarTlis cxovrebis~ armenofilur redaqcias _ 1. sazRvrebis Sesaxeb _ arsenis Tanaxmad, qarTvelTa qveynis dasavleTi sazRvari Tavdapirvelad gadioda mdinare egriswyalze. egriswylis aRmosavleTiT mdebare qveyana dasaxlebuli iyo qarTvelebiT, qarTvelTa naTesaviT, romelTa `Svilni varT~ Cven dRevandeli qarTvelebio, _ wers is _ `Cven qarTvelni Svilni varT maT arian-qarTliT gamosulTani da ena maTi uwyiT da yovelni mefeni qarTlisani amaT mefeTa SvilisSvilni arian~.129 Tvalsazrisi gansxvavdeba `leontis~ Tvalsazrisisagan; 2. megrelebi TviTve arian qarTvelebi, maTi deda ena qarTuli enaa _ es azri gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom qarTvelebi Tavidanve dasaxlebulni iyvnen mdinare egriswylis aRmosavleTiT, magram cnobilia CvenTvisac da arseni iyalToelisTvisac, rom am mdinaris aRmosavleTiT mimdebare teritoria istoriulad megrelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, rogorc TviT am mdinaris saxelwodebac amJRavnebs. maSasadame, swored megrelebi, iseve rogorc saqarTvelos nebismieri kuTxis mkvidri mcxovrebni ègriswylidan hereTamde~, arian qarTvelebi. es Tvalsazrisic gansxvavdeba `leontis~ Tvalsazrisisagan, radganac `leontis~ azriT, qarTvelebi qarTlosis STamomavlebi arian da isini cxovrobdnen lixis mTis aRmosavleTiT, xolo megrelebi ki misi Zmis, sxva eTnarqis _ egrosis memkvidreni arian, isini ki mdinare mcire xazareTidan (mdinare yubanidan) vidre lixamde cxovrobdnen; 3. enis Sesaxeb. qarTvelTa Tavdapirveli ena eklesiis am Teoretikosis Tanaxmad, qarTuli iyo da ara somxuri, rogorc miaCnda `leonti mrovels~, ufro metic, arsenis Tanaxmad,
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dasavleT saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis dedaena qarTuli enaa, ise, rogorc aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobisa. im qveynis mosaxleobis dedaena, romelsac aqvs sazRvrebi _ `hereTi da egriswyali, somxeTi da mTa crolisa~ _ dasabamidanve qarTulenovania, radganac _ `Cven qarTulni Svilni varT arian-qarTliT gamosulTani da maTi ena uwyiT~. aqedan Cans, rom arsen bers megruli ena miaCnia ara damoukidebel enad, aramed kilod da dialeqtad qarTuli enisa. marTlac, TiTqmis 800 wlis win, albaT megruli dialeqti didad ar gansxvavdeboda literaturuli qarTulisagan, samegreloSi qarTuli ena dedaenad miiCneoda; 4. saqarTveloSi qarTvelTa dasaxlebamde cxovrobda sxva veluri xalxi, romelic qarTvelTa gadmosaxlebis win aleqsandre makedonelma daamarcxa, nawili daxoca, xolo darCenilebi gadaasaxla CrdiloeT oseTis iqiT, iq sadac yivCaRni mkvidrobeno _ wers arseni _ aleqsandre makedonelma `...qalaqni da simagreni yovelni ucxoTeslTa maT gamouxvna, romelnime da sxvaTa simravle maTi uricxvi waravlina kedarsa mas, sada igi pirvelni miiyvana _ garegan oseTisa, da ars qveyana igi maRal da vrcel da simravle wyalTaA, sada igi mieriTgan mkvidroben didni igi naTesavni yivCaRTani~.130 maSasadame, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi mosaxleoba, romelic aleqsandre makedonelma ixila, iyo ara qarTvelebi, aramed `...naTesavni igi sastikni warmarTTani, romelTa Cven aw bunTurqad da yivCaRad uwodT~.131 eseni aleqsandrem CrdiloeTSi gadareka, xolo aq qarTvelebi daasaxla. es Tvalsazrisi srulebiT gansxvavdeba `leonti mrovelis~ Tvalsazrisisagan, romlis Tanaxmadac, TviT qarTvelebi iyvnen velurebi, romelnic ixila aleqsandrem. ucxoTeslTa gaJletisa da gadarekvis Semdeg aleqsandrem daiwyo qveynis Seneba _ `da TviT iwyo Senebad qveyanisa Cvensa, xolo hyva Tana azove, Ze arian-qarTlisa mefisaA, da misca qveyana ese Cveni sameufod da samkvidreblad da ganuCina sazRvari hereTi da egriswyali da somxiTi da mTa crolisa, da TviT warvida. xolo ese azove warvida arian-qarTlad mamisa Tvisisa da warmoiyvana muniT aTasi saxli mdabio da moqalaqe dedebiT, yrmebiTurT maTiT da kualad aTi saxli mTavarTagan palatisaTa dedebiT da yrmebiTurT maTiT. da maT Tana hyves kerpni RmerTad. da ese azove ars pirveli mefe qarTvelTaA, da amisa SvilisSvilTagan ocdamerve iyo mirian, romeli igi mxolod iqmna qristiane da mieriTgan yovelni mefeni qarTvelTani arian morwmune keTilad da Cven qarTvelni Svilni varT maT arian-qarTliT gamosulTani da maTi ena uwyiT. da yovelni mefeni qarTlisani amaT mefeTa SvilisSvilni arian~.132 rogorc zemoT moyvanilidan Cans, arseni monozani, anu rac igivea, qarTuli qalkedonuri eklesia, srulebiT uaryofda `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ Semaval àmbavi mefeTanis~ armenofilur redaqcias, anu im redaqcias, romelic amJamad aRiarebulia.
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arseni asaxelebs kidec Tavis wyaroebs. mas gamouyenebia `moqcevaA qarTlisaA~ da àmbavi mefeTa~. is wers _ `wmidano mamano da Zmano, ese netarisa ninoAs cxovreba~ Seuwyobelad da ganbneulad `qarTlis moqcevasa~ Tana da `hambavsa mefeTasa~ Tana aRreulad sweria... arca Semimatebia da arca damiklia... yoveli WeSmariti da WeSmaritebiT aRwerili da wamebuli maT mier aha winaSe Tqvensa ars... ikiTxvideT da ersa warmoauTxrobdiT sadidebelad RmrTisa da pativisa misisa romlisa ars didebaA~.133 arseni wm. ninos cxovrebaze darTul qarTuli eklesiis mokle istoriis gadmocemisas, uSualod Txrobisas, wyarod asaxelebs `qarTlis cxovrebis wigns~. teqstidan srulebiT aSkarad Cans, rom `qarTlis cxovrebis wigns~ is iyenebs erekle keisrisa da arabTa Semosevamde (VII s.), amis Semdeg Cans, is iyenebs efrem mciris Txzulebas ùwyeba mizezsa qarTvelTa moqcevisasa~, Semdeg akritikebs berZen saeklesio moRvaweebs da iyenebs mTawmidelTa gamonaTqvamebs qarTvelTa ubiwo sarwmunoebis Sesaxeb. rogorc aRiniSna, wm. ninos `cxovrebis~ teqstisaTvis arsens gamouyenebia `qarTlis moqcevaA~ da `hambavi mefeTani~, xolo teqstze darTuli qarTvelTa da qarTuli eklesiis mokle istoriis gadmocemisas _ `qarTlis cxovrebis wigni~, kerZod, is aRwers, azoves Semdeg, vidre vaxtang gorgasalis CaTvliT istorias da agrZelebs _ àmisa Semdgomad friadni Wirni moiwines sparsTagan qarTvelTa zeda da friadni sulni moswyvidnes da qveyanani daipyrnes da friadni iwames saxelisaTvis qristesisa. romelTaime aRweril ars Cvens Soris da romelTaime aRuwerel daSTa, xolo yovelni aRweril arian wignsa mas cxovelTasa da winaSe RmrTisa ixareben. amas yovelsa `qarTlis cxovrebis~ wigni vrclad mogviTxrobs~ (iqve, gv. 48). e.i. sparselTa Semosevis Semdego, _ wers is _ qristianTa mowameobrivi Rvawli mxolod nawilobriv aRiwera, magram amis miuxedavad, maTi mowameoba sruliad aris aRwerili zecaTa `sicocxlis wignSio~ _ (`wignsa mas cxovelTasa~). amitomac, roca arsenic wers _ àmas yovelsa `qarTlis cxovrebis~ wigni vrclad mogviTxrobso~, _ gulisxmobs ara sparselTa Semosevis periods, aramed qarTveli xalxis istorias sparselTa Semosevamde _ V saukunis miwurulamde. maSasadame, is wyaro, romelsac arseni iyenebda Tavis istoriaSi azovedan vaxtang gorgaslis CaTvliT, yofila `qarTlis cxovrebis wigni~. Cans, redaqcia `qarTlis cxovrebisa~, romelsac iyenebda arsen iyalToeli, srulebiT gansxvavdeba CvenTvis cnobil `qarTlis cxovrebis~ armenofiluri redaqciisagan. arsens agreTve gamouyenebia wyarod `hambavni mefeTani~. cnobilia, rom `hambavni mefeTani~ `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Semadgeneli nawilia. aseve unda iTqvas, rom is redaqcia `hambavni mefeTanisa~, romelsac iyenebda arseni Tavis wyarod, srulebiT gansxvavdeba im armenofiluri redaqciisagan, romelsac Cven dRes vicnobT.
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gansxvaveba armenofilur da Cveulebriv redaqciebs Soris Zalze didi yofila, kerZod, rogorc aRiniSna, gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan qarTvelTa eTnogenezisis, qarTvelTa Cvevebis, qarTvelTa qveynis sazRvrebis, qarTvelTa enisa da sxvaTa Sesaxeb. SexedulebaTa gansxvaveba arsebiTia. Cans, `moqcevaA qarTlisaAs~ Tvalsazrisi aRniSnul sakiTxebze msgavsi iyo `hambavni mefeTanis~ araarmenofiluri redaqciis Tvalsazrisisa. unda vigulisxmoT, rom XII saukuneSi, arsen iyalToelis dros arsebobda `qarTlis cxovrebis~ (àmbavi mefeTanis~) iseTi redaqcia, romelic araarmenofiluri da sayovelTaod misaRebi iyo. Cans, es araarmenofiluri `qarTlis cxovrebis wigni~ (ase uwodebs mas arsen iyalToeli) Seicavda qarTvelTa istorias uZvelesi droidan VII saukunemde. es wyaro gamouyenebia arsen bers, rasac aRniSnavs kidec _ àmas yovelsa qarTlis cxovrebis wigni vrclad mogviTxrobs~. Tuki arsebobda `qarTlis cxovrebis wignis~ araarmenofiluri redaqcia, ratom ar moaRwia Cvenamde? Cvenamde ar moaRwia saerTo-saxalxo-sakiTxavi wignis _ `vefxistyaosani~-s XII-XIV saukuneebis xelnawerebma. isini daikargnen monRolTa Semosevisas, Cans, aseve daikarga `qarTlis cxovrebis~ araarmenofiluri redaqciac. xolo am wignis armenofiluri redaqcia, romelic albaT, adreve arsebobda monofiziti qarTvelebis saWiroebisaTvis, Semoinaxes monofizitebma, sadRac somxeTis somxur monasterSi. cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos monofizituri nawili (igulisxmeba mxargrZelebisadmi daqvemdebarebuli qveynebi) ubrZolvelad danebda monRolebs, SemdgomSic am qveynebSi SedarebiT simSvide sufevda. mxargrZelebis ojaxi qarTvelobda da amave dros somxobda kidec. Cans, aseve iyvnen qarTveli monofizitebi. isini arc qarTvelobas Tmobdnen da arc somxobas. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ armenofiluri redaqcia maT midrekileba-ganwyobas srulebiT Seefereboda. ara marto saqarTvelos zogierTi kuTxe iyo armenizebuli, aramed Cveni mezobeli albaneTis zogierTi nawilic. armenizebul albanelebsac hyavdaT TavianTi erovnuli istorikosi, romelic erTdroulad albaneli patriotic iyo da somexi patriotic. es iyo mose kalankatueli. miuxedavad imisa, rom is albaneli iyo, yovelive somxurs albanurze maRla ayenebda. is werda kidec ara albanur, aramed somxur enaze _ àkad. s. eremianis Tanaxmad, moses kalankatuacis Txzuleba imitom daiwera somxur enaze, rom mose warmoSobiT albaneTis armenizebuli olqidan iyo~.134 albanelTa msgavsad, saqarTvelos armenizebuli olqebis (ara bolomde armenizebulis, igulisxmeba tao _ da qvemo qarTli, hereTi) qarTvelTa ufro metad gasomxebis mizniT, albaT, adreve moxda `qarTlis cxovrebis wignis~ (àmbavi mefeTani~) armenizacia. radganac es wigni mxolod VII s-is Sua wlebamde Seicavda qarTvelTa istorias (heraklemde _ `qarTlis cx-
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ovrebis wigni~ vrclad mogviTxrobs àmisa Semdgomad gamovida mefe herekle~ arseni beri, (iqve, gv, 48)), amitom unda vifiqroT, rom `qarTlis cxovrebis wignis~ armenofiluri redaqtireba moxda VI saukuneSi an VII saukunis dasawyisSi, Tumca isic SesaZlebelia, rom es moxda Sida qarTlze somex mefeTa eqspansiis dros _ VIII-X saukuneebSi. Sida qarTlze Tu ra Zlieri zegavlena hqonda somxeTs VIII-X saukuneebSi, amis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs a. abdalaZe Tavis wignSi _ àmierkavkasiis politikur erTeulTa urTierToba IX-XI saukuneebSi~. unda vifiqroT, rom `qarTlis cxovrebis~ àmbavi mefeTanis~ dReisaTvis cnobili redaqcia dawerilia mose kalankatuelis msgavsad armenizebuli qarTvelis mier somxuri eklesiis mrevlad qceul qarTvelTaTvis (somxuri eklesiis mrevlad iqcnen armenizebuli albanelebic). es redaqcia miuRebeli iyo saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiisaTvis da is ar gamoiyena qarTuli eklesiis erT-erTma meTaurma arsen iyalToelma qarTuli eklesiis istoriis mokled aRweris dros. arsebobdnen Tu ara armenizebuli qarTvelebi da hyavda Tu ara somxur eklesias qarTuli mrevli? Cans, es sakiTxi ukve Seswavlili aqvT somex istorikosebs, magaliTad, g. ter-mkrtiCiani fiqrobs, rom koriuni (an agaTangelosi) qarTveli iyo. `rogorc iv. javaxiSvili wers _ g. ter-mkrtiCians agaTangelozi da koriuni identur pirebad miaCnda da fiqrobda rom koriuni `... qarTvelTa, anu qarTvelsomexTa episkoposi iyo ...iqneb qarTvelic ki...~135 TviT n. mari werda, rom tao-klarjeTis qarTveluri mosaxleoba somxdeboda VIII saukunemde. marTlac, aqauri mosaxleoba namdvilad ganicdida armenizaciis process. aqauri iyo nerse iSxneli _ Semdgom kaTalikosi somxuri eklesiisa, SeiZleba armenizebuli qarTveli da amitomac is simpaTiiT ixsenieba giorgi merCules mier. netars uwodebs, aseve qarTul eklesiaSi miRebuli sakiTxavic `wmidisa yrmaTa orTa ZmaTa daviTisa da tariWanisa~ mas `netar did nerses~ uwodebs _ `maSin viTarca euwya saqme ese wmidasa mamasa Cvensa nerses kaTalikozsa somxiTisasa, rameTu TviT hxedvida igi iSxniT sakvirvelebasa da brwyinvalebasa... srbiT moiwia divris~.136 `daviT da tariWanis martvilobidan~ Cans, rom tao Tavisi saeklesio centr iSxaniT da, cxadia, mis samxreTiT mdebare teritoriebiT, romelzedac Semdeg aSenda bana, xaxuli, oSki _ 650-ian wlebSi nerse kaTalikosis dros, Sedioda somxeTis eklesiaSi, magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom es mxare somxebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, piriqiT, aq cxovrobdnen qarTvelebi, romelnic iyvnen mrev-
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li somxuri eklesiisa. aq saeklesio ena iyo somxuri ena, xolo ojaxis ena _ qarTuli. TavianTi Tavi miaCndaT qarTvelebad (VII saukuneSi), xolo berZnebi am mxares _ ìverias~ uwodebdnen. TviT somexi mematianeebic ki am mxares `qarTvelTa~ mxares uwodebdnen VII s-Si ioane mamikonianis matianedan irkveva, rom me-7 s-Si mesxeTis mxareebi (da klarjeTi) qarTul mxares warmoadgenda.137 am matianedan irkveva: 1. `VII saukuneSi mesxeTi Woroxidan vanandamde, klarjeTis CaTvliT, samflobeloa vaSden `qarTvelTa (iverielTa) mTavrisa~, vaSdenis Zea jojiki `qarTvelTa (iverielTa) mTavari~.138 am qarTvel mTavrebs prosparsuli (anu prosomxuri) orientacia hqondaT da es antiberZnuli tao da klarjeTi qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli qveyana iyo. taoSi VIII saukunemde cxovrobda somxuri eklesiis samwysoSi Semavali qarTuli mosaxleoba somxuri saeklesio eniT. marTalia, tao da klarjeTi qalkedonituri midrekilebisa iyvnen, magram somxurma eklesiam taoel qarTvelTa Tavis gavlenis qveS moqceva imiT SeZlo, rom erekle keisris Semdeg is ùniaturi~, anu TiTqmis qalkedonituri gaxda. ufro adre ki, VII saukunis dasawyisSi kirionisa da abraam kaTalikosis epoqaSi taos erTi nawili qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda, sadac arseni safarelis Tanaxmad gadasaxlebula abraam somexTa kaTalikosis mier devnili qalkedonit somex samRvdeloTa nawili. safiqrebelia, rom somxuri eklesiis mier ùniis~ aRiarebis Semdeg isini ukanve dabrundnen. Cans, somxuri eklesiis wevr qarTvels ekuTvnis somexTa ganmanaTleblis wmida grigoris cxovrebis arabuli teqsti (Targmani). am arabul teqstSi gamovlenilia uamravi qarTuli sityva da agreTve qarTuli warmomavlobis geografiuli saxelebi. avtori icnobs da wers qarTuli eklesiis Sesaxebac. is dainteresebulia qarTuli eklesiiT, mxolod avtoris (mTargmnelis) qarTuli erovnebiT SeiZleba aixsnas mis mier qarTuli sityvebis xmareba da ara iseTi garTulebuli sqemiT, rogoric es n. marma warmoadgina.139 rogorc iTqva, somxuri eklesiis wevri iyo TviT kirionic qarTlis kaTalikosad gamorCevamde. `qarTvelTa episkoposi~ hqvia mose gugarqis (curtavel) episkoposs, romelic somxuri eklesiis wevrad miiCnevs Tavis Tavs kirionis dros. qarTvelTa gadaqceva somxuri eklesiis mrevlad, savaraudoa, IV s-is bolosa da V s-is dasawyisSi e.w. `berZnul somxeTSic~. aRniSnul dros bizantiam `berZnul somxeTSi~ somxur eklesias neba darTo gaevrcelebina somxuri anbani da somxurenovani wirva-locva;140 berZnul somxeTSi, somexTa garda, cxadia, bevri qarTvelic cxovrobda, radganac es mxare istoriul kapadokiaSi mdebareobda da kesaria-kapadokiis (pontos diocezis) nawili iyo, sadac (kapadokiaSi) saerTod qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen (qarTvel mecnierTa Tanaxmad). kapadokiaSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi, cnobilia, rom gaberZndnen _ qarTvelTa erTi nawili ki SeiZleba `somexi~ gaxda, anu wevri
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somxuri eklesiisa. etyoba, aqvs raRac safuZveli g. ter-mkrtiCians, roca is agaTangelozs da koriuns identur pirebad miiCnevs da qarTvelad Tvlis. Cans, somxur eklesiaSi ukve koriunis dros qarTveli mrevlic arsebobda. Cans, gugarqSi mcxovrebi `somxurenovani~ mrevli, romelic ase xSirad ixsenieba èpistoleTa wignSi~, erovnebiT qarTveli iyo saeklesio somxurenovani wirva-locviT (albanelTa msgavsad). istoriuli provinciebi: gaCiani, gardabani, kuxeTi, romelnic Sediodnen hereTsa da gugarqSi qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli iyo. maTi eTnarqebi iyvnen qarTlosis Svilebi _ gardabos, kuxos da gaCiosi.141 aseve yofila taoSic da mesxeTis zogierT sxva kuTxeSi VIII saukunemde. marTalia, qarTvelebs aRniSnul mxareebSi miuRiaT somxurenovani wirvalocva da zogierTni ki somxuri eklesiis wevrnic gamxdaran, magram maT kargad scodniaT, rom isini gvar-tomobiT da erovnebiT qarTvelebi iyvnen da ara somxebi (aseve icodnen armenizebulma albanelebma, rom isini erovnebiT albanelebi iyvnen da ara somxebi). swored amitom isini Semdeg deda eklesias daubrundnen. Cans, Zvel saqarTveloSi somxuri eklesiis wevr qarTvels uwodebdnen `sarwmunoebiT somexs~. amis Tqmis uflebas iZleva grigol bakurianis erTi cnoba, romelic SeiZleba ase gavigoT, rom me naTesaviT qarTveli var, magram myavs `sarwmunoebiT somexi~ msaxurebio _ `...vinaAca menebos, naTesavTa CemTa da msaxurTa CemTa daRacaTu somexni iyvnen sarwmunoebiTa~.142 SeiZleba, grigol bakuriani `sarwmunoebiT somexis~ qveS gulisxmobdes Tavis msaxurs, magram es msaxuri (Tu naTesavi)~ gvariT e.i. erovnebiT ki ar aris `somexi~, aramed `sarwmunoebiT~. grigol bakuriani kargad asxvavebs erTmaneTisagan erovnebiT somexsa da sarwmunoebiT somexs. erovnebasa da sarwmunoebas kargad rom asxvavebs erTmaneTisagan, es iqidan Cans, rom Tavisi Tavis (da saZmos) daxasiaTebisas is arasodes ar wers, me `sarwmunoebiT qarTveli~ varo, aramed yovelTvis wers _ me erovnebiT `naTesaviT~, `gvariT~ var qarTvelio. `qarTvelni varT naTesaviT mxneni da medgrobiT aRzrdilni~. `monazonni monastrisa Cemisani guarad qarTvelni arian~.143 grigol bakurians naTesavebi da msaxurebi qarTvelebic hyolia, `naTesavTa da msaxurTa CemTa qarTvelTao~, wers is, magram amaTgan zogierTi SeiZleboda, rom `sarwmunoebiT somexi~ yofiliyo _ `vinaAca menebos, naTesavTa CemTa da msaxurTa CemTa, daRaTu somexni iyvnen sarwmunoebiT~. swored erovnebiT qarTvelebisaTvis, magram `sarwmunoebiT somxebisaTvis~, anu rac igivea, grigoriani qarTvelebis saWiroebisaTvis unda redaqtirebuliyo `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Sesavali teqstebi armenofilebis mier. rogorc sxva TavebSi aRiniSna, hereTSi, gugarqsa da mesxeTis zogierT mxareSi (sxvadasxva saukuneebSi somxuri eklesiis gavlenis sferoSi moq-
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ceul qarTvel mrevls aswavlidnen somxur anbans da maT eklesiebSic somxurad iyo wirva-locva. cnobilia, rom mcxeTis jvris taZarSi aRmoCnda qva somxuri warweriT (grafiti, amokawruli warwera), aseve, mcxeTis jvrisa da atenis sionis qvis filebze arsebobs somxuri asoebi, amokveTili qvismTlelebis mier. esaa qvismTlelTa niSnebi, anu damRebi. `Tu qvismTlelTa niSnebi _ somxuri asoebi niSnavs, rom xelosani iyo somexi da es niSani misi inicialia, maSin am SemTxvevaSi qvismTlelTa da xelosanTa Soris jvarze da aseve atenSi iyo somexTa garkveuli ricxvi~.144 ufro metic, am niSnebsa da grafitze dayrdnobiT iseTi mosazrebac ki gamoiTqva, rom jvris taZris arqiteqtori somexi iyo.145 rogorc vTqviT, hereTis, gugarqis da mesxeTis nawilis qarTveloba `somxurenovani~ iyo, e.i. maT eklesiebSi wirva-locva aRniSnul saukuneSi somxurad tardeboda. aqedan gamomdinare, mosaxleobam icoda somxuri werakiTxva. somxuri iswavleboda, qarTuli akrZaluli iyo. amitomac mcxeTis jvarsa da atenis sionze arsebuli somxuri asoebi (da warwerebic) SeiZleba imasac uCvenebdes, rom aq hereTidan, gugarqidan da taodan Camosuli qarTveli xelosnebic muSaobdnen, romelnic maTTvis cnobil anbans (somxurs) iyenebdnen. i. abulaZe Tvlis, rom dabali fenis qarTvel da somex morwmuneebs ar gauwyvetiaT urTierTkavSiri. epistoleTa wignis Tanaxmad, qarTvelebi somxeTis mTavar eklesiasa da sxva eklesiebSi loculobdnen. dabali fenebi 607-609 wlebis Semdegac TavianT wess ar Secvlidnen.146 somxuri eklesiis wevr qarTvelTa arsebobiT unda aixsnas is faqti, rom maT qarTul wignebze TavianTi saeklesio eniT (somxuriT) minawerebi gaukeTebiaT. am garemoebiT aixsneba arseboba somxuri minawerebisa jruWis oTxTavze, Satberdis krebulsa, an miqael modrekilis sagaloblebze. da ara imiT, TiTqosda es minawerebi e.w. `qalkedoniki somxebis~ gakeTebuli iyos. qarTvelTa kulturuli armenizacia mxolod XI saukunisaTvis SeiZleboda rom dasrulebuliyo, somexTa Zlieri saxelmwifos gauqmebisa da qarTvelTa erTiani saxelmwifos daarsebis Semdeg. kulturulad armenizebul qarTvelTa saWiroebisaTvis Seqmnila `qarTlis cxovrebis~ àmbavi mefeTanis~ armenofiluri redaqcia. maSasadame, unda vivaraudoT, rom arsebobda àmbavi mefeTanis~ orgvari redaqcia _ armenofiluri da Cveulebrivi. àmbavi mefeTanis~ `Cveulebrivi~ redaqcia Tavdapirveli iyo, xolo Semdgom am redaqciis armenofilebis mier gadamuSavebis Sedegad miRebul iqna is redaqcia, romelmac moaRwia Cvenamde. rodis iqna redaqtirebuli armenofilebis mier àmbavi mefeTani~? cnobilia, rom am redaqciaSi moi poveba cnoba, romlis Tanaxmad qarTuli mwignobroba Seqmna mefe farnavazma da ara mesrop maStocma. es cnoba imiT aris mniSvnelovani, rom miuxedavad am Txzulebis sruli armenizaciisa,
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redaqtorebs ar SeucvliaT cnoba farnavazis mier qarTuli mwignobrobis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. qarTuli anbanis mesrop maStocis mier Seqmnis legenda Camoyalibda mogvianebiT X-XIII saukuneebSi (ix. epistoleTa wigni, z. aleqsiZis Sesavali, gv. 46). amitomac unda vivaraudoT, rom `qarTlis cxovreba~ armenofilebis mier redaqtirebul iqna mesrop maStocis mier qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis Teoriis Camoyalibebamde, radganac imdenad armenofiluria `qarTlis cxovreba~, rom SeuZlebelia aRniSnuli Teoria arsebuliyo da mis redaqtors ar amoegdo iqidan farnavazis mier qarTuli mwignobrobis Seqmnis cnoba. maSasadame, unda vivaraudoT, rom `qarTlis cxovreba~ (àmbavi mefeTani~) armenofilebis mier redaqtirebul iqna X saukunemde. saqarTvelos gaerTianebisa da Zlieri qarTuli saxelmwifos arsebobis dros XI-XIII saukuneSi armenofilur wreebs qarTvelTa augad xseneba ukve aRar SeeZloT. am saukuneebSi, roca qarTveli eri Tavs iwonebda erovnuli kulturis aRorZinebiT, aarsebda `sxva aTinasa~ da àxal ierusalims~, mecnierebisa da sulieri kulturis msoflio mniSvnelobis kerebs, aRaravis SeeZlo qarTvelTa winaprebisaTvis veluroba da kaciWamioba (gvamis mWamebloba) daewamebina. amitomac am dros warmoudgenelia, SeTxzuliyo `qarTlis cxovrebis~ armenofiluri Txzulebebi. ufro metic, cnobili, dawyebuli XI saukunidan TiTqmis xelaxla ìTargmna~ yvela is qarTuli saeklesio wigni, romelic odesRac somxuridan Targmnili anda redaqtirebuli iyo. somxuri eklesia da somxeTic ki ukve TviTve gaxda augad saxsenebeli qarTvelTa mier. magaliTad, giorgi mTawmideli somxur sarwmunoebas dascinoda bizantiis imperatoris winaSe, xolo ruis-urbnisis Zeglisweram somexTa da sxvaTa saxelmwifos dangrevis mizezad sodomuri codvebi miiCnia. XI-XIII saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi miuRebeli iyo yovelgvari armenofiluri Tvalsazrisi. am dros `qarTlis cxovrebis~ CvenTvis cnobili armenofiluri Txzulebis dawera, albaT, SeuZlebelia da leonti mrovelic, SeuZlebelia, iyos avtori àmbavi mefeTanisa~. àmbavi mefeTani~ uZveles drosve arsebobda, xolo X saukunemde is redaqtirebul iqna armenofilTa mier. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Sesavlis ukve arsebulma armenofilurma redaqciam Tavi Seafara somxeTs. is Targmnes kidec somxurad am dros (XI-XIII ss) somxeTSi TavSefarebuli es redaqcia saqarTveloSi aravis sWirdeboda. am wignis (redaqciis) bedi Seicvala saqarTvelos saxelmwifos daSladasustebisa (XV) da saqarTveloSi grigorianuli eklesiis gavlenis aRorZinebis Semdeg. rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, sparseTi da osmaleTi XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi ebrZodnen qarTul marTlmadideblur eklesias. qarTvelTa mrevli mesxeTSi osmalebma daumorCiles konstantinopolis berZnul da somxur sapatriarqoebs. osmalebis mier Sida qarTlis dapyrobis dros aq somxuri eklesiis gavlena Zlier gaizarda. sparseTic XVI saukunis Sem-
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deg aseve didi siyvaruliT ekideboda somxebis grigorianul eklesias. somxebs uSenebdnen eklesiebsa da qalaqebs (mag. julfaSi), misces yovelgvari SeRavaTi da daxmareba. somxebi moqalaqeobrivad sparselebs gauTanabres, amave dros ki, qarTuli eklesiis mrevls atyvevebdnen, sparseTis siRrmeSi asaxlebdnen, anadgurebdnen. sparseTis politika saqarTveloSi iTvaliswinebda somexTa yovelgvar SeRavaTs. aseT situaciaSi saqarTveloSi XVI-XVIII ss-Si kvlav gaCnda somxuri eklesiis qarTuli mrevli. gansakuTrebiT bevri qarTveli grigoriani cxovrobda Sida da qvemo qarTlSi, kaxeTsa da mesxeTSi. swored am dros, saqarTveloSi qarTveli grigorianuli mrevlis gaCenis dros, maTi armenizaciis daCqarebis mizniT moZebnili iqna da xelaxla gamoCnda `qarTlis cxovrebis~ armenofiluri redaqcia. rostom mefe, romelic sparseTis warmomadgeneli iyo saqarTveloSi, yovel Rones xmarobda sparsuli politikis gatarebisaTvis. sparsuli politika ki yovelmxriv xels uwyobda somxur eklesias, somex vaWar-xelosanamqarTa gaZlierebas mTel sparseTSi da maT Soris saqarTveloSic. rostomi prosomxuri orientaciisa iyo, sparseTis interesebidan gamomdinare. Cans, amitomac rostomis samefo karze yuradReba miaqcies `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Sesavlis armenofilur redaqcias da rostomis meuRlem, mariam dedofalma, misi gadaweris SekveTa misca. am droisaTvis ukve dakarguli iyo `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Sesavlis `Cveulebrivi~ redaqcia da mxolod armenofiluri arsebobda, magram es armenofiluri redaqcia misaRebi iyo qarTveli marTlmadideblebisaTvis, maT Soris mariam dedoflisaTvisac, radganac ukeTesi aRar arsebobda. ivane javaxiSvili farsadan gorgijaniZis ìstoriis~ ganxilvisas wers, rom TviT ganaTlebul qarTvelebsac ki erovnuli istoriis Sesaxeb Zalze mciredi warmodgena hqondaT da `qarTlis cxovreba~ arc ki enaxaT. farsadan gorgijaniZe rostom mefis karze iyo aRzrdili, `rostom mefem viTac Svili gamzarda da mravali wyaloba dammarTa...~ _ wers is,147 `swored ganmacvifrebeli da daujerebeli ramaa, rom saistorio cnobebi imdroindel saqarTvelos ganaTlebul wreebs, romelTa jgufs, ueWvelia, ekuTvnoda rostom mefis maxlobeli kaci, istorikosi farsadan gorgijaniZe, saqarTvelos istoria ase maxinjad hqoniaT dazepirebuli!.. vaxtang gorgasali mirian mefis Svili iyoo. es SemTxveviTi Secdoma ar aris, avtori srulebiT darwmunebuli yofila, rom mirian mefe vaxtang gorgaslis mama iyo. Tu aseTs maRalxarisxovans da mefis maxlobel moxeles da istorikoss, rogoric iyo farsadan gorgijaniZe, ase domxaliviT hqonda areuli samSoblo qveynis warsuli da Tavgadasavali, ase zRaprulad hqonda warmodgenili qarTuli saukeTeso wyaroebi aramcTu wakiTxuli, TvaliTac ki nanaxi ara hqonia, maS danarCens xalxs, Cveulebrivs, SuaTana SeZlebisa da codnis patrons, raRa warmodgena unda hqonoda? rasakvirvelia, araferi!...148
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swored zemoT aRniSnulis gamo, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ armenofiluri nusxis aRmoCena namdvili zeimi unda yofiliyo im drois qarTvelTaTvis _ sayovelTao ucodinarobas erovnuli istoriisas `qarTlis cxovreba~ avsebda. qarTvel grigorianebs ki gaaxarebda `qarTlis cxovrebis~ àmbavi mefeTani~ Tavisi armenofiluri tendenciebis gamo. Cans, armenofilebs kidev erTxel uredaqtirebiaT is da kidev ufro gaumZafrebiaT armenofiluri tendenciebi. qarTvel grigorianebs XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi, Tumca samSoblosa da eris didi siyvaruli hqondaT da TavianT Tavs `qarTvelad~, anda `saqarTvelos Svilad~ Tvlidnen, magram isini uyoymanod aRiarebdnen somxuri kulturisa da istoriis upiratesobas. magaliTad, `farsadan gorgijaniZe q. goriTgana yofila. Tavis Tavs igi musulmanTa samarTlis wignSi `jami abasis~ qarTuls TargmanSi qarTvels uwodebs. broses ki hgonia, rom igi somexi unda yofiliyo. SesaZlebelia, miT umetes, rom misi nawarmoebis pirvel nawilSi somxeTis istoriis ambebs sapatio adgili aqvs daTmobili~.149 marTalia, is gaqarTvelebul somxad miiCneva, magram piriqiT, is `grigoriani~ qarTvelia, anu gasomxebuli qarTveli. mas musulmanobac miuRia,150 magram am dros is mainc gasomxebuli qarTvelia. im dros, rogorc n. irbaxi da mravali TviTmxilveli werda, saqarTveloSi yoveldRiurad mravali qarTveli somxdeboda, rogorc maRali, ise dabali wodebisa, gansakuTrebiT ki somxdebodnen qarTveli yma-glexebi (somexi mebatonisa) da tyveobisagan gamoxsnili (somexTa mier) _ qarTvelebi. es is droa, roca Sah-abasi da sxva (mis wina da mis Semdeg) sparsi Tu osmalo mmarTvelebi qarTvelebs atyvevebdnen, saqarTvelos aoxrebdnen, qarTul eklesias ebrZodnen. amave dros ki Sah-abasi da sxvebi iranis dedaqalaqSi (ispahanis ubanSi _ julfaSi) somxebs eklesiebs uSenebdnen; somxur eklesiebs iranel ostatebs alamazebinebdnen da evropel ostatebs axatvinebdnen, magaliTad, `rac Seexeba `vanqis~ eklesias, igi Tavisi arqiteqturuli gadawyvetiT, mooqrouli WeriTa da gumbaTiT, daxvewili gemovnebiT Sesrulebuli mxatvrobiT, julfis yvelaze mniSvnelovan TvalsaCino Zegls warmoadgens. `vanqis~ eklesiis xuroTmoZRvreba da kedlis ornamenti, moxatuloba iranel ostatebs ekuTvniT, xolo siuJeturi kompoziciebi evropel fermwerTa mieraa Sesrulebuli...151 amave dros ki sionis meCeTad gadaqcevas cdilobdnen. aseT epoqaSi somexTa gaqarTveleba warmoudgenelia, xolo qarTvelTa gasomxebis Sesaxeb TviTmxilveli evropeli misionerebi da qarTveli moRvaweebi werdnen. gasomxebuli qarTveli farsadan gorgijaniZe wers saqarTvelos, misi samSoblos istorias, magram armenofiluri tendenciiT. Tavis saqarTvelos istoriis pirvel nawilSi somxeTis istoriis ambebs sapatio adgili dauTmo, aRwera somexTa Trdat mefis ambavi: `...romlis Semdgom me-9 gverdamde somxeTis istoriis mokle cnobebia moyvanili. mere me-10 gverdze moTxrobilia
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sul mokled bagrationTa mosvla saqarTveloSi, maTi gaqarTveleba...~152 (`...daviT gabatonda somexTa qoronikons...~, `...aqamadisan rom somxobas ukan batonoba uqniaT qarTvelobaSigan...~ `somexT qordass...~ `somexi qoronikoniT~ `somexTcxovreba~, `somexT xelmwife~, es da sxva msgavsi winadadebebi xSirad gvxvdeba mis istoriaSi). mis saqarTvelos istoriaSi wina planzea somxeTi da somexTa Tavgadasavals Zalze sapatio adgili uWiravs. am mxriv misi Txzuleba Zalze hgavs àmbavi mefeTanis~ armenofilur redaqcias. Cans, swored farsadan gorgijaniZis msgavs qarTvel moRvaweebs xelaxla uredaqtirebiaT `qarTlis cxovreba~ vaxtang VI-is epoqaSi. erTmaneTs Seadares vaxtangamde (vaxtangis winare _ e.w. `Zveli qarTlis cxovrebisa~) da vaxtangis Semdgomi (.e.w. àxali qarTlis cxovreba~) teqstebi, romelnic aleqsandre makedonelis saqarTveloSi laSqrobas Seexeba. vaxtangis Semdgomi `qarTlis cxovrebis~ saanalizo teqstebi miuTiTeben, rom maTSi Zalze gamZafrebulia qarTvelTa augi, kerZod, axal redaqtorebs `leonti mrovelisad~ miCneul teqstSi CaurTavT zedmeti adgilebi qarTvelTa bilw CvevaTa warmoCenisaTvis. magaliTad, vaxtangis winare redaqciebis Tanaxmad, aleqsandre `movida qarTlad da pova yovelni qarTvelni uborotes yovelTa naTesavTa sjuliTa. rameTu col-qmrobisa da siZvisaTvis ara uCnda naTesaoba, yovelsasa suliersa sWamdes, mkvdars SeSWamdes~, _ amiT am redaqciebSi mTavrdeba qarTvelTa augi da iwyeba sxva ambavi vaxtangis Semdgom redaqciebSi (s. yauxCiSvilis mier, 1955 wels dabeWdili `qarTlis cxovreba~) qarTvelTa augi grZeldeba ase `...yovelsa suliersa Wamdes, mkvdrisa SesWamdes, viTarca mxecni da pirutyvni, romelTa qcevisa warmoTqma uxm ars da ixilna ra ese naTesavni sastikni warmarTni, romelTa igi Cven bunTurgad da yivCaRad uwodT, msdgareni mdinaresa mas mtkvrisasa mixveviT~.153 `mrovelis teqstSi amis win naTqvami iyo, rom qarTlSi Semosulma aleqsandrem hpovna `yovelni qarTvelni uborotes yovelTa naTesavTa sjuliTa~. gamodis, TiTqos bun-Turqad da yivCaRad wodebulni sastikni naTesavni iyvnen `yovelni qarTvelni~.154 ase amZafrebs axali redaqtori XVI saukunis Semdgom qarTvelTa augs. mas Tavis wyarod, q. cxadaZis gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, gamouyenebia arsen beris Txzuleba, magram aRsaniSnavia, rom arsen beri saZraxis Cvevebs miawerda ara qarTvelebs, aramed qarTvelebis mosvlamde saqarTveloSi mcxovreb sxva xalxs, xolo axalma redaqtorma es Tvisebebi qarTvelebze gadaitana. Teimuraz bagrationi kategoriulad uaryofda imis SesaZleblobas, rom qarTvelebs msgavsi Cveva hqondaT. `Teimurazi kategoriulad acxadebs, àraQWeSmarit ars~ da mravali uarsayofi argumentis moyvanis Semdeg mtkiced askvnis, rom amisi msgavsi Cveuleba aramc Tu qarTlosianTa Soris, aramed saerTod aziis erTa Sorisac arasodes yofilao~.155
706
zogierT mkvlevarTa azriT, qarTvelni aseTi saZageli Cvevebis mqoned miiCnies qarTvelma saeklesio pirebma garkveuli mizniT èklesiisa Cvenisa moZRvarni uZagebdes maT gardavlilTa winaparTa maTTa da maTsa ityodes mravalTa uwesoTa qcevaTa da arawmidaTa da mkvdarTa Wamasa xorcsa kacisasa... raTa qristes sarwmunoebasa zeda moqceulTa erTa SeiZulon Cveulebani da zneni winaparTa kerpTmsaxurebisani~ (Teimuraz bagrationis azria).156 marTalia, nikoloz gulaberiZe werda, gaqristianebamde qarTvelebi ùmZvinvaresni da uveluresni~ iyvneno, magram miuxedavad amisa, ar SeiZleba gaziarebul iqnas Teimurazis mosazreba. ara qarTuli eklesiis moZRvrebma daxates qarTvelTa winaprebi velurebad, aramed im Zalebma, romelnic saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da eklesiis dasustebisas cdilobdnen qarTvelTa sxva xalxSi asimilacia gaeadvilebinaT. qarTvelTa erovnuli siamayis Sesusteba survili iyo ucxo Zalebisa rTuli politikuri situaciis dros. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ xelaxla gamocemis dros sasurvelia masSi aRar Sevides is Seuracxmyofeli CanarTebi, romelnic ganekuTvneba vaxtang VI-is Semdgom epoqas, miT umetes, rom mari broses mier gamocemul `qarTlis cxovrebasa~ da mis frangul TargmanSi am CanarTebis erTi nawili Setanili ar aris.
qarTvelTa armenizaciis Sesaxeb

amJamad, rogorc wesi, miiCneva, rom Sua saukuneebSi mimdinareobda sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebisa da agreTve somexTa gaqarTveleba. TiTqosda es xdeboda sarwmunoebrivi gziT, qalkedonituri sarwmunoebis miRebis Semdeg somxebi eqceodnen qarTul kulturul garemoSi da isini qarTveldebodnen. miiCneva, rom qalkedonitoba aris qarTvelTa erovnuli sarwmunoeba, xolo monofizitoba (grigorianoba) somexTa erovnuli sarwmunoebaa. Tu somxebi qalkedonitobis miRebiT qarTveldebodnen, maSin unda vivaraudoT, rom aseve qarTvelebi somxdebodnen grigorianobis miRebiT. hqonda Tu ara adgili aseT process, iRebdnen Tu ara qarTvelebi somxur sarwmunoebas, eqceodnen Tu ara isini somxuri eklesiis gavlenis sferoSi da amiT somxdebodnen? Cvens mecnierebaSi araa miRebuli msjeloba qarTvelTa gasomxebis Sesaxeb, maSin roca somexTa gaqarTvelebis Sesaxeb wers yvela mecnieri, romelic exeba V-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTvelos istorias, amitomac Tu SeiZleba msjeloba somexTa gaqarTvelebis Sesaxeb, maSin qarTvelTa gasomxebis Sesaxebac msjeloba ar unda iwvevdes araviTar uxerxulobas da WeSmaritebis dadgena umTavresi unda iyos. pirobebi qarTvelTa gasomxebisaTvis Seqmnili iyo araTu Sua saukuneebSi, aramed XIX saukuneSic ki. amis damamtkicebeli magaliTebis moyvanamde unda iTqvas somxuri sarwmunoebis Sesaxeb.
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miRebulia, rom somxuri eklesia monofizituri eklesiaa, sinamdvileSi ki somxur eklesias, da saerTod, somxebs, mxolod pirobiT Tu ewodebaT aseTi saxeli. somxur eklesias gaaCnia Taviseburi, gansakuTrebuli sarwmunoeba, romelic, marTalia, mimdevaria monofizituri dogmatikisa, magram amave dros uaxlovdeba diofiziturs (e.i. marTlmadideblobas).157 marTalia, somxurma eklesiam uaryo qalkedonis kreba, romelic misi azriT nestorianobis aRorZinebas uwyobda xels, magram amave dros, monofizitobis mraval mimarTulebas Soris imas gahyva, romelic axlos idga marTlmadideblobasTan. es aris TavisTavadi sarwmunoeba, romelsac ewodeba kidec somxuri erovnuli sarwmunoeba. somex TeologTa azriT, es aris is dogmatika, romelsac qadagebda wmida grigori (anu es aris nikeis I msoflio krebis qristologiao). amitomac, somxur erovnul sarwmunoebas wmida grigoris sarwmunoeba, xolo eklesias `somxur-grigorianuli eklesia~ hqvia. imis gamo, rom wmida grigoris eklesia arc mtkice monofizituria, da arc diofizituri, aramed raRac saSualo SemTanxmebluri qristianobis sxvadasxva dapirispirebul mimarTulebaTa Soris, eklesia iqca gaWirvebis Jams TavSesafarebel savaned sruliad sxvadasxva sarwmunoebrivi mimarTulebis qristiani xalxebisaTvis, sadac maTi sarwmunoebrivi grZnobebi da rwmena TiTqmis ar ibRaleboda. somxuri eklesia albanelebis, qarTvelebis, sirielebisa da sparseli qristianebisTvisac ki mSobliuri eklesia iyo. amas adasturebs somexqarTvel-albanelTa gaerTianebuli krebebi, romlebic tardeboda somxeTSi V saukunis Semdeg, cnobilia, rom sparseli qristianebi (VI-VII ss.) somxuri eklesiis meTaurs ekiTxebodnen rCevas da moiTxovdnen misgan miTiTebas (Semonaxulia epistoleebi sparseli qristianebisa somexi kaTalikosisadmi). somxur eklesiaSi mravlad moRvaweobdnen sirielebi, agreTve albanelebi (magaliTad, mose kalankatueli) da qarTvelebi (kirion kaTalikosi saqarTveloSi Camosvlamde somxeTis mTavari eklesiis winamZRvari da airaratis provinciis qorepiskoposi iyo). rogorc iTqva, somxuri sarwmunoeba erovnulia, radganac misi dogmatika gansxvavdeba da ganirCeva sxva sarwmunoebrivi mimarTulebebisagan da axasiaTebs mxolod mas. amiT somxuri eklesia erovnuli eklesiaa. aris Tu ara qalkedonitoba mxolod qarTvelTa sarwmunoeba? ar aris. am TvalsazrisiT, qarTvelebs erovnuli sarwmunoeba ar gaaCniaT. qalkedonitoba, upirveles yovlisa, `berZnuli sarwmunoebaa~ (qarTvelebi `berZnuls~ uwodebdnen msoflio (kaTolike) _ sayovelTao eklesias). qalkedonitoba msoflio sarwmunoebaa. saqarTvelos mezobeli didi qristianuli imperiebis, bizantiisa da ruseTis sarwmunoeba qalkedonituri iyo, amitomac jer bizantiasTan da mere ruseTTan mebrZoli158 sparselebi (VII
708
saukunemde), arabebi (X saukunemde), Turqebi (XI saukunis Semdeg) da kvlav sparselebi (XVI saukunis Semdeg) qarTvelebis qalkedonitur sarwmunoebas ganixilavdnen rogorc mowinaaRmdege imperiebis _ mtris sarwmunoebas, daundoblad ebrZodnen qarTvelebsa da qarTul eklesias. am dros ki somxuri eklesia, rogorc neitraluri sarwmunoebis mqone, maTTvis misaRebi iyo. ufro metic, somxuri eklesiis meSveobiT cdilobdnen qalkedonitobis aRmofxvras saqarTvelosa da kavkasiaSi. sparselebi VII saukunis 20-ian wlebamde Tu rogori pativiscemiT epyrobodnen da aZlierebdnen somxur eklesias, da Semdgom ki arabebi Tu rogor ebrZodnen amierkavkasiis qveynebSi (albaneTsa da saqarTveloSi) somxuri eklesiis saSualebiT qalkedonitebs, amis Sesaxeb naTqvamia sxva TavebSi. marTalia, imis Semdeg, rac saqarTvelom gaaerTiana Tavisi miwebi da ara marto kavkasiaSi, aramed mcire aziaSic vasaluri saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebi daaarsa (XI-XIII saukuneebSi) qarTuli eklesiis (qalkedonitobis) sawinaaRmdego moqmedeba aravis SeeZlo, magram erTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwifos daSlis Semdeg (XV s.) mezobeli TurqeTi da irani iwyeben oms qarTuli eklesiis winaaRmdeg. samagierod, rogorc TurqeTi, ise irani aZliereben somxur eklesias da mas uqvemdebareben TavianT saxelmwifoebSi mcxovreb qarTvelebsa da sxva erebs. Turqebma konstantinopolis àxladSeqmnil somexTa sapatriarqos daumorCiles: somxebi, sirielebi, qaldevelebi, koptebi, qarTvelebi (igulisxmeba am dros Turqebis mier samxreT saqarTvelos dapyrobili provinciebis qarTvelebi, yars-arzrumisa da nawilobriv, imier taos mimdebare midamoebis qarTuli mosaxleoba), abisinielebi~.159 somxuri sapatriarqosadmi damorCilebuli qarTvelebi somxdebodnen, ara marto imitom, rom maT eklesiebSi inergeboda somxuri ena da isini grigoriandebodnen, aramed imitomac, rom maT samoqalaqo _ sasamarTlo saqmeebsac ki wyvetda konstantinopolis somexTa sapatriarqo.160 mesxeTis qarTveli qristianebi Turqebma dauqvemdebares somxur eklesias, riTac gagrigoriandnen. àm mxriv, rogorc Cans, nayofier moRvaweobas eweoda agreTve konstantinopolis grigorianuli sapatriarqo, romlis uflebasac XV saukunis meore naxevridan daeqvemdebara agreTve samcxesaaTabagos qarTuli eklesia. qarTvelTa grigorianul sarwmunoebaze miqcevis tendenciebi aSkarad SeimCneva imier taosa da arzrumis sasazRvro provinciebis qarTul mosaxleobaSi. rogorc safiqrebelia, yarsisa da arzrumis qarTuli marTlmadidebluri samwyso (karelisa da arzrumelis saepiskoposoebi), romlebmac XVII saukunemde moaRwies, saukunis bolos mTlianad gauqmda da mrevli Zalauneburad Seerwya Turqul-musulmanur Tu somxurgrigorianul religiebs. aqaur marTlmadidebelTa (qarTvelTa) gagrigorianebis (gasomxebis) faqti dadasturebuli aqvs mkvlevar ignati fafazians
709
Tavis èklesiis cxovrebaSi~. aseTive viTareba Seiqmna XVI-XVII saukuneebSi tyiani artaanisa da patara artaanis TemebSi, Cildiris tbis midamoebSi...~161 ara marto mesxeTSi, aramed yvelgan saqarTveloSi, sadac ki Turqebi batonobdnen, somxur eklesias ufleba eZleoda qarTvel qristianebze, xolo qarTuli eklesia idevneboda. `TiTqos gasakviria, magram faqtia, XV saukunis Sua xanebSi TurqeTis dapyrobil teritoriaze arnaxulad gaizarda rogorc somex vaWar-mrewvelTa, ise somxur-grigorianuli eklesiis Zliereba da avtoriteti. sakuTari saxelmwifo dakarguli somexi xalxi TurqeTis sulTanebs TavianTi politikis dasayrden iaraRad miaCndaT~.162 konstantinopolis aRebis Semdeg Turqebma gaauqmes berZnuli politikuri xelisufleba. àmieridan rCeboda mxolod berZnuli marTlmadidebluri eklesia, konstantinopolis sapatriarqo, romelic qveyanaSi jer kidev didi gavleniT sargeblobda. mosalodneli eqscesebis Tavidan asacdenad, rogorc osmalebi fiqrobdnen, saWiro iyo gamonaxuliyo mesame Zala, romelic daupirispirdeboda konstantinopolis sapatriarqos, bzars Seitanda marTlmadidebelTa uflebebSi da mis realur konkurentad gadaiqceoda. sulTnis mTavrobam aseT mesame Zalad miiCnia TurqeTis imperiaSi mcxovrebi somxebi da maTi somxur-grigorianuli eklesia, romelic ekonomiurad maSin sakmaod moRonierebuli Canda... sulTan mehmed II-s konstantinopoleli somxebi miaCnda Tavisi interesebis erTgul damcvelad. saerTod, qristianul religiur mimdinareobaSi somexTa Taviseburi seqta, romelsac mogvianebiT (1836 wels) grigorianoba Seerqva, somxebs gansakuTrebul da SedarebiT privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi ayenebda rogorc TurqeTSi, ise iranSi. ase Seiqmna meore somxuri sapatriarqo konstantinopolSi. amrigad, somexi xalxi somxuri saxelmwifos ararsebobis pirobebSi ucbad ori sapatriarqos (eCmiaZin-konstantinopolis) da ori sakaTalikosos (sisis da axtamaris) patroni gaxda~.163 saqarTvelo gayofili iyo TurqeTsa da irans Soris. Tu saqarTvelos Turqul nawilSi qarTvelebis gasomxebas Turqebi uwyobdnen xels, iranul nawilSi (qarTlsa da kaxeTSi) qarTvelebis gasomxeba sparselebis nebiT xdeboda. im dros, roca saqarTvelos kaTalikosi evdemoz diasamiZe sparsma xelisufalma kldidan gadaagdebina, xolo kaTalikosi domenti stambolis cixeSi iyo gamoketili, iranis dedaqalaqSi sparseli Sahebis xelSewyobiT agebdnen somxur eklesiebs brwyinvale arqiteqturuli gadawyvetiT, mooqrouli WeriTa da gumbaTebiT, daxvewili gemovnebiT Sesrulebuli mxatvrobiT (1605-1663 ww),164 amave dros ki Tbilisis sioni kinaRam mahmadianur meCeTad gadaakeTes. ùfro metic, sparseTSi gasaxlebul somxebs Sahi nebas rTavda da piradadac exmareboda eklesiebis mSeneblobaSi, dadioda maT qristianul dResaswaulebze, eswreboda qristianul ceremonialebs, misi gansakuTrebu-
710
li brZanebiT sjidnen yvelas, vinc somex qristians Seuracxyofas miayenebda... abraam erevanci sulTan ahmad III-s somexTa keTildReobaze mzrunvelsa da `somexi xalxis meurves~ eZaxis, ufro metic, nadir-Sahis mier somxebisadmi gamocemuli rayamebidan IV rayamSi vkiTxulobT _ `Tu romelime somexi qristiani miiRebs mahmadianur sarwmunoebas, maSin mas CamoerTmeva mTeli misi memkvidreoba~.165 amave dros qarTvelebs iZulebiT amahmadianebdnen, maSasadame, Tu qarTvels qristianad darCena undoda, is unda gasomxebuliyo, radganac somxis gamahmadianebas kanoni krZalavda. am epoqaSi qarTl-kaxeTi ZiriTadad sparselebis xelSi iyo da sparseTis saxelmwifoSi Sedioda, amitomac saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc mTel sparseTSi, somxebi privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi iyvnen, xolo qarTuli eklesiis mrevli _ devnili. imis Semdeg, rac `...iranis Sahma eCmiaZins, rogorc somexTa sarwmunoebriv centrs, mowyale TvaliT Sexeda~,166 somexTa sarwmunoebrivi centri ganuzomlad gamdidrda, gafarTovda da Tavisi gavlena gaavrcela mezobel qveynebze. èCmiaZins mniSvnelovani mamulebi hqonda Tavrizsa da TbilisSi. mamulebTan erTad isini yidulobdnen agreTve yma-glexebs, romlebic amuSavebdnen nayid miwebs. mag., 1715 wels kaTalikos astvacatur amadnelma TbilisSi iyida ymebad xaxutaiSvilebis ramdenime ojaxi, ris Semdeg isini didxans eCmiaZinis nasyid ymebad iTvlebodnen~.167 cnobilia, rom is qarTveli yma-glexebi, romelTac eCmiaZini da saerTod, somxuri eklesia yidulobda, iRebdnen grigorianul sarwmunoebas da somxdebodnen. qarTveli glexebis gasomxebis faqti aRwerili aqvs misioner ambrozis. mas SeumCnevia, rom somxdebodnen ara marto somxuri eklesiis mier nayidi qarTveli glexebi, aramed somxdeboda im qarTuli soflebis mosaxleoba, romelsac iZendnen mdidari somxebi. 1640 wels is romSi gzavnis werils. qarTvelebio, _ wers _ `raki maTi xelqveiTi gaxdebian, bevri maTgani gadadis somxis weszed~... mdidari somxebi ki, romelTac SeeZloT saqarTveloSi soflebis, mamulebisa da ymebis SeZena, mravlad iyvnen rogorc sparseTSi, ise TurqeTSi (sparseTSi Sedioda qarTl-kaxeTi, TurqeTSi _ mesxeTi). sparseTis somxebma `Seqmnes julfis savaWro kompania, kavSiri daamyares italiis, safrangeTis, prusiis samrewveloebTan, Seqmnes TavianTi kantorebi indoeTis TiTqmis yvela did qalaqSi, iavasa da fili pinis kunZulebze da sxva... TurqeTisa da meore mxriv, sparseTis mesveurTa politikis wyalobiT XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi somxuri savaWro kapitali saerTaSoriso arenaze gavida. maT vxedavT Savi zRvis, egeosis zRvis, xmelTaSua zRvis, atlantisa da indoeTis okeaneebis auzebSi da sxva~.168 swored am dros, roca somxebs TavianTi sibrZnisa da gonierebis meoxebiT saSualeba hqondaT simdidre moepovebinaT, indoeTisa da wynari okeaneebis
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sanapiro qveynebSic ki, qarTvelobas atyvevebdnen da samSoblodan asaxlebdnen, devnidnen da amahmadianebdnen. Sah-abasma kaxeTis qarTveloba (Cans, 300 aTasi suli) daatyveva, sparseTSi gadaasaxla da iZulebiT gaamahmadiana, amave dros ki, Sah-abasis piradi meTvalyureobiT Sendeboda ispahan-julfas brwyinvale somxuri eklesiebi. sparselebi qarTlis aklebis drosac uamrav qarTvels atyvevebdnen da sparseTSi mierekebodnen. swored aseT dros somxuri eklesia exmareboda da tyveobidan ixsnida grigorianuli sarwmunoebis mqone mosaxleobas. datyvevebisa da gadasaxlebis dros irRveoda qarTuli ojaxebi. mama iranis erT kuTxeSi iyideboda, Svilebi ki _ sxvagan, Tavisufleba da yovelgvari adamianuri Rirseba ispoboda. am saSineli gasaWiridan Tavis daxsna SeiZleboda grigorianuli sarwmunoebis miRebiT, radganac iranSi arsebuli kanonebiT, rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, grigorianuli sarwmunoebis mqone mosaxleoba devnas ar ganicdida. `...1741 wels agvistoSi, roca yizilbaSebma qarTli aikles, mere gausies marbieli avRanisa da saca ram darCeniliyo, daatyveves... gamarjvebulma sparselebma, roca qarTlis tyveebi daagroves da iranSi gasarekad gaamzades, am dros nadir-Sahis winaSe gamocxaddnen somxuri eklesiis warmomadgenlebi, miarTves mas 300 Tumani fuli, 300 fuTi xorbali da ixsnes Soreul iranSi gasarekad gamzadebuli 300 somxuri ojaxi imis gamo, rom qarTvelTa Soris aseTi saxsrebi Znelad saSovari iyo, Cvens qveyanas didZali xalxi ekargeboda. es viTareba somxur sarwmunoebas saqarTveloSi popularulsa da mimzidvels xdida~.169 qarTvelTa gasomxebas masobrivi xasiaTi miuRia da yoveldRiurad Turme imdroindeli damkvirvebeli sakuTari TvaliT xedavda, Tu rogor somxdebodnen qarTvelebi. es iqidanac Cans, rom am faqts adasturebs iseTi gamoCenili moRvawe-mogzauri, rogoric iyo nikoloz ColoyaSvili (nikifore irbaxi). nikoloz ColoyaSvili saqarTveloSi erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani sasuliero piri iyo. mas elCadac agzavnidnen evropaSi, miiRo espaneTis mefem, romSi qarTuli wignis gamocemisTvis izruna, pativs scemda romis papi. is ara marto kaxeTsa da qarTlSi, aramed samegreloSic moRvaweobda. amitomac sityva im kacisa, romelic kargad icnobda ara marto saqarTvelos yoveli kuTxis, aramed imdroindeli msoflios cxovrebas, WeSmariti iyo da mxolod simarTles Seicavda. man erT krebaze, romelsac eswreboda rostom mefe, saqarTvelos kaTalikosi da episkoposebi, ganacxada: `yoveldRe Cveni TvaliT vxedavT, rom mravalni qarTvelni somxdebian da ufro mometebuli maTgani mahmadis sarwmunoebasac Rebulobs~.170 rostom mefe, kaTalikosi da episkoposebi mas daeTanxmnen. sparsTa da TurqeTis mier dapyrobil saqarTvelos kuTxeebSi qarTvelebi somxdebodnen, agreTve mahmadiandebodnen, an kaTolikobas iRebdnen.
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qarTvelebi gansakuTrebiT somxdebodnen (anu grigorianul sarwmunoebas iRebdnen) qalaqebSi da gzispira savaWro adgilebSi, gzispira soflebSi. adamianis gasomxeba imiT gamoixateboda, rom is aRiarebda Tavis Tavs somxuri eklesiis wevrad. am dros mas Cveulebriv rCeboda Tavisi qarTuli ena, qarTuli adaTwesebi da Cvevebi, mis cxovrebaSi TiTqmis araferi icvleboda, garda imisa, rom mahmadianebisagan axla, is ukve daculi iyo somxuri eklesiis mier. evropeli misionerebi, rogorc wesi, yovelTvis aRwerdnen, rom imdroindel qarTlSi batonobdnen somxebi. amas aRniSnaven ara marto evropelebi, aramed qarTvelebic. magaliTad, saqarTvelos kaTalikosi nikoloz VIII 1742 wels Tavis werilSi romis paps, benediqte XIV-s swored amas SesCivis _ `Cemi didi xnis wadilis Sesruleba somxebma ar damacales, radgan isini axla Cven aRar gvijereben da am qveyanaSi Tavisi nebisamebr batonoben. Tqveni patri kapucinebi daamwyvdies da egodenad hgvemes da daawylules, uaresis qmna aRar SeiZleboda. gaaupatiures wmida xatebi da jvrebi Tqveni eklesiisa... daiWires kaTolikebi Tu mamakacebi, Tu dedakacebi, Tu ranairad Seuracxyves: qoneba sul waarTves da ZaliT kaTolike sarwmunoebasa da TavianT mSoblebs ganaSores... SegvewieT, nu miuSvebT, raTa emodeni xalxi warwymdes, nurc CaugdebT Tqvens SeZenils erT gacofebul urwmunoebs...~171 Tanamedrove mkiTxvels SeiZleba eCvenos, rom saqarTvelos patriarqis am werilSi saqme Seexeba ara qarTvel marTlmadideblebs, aramed mxolod kaTolikeebs. sinamdvileSi, werili saerTod qarTvelebs Seexeba, radganac saqarTvelos kaTalikosi amave werilSi paps moaxsenebs, rom is da misi eklesiis qarTveli mrevli papis erTgulia, amitomac is SesTxovs paps gasomxebisagan daifaros qarTvelebi. werilSi axsenebs kidec qarTvelebsa da mis ers. is paps swers: `Cveni qveyana Tqven gemorCilebaT... aw yvela qarTveli umorCilesad gevedrebiT, raTa am provincias xeli ar aaRoT da ukapucinebod ar dagvtovoT...~172 ratom aRiareben am momentSi qarTveli warCinebulebi da gamoCenili pirebi papis uzenaesobas? im mizezis gamo, rom osmalebi da sparselebi marTlmadidebel qarTvelebs iZulebiT asomxebdnen, an aTaTrebdnen. amitomac eris erTianobis gadarCenisaTvis papis uzenaesobis aRiarebiT mahmadianTa yuradRebis modunebas cdilobdnen. cnobilia, rom isini papis qveSevrdomebs (`frangebs~ _ kaTolikebs) naklebad devnidnen. marTlac, papis uzenaesobis garegani aRiarebiT qarTveli qarTveladve rCeboda, xolo gagrigorianebis, an gamahmadianebisas qarTvelebi erovnebas kargavdnen _ somxdebodnen, an TaTrdebodnen. aq ara sarwmunoebrivi, aramed erovnuli momenti iyo arsebiTi, Torem sarwmunoebrivad qarTvelebs TavianTi Tavi mtkice marTlmadideblad miaCndaT da erTgulebdnen kidec mas.
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somexma ierarqebma icodnen, rom qarTvelebi paps eloliavebodnen ara sarwmunoebis gamo, aramed gasomxebisgan Tavdacvis mizniT, amitomac sastikad devnidnen aseT qarTvelebs: cemdnen, aSorebdnen col-qmars erTmaneTs, arTmevdnen bavSvebs, saxls, yovelgvar qonebas, asamarTlebdnen da Semdeg ki agrigorianebdnen. amas TiTqmis yovel werilSi aRwerdnen rogorc qarTveli, ise evropeli sasuliero pirebi. zemoT moyvanili kaTalikosis werilis garda, amaze miuTiTebs erTi kargad cnobili, 1634 wlis ambavi: gorSi somxebma Seityves, rom erTi qarTveli (erovnebiT qarTveli) axalgazrda nasyida kaTolikea da patrebs emsaxureba. somxebma es qarTveli ZaliT gamoiyvanes saxlidan, cema-tyepiT miiyvanes goris cixis mahmadian ufrosTan, Semdeg waiyvanes TbilisSi, daasmines mahmadian rostom xanTan, moTxoves am qarTvelis sikvdiliT dasja. `vidre nasyidas saqme gadawydeboda, mas bevri Seuracxeba miayena momCivangabrazebulma xalxma, radgan xelSi hyavdaT~.173 qarTvel kaTolikeebs sazogadod somxebi rom devnidnen da maT gagrigorianebas moiTxovdnen, es zemoT moyvanilis garda, Semdegidanac Cans: Turqebma samxreT saqarTveloSi erTimeoris miyolebiT gaauqmes qarTuli saepiskoposoebi. 1763-1764 wlebisaTvis am mxareSi darCenili iyo erTaderTi qarTveli episkoposi giorgi. TurqTa iZulebiT `1764 wlis dasawyisSi am mxares qarTveli episkoposi vinme giorgi iZulebuli gamxdara daetovebina marTlmadidebloba. marTlmadideblur qristianobaSi osmaleTi xedavda ruseTsaqarTvelos kavSirs da araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar miiCnevda dasaSvebad axalcixis safaSos teritoriaze mis ramenair Sewynarebas. amitomac iyo, rom qarTvelma episkoposma giorgim marTlmadideblobis nacvlad miiRo kaTolikuri sarwmunoeba, rac sakmarisi sababi gaxda imisaTvis, rom Turq moxeleebs SeewyvitaT saepiskoposos devna~.174 magram amiT ar damTavrda. rogorc ki qarTvelma episkoposma giorgim kaTolikoba miiRo, maSinve misi devna daiwyes somxebma. faSas moTxoves misi dapatimreba im motiviT, rom qarTveli episkoposi ki ar unda gakaTolikebuliyo, aramed unda gagrigorianebuliyo, radganac yvela qristiani, vinc ar unda iyos is, Cven unda gvemorCilebodeso. marTalia, Turqebma Sewyvites qarTveli episkoposis, giorgis devna, magram `samagierod, gakaTolikebul episkoposs devna dauwyoo eCmiaZinis patriarqma. sainteresoa vicodeT, ra uflebiT eWideboda marTlmadidebel giorgi episkoposis ymobas somexT patriarqi. qarTul da somxur eklesiebs Soris raime uflebrivi urTierToba xom ar arsebobda? amis sarwmuno pasuxs Cven gvaZlevs misioneri leoni. igi wers, èCmiaZinis patriarqi portas mieraa damtkicebuli da kargadaa daculi TviT sulTanis mier, amitom brZaneblobs mTel Tavis erze... da Turqebis firmanis ZaliT yvela sxva qristiani morCilebaSi mohyavs~.175
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qarTvelebi Turq-sparselTa nebiT unda gagrigoriandnen, anu unda daemorCilon somxur eklesias, gansakuTrebiT is qarTvelebi idevnebodnen somexTa mier, romlebic am wess daarRvevdnen da gagrigorianebis nacvlad kaTolikobas miiRebdnen. amas sxva magaliTebis garda, episkopos giorgis magaliTi aCvenebs _ `somexT patriarqs mopovebuli hqonia sulTanisagan ufleba TurqeTSi Semavali kavkasiis qristianobis meurveobisa. gasagebia, rom gakaTolikebul qarTvel episkopos giorgisac am mizeziT eWideboda, e.i. masze xelewifeboda somex patriarqs, romelsac axalcixis faSisaTvis giorgis dapatimreba uTxovia, magram gakaTolikebul qarTvel episkoposs faSasTvis qrTami 1000 piastri miucia da faSas is somexi episkoposisaTvis daumalavs. somexTa episkoposs faSasTvis dokumenturad dausabuTebia, rom `xvanTqaris firmanis ZaliT axalcixelebi~ unda emorCilebodnen Cems patriarqso, axla ki `gafrangebulan da misi morCilni ar ariano~, e.i. somexi episkoposi Tvlida, rom qarTveli giorgi gakaTolikebis magivrad unda gagrigorianebuliyo. am sakiTxze faSas qarTvels kaTolikeTa da somexTa episkoposs Soris paeqroba gaumarTavs... es dava Cven imasac gvafiqrebinebs, rom axalcixis bevri marTlmadidebeli am gziT albaT grigorianul sarwmunoebas iRebda~.176 gakaTolikebis gamo TviT sulxan-saba orbeliansa da anton I kaTalikoss devnida somxuri eklesia, xolo erekle II-s kaTolikeTa mfarvelobisaTvis emuqreboda kidec.177 CvenTvis cnobilia, Tu rogor aiZulebdnen da devnidnen cnobil qarTvel pirebs imis gamo, rom maT grigorianobis nacvlad kaTolikoba miiRes. magram ubralo, rigiTi glexebis devna da maTze iZuleba naklebad aris cnobili. SeiZleba arc devnidnen im martivi mizezis gamo, rom qarTveli glexebi ar iRebdnen kaTolikobas, aramed pirdapir grigoriandebodnen. arsebobs damamtkicebeli sabuTi `...saqarTveloSi somxuri sarwmunoebis qarTvelTa sakmaod mravalricxovani koleqtivis arsebobisa~.178 ra Tqma unda, somxur sarwmunoebas iRebda ara mTeli saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, aramed qarTl-kaxeTis daba-qalaqebisa da gzispira soflebis mosaxleobis erTi nawili. es procesi gansakuTrebiT samxreT saqarTveloSi, qvemo qarTlsa da mesxeTSi mimdinareobda intensiurad, radganac mesxeTi osmalTa, xolo qvemo qarTli sparsTa uSualo gamgeblobaSi imyofeboda, aseT miwebze mcxovreblebs ki an mahmadianoba unda mieRoT, an grigorianoba da an kaTolikoba. qvemo qarTlSi mxolod didi da gavleniani Tavadebis ojaxebma gabedes, uareyoT grigorianoba, maT kaTolikoba miiRes, Tumca grigorianoba qvemo qarTlis sxva cnobilma TavadTa ojaxebmac miiRes. iqauri orbelianebi, romlebmac kaTolikoba miiRes, mkacrad idevnebodnen amis gamo somxebisagan. TviT saqarTvelos ubrwyinvalesi Tavadi sulxan-saba orbelianic ki somxebisgan idevneboda. 1715 wels evropidan dabrunebuls, gakaTolikebul
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sulxan-sabas, Tan Camoyvnen misionerebi. sabas winaaRmdeg maSinve aRiZrnen grigorianebi `somxebs zogierTi sabas mteri qarTvelebic SeuerTdnen da maT TanaugrZnes~.179 bunebrivia, saqarTvelos eklesiis gamoCenil moRvawes sarwmunoebis gamocvlisaTvis, qarTvelma sasuliero pirebma sayveduri hkadres, magram somxebs masTan ra xeli hqondaT? magram maTi moqmedeba sastikia. sabas Tanmxlebi piri wers amis Sesaxeb _ `1717 wels somxebma Cveni saxli gaZarcves da erTianad daangries. TavianTi Cveulebis winaaRmdeg qarTvelebic SeuerTdnen, Tumca iseTi sibraziT ar moqmedebdnen, rogorc somxebi~... TamaraSvili wers _ `qarTvelebs cxadad monawileoba ar miuRiaT am devnulobaSi da Tu ram brali miuZRviT, saxeldobr is, rom gaCumebulan da somxebis winaaRmdeg xma ar amouRiaT~.180 maSin, roca saqarTvelos ubrwyinvalesi Tavadi ase idevneboda grigorianTagan, glexoba uares dReSi iqneboda. qvemo qarTlis TavadaznaurTagan orbelianebmac kaTolikoba miiRes, magram amis Semdeg somex-grigorianTagan devnis gamo srulebiT dakarges qoneba da gapartaxdnen. TamaraSvili wers _ `gakaTolikebuli orbelianebi ivane da vaxtang Zlierni iyvnen yovelmxriv da bevri ymac hyavdaT. im zomamde, rom sparseTis mTavrobas weliwadSi 5000 jariskacs aZlevdnen. ai aseTi Zlierni yovliTurT daCagres kaTolikebis mtrebma somxebma Tavis mier mosyiduli sparselTa daxmarebiT...~181 da aRwers qarTvel TavadTa srul ganadgurebas grigorianTa mier. misionerebi romSi gagzavnil werilebSi xSirad gadmoscemdnen grigorianTa mier kaTolikeTa devnas. es kaTolikebi arian ZiriTadad qarTvelebi da ara evropidan Camosuli misionerebi. marTalia, maTac, Camosulebsac devnidnen, magram maTi ricxvi mcire iyo, xolo ZiriTadad qarTveli kaTolikeebi idevnebodnen. saqarTveloSi isini idevnebodnen somxuri eklesiis mier, ara mxolod sarwmunoebrivi mZulvarebis gamo, aramed imitom, rom somxuri eklesiis centrs mTeli saqarTvelos mosaxleoba Tavis mrevlad miaCnda. es damtkicebuli hqonda kidec spars-osmalTa mier. amitomac qarTvelebs ara kaTolikoba, aramed grigorianoba unda mieRoT. somxeTis patriarqs Tavis mrevlad miaCnia qarTvelebi, xolo saqarTvelo Tavis samwysod. es rom asea, iqidanac Cans, rom iranis Sahebisagan somxebi iRebdnen nebas, rom saqarTvelodan (!) kaTolikeebi ganedevnaT, saqarTvelodan da ara somxeTidan. 1741 wels somxebma Tbilissa da gorSi kaTolikeebi daarbies iranis Sahis nebarTviT. `tfilisSi didi devnuloba aRsZres kaTolikebis winaaRmdeg, radganac didi sasomxeTis patriarqma moi pova erTi firmani Sah-Tamazisagan, raTa arc tfilisSi da arc gorSi aRar daayenon kafucinebi. es firmani ra
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miutanes tfilisSi mefis moadgiles, maSinve CamoarTva kafucinebs, rac gaaCndaT da maTi eklesiac gaaoxra da yvela iq myofi patrebi gandevna~.182 somxur eklesias ara marto iranis Sahi, aramed, rogorc iTqva, osmaleTis xonTqaric abatonebda qarTvelTa miwa-wyalze: `somxeTis patriarqisave CagonebiT iyo, rom xvanTqarma axalcixis kaTolikeebi dauqvemdebara eCmiaZinis patriarqs, ris gamo sam weliwadSi erTxel gangeb erTi vardapeti modioda da kaTolikeebs xarks arTmevda... eCmiaZinis gamZafrebuli patriarqebi ar sjerdebodnen am gadasaxads, ramdenadac da rodesac ki SesZlebdnen iqaur kaTolikeebs sdevnidnen da xSirad maT saxl-karsac osmalebs aklebinebdnen. esreT, iqauri kaTolikeebi mudam wamebulni iyvnen somxebis patriarqebis da maT mier waqezebuli mahmadianebisagan~.183 zemoT moyvanilSi, ra Tqma unda, igulisxmeba, rom idevnebodnen adgilobrivi kaTolike qristianebi. erTaderTi gza am ubedurebisagan (saxl-karis aklebisa da mudmivi wamebisagan) Tavis dasaRwevad iyo mahmadianobis, anda grigorianobis miReba. idevnebodnen ara marto kaTolikeebi, aramed marTlmadideblebic. XVII saukuneSi saqarTveloSi marTlmadidebloba ise idevneboda, rom qarTvel samRvdeloebasa da TviT patriarqsac ki kaTolikobis miReba surdaT.184 rogorc iTqva, kaTolikobis miReba sasurveli imiT iyo, rom sparseT-osmaleTisaTvis kaTolikoba mosaTmeni da miRebuli sarwmunoeba iyo, xolo marTlmadidebloba yovlad miuRebeli, magram, rogorc iTqva, kaTolikobis miRebis Semdeg qarTvelebs axla ukve somxuri eklesia devnida da aiZulebda mieRoT grigorianoba. somxuri eklesia saqarTveloSi ise iyo gaZlierebuli, rom somxebi kaTolike misionerebs, romlebic vaxtang V Sahnavazisa da saqarTvelos patriarqisaTvis didad sasurveli stumrebi iyvnen, quCaSi gavlis dros qvebs uSendnen, pirSi afurTxebdnen da joxiT scemdnen.185 brbo, romelic sazogadod arbevda, scemda da klavda kaTolikeebsa da maT ojaxebs, `Segulianebuli iyvnen vardapetebisa mier~, emuqrebodnen yvela vaWarsa da xelosans, romlebic vardapetis mowodebisas ar daketavda Tavisi duqnis darabebs da ar wayveboda brbos ùrwmunoTa~ asaklebad. ùrwmunoebSi~ mahmadianebs ar gulisxmobdnen: `...gabrazebuli gamovida vardapeti Tavis mRvdlebTan erTad da daiwyo SeCveneba da wyevla yvela imaTi, vinc ar daketavda duqnebs da Cvenis eklesiis da saxlis dasaqcevad ar movidoda. am SeCvenebisa da wyevlisagan SeSinebulma vaWrebma da meduqneebma yvelam daketes duqnebi...~186 da daaqcies kaTolikeTa saxl-kari da eklesia. aqedan Cans, rom `somxebi~ arian ara eTnikurad somxebi, aramed socialuri fena _ vaWrebi da meduqneebi. àm dros somxebis mier mtroba da devnuloba iqamde gaZlierda, rom am ambavma evropis mTavrobamdisac miaRwia da maTi gamosarCleba da gulSematkivroba gamoiwvia~.187
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evsevi nikolaZe, qarTuli eklesiis istorikosi, wers, rom grigorianobis saqarTveloSi gavrcelebis winaaRmdeg medgrad ibrZodnen Cveni kaTalikosebi nikoloz amilaxvari, domenti, besarioni, aseve anton I. magram qarTvel samRvdeloebasa da kaTalikosebs zogjer taxts da xandaxan sicocxlesac ki aTmobinebdnen spars-osmaloebi. ev. nikolaZe wers, rom saqarTveloSi qarTvelebma Tavidan gulTbilad da siyvaruliT miiRes Tanamorwmune (qristiani) somxebi. `magram somxebma qarTvelebs es Rvawli imiT miuzRes, rom daiviwyes maTi amagi da daiwyes qarTvel xalxSi mwvaleblobis (e.i. grigorianobis) gavrceleba. qarTvelebis am erT nawils, romelic aRiarebda somexTa sarwmunoebas, maT Seaswavles somxuri ena da amnairad es xalxi mTel qarTvelobas CamoaSores... aseTi warmatebiT gamxnevebulni somexTa misionerebi moefinen aRmosavleT saqarTvelos da daiwyes qarTvelebSi mwvaleblobis gavrceleba. maT winaaRmdeg gamovidnen saqarTvelos ganaTlebuli kaTalikosebi: nikoloz amilaxvari (1675-1688), domenti (1705-1724) da gansakuTrebiT besarioni (1724-1739). saqarTveloSi Zveli droidan moi povebodnen TargmanSi is nawerebi, romlebic iyvnen mimarTuli somxuri eklesiis mwvaleblobis winaaRmdeg... am TxzulebaTa SemweobiT saqarTvelos mRvdelmTavrebi advilad imarjvebdnen somxebTan paeqrobaSi, magram XVIII saukunis dasawyisidan garemoeba Zalze Seicvala. am droidan mxiTaristebis nawarmoebni Zlier gavrceldnen somexTa Soris da misces saSualeba maT samRvdeloebas saRvTismetyvelo ganaTlebisa. evropeli mwerlebis sxolastikuri nawarmoebni, romlebic somxur enaze gadmoiTargmnen, gaxdnen axal wyarod sarwmunoebrivi davisa. sxolastikurma xerxianobam, romelic gansakuTrebiT aristoteles loRikas emyareboda, somexTa misionerebs misca mZlavri iaraRi qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg. somexTa misionerebis monofizituri propaganda, romelic winaT daiwyo, gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda areulobis dros saqarTveloSi, mefe ieses sikvdilis Semdeg, Teimuraz II-is qarTlSi gamefebamde (1724-1744) da umaRles wertilamde avida kaTolikos anton I-is mmarTvelobis pirvel wlebSi (1744-1749).188 ev. nikolaZe imowmebs TviT anton kaTalikoss da wers, rom somxeTis eklesiis meTauri kaTalikosi lazare dauaxlovda anton kaTalikoss da Seecada, antons mieRo grigorianuli sarwmunoeba. antonma, cxadia, ar miiRo grigorianoba, romelic avaldebulebda mas, qarTuli eklesiis meTaurs, qceuliyo somxuri eklesiis wevrad _ `rogorc kaTalikosi antoni mowmobs, erTbunebian mwvaleblebs masTan hqondaT kamaTi. somexTa misionerebis meTaurad iTvleboda anton I-is Tanamedrove somexTa kaTalikosi lazare Waukeli. ukanaskneli Zalian dauaxlovda kaTalikos antons da Seecada mis gamoyvanas marTlmadidebeli eklesiidan, magram es ver moaxerxa~.189 bunebrivia, SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva, nuTu grigorianebs imis uflebac ki hqondaT, qarTuli eklesiis meTaur kaTolikosisTvis SeebedaT, rom mas
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somxuri sarwmunoeba eRiarebina? amis nebas da aseT gabedulebas grigorianebs aZlevda is, rom sparseTi da TurqeTi didad aZlierebdnen somxur eklesias da mas faqtobrivad gadasces ufleba Tavis mrevlad eqcia arasomexi qristianebi. `somexTa mwvalebloba warmatebiT vrceldeboda qarTvelTa Soris imitom, rom saqarTveloSi gamocxadebuli iyo sarwmunoebrivi Tavisufleba da mTavrobas ar SeeZlo sarwmunoebrivi davis akrZalva~,190 sinamdvileSi ki saqarTvelo dapyrobili an vasali qveyana iyo, romlis mTavrobasac ar SeeZlo damoukidebeli sarwmunoebrivi politikis warmoeba, is ver Seaferxebda grigorianTa moqmedebas. anton kaTalikosma araTu aRiara grigorianoba, aramed am sarwmunoebis sawinaaRmdegod dawera vrceli Txzuleba, romelsac Zalze didi mniSvneloba hqonda. mas XIX saukuneSic ki ruseTis imperatori miiCnevda saqarTveloSi grigorianobis gavrcelebis Semaferxebel saSualebad. antonma `...dawera uzarmazari dogmatikur-polemikuri xasiaTis Txzuleba `mzametyveleba~, romelic àraCveulebriv movlenad unda CaiTvalos aramcTu qarTul mwerlobaSi, aramed mTeli aRmosavleTis eklesiis saRvTismetyvelo azrovnebis ganviTarebis istoriaSi~ (k. kekeliZe). es veeberTela wigni sul raRac weliwadnaxevarze nakleb droSi daiwera (wera daiwyo 1750 wlis 1 oqtombers da daasrula 1752 wlis 11 marts). wigni mimarTulia marTlmadidebluri eklesiis dasacavad mwvalebelTagan.191 am Txzulebis didi mniSvneloba iqidan Cans, rom roca XIX saukuneSi qarTuli eklesiis TavisTavadobis gauqmebis gamo somxur eklesias didi SesaZlebloba mieca saqarTveloSi gaevrcelebina Tavisi sarwmunoeba, ruseTis imperators gankarguleba gaucia amis sawinaaRmdegod daebeWdaT `mzametyveleba~. `didi xania, erT visme pirs miurTmevia xelmwife imperatorisaTvis Txovna maszeda, rom saqarTveloSi vrceldeba frangoba, anu frangTa sarwmunoeba da somxoba da amasTanave daurTavs im pirsa, rom mxolod erTaderTi saSualeba ariso mosaspobad sxvadasxva sarwmunoebis gavrcelebisa marTlmadidebel saqarTveloSi, daibeWdos `mzametyveleba~ saqarTvelos swavlul kaTalikozisa anton I-isa. xelmwife imperators esreTi Txovna gadaucia sinodSi,192 egzarxoss gamourkvevia, marTla vrceldeboda Tu ara saqarTveloSi (eparqiebSi) `frangoba~ da `somxoba~, ris Semdegac mizanSewonilad iqna miCneuli gamocemuliyo es wigni `gasomxebisa~ da `gafrangebis~ Tavidan asacileblad. miTumetes XVIII saukuneSi am wigns hqonda uaRresad praqtikuli mniSvneloba. es Txzuleba vrceldeboda xelnaweris saxiT. 3-4 weliwadSi `mzametyveleba~ uTuod Zalze daabrkolebda grigorianobis winsvlas saqarTveloSi. 1752 wels dasrulebuli wigni 1754-1755 wlebisaTvis ukve mTel saqarTveloSi iqneboda gavrcelebuli.
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ev. nikolaZe wers: `rodesac anton kaTalikosma Sexeda, rom somexTa misionerebis propaganda saqarTveloSi marTlmadidebel sarwmunoebisaTvis did safrTxes warmoadgenda, gadawyvita mis winaaRmdeg gamosuliyo da mwvaleblebis garyvnil moZRvrebas mecnieruli sityviT Sebmoda. vinaidan somexTa misionerebi Tavis swavlas amyarebdnen sxolastikasa da somxuri eklesiis istoriaze, antoni gaxda iZulebuli gacnoboda am wyaroebs laTinur-somxur enaze. man jer kargad Seiswavla sxolastika da somxuri RvTismetyveleba... da amis Semdeg somexTa mwvaleblobis gansaqiqeblad dawera didi Txzuleba, romelsac `mzametyveleba~ uwoda. es nawarmoebi, romelic dasrulda 1752 wels, Seicavs monofizituri moZRvrebis srul ganqiqebas da masSi yoveli kaci ipovis mza pasuxs mwvalebelTa yvela kiTxvaze~.193 rogorc aRiniSna, 1753-1755 wlebisaTvis es Txzuleba ukve win aRudgeboda saqarTvelos mdabio xalxSic ki popularul monofizitur Txzulebebs. am dromde, Turme, erTi aseTi monofizituri Txzuleba, somexTa kaTalikos lazares mier dawerili, mravals qristians marTlmadideblobis gzidan acdenda. somexTa kaTalikosi lazare Tavis TxzulebaSi `somexTa eklesias~ aRiarebda yvela eklesiis ufrosad da somexTa kaTalikoss yvela qristianis mTavar mbrZaneblad. lazarem Tvisi Txzuleba... mraval xelnawerebSi gaavrcela qarTvelebSi, rogorc arqiepiskoposi timoTe mowmobs, es Sroma saqarTveloSi mdabio xalxSi ikiTxeboda da bevri keTilmorwmune motyuebaSi Seyavda~.194 swored amgvar qmedebas win aRudga kaTalikosi antoni da mraval qarTvels SeunarCuna ara marto marTali rwmena, aramed SeunarCuna erovneba _ qarTveloba. ar SeiZleboda es upasuxod darCeniliyo, antoni aseTi gabedulebisaTvis unda dasjiliyo da daisaja kidec _ 1755 wels mas CamoarTves sakaTalikoso taxti da gaaZeves, marTalia, sxva motiviT. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom antonis marcxSi eria eCmiaZinis xeli, rogorc wers g. maisuraZe _ èCmiaZins yvelaze ufro metad erekle II-is frangTmomxreoba aRizianebda... amasTan, kaTolikeTa momagreba rusuli gavlenis neitralizebasa da somxuri sarwmunoebis TandaTanobiT gandevnasac iwvevda. amitom, Tu, erTi mxriv, am Zalaze dayrdnoba erekle II-s di plomatiuri lavirebis saSualebas aZlevda, meore mxriv, mis winaaRmdeg ruseT-eCmiaZinis kavSiris Seqmnas uwyobda xels. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom 50-ian wlebSi erekle II-isa da anton I-is marcxi aseTi kavSiris Sedegi yofiliyo~.195 anton kaTalikosi monofizitebisaTvis yvelaze miuRebeli piri iyo saqarTveloSi. grigorianebs didi Zala hqondaT imis Semdeg, rac 1762 wels erekle II-m antoni daabruna saqarTveloSi da misca kvlav sakaTalikoso taxti. somxuri eklesiis meTaurma kaTalikosma mkacrad gaafrTxila erekle II da TiTqmis daemuqra kidec. mis werilSi, cxadia, ara uSualod antonzea saubari, aramed kaTolikeebze.
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`ra moulodnelic ar unda iyos, kaTolikosis sityvebSi ara marto protesti ismis erekles politikisadmi, aramed erTgvari faruli muqarac. es miT ufro sayuradReboa, rom cota xanSi eCmiaZini qarTveli mefis sawinaaRmdego moqmedebas gamoamJRavnebs. motanili werili 1765 wlis gazafxuliTaa daTariRebuli. imave wlis dekemberSi ki ereklem amxila qarTlis TavadTa SeTqmuleba paata batoniSvilis meTaurobiT, romelSic eCmiaZinis warmomadgeneli aRaloc aRmoCnda CaTreuli... ruseTis kavSiri paatas SeTqmulebasTan TiTqos aSkaraa. Tu es mosazreba Sesawynarebelia, maSin erekle II-is winaaRmdeg ruseTisa da eCmiaZinis kavSiri am SemTxvevaSic savsebiT dasaSvebia~.196 aRsaniSnavia, rom ajanyebulebi ereklem sastikad dasaja, xolo eCmiaZinis warmomadgeneli aRalo ar dasaja.197 es miuTiTebs, Tu ra Zlier Zalas warmoadgenda saqarTveloSi somxuri eklesia. 10 wliT adre, 1755 wels, iseve rogorc wina XVII saukunisa da XVIII saukunis sxvadasxva wlebSi, grigorianTa TaosnobiT moewyo saqarTveloSi myofi kaTolikeebis sastiki devna. aRsaniSnavia, rom maSin am devnaSi qarTvelebs, kerZod, mefe Teimurazsac monawileoba miuRia. saqarTvelodan ganidevnen ara marto evropeli misionerebi, aramed anton kaTalikosic, romelic `kaToliked~ iqna gamocxadebuli. iyo Tu ara anton I kaTolike? rogorc masalebi uCvenebs, antoni iyo ara kaTolikuri sarwmunoebis mimdevari, aramed `frangTmomxre~, mas kaTolikeebi grigorianebis Semaferxebel saSualebad miaCnda. `Tbilisis somex vaWrebs evropelTa konkurenciisa eSinodaT, somxur eklesias ki _ kaTolikeTa gavlenis zrdisa. am mxriv, eCmiaZins arc ereklesa da anton I-is frangTmomxreoba moswonda. niSandoblivia, rom 1755 wels TbilisSi mowyobil kaTolikeTa darbevaSi eCmiaZinis xeli eria~.198 swored 1755 wels gandevnes antoni. anton I kaTolike rom yofiliyo, mas ruseTis wmida sinodi ar Caabarebda vladimiris centralur eparqias, ar miscemda mTavarepiskoposis maRal tituls (maSin sul ramdenime mTavarepiskoposi iyo ruseTSi), da mere XIX saukuneSi rusi imperatoris nebiT ar gamoscemdnen `mzametyvelebas~, romelic swored `frangobis~, anu kaTolikobisa da gasomxebis Semaferxebel saSualebad miiCneoda. anton I qarTvelebma gandevnes mxolod subieqturi interesebis gamo, kerZod, mefe Teimuraz II_s (kaxeTis taxtis memkvidres) eSinoda antonisa, rogorc qarTlis samefo taxtis erTaderTi kanonieri memkvidrisa, mefesTan daaxloebul zogierT qarTvel samRvdelo pirs anton I-is nayofierma moRvaweobam Suri aRuZra da amitomac cili daswames, xolo grigorianebs antoni ar moswondaT `mzametyvelebis~ dawerisaTvis da kaTolikeebis mfarvelobisaTvis. 1755 wlis kaTolikeTa devnaSi swored im qarTvelma
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saxelmwifo moxeleebma miiRes aqtiuri monawileoba, romelTac grigorianuli sarwmunoeba hqondaT miRebuli. cota mogvianebiT erTi misioneri werda _ àm ambavze saqarTvelos yvela adgilebidan Semoikribnen mefis nacvlebi da msajulebi, romlebic sqizmatiki somxebi arian. imaT ufro Seagulianes mefe Cven winaaRmdeg~.199 aq `sqizmatik somxebSi~ swored qarTveli grigorianebi igulisxmeba, radganac SeuZlebelia mTel saqarTveloSi mefis nacvlebi da msajulebi ara qarTvelebi, aramed erovnebiT ucxoelebi yofiliyvnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom anton I-ma grigorianobis sawinaaRmdego uzarmazari Txzuleba gamoaqveyna, 1753 wels masTan mividnen grigorianebi da Seecadnen miecaT didZali qrTami, raTa misionerebi ganedevna saqarTvelodan. antonma misionerebis darbeva ara marto usamarTlobad miiCnia, aramed pirobac dado, aseT raimes arasodes Caidenda. uTuod es momentic safuZvlad daedo ciliswamebas, TiTqosda antoni TviTve iyo kaTolike. erTi misioneri swerda roms _ `somxebi winaaRudgnen patrebs, 1753 wels maTma moTavem, saxelad aRa meliqma, tfilisis qarTvelebis patriarqs miutana erTi qisa fuli 500 Tumani da sTxova, an gaaZeveT aqedan kafucinebi, an arada eklesia CamoarTviTo. patriarqma upasuxa: maT winaaRmdeg araferi maqvs da aseTs usamarTlobas maT arasdros vuzamo~.200 1753 wels saqarTvelos patriarqi swored antoni iyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom antonis damokidebuleba kaTolikeebisadmi arafriT gansxvavdeboda misi winamorbedebis da agreTve afxazeTis kaTalikosebis damokidebulebisagan kaTolikeebisa da misionerebisadmi. antonamde saqarTvelos kaTalikosi nikoloz xerxeuliZe, rogorc aRvniSneT, 1742 wels werda roms, rom is da misi wre gansakuTrebuli siyvaruliT epyroboda misionerebs, natrobdnen maT sikeTesa da bednierebas `...magram Cemi didi xnis wadilis Sesruleba somxebma ar damacales, radgan isini Cven ar gvijereben da am qveyanaSi TavianTi nebisaebr batonoben...~201 cnobilia, kaTalikosi nikoloz xerxeuliZe 1744 wels mokles. saqarTvelos keTilganwyoba misionerebisadmi imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom isini ase Tu ise aferxebdnen qarTvelTa gagrigorianebas. amas, albaT, ekonomiuri mniSvnelobac hqonda, radganac qarTvelebi gagrigorianebis Semdeg ukve somxuri eklesiis wevrebi xdebodnen da mas aZlevdnen Semosaval-Sesawirs, xolo qarTveli e.w. viTomda _ `kaTolikebi~ qarTl-kaxeTSi kvlav qarTuli eklesiis wevrebadve rCebodnen. Semosaval-Sesawirs romis paps ar ugzavnidnen. zemoT naxsenebi misioneri wers, rom imis Semdeg, roca 1753 wels anton kaTalikosma grigorianebisagan qrTami ar aiRo, maT mefes mimarTes `1754 wels tfilisisa da goris somxebi erTad SeerTdnen, mefesTan mividnen da daiwyes Civili Cveni aqedan gaZevebisTviso~.202
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1755 wels moxda didi devna kaTolikeebisa, am dros antonic maTTan erTad daisaja. m. TamaraSvili fiqrobda, rom qarTvelebi am devnaSi naklebad monawileobdnen, Tumca mefe mdevnelebs exmareboda _ `1955 wels moxdenili devnuleba kafucinebis winaaRmdeg Teimuraz mefisgan miewereba ufro berZnebsa da somxebs, vidre qarTvelebs~.203 antoni uaryofda Tavis gakaTolikebas da mas ciliswamebas uwodebda, àm SemTxvevaSi antoni mtkiced uaryofs mis winaaRmdeg wamoyenebul braldebas da mas `ciliswamebas~ uwodebs, romelic sxvadasxva politikuri miznebiT inspirirebuli iyo ZiriTadad misi biZis, Teimuraz II-is mier, romelmac ukanonod daisakuTra qarTlis taxti~.204 marTalia, imis Semdeg, rac 1755 wlis krebaze antoni daamxes da daapatimres, is iZulebuli gaxda TeimurazisaTvis gamoeTxova ruseTSi wasasvleli sarekomendacio baraTebi, amitomac Tavi Zlier daimdabla da braldebaSi Tavi damnaSavedac aRiara Teimurazis winaSe, magram es iyo xerxi, uromlisodac mas ruseTSi arc miiRebdnen. antoni kaTolike rom yofiliyo, romsa da evropaSi gaemgzavreboda da ara ruseTSi. ramdenime saukuniT adre giorgi mcire werda: `...viTarca Teslni arawmidani Soris Cuensa daTesul iyvnes borotni _ igi Teslni somexTani, gularZnilni da manqanani da amis mier friad gvevnebodao...~205 aq `somexTa TeslSi~ giorgi mcire, rogorc konteqstidan Cans, gulisxmobda qarTvel grigorianebs, anu somxuri eklesiis wevr qarTvelebs. amis gamoo, werda is da sxva imdroindeli moRvaweni, berZenTa Soris mravlad gamoCndnen `mayvedrebelni~ da `mabralobelnio~, romelnic gvisworebdnen da gvaswavlidnen, rogori saxisa unda yofiliyo qarTuli eklesiao. aseTi istoria ganmeorebula mogvianebiT, antonis epoqaSi. oRond axla ukve piriqiT. axla ara berZnebi, aramed TviT grigorianebi àswavlidnen~ da àyvedridnen~ qarTvelebs, Tu rogori saxis unda yofiliyo qarTuli eklesia. ase wers anton I Tavis `mzametyvelebaSi~. `664.12. aqvs ukve sakuTrad eklesiasa somexTasa xelis dasxma ueklesiod episkoposTa... gvaswaveben Cven, xolo amxilebsTca maT beWedi igi...~ `666.14. aqvs ukve eklesiasa somexTasa sakuTrad, rameTu ara wmidad Seuracxies dedani... gvayvedrian Cven, viTarca dedaTagan gamocxobilisa SemwirvelTa~... da sxva.206 e.i. `somxebi~ qarTvelebs saeklesio wesebs àswavlian~ da àyvedrian~ am wesebis ucodinarobas antonis dros. `lazare kaTalikosi somexTa, ese aw, romelica cxovrobs JamTa CvenTa... aman lazare aRwera wigni, romelsa uwoda `sawadeli samoTxe~, garna ara sawadel ars igi Cemda, aramed friadca saZagel... gansakvirvelTa gmobaTa ityvis, viTarmed eSmakica SeZrwundebian~207, _ wers antoni. grigorianebs, cxadia, ar SeeZloT uyuradRebod daetovebinaT antonis antigrigorianuli qmedeba, miT umetes, rom saqarTveloSi grigorianebs
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qarTuli ena, TavianTi mSobliuri ena kargad esmodaT da SeeZloT waekiTxaT antonis Sroma iranisa da osmaleTis mier gaZlierebulni amgvar kritikas verc moiTmendnen. ìran-osmaleTisaTvis SedarebiT ufro mosaTmeni iyo rusulisagan gansxvavebuli qristianoba, ris gamoc aRmosavleTSi TviT kavkasiis araqarTul provinciebSi qarTvelni `farulad qristianobdnen, somexni ki cxadad~. ufro metic, osmaleTTan loialuri urTierToba konfesiuri eqspansiis saSualebasac aZlevda eCmiaZins. italieli misioneri leone werda: èCmiaZinis patriarqi portas mieraa damtkicebuli da kargadaa daculi TviT sulTanis mier, amitom mbrZaneblobs mTel Tavis erze... da Turqebis firmanis ZaliT yvela sxva qristiani morCilebaSi mihyavs~. am mxriv is qarTul interesebsac upirispirdeboda. araerTi SemTxvevaa aRricxuli, roca osmaleTis mflobelobaSi moqceul samcxe-javaxeTis qarTvel marTlmadideblebs eCmiaZini ZaliT somxur sarwmunoebaze aqcevda~.208 `somxebis patriarqisave CagonebiT iyo, rom xvanTqarma axalcixis kaTolikeebi dauqvemdebara eCmiaZinis patriarqs...~209 aRsaniSnavia, rom ara marto TurqeTi da sparseTi aZlierebdnen somxur eklesias, aramed qarTveli mefe-mTavrebic gansakuTrebuli mzrunvelobiT epyrobodnen grigorianebs. qarTvel mefeTa keTil mopyrobas grigorianebisadmi upirveles yovlisa, gansazRvravda ekonomikuri motivebi, magram isicaa aRsaniSnavi, rom maT arc SeeZloT emoqmedaT grigorianTa winaaRmdeg. qarTli da kaxeTi iranis provinciebi iyo da aq unda gatarebuliyo igive sarwmunoebrivi politika, rogoric iranSi, qarTl-kaxeTis samefoebis aRdgenis Semdeg ki isini iranis vasali qveynebi gaxdnen. somexTa mimarT keTilad iyo ganwyobili da maT pirobebs uqmnida rostom mefe, mariam dedofali (mariams walkaSi grigorianebisaTvis eklesia augia), vaxtang VI.210 mefe simon I `...somexTa didi mosiyvarule da vardapetebis didi pativismcemeli iyo~ (somexi mematianis sityvebia).211 grigorianebisaTvis rostom mefes da mariam dedofals augiaT qalaqi (qarTlis axalqalaqi) grigorianuli saydrebiTa da monastrebiT, rogorc es iq mdgomi eklesiis warweridan Cans.212 am warweraSi ar aris naTqvami, rom es qalaqi `somxebisaTvis~ aSenda, aramed naTqvamia, rom is aSenda `saxasod vaWarTa~.213 im dros grigorians, somexsa da vaWars erTmaneTTan aigivebdnen da saerTod, `somexi~ da `vaWari~ sinonimebi iyo. amitomac aq `vaWrebSi~ qarTveli grigorianebic igulisxmebian. male, rostomis karze, maRali saxelmwifoebrivi postebic grigorianebma daiWires, kerZod, Tbilisis qalaqisTavoba, es kargadaa aRwerili. rostomi, rogorc sparseTis warmomadgeneli qarTlSi, grigorianebis mimarT atareb-
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da sparsul politikas, icavda da mfarvelobda maT. amave dros ki marTlmadidebelTa eklesias devnida. qarTveli kaTalikosi evdemoni man daaxrCobina da cixidan gadmoagdebina. rostomi daxvewili politikosi iyo da Tavisi gamocdilebiT icoda, rom qarTvelebTan pirdapiri da aSkara midgomiT verafers gaawyobda. amitomac man cbier xerxs mimarTa, roca nadirobis dros mokles ufliswuli (rostomis Svilobili), am mkvlelobas qarTvelebi (e.i. marTlmadideblebi) abralebdnen somxebs (e.i. grigorianebs), xolo grigorianebi marTlmadideblebs. simarTlis gamosakvlevad rostomma daniSna dueli SioS baraTianisa (marTlmadidebelsa) da baadur Tumanians (grigorians) Soris. orTabrZolaSi vinc gaimarjvebda, marTalic is iqneboda. isini rostomma gaagzavna erT trial, ukacriel mindorze da Tan gaatana sami TaTari. swored es TaTrebi iqnebodnen aRmsrulebelni rostomis nebisa: duelis dros SioSma baadurs mucelSi Subi Caartya ise Zlier, rom Subis wveri gadatyda da baaduris mucelSive CarCa, magram miuxedavad amisa, damarcxebulad mainc SioSi gamocxadda, radganac, is Turme, baadurma miwaze dasca. Tu es marTla ase moxda, warmoudgenelia, `sami TaTris~ daxmarebis gareSe saR-salamaTi SioSi miwaze rogor unda daeca sastikad daWril baadurs, magram movlenebi amis Semdeg viTardeba. es kerZo SemTxveva ganzogaddeba _ `gamarjvebul~ baadurs sixaruliT Seegebnen qalaqis TaTrebi da somxebi _ `da haosianni da TaTarni SejarviT gamovidnen da misrulTa aRamaRles baadur da moiyvanes mefisadmi, da pativs scemda da misca mkurnalTa gankurnebad da Seiyvara umetes ufros zomisa...~ (1645 wlisaTvis miZRvnili somxuri sigeli qarTulad Targmnili somexTa mier XIX saukuneSi, Cans, qarTveli grigorianelebis saWiroebisaTvis).214 rostomma SioSis mTeli qoneba gadasca baadurs _ àmis Semdgomad qarTvelni mciredre damdabldnen zvaobaTagan TvisTa vinaiTgan haosianTa simRerani sayvedrebulni Seawyves enaTa maTsa zeda da yovelisa taepisa dasasrulisa ityodnen: `SioS wadi, baadur movida~, romel ars `SioS gaiqec, baadur modis~. simRerisa amas zeda haosianTagan qarTvelTa ercxvinebodaT. esma ese mefesa saniabazs, e.i. mciresa Sahabazs da miuwoda baadurs da misca mTavroba didi tfilisis qalaqisa. iqmna ese 1650 welsa...~215 ase gadaeca Tbilisis qalaqisTavoba grigorianebs. am somxur sigelSi rostomi ara qarTvelad, aramed somxad, anisel somex mefeTa STamomavladaa gamocxadebuli.216 marTlac, rostomi Tavisi antiqarTuli da prosparsuli politikis gatarebisas, ar hgavda qarTvel politikur moRvawes. miuxedavad imisa, rom rostomis meuRle qristianobisadmi (rogorc marTlmadideblobis, ise monofizitobis) kargad iyo ganwyobili, rostomi mainc mtrulad iyo ganwyobili qarTuli eklesiis mimarT. saqme is iyo, rom qarTuli eklesia gamox-
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atavda im qarTvelebis miswrafebas, romelTac surdaT Teimuraz I-is samefo taxtze ayvana, xolo rostomis saqarTvelodan gaZeveba. `rogirc aRiniSna, rostom mefesa da Teimurazs Soris dapirispirebam qarTuli feodaluri sazogadoebis or banakad gayofa gamoiwvia. dauRalavi Teimurazi rostomisa da yizilbaSebis winaaRmdeg brZolas wlebis manZilze imereTidan ganagrZobda. mis mTavar amocanas qarTlidan rostomis gaZeveba, iranis batonobis damxoba da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos gaerTianeba Seadgenda... qarTlSi rostomis moRvaweobis pirvelma 15 welma sxvadasxva brZolebiT, ajanyebebiT da SeTqmulebebiT damZimebul situaciaSi ganvlo. qarTlSi rostomis mosvlisTanave qarTvelebis erTi nawili mahmadiani mefis mmarTvelobas ar daemorCila, maT qristianobis rjulisaTvis `batoni Teimurazi erCivnaT~.217 Teimurazi iyo gansaxiereba marTlmadideblobisa, anu, rogorc maSin miiCneoda, `qarTvelobisa~. qarTvelebs swored Teimurazi surdaT. amis gamo `...rostom mefis laSqarSi Teimurazis sasargeblo ganwyobileba sufevda...~218 ise, rogorc wina wlebSi `1642 wels rostom mefis winaaRmdeg kvlav didi SeTqmuleba moawyes. Sah-abas II-is istorikosis mohamed Taheris informaciiT, `Teimurazi SeuTanxmda zaal erisTavs _ yara-yalxans, nodar da ioTam amilaxvrebs... raTa rogorme mospon mefobis safarveli rostom mefe~. rostomis winaRmdeg mowyobil am axal SeTqmulebaSi monawileobdnen: zaal erisTavi, ioTam amilaxvari, nodar ciciSvili, kaTalikosi evdemon diasamiZe, giorgi goCaSvili, somxeTis meliqi yorxmazbeg aTabegisSvili da sxva qarTvelni. SeTqmulTa Soris yvelaze aqtiurad qarTlis kaTalikosi evdemon diasamiZe moqmedebda. dadebuli pirobis Tanaxmad, SeTqmulTa mizans `cotas kaciT~ cxireTs myofi rostom mefis mokvla da mis adgilze Teimurazis gabatoneba warmoadgenda~.219 magram `qarTvelTa~ (marTlmadidebelTa) es SeTqmuleba gasca somxeTis meliqma (Cans, qarTvelma grigorianma), romelmac Sahs SeTqmuleba gaumJRavna~.220 ar SeiZleba qarTuli eklesiis meTauris monawileoba am SeTqmulebaSi avxsnaT piradi dainteresebiT, aramed es iyo gamoxatva qarTuli eklesiis brZolisa mahmadianobis (da sxva gavrcelebuli religiuri mimarTulebebis) winaaRmdeg. rostomma Zalian kargad icoda, rom mis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda zogadad qarTveloba, romlis meTauric kaTalikosi iyo. amitomac man gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT dasaja datyvevebuli kaTalikosi. saerTod, rostomi ajanyebulTa mimarT Semwynarebeli iyo da erCia maTi Semorigeba. 1642 wlis ajanyebulebic mcired dasaja, kerZod, mxolod ramdenime kaci gaaxeibra da Tvalebi daTxara, magram kaTalikosi ki ara marto moakvlevina, aramed sikvdilis Semdegac Seuracxyo _ cixidan gadmoagdebina. `kaTalikosi qalaqis cixeSi daamwyvdies, Semdeg `daarCves da cixidan gadmoagdes~.221
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rostomis dros (da saerTod, XVII saukunis 30-iani wlebidan) gaizarda da ganviTarda qarTlis saqalaqo cxovroba, xelosnuri warmoeba, vaWroba, dawinaurda Tbilisi, dasaxlda qalaqebi. es gulisxmobda grigorianobis raodenobis gazrdas, radganac saerTod im dros vaWrobas da xelosnobas ZiriTadad isini misdevdnen. am grigorianebSi uTuod didi iyo qarTvelTa ricxvi. àRebuli xanisaTvis qarTvel-somexTa ekonomikuri urTierTobis aseve Tavisebur formad gvevlineba eCmiaZinis msxvili feodaluri organizaciis garkveuli kavSiri qarTul feodalur mflobelobasTan da qarTuli qalaqebis vaWroba-warmoebasTan. qarTuli da somxuri wyaroebis mowmobiT, eCmiaZini qarTlsa da kaxeTSi flobda soflebs, calkeul zvrebs, baRebs, saxnav-saTes farTobebs, xolo qalaq adgilebSi duqnebs. aqve igulisxmebian mis ymobaSi moqceuli Sesabamisi mwarmoeblebi da xelosan-vaWrebi~.222 eCmiaZinis gavlena iseTi didi iyo, rom mas TviTon marTlmadidebeli qarTveli mefeebic ki ymebsa da soflebs Cuqnidnen. qarTveli glexebi am gziT grigoriandebodnen. `kaxeTis batons~ Teimurazs da mis SviliSvils erekles eCmiaZinisaTvis SeuwiravT sofeli Tasmaluri Tavisi mcxovreblebiT, venaxebiTa da wylebiT~. (iqve, gv. 173); es sofeli kaxeTsa da qiziys Soris yofila. `1657 wels ukve rostom mefes Seuwiravs eCmiaZinisaTvis sofeli naxiduri~.223 es qarTuli soflebi, cxadia, gagrigoriandnen, anu, `gasomxdnen~. `qarTvel xelisufalTa garda eCmiaZins yma-mamulsa da sxva saqonlebs swiravdnen saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi somxuri warmoSobis SeZlebuli pirebi, riTac isini xarks uxdidnen Tavis konfesiur kuTvnilebas. magaliTad, 1678 wels sofel SulaverSi javanSiris Svilebs eCmiaZinisaTvis SeuwiravT kargad mowyobili zvari, 1664 wels Tbilisel moqalaqes aslan behbuTaSvils `sulisa da Tavis sadRegrZelod~ somexTa mTavari eklesiisaTvis sami qulbaqi Seuwiravs, axalqalaqel ambardanianT muradaSvils ki mis mier cxinvals nayidi ori biWi Seuwiravs eCmiaZinisaTvis~.224 cxadia, es ori nayidi biWi gagrigorianda, amis Tqmis nebas iZleva ara marto 1634 wels nikoloz irbaxis mier sasamarTlo darbazSi warmoTqmuli sityvebi, romlebsac yvela daeTanxma `yoveldRiv, Cvenis TvaliT vxedavT, rom mravalni qarTvelni somxdebian~-o, aramed, `patri ambrozis moxseneba, romSi 1640 wels gagzavnili, romelic ase ambobs: àm qristianebis qveyanaSi kvalad SeiZleba bevri keTilis qmna ravdenime mamul-soflebis yidviT, rogorTac Svrebian somxebi, romlebisac Tumca didi simZulvare aqvsT qarTvelebs sarwmunoebis saqmeSi, magram raki maTi xelqveiTi gaxdebian, bevri maTgani gadadis somxis weszed, amazed uaresic vnaxeTa: zogierTma saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma mdidarma uriebma gaauriaves ramdenime TavianTi yma da mosamsaxure. amisaTvis Tvinier raime eWvisa, bevri qarTvelebi siamovnebiT miiRebdnen laTinis wessa, ukeTu Seiqmnebian Cvenni xelqveiTni~.225
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amis gamo eCmiaZini dainteresebuli iyo SeeZina da mieRo qarTuli soflebi yma-glexebiT. èCmiaZini yoveli RoniT cdilobda xeli Seewyo aseTi ganwyobilebisaTvis saqarTvelos somxur mosaxleobaSi da rac SeiZleba metad gaezarda sakuTari ymaTa kontigenti~.226 qarTvelTa masiur gagrigorianebas xels isic uwyobda, rom maSin damkvidrebuli wesis Tanaxmad vaWari, meduqne, xelosani, amqari, moqalaqe grigorianuli sarwmunoebisa unda yofiliyo. ufro metic, sxvadasxva xelobis mosaqmeni qmnidnen gaerTianebebs, romelSic SesvlisaTvis aucilebelad saWiro iyo gagrigorianeba. àSkaraa, qarTuli qalaqebis profesiuli gaerTianebebi vaWrobaSi somexTa upiratesobis gamo, umTavresad monofizitur eklesiasTan unda yofiliyvnen dakavSirebuli, amitom am gaerTianebebSi Sesvla da mis safuZvelze garkveuli privilegiebis miReba, gasagebia, mxolod somxur sarwmunoebaSi gadasvliT SeiZleboda. qarTuli mosaxleobis erTi nawilis somxur sarwmunoebaze gadasvla sxva gziTac xdeboda, jer kidev m. TamaraSvilma vatikanis arqivis masalebis safuZvelze gamoTqva mosazreba, rom somexTa mier soflis, e.i. yma-mamulis SeZenis Semdeg iq mosaxle qarTvelTa nawili somxur sarwmunoebaSi gadadioda~.227 miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTuli mosaxleoba masobrivad iRebda grigorianobas, isini ar uaryofdnen qarTul enas, wes-Cveulebebs, qarTul xasiaTs. marTalia, grigoriani qarTvelebi TavianT Tavs `somexs~ uwodebdnen, magram am terminSi (`somexSi~) isini debdnen ara eTnikur Sinaarss, aramed mxolod sarwmunoebrivs. qarTvel grigorianebs mxolod sarwmunoebrivad miaCndaT TavianTi Tavi `somxebad~, eTnikurad ki _ `saqarTvelos Svilebad~. mxolod XIX saukunis dasawyisidan aRricxes qarTvelebi grigorianebi erovnebiT somxebad, aseve erovnebiT somxebad aRricxes somxuri ti pikonis mqone qarTveli kaTolikeebi. m. TamaraSvili werda: àm qarTvelebma Tu sarwmunoeba uaryves, gvartomoba ar uaruyviaT da arc TavianTi saxelebi dautovebiaT, radgan danarCeni marTlmadidebeli qarTvelebi ar edavebodnen gasomxebul qarTvelebs TavianTi gvarisa da saxelis Senaxvas~.228 ratom iRebdnen qarTvelebi grigorianobas da kaTolikeebi ratom gaxdnen somxuri kaTolikuri eklesiis wevrebi? iqneb grigorianoba mxolod sarwmunoebriv aRmsareblobas ar niSnavda? unda vifiqroT, rom grigorianobis miReba _ es iyo socialuri kategoriis Secvla. es iyo raRac msgavsi socialuri revoluciisa. SinaomebiT, lekianobiT, mahmadianuri agresiiT gatanjul, dazaralebul glexebsa da xelosnebs omi aRar surdaT. Cans, gadasaxadebiT da omebiT gaRatakebuli xalxis masebi ise xvdeboda grigorianul sarwmunoebas, rogorc ganmaTavisuflebels
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siRatakisa da omebisagan, marTlac, es sarwmunoeba aTavisuflebda glexs da xelosans omis begarisagan, da Cans, sabatono gadasaxadisaganac. maTi mfarveli xdeboda Zlieri da mdidari somxuri eklesia, romelic uSiSroebis da siRatakisagan daxsnis garantias aZlevda maT, samagierod arafers ar iTxovda glexobisa da xelosnebisagan, garda eCmiaZinis religiuri upiratesobis aRiarebisa. marTlac, ekonomikurad dauZlurebul da amiT avtoritetSelaxul mcxeTasTan (qarTul eklesiasTan) SedarebiT mdidar eCmiaZins didi garegnuli brwyinvaleba hqonda. magram glexisa da xelosnisaTvis arsebiTi iyo is, rom grigorianobis miRebiT igi Zalze xSirad Tavisufldeboda batonymuri urTierTobisagan, anda Tu ymad rCeboda, is icvlida socialur kategorias _ glexidan, miwis dammuSaveblidan, is iqceoda vaWrad, romelic gacilebiT didi TavisuflebiT sargeblobda da qonebis dagrovebis Semdeg ymobidan gamoxsnac ki SeeZlo maSin, roca es glexisaTvis gacilebiT ufro Zneli iyo. grigorianobis miRebiT, is, rogorc `somexi~, anu vaWari, Tavisufldeboda omis begarisagan, es im dros, roca yovel mebatones Tavisi mamuli patara saxelmwifod miaCnda da gametebiT ibrZoda am `saxelmwifos~ sazRvrebis gafarToebisaTvis. im dros, roca mebatoneebi miwis yoveli mtkavelisaTvis gaafTrebiT ebrZodnen erTmaneTs (da ebrZodnen yma-glexebis saSualebiT) mudmivi lekianobisa, omebisa da ajanyebebis dros, samxedro begarisagan gaTavisufleba didi SeRavaTi iyo. amis garda, grigorianebs Seqmnili hqondaT erTgvari korporaciebi, urTierTdaxmarebis salaroebi TavianT eklesiebTan. eklesia exmareboda Rataks, aZlevda bavSvebs ganaTlebas, aswavlida vaWrobas da rac mTavaria, tyved wayvanil ojaxebsac ki ixsnidnen fuliT da abrunebdnen TavianT sacxovrebel adgilze. es didad mimzidvels xdida grigorianobas. saqarTveloSi im dros `somxoba~ aRniSnavda ara erovnebas, aramed socialur fenas, socialur kategorias. qveyanaSi arsebobda yma, anu glexi, mebatone da `somexi~, anu vaWar-xelosani. `somexi~, rogorc wesi, niSnavda grigorian adamians ganurCevlad misi erovnebisa (umeteswilad qarTvels), romelic vaWari an potenciuri vaWari iyo (xelosnebic vaWrobdnen). `somxoba~ _ es iyo vaWar-xelosanTa fena da ara erovneba da isini ar idevnebodnen spars-osmalTa mier. frederiko diubua werda: `saocari isaa, rom marto qarTvelebs devnidnen da ara somxebs...~229 iranSi somxebs yovelgvari upiratesoba eniWebodaT, somxebi rogorc iranis, ise TurqeTis ekonomikuri warmatebis sayrdeni iyo. somxebs swored vaWroba-xelosnoba evalebodaT. somxoba religiur-ekonomikuri organizacia iyo. aman gamoiwvia is, rom erT periodSi Sida qarTlis barSi miuxedavad mosaxleobis siWar-
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bisa, gauqmda yvela qarTuli saepiskoposo (ruisis, urbnisis, niqozis, samTavisis da sxva), radganac mosaxleoba gagrigorianda da eCmiaZins Seemata. amitomac erekle II-is droisaTvis mcxeTidan vidre lixis qedamde aRarcerTi qarTuli saepiskoposo aRar arsebobda. mxolod mcxeTa-Tbilissa da kaxeTSi isxdnen qarTveli episkoposebi! z. WiWinaZe werda _ `ZvelTaganve Tbilisis namdvil somxis STamomavali moqalaqeni Tavisuflad yidulobdnen qarTvel yma-glexebs. maT hflobdnen rogorc undodaT da Tan TavianT sjulzedac miaqcevdnen. devnilni ymani eTvisebodnen somexTa, devnilni somxur gvarsa da saxels irqmevdnen, somxurad inaTlebodnen da miT gadairCendnen xolme Tavebs~.230 `Tbiliseli vaWrebi yidulobdnen marTlmadideblebs, amasTan ara mxolod saxlis saWiroebisaTvis, aramed saxelosnoebSi samuSaodac. somxuri sarwmunoebis pirTa ymobaSi moxvedrili marTlmadideblebis patronis sarwmunoebaSi nebiT Tu uneblieT gadasvla, Cans, zogjer farTo xasiaTs iRebda, ris gamoc xelisuflebi drodadro am procesis damuxruWebas arapirdapiri gziTac cdilobdnen~.231 qarTvelebis grigorianul sarwmunoebaSi masobrivad gadasvlis Semdeg somxuri eklesia dainteresebuli iyo, maT SeeTvisebinaT sarwmunoeba, magram qarTvelebma ar icodnen somxuri ena _ grigorianuli saeklesio ena, amitomac qarTvelebisaTvis qarTuli asoebiT daweril somxurenovan saxarebebs, locvebs, saeklesio wignebs avrcelebdnen saqarTvelos somxur eklesiebSi. qarTveli grigoriani xelosnebi, vaWrebi da amqrebi saqmes awarmoebdnen qarTul enaze. moRweulia uamravi qarTulenovani aseTi davTrebi. qarTveli grigoriani poetebic ki qarTul enaze werdnen leqsebs (aseTi poeti mravali iyo). qarTveli grigoriani istorikosebic ki (magaliTad, farsadan gorgijaniZe da sxva wvrili mTxzvelebi) qarTul enaze werdnen. qarTveli grigoriani saxelmwifo moxeleebi da aznaurebi qarTul enaze awarmoebdnen saqmes. saerTod, qarTvel grigorianebs uyvardaT saqarTvelo, qarTuli kultura, qarTuli adaT-wesebi da yovelive mamapapuri, saqarTvelos istoria. es aRniSnulia mcodneTa mier: `gvelis perangSi~ aseTi adgilia: moqmedeba xdeba ara saqarTveloSi, aramed sparseTSi. `somxebis sufraze Taria, viRac gasaocrad ukravs. Tari neldeba da meore kaci dairas iRebs, SeaTamaSebs xelSi da yurTan miitans da TiTqos ybayuraao, gahkivis baiaTs: `rusTaveli aRar gvyavs, gamkiTxavi vin ari... aRsdeg, Tamar dedofalo! SenTvis tiris...~ uecrad petriZe wamoxteba: _ vin kiTxavs mag ubedurs an rusTavels an Tamars? vahme, istoriav!~232 Tumca, marTlmadideblebi qarTvel grigorianebs qarTvelebad aRar miiCnevdnen, magram isini qarTulenovanni iyvnen da aRwerilis msgavsad uyvar-
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daT saqarTvelo, anu Tavisi istoria da winaprebi. aseTi `somxebi~ gansxvavdebian namdvili somxebisagan da namdvil somxad arc miaCndaT TavianTi Tavi, xolo somxeTSi maT somxebad ar miiCnevdnen. somxeTis ajanyebis cnobil meTaurs, daviT-begs, somxebi somxad ar miiCnevdnen da qarTvels uwodebdnen. somxuri eklesiis moRvawe artem ararateli gadmogvcems: `1796 wels yizlarSi usaxlkarod da ulukmapurod darCenili artemi TanamoZme somxebTan eZebs TavSesafars. kidevac axerxebs erTi somxis moZebnas, magram es ukanaskneli gulcivad istumrebs gareT. a. araratelis SeniSvniT, ìmitom, rom me qarTveli somexi ara var da namdvili somxeTis mkvidri var; amasTan dasZina: wadi Sens Tanamemamule mRvdelTan, iqneba man Segifaroso~.233 aqedan cxadia, rom `qarTveli somxebi~ sxvaa, xolo `namdvili somxeTis mkvidri~ _ sxva. qarTveli somexi eTnikurad qarTvelia da mxolod sarwmunoebrivad aris `somexi~. artem ararateli aRniSnavs saqarTveloSi qarTuli enis sayovelTao xmarebis Sesaxeb grigorianTa mier _ àqauri somxebis umravlesobam srulebiT ar icis somxuri da qarTulad laparakobs... am adgilebis gavla miT ufro Zneli iyo, rom somxebma ar icodnen somxuri ena da qarTulad laparakobdnen~.234 a. ararateli ar wers, rom saqarTveloSi yvela somexi laparakobda qarTul enaze. is wers _ ùmravlesobam ar icis somxurio~, es imaze unda migviTiTebdes, rom somxuris mcodne grigorianebi `namdvili somxebi~ iyvnen, gadmosaxlebulni somxeTidan, xolo am enis ucodinari ki adgilobrivi mkvidri qarTveli grigorianebi. erTi mxiTaristi werda, rom XIX saukunis 20-iani wlebisaTvis `saqarTveloSi mosaxle somxebi somxuris ucodinarni iyvnen da qarTulad laparakobdnen~.235 iv. gvaramaZe werda _ ùkeTu Cveni winaparni somxebi iyvnen, ra eWvia, Tavidanve somxuri ena eqnebodaT Sin Tu gareT saxmareblad, rogorc sasuliero pirni eklesiaSi wirva-locvas somxurad asrulebdnen, erSic imave enas gaavrcelebdnen, metadre qalaq adgilas, sadac wera-kiTxvis codna ueWvelad saWiroa moqalaqe movaWre mozardis axalTaobisaTvis! ra dasajerebelia, rom somxis mRvdelma Tavis mowafes qarTuli wera-kiTxva aswavlos da somxuri ara? vTqvaT, xmarebaSi qarTuli ena yofiliyo da mis gamo somxurisaTvis Tavi daunebebiaT da qarTuli SeutaniaT xmarebaSi, Sin, gareT da eklesiebSic, maSin imaT qarTulSi, xom TavianTi somxuri deda enis TiTo-orola nawyvetebic aras darCeboda ueWvelad... xolo radgan araviTari somxuri enis amgvari elementebi ar daSTenila Cvens qarTuls enaSi, cxadi WeSmariteba aris, rom Cveni winaparni qarTvelTa modgmis STamomavlobisani arian, misTvis wminda qarTuli ena hqoniaT xmarebaSi~.236 imis gamo, rom axlad gagrigorianebulma qarTvelebma somxuri ena ar icodnen da amave dros ki maTi ricxvi Zalze didi iyo (didi Tu patara
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qalaqebis vaWar-xelosani, moqalaqeni, gzispira soflebis glexebi, Sewiruli soflebis ymebi), saWiro gaxda maTTvis qarTuli asoebiT daeweraT somxuri locvebi, wignebi, saxarebac ki. `somxuri saeklesio literatura qarTuli transkri pciiT, eWvi araa, somxuri sarwmunoebis qarTvelebisaTvis unda Sedgeniliyo, romelTa didma umravlesobam, bunebrivia, somxuri wera-kiTxva ar icoda. mosaxleobis amave nawilis sulieri moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad zogi somxuri locva iTargmneboda qarTul enaze. erT-erTi aseTi naTargmni krebulis daniSnulebis Taobaze giorgi goreli gvauwyebs: `gadmoTargmanebuli somxis enidgan qarTvelTa enazed goreli gevorg uRirsi varTapetisagan sargoT yrmaTa somxeTis eklesiisaTa, visac somxeTis ena ar esmis~. am cnobaSi isaa sayuradRebo, rom giorgi gorelis es saeklesio dogmaturi krebuli somex `yrmaTa sargoT~ ki ar uTargmnia, aramed `yrmaTa somxeTis eklesiisaTa~, e.i. imaTTvis, vinc somxur eklesias ekuTvnoda da amave dros somxuri ar icoda. aseTebi ki, gasagebia, somxuri sarwmunoebis qarTvelebi, e.i. qarTveli monofizitebi iyvnen. sxvaTa Soris, XIX saukunisaTvisac dasturdeba qarTuli transkrifciiT Sesrulebuli somxuri locvis wignebis gavrceleba qarTvel monofizitTa Soris... qarTuli transkrifciiT Sesrulebuli da qarTul enaze Targmnili somxuri saeklesio dogmaturi literatura, vfiqrobT, kidev erTi damatebiTi sabuTia saqarTveloSi somxuri sarwmunoebis qarTvelTa sakmaod mravalricxovani koleqtivis arsebobisa. amitom yvela im cnobaSi, sadac mosaxleobis somxuri sarwmunoebisadmi kuTvnilebaze mxolod aqcentireba (magaliTisaTvis sakmarisi iqneboda, albaT vaxuStis geografiac) marTebuli iqneboda isini qarTvel monofizitebad migveCnia. aseve qarTul-somxuri epitafiebi, Tbilisis somxur sasaflaoze qarTulwarweriani saflavis qvebi, orenovani qarTulsomxuri samoxeleo da piradi beWdebi, ueWvelia, qarTveli monofizitebis _ eTnikurad qarTvelisa da sarwmunoebiT somexis gaorebuli bunebis gamomxatvelebi unda iyvnen. amis garda, sabuTebis erT wyebaSi daculia personaluri miTiTebebi qarTvel monofizitebze~.237 qarTvel monofizitebs vaxuSti bagrationi `sarwmunoebiT somxebs~ uwodebda, xolo maTi ena, qceva-zne da cxovrebis wesi qarTuli iyo. is qvemo qarTlis `somxobis~ Sesaxeb wers: àm adgilTa Sina mosaxleni arian sarwmunoebiT somexni da mciredad qarTlis sarwmunoebisa, aramed qceva-zniTa qarTuliTa~ (t. IV, gv. 312). vaxuStis am cnobaSi, rogorc vxedavT, yuradReba TiTqos ZiriTadad gamaxvilebulia sarwmunoebriv momentze, romlis gverdiT eTnikurobis cneba sadRac qreba.238 `niSandoblivia, rom sarwmunoebrivi kuTvnilebis gareSe moxsenebuli Tbilisis somxebis mimarT vaxuSti kulturuli qarTvelobis aRmniSvnel imave gamoTqmas iyenebs~.239
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z. WiWinaZe saqarTveloSi mcxovreb yvela somexs ar uwodebda qarTvel grigorians. is mxolod somxuri eklesiis wevr qarTvelebs uwodebda am saxels. agreTve z. WiWinaZe ar fiqrobda, rom TbilisSi mcxovrebi yvela somexi erovnebiT qarTveli iyoo. is werda, rom Tbilisis somxebSi SeiZleba naxevari somxuri sarwmunoebis mqone qarTveli aRmoCndeso. mas amis Tqmis uflebas aZlevda Tavisi piradi dakvirveba da gamokiTxva cocxali adamianebisa _ swored amgvari `somxebisa~. is werda _ `...dRes mTeli qarTl-kaxeTi da masTan imereTic savsea qarTvel grigorianebiT. maT yvelas kargad etyobaT, rom igini STamomavlobiT namdvili qarTvelebi unda iyvnen da ara somexni, yvela es kargad etyobaT maT, vinc daakvirdeba, yvela cxadad SeniSnavs, rom Tu sul ara, umetesi nawili am grigorianebisa unda iyvnen namdvilad STamomavlobiT qarTvelni. amas eWvi da yoymani ar unda. Tuki vinme daakvirdeba, samwuxarod, amis dakvirveba ki qarTvelebs srulebiT ara aqvT... dRes mTelma saqarTvelos erma rom grigorianT sarwmunoeba miiRos, mis Semdeg igic Tavis gvar-tomobas e.i. qarTvelobas unda gamoeTxovos?!... Tamamad vityviT, rom rac qarTvelTagan gafrangebulan, asi imdeni gasomxebula, axalcixe erT dros gasomxebul qarTvelebiT iyo savse. iq qarTvelTa ricxvi gafrangebul da gasomxebul qarTvelTagan Sesdgeboda da orive ki mainc somxebad iwodebodnen... qarTvels grigorianebTagan ZvelTaganve yovelive Sinauri, Tu gareuli, baraTebis wera sul qarTulad swarmoebda. maTSi somxurad TviT mRvdlebic ar swerdnen da gind rom eweraT, mere amiTi ras gaxdebodnen, arafers. qarTlis qarTvel grigorianebTagan qarTuli mwerlobis asparezzed sxvadasxva SesamCnevi mwerlebic gamosulan Zvel dros... madaTovi, qiCiknova, CamCi, melqo, saiaTnova, wyaloba bebuTovi, osef amirovi... zurab antonovi... _ komediebis mwerali da cnobili gvari mixeil birTvelis Ze TumaniSvili, mwerali da meleqse, romelic `ciskarSi~ swerda daarsebiTganve da 1869 wels `ciskris~ erTi nomris `salayboSi~ is hazri gamoTqva, rom `Cven tomiT qarTvelni varT da mxolod sjuliT somexnio~, amaT garda nikoloz xudadovi, anastasia TumaniSvili-wereTlisa... ter fili pe yaiTmazaSvili, Tfilisis gegmis damxati ter Smovani da mravali sxvani, eniT dauTvlelni, yvelas moTvla aq Znelia, xolo imas ki vityviT, rom Zveladganve Tfilisis qarTvel grigorianebs Tu somxis STamomavalTaTvis saxalxo enas qarTuli ena Seadgenda. am eniT suldgmulobdnen igini... sikvdilis Semdegac ki saflavis qvebzec qarTulad awerdnen, aseTis Zvelis qarTulis warwerianis qvebiT savsea Zveli xojivanqis sasaflavo, aseve iyo vanqis galavanSi da sxva saydrebTa maxlobladac ase iyo, TviT saydris SenebaTa cnobebsac ki swerdnen qarTulad... Tbilisis somxoba iseve hpatronobda qarTul enas, rogorc qarTvelni, uamisod ar SeiZleboda, radganac maSindeli somexic tomiT qarTveli iyo. igi qarTvel grigorianad unda Seracxuliyo. aseT pirTagan qarTuls enazed
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Zlier bevri wignebia nawer-naTargmni... Cveni mosazreba iyo, rom gvesaubra da dagvesabuTebina is garemoebac, rom qarTvelebSi arian iseTnic, romelic grigorianTa sarwmunoebas aRiarebdnen da dRes mis meoxebiT igini somxis gvaradac iricxebian. aseTi mosazrebis dasamtkiceblad saWiroa cocxali cnobebi, namdvili ambebi WeSmaritebasTan axlos mdgari. aseT WeSmaritebas emorCileba yoveli ganaTlebuli kaci, am WeSmaritebas veravin ewinaaRmdegeba... ai, esec zogi gvarebi qarTvel grigorianebisa... alaverdaSvili, alaverdovi, mTawmindeli, mamapapiT qarTulis eniT molaparake, dRes alaverdovi, gagvarebuli... igi swers Semdeg sayuradRebo cnobas, romelic umniSvnelo iqneba, rom moviyvanoT aq: `me vswavlobdi Tbilisis saxelosno skolaSi. me somexi var, magram somxuri ar vicodi, saqarTvelos somxebi martod sjuliT varT somxebi, Torem erovnebiT qarTvelebi varT, rogorc frangebi da TaTrebic, somxebis ganyofilebaSi qarTuli ena akrZaluli aqvsT, iq aravis aswavlian am enas, arc me maswavlidnen, qarTuli wera me Cemis SromiT da malviT Seviswavle, amitom amxanagebi me `vracas~ meZaxdnen, e.i. qarTvels, roca es ambavi somxuri enis maswavlebelma da mRvdelma Seityes, maT amis gamo sastikad gamkicxes, qarTul enas nu swavlobo, aseTi vai-vaglaxiT Seviswavle Cemi RviZli ena _ qarTuli~.240 z. WiWinaZe CamoTvlis qarTveli grigorianebis gvarebs: alxazaSvili _ gvaris gadakeTebis Semdeg _ alxazovi; aWriani; areSiZe _ areSovi; abulovi _ abulianci _ Zveli gvari abulaZe; baraTaSvili; baqraZe _ basilaSvili _ basilovi; begTabegisSvili; gigauri; giorgaZe _ axali gvari giorgianci; gvelesiani _ axali gvari gvelianci; durgliSvili; berZeniSvili; dalaqiSvili; gulaSvili _ ivangulaSvili _ ivangulovi; mamulaSvili _ mamulovi; RaribaSvili _ karibovi; lolaZe; ambardana; kuxtievi; mamacaSvili; maCabeli; sandaZe; turiaSvili; TarxniSvili; mzareuli; sosiaSvili; SaburiSvili _ Saburovi; RarliaZe; muCaiZe; TuSiSvili _ TuSurianci, laziSvili; obolgogianci; RambaraSvili; rostomaSvili; jaSitaSvili; aTabegovi _ jayeli; zurabiSvili; did-zurabiSvili _ did-zurabovi; qoniaSvili _ gvaris gadakeTebis Semdeg _ salovi; mesanTliSvili _ gvaris gadaTargmnis Semdeg _ sveCnikovi; meliaSvili _ gvaris gadaTargmnis Semdeg _ lisiciani; xuciSvili; gomelauri; sulxaniSvili; zoziaSvili; lomiZe; panCuliZe _ panCuliani; fridonaSvili; malxaziSvili; elisbarovi; nadiraZe; menTeSaSvili _ manTaSovi; wamalaSvili; koxtaSvili; iasamanovi; aRniaSvili; buxraSvili; alaverdiSvili; namuraZe; qoCoraSvili _ qoCrianci; mamajanaSvili; maminaSvili; SanSeSvili; mirazaSvili; TavqalaSvili _ Tav-qalianci; puradSvili _ puradovi; TumaniSvili; javaxiSvili; mirianaSvili; narimanaSvili; wereTeli; martiaSvili; faniaSvili; Zikovi; xidarbegiSvili; xaxanaSvili; zaliaSvili; xizanovi; meRvinovi; bainduraSvili; CxeiZe; dadiani; doRaSvili; koSkaSvili;
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gozalovi; safariSvili; ximSiaSvili; wmindoaSvili; dondarovi; giorgaZe; qitiaSvili; xaraziSvili; meRoriSvili; CareqaSvili; metiviSvili; xaxutaSvili; manvelovi; afxaziSvili; xublaria; Wi paSvili; RvTisievi...241 arc erTi zemoT dasaxelebul avtors ar miaCnia, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yvela somexi warmoSobiT uTuod qarTvelia, ara, isini weren, rom saqarTveloSi cxovrobda somxeTidan gadmosaxlebul `namdvil somexTa~ garkveuli raodenoba, magram maT gverdiT cxovrobdnen is qarTvelebi, romelTac miiRes grigorianuli sarwmunoeba da agreTve is qarTvelebi, romelTac miiRes kaTolikuri sarwmunoeba somxuri ti pikoniT. Semdgom, radganac xalxi im dros erTmaneTisagan ver arCevda erovnebasa da sarwmunoebriv mimarTulebas, somxur eklesiasTan dakavSirebuli yvela qarTveli `somxad~ iqna CaTvlili. aseTi mdgomareoba gamonaklisi ar aris. cnobilia, rom is qarTvelebi, romlebmac mahmadianoba miiRes _ `TaTrebad~ iwodebodnen qristianTa mier. xolo is qarTvelebi ki, romelTac kaTolikoba miiRes, `frangebad~ iwodebodnen marTlmadidebelTa mier. aseve grigorian qarTvelebs `somxebs~ uwodebdnen. cota mogvianebiT ki somxurti pikoniani qarTveli kaTolikeebic `somxebad~ iqna aRricxuli. qarTveli kaTolikeebi rom `somxdebian~, es dadasturebulia mecnierTa mier. m. TamaraSvilma vatikanSi moZiebul dokumentebze dayrdnobiT es daamtkica Tavis wignebSi. `rac Seexeba qarTvel kaTolikeebs, imis gamo, rom vatikanSi kongregaciis mier qarTuli ena ar iyo damtkicebuli RvTismsaxurebisaTvis moqmed enad, gabatonda laTinuri da somxuri enebi. imis gamo, rom TurqeTma XVI-XVII ss. Caketa evropaSi misasvleli gzebi da misionerebs aukrZales aq Semosvla, TandaTan qarTuli kaTolikuri eklesiebidan gamoidevna laTinuri enac (misi ucodinarobis gamo) da qarTveli kaTolikeebi SerCnen somxur enas, xSir SemTxvevaSi qarTvel kaTolikeTa mrevls somex kaTolikeTa warmomadgenlebi Tu gasomxebuli qarTvelebi winamZRvrobdnen. aseTi viTareba qarTvel kaTolikeTa srul dabnevas iwvevda, radgan metyvelebdnen qarTulad, aiZulebdnen elocaT somxurad, adidebdnen romis paps da cxovrobdnen Turquli politikis qveS. somxur-kaTolikuri eklesia xelmZRvanelobda maT jvriswera-monaTvlas. monaTvlisas arqmevdnen somexi kaTolike episkoposis mier rekomendebul saxelebs da ase TandaTan icvleboda maTi namdvili vinaoba. xSirad axal saxels axali gvaris xelovnurad Seqmna da gadakeTebac mosdevda. Sovinisti kaTolike moZRvarni yvelafers akeTebdnen imisaTvis, rom qarTvel kaTolikeebs daeviwyebinaT mSobliuri ena, gvari, warmomavloba da bolos, radganac kongregacias maT saeklesio enad somxuri hqonda damtkicebuli, somxebad gamoecxadebinaT. samwuxarod, rogorc ukve zemoT vnaxeT, sof. velis magaliTze, mesxeTis sinamdvileSi es nawilobriv kidec gakeTda~.242
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m. TamaraSvili wers, Turq-osmalebis batonobam Tu rogor gaanadgura mesxeTi, amas `..dResac RaRadebs gaveranebuli qveyana, auracxeli nangrevebi da metadre samcxis didebuli 19 saepiskoposos erTianad mospoba. am uwyalo svras vinc ki gadaurCa qarTveli marTlmadidebelTagani, Zalauneburad mahmadianoba miiRo, radgan XVI saukuneSive osmaleTma mouspo gza evropel misionerebsa, umwyemsod datovebul samcxis qarTvel kaTolikebsac igive Savi dRe daadgaT, xolo maTma mcire ricxvma SeirCina ukve miRebuli kaTolike sarwmunoeba somxis ti pikonis miRebiTa, radgan am dros somxobas osmaleTi ise ar awuxebda, rogorc sxva tomis qristianebs, romlebic daixsna ara marto sikvdilisagan, aramed sxva bevrnairi Sewuxebisganac. am garemoebis wyalobiT, isini SeuerTdnen somxis tomis kaTolikebs ara marto sarwmunoebiT, aramed erobrivadac, raTa maTsaviT uSiSrad yofiliyvnen gamZvinvarebuls osmaleTis mTavrobis xelSi. verc gabedes Semdeg qarTuli tibikonis miReba, radgan maTi mtarvali batonisagan moelodaT an sikvdili, an gamahmadianeba~.243 m. TamaraSvili aRwers srul suraTs, Tu ra mizezis gamo iRebdnen qarTvelebi somxurenovan wirva-locvas TavianT eklesiebSi da Tu ratom aRiarebdnen isini TavianT Tavs somxebad da ara qarTvelebad. aRniSnavs, rom amgvari `gasomxebiT~ qarTvelebi ara marto qristianobas inarCunebdnen, aramed xSirad sicocxlesac ki. somxurma eklesiam SeZlo sikvdilisagan daexsna da qristianobisaTvis SeenarCunebina uamravi qarTveli. igive iTqmis qarTveli grigorianebis Sesaxebac _ isinic somxur eklesias efarebodnen TavianTi col-Svilis, sicocxlisa Tu qonebis gadarCenis mizniT. qarTul eklesias ki, rogorc cnobilia, ebrZodnen osmaleTic da sparseTic, ara marto qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba iyo maTTvis miuRebeli, aramed qarTuli eklesiac. SeiZleba iTqvas, am uTanasworo brZolaSi qarTuli eklesia gamarjvebuli gamovida dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. mesxeTis, saingilosa da lore-taSiris garda man TiTqmis mTel saqarTveloze gavlena SeinarCuna. XIX saukunis bolos aRmoCnda, rom saqarTvelos zogierTi daba-qalaqis, soflisa Tu kuTxeebis mosaxleobis erT nawils somxebi Seadgendnen. m. TamaraSvilma, romelic dainteresebuli iyo am sakiTxiT, moiZia sxvadasxva ucxoenovani wyaroebi da ganacxada: `raodenic ki SegveZlo, TiTqmis yvela SesaniSnavi aRmosavleTis istoria da mgzavrTa werilebi gamoviZieT, magram veraferi vpoeT somxebis gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi uwinares XVII saukunisa. amisaTvis unda vTqvaT, rom somxebs gadmosaxleba da saqarTveloSi damkvidreba dauwyiaT XVII saukunis damdegs~...244 somxebi SeiZleba gadmosaxlebuliyvnen 1615-1618 wlebSi Sah-abasis mier saqarTvelos mooxrebis dros. 1687-1747 wlebSi nadir-Sahis dros, 1780 wels erekles mier.245
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magram maTi raodenoba didi ar iyo. somexTa Zalze didi gadmosaxleba iwyeba XIX saukuneSi, 1804 wlis dasawyisSi, 1828 wels sparseTidan gadmosaxlda 40 aTas sulze meti somexi, 1829 wels TurqeTidan gadmosaxlda 70 aTas sulze meti somexi.246 gadmosaxldnen agreTve 1895 wels. miuxedavad amisa, rogorc paata guguSvili werda, XIX saukunis dasawyisSi somexTa procentuli raodenoba amierkavkasiaSi didi ar iyo da 6%-s Seadgenda. gadmosaxlebuli somxebi srulebiT ganirCeodnen saqarTvelos adgilobrivi `somxebisagan~ eniT, qceva-zniT, wes-CveulebiT, cxovrebis saxiT da yovelmxriv. `vaxuSti borCalos aRweraSi asaxelebs esred: àm adgilTa Sina mosaxleni arian sarwmunoebiT somexni da mciredad qarTlis sarwmunoebisa, aramed qceva-zniTa qarTuliTa~. amnair somxebis tomiT qarTvelobisa Cven eWvi ara gvaqvs, radgan sazogadod SeniSnulia, rom somxebi saca wavlen, TavianT zne-Cveulebas ar stovdnen da sxvisas ar scvlian, sxvaTa Soris, TviT mogzauri gambac mowmobs, rom saqarTveloSi somxebi arafriT emsgavsebian qarTvelebs da maTSi irCevian TavianTi zne-CveulebiT. am faqts yvelani cxadad davinaxavT, ukeTu CavukvirdebiT am erTi saukunis wineT saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebul somxebs, romlebsac TavianTi ararai dautovebiaT da sxva zne-Cveuleba ar SeuTvisebiaT. dResac yvelaferSi iseTi somxebi arian, yovelis mxriT, rogorc iyvnen am erTi saukunis wineT, aq gadmosaxlebis dros. es faqti sabuTs gvaZlevs qarTvel tomad SevracxoT yvela isini, romlebsac somxebisa marto sarwmunoeba aqvT da ara zneCveuleba. is sakiTxi, rom qarTvelobaSic moi povebian somxis merjuleni _ e.i. qarTveli grigorianebi, jer b. kldiam aRZra ìveriaSi~ 1902 wels, xolo Semdgom imave wels moskovis lazares aRmosavleTi enebis institutis profesorma b. xaxanaSvilma `kavkaz~ _ rusul gazeTSi. amave sagans Seexo batoni lasi 1904 wlis ianvris dRis ìveriaSi~.247 qarTvel grigorianebs, rogorc cnobilia, `somxebs~ uwodebdnen. agreTve, qarTvel kaTolikeebsac, gansakuTrebiT ki somxurenovani wirva-locvis mqoneT. amitomac qarTvelTa gadagvarebis am saxes unda ewodos qarTvelTa armenizacia. m. TamaraSvili wers _ àxlaxans gorSi da axalcixeSi (1703 da 1705 w.) dawerili sabuTebi aRmoaCines, romlebic cxadad gvimtkiceben iqauri kaTolikebis qarTvelobas naTlisRebis saxelebiT da sxva garemoebiT... ai, xsenebul axlad napovn sabuTebSi zogierTi saxelebi: mindoraTi, mananaZe, waldaZe, nebieriZe, miqelaZe, xurciZe, qaTamaTi, zazaTi, beroTi, beromelaTi, malxazaTi, keJeraTi, gulspaTi, tetiaTi, batonaTi... xizanaTi, cxelaTi, TeliaTi, tyavaZe, omiaZe, maisuraZe, horovelaTi, meCxuaTi, filiWamiaTi, godelaTi, godermaTi,
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TuTelaTi, xuTqalTi... naxvretaTi, qvaTi, fufulaTia, gediaTi, kenWianTi, xrinwianTi... kbilaTi, koWibrolaTi, sardalaTi, kandelakianTi, ZamaTi, puwkaTi, xaxianaTi, gelaWamiaTi, WotuaTi, eTeraTi, puradaTi, qoCoraTi, RviniaTi, CitirekaTi, amzerianTi, qoniaaTi da sxva... (kacebis saxelebi) qristesa, RvTisa, aRdgomela, maxara, darCia, oWia, gania, beruka, Cita, Sermazana, erekle, ramaza, sava, niko, gogita, farsadana, nadira, xoSa, maxarobeli, kikina, zaali, elizbara, glaxa, saba, JoJua, beJana, zuraba, amirana, papua, mamuka, paata, gogia, beJua, mamula, Saqro, nikaSa, malaqia, nono, nonia, iordane, sayvarela, Sio, Tamaza da sxva. dedakacis saxelebi: mzeqala, mzisadara, vardigula, gulsunda, iagunda, naTelo, dediqala, dedijanu, darejana, TuTa, TvalSvenieri, ZuZuna, Tamara, lelo, ybawiTela, gundo, batondeda, gulgula, ybaCua, bangiani, vardo, gundo, dedeba, TeTrua, loyawiTela, gedo, kakalo, yayaCo da sxva~.248 yvela eseni qarTveli kaTolikeni somxebad iwodebodnen. simarTle gairkva mixeil TamaraSvilisa da sxva qarTvel moRvaweTa gmiruli TavdadebiT. Tbilisis moqalaqeTa gagrigorianebis Semdeg grigorianTa ubnebSi arsebuli qarTvelTa eklesiebi umrevlod da umoqmedod darCenilni _ grigorianebs rCebodaT. maTi marTlmadidebeli winaprebis mier iyo aSenebuli kidec es eklesiebi. eklesiis mrevli mxolod sarwmunoebas icvlida, saeklesio Senoba ki kvlav Zveli rCeboda. TamaraSvili wers _ ài, sxvaTa Soris, ravdeni eklesiebi daiCemes da maTSi qarTuli warwerebi gaaqres _ tfilisSi meidnis Tavze yofila patara gumbaTiani eklesia, dRes surf-georqad wodebuli wm. nikolozis eklesia, dRes jigraSenis eklesiad wodebuli, avlabris xidis iqiT myofi isnis eklesia, feTxainis eklesia, Zvelad beTlemis RvTismSoblisad wodebuli, tfilisis axlos TeleTis wmida giorgis eklesia, Savnabadas eklesia, Telavis RvTismSoblis eklesia, romelic erekle mefis saxlis ezoSi yofila, javaxeTSi kumurdos eklesia da sxva~.249 marTlac, giuldenStedti, romelmac imogzaura saqarTveloSi, CamoTvlis Tbilisis somexTa eklesiebs. mas Tavis teqstSi ucvlelad gadaaqvs eklesiaTa saxelebi, romlidanac Cans, rom am eklesiebs ixsenieben qarTuli saxeliT `saydari~, kerZod, am somxur eklesiebs hqviaT _ `Zichis Sagdari~ _ e.i. `cixis saydari~, `Petcherno Sagdari~ _ e.i. `feTxainis saydari~, `Wankis Sagdari~ _ e.i. `vanqis saydari~, `Melikis und Subsarnisi Sagdari~ _ e.i. `meliqis, anu subsarqisis saydari~, `sagaSeni~, `noraSeni~, `moRnini~, `jigraSeni~, `surbniSani~, `kozmani~, `qamoani _ qamoanT eklesia~, `zirkiani _ zirkianT eklesia~, `subkarapetesa~, `kasebis~, `petros~, anu `subkarapetas~ saydari an eklesia; `kasebis~ eklesia, `petros eklesia~.250 sxvaTa Soris, aRsaniSnavia, rom giuldenStedtis dakvirvebiT lekebis garemocvaSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi lekdebodnen, xolo osTa Soris mcxovrebi qarTvelebic aseve kargavdnen enas da religias.
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`kavkasiel mTielTa Soris, gansakuTrebiT lekebsa da osebSi arian bevri qarTvelebi, romelTac religiasTan erTad, enac daiviwyes.251 mogzauri aRniSnavs, rom qarTveloba im soflebisa, romlebic moeqca mahmadianebis xelqveiT, gamahmadiandnen da amiT gaTaTrdnen~, _ igulisxmeba saingilo. `...Warma Semdegi soflebi mostaca kaxeTs _ alianaTi, kaxi, varxiani da inguxi. isini ekuTvnian ukve dasaxlebul Warel patara mTavrebs. maTi mosaxleoba jerac qarTvelebia, magram cota aqvT qarTuli Cvevebi da TiTqmis ureligiod arian. Tumca, meti wili mosaxleobisa qarTvelebia, mainc isini sarwmunoebiT mahmadianebi arian... es mxare TebelTan erTad adre emorCileboda kaxeTis mefes da iyo qristianuli. axla is damoukidebelia. ara aqvs religia. gansakuTrebiT Wari Zalian yaCaRuria. isini Tvlian Tavs sunis seqtis mahmadianebad~.252 giuldenStedti aRwers, Tu rogor icleboda qarTlis mTianeTi qarTuli mosaxleobisagan da rogor upatronod da umrevlod rCeboda qarTvelTa eklesiebi. cxinvalis CrdiloeTiT aCabeTis cixidan 15 wuTis savalze aris sofeli qurTa, romelic dasaxlebulia qarTvelebiTac da osebiTac... sofel sxlebSi jer kidev aris patara Zveli qviTkiris eklesia, romelSic jerec dgas vercxliT moWedili jvari, is aris 2 futis simaRlis da 40 wlis winaT Tavad maCabelma da misma meuRlem Semoswires. Tavads ar hqonia sazafxulo saxli. es eklesia axla mxolod damnaSave osebs emsaxureba TavSesafarad~.253 n. berZeniSvili wers, rom Crdilokavkasieli tomebi saqarTvelosaken jer kidev XIII saukuneSi daiZrnen, magram erTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwifos daSlis Semdeg (XVI saukunidan) isini TandaTanobiT Semovidnen saqarTveloSi da adgilobriv mcxovreblebs Seerivnen. `XIII saukuneSi oqros urdos monRolebma imierkavkasiis velebi daiWires da Tavis samomTabarod aqcies. mTas Semoxiznuli adgilobrivi mosaxleoba _ afxazni, Cerqezni, osni, RunZ-RliRvni TandaTan amierkavkasiisaken moiwevdnen da piraqeT kavkasiis tomebs _ dvalebs, fxovelebs ereodnen~.254 Tu XIX saukunemde, ase Tu ise, qarTuli eklesia icavda saqarTvelos qarTuli mosaxleobis `qarTvelobas~, imis Semdeg, rac saqarTvelos avtokefalia gauqmda, kidev ufro gaRrmavda qarTvelTa rogorc armenizaciis, ise sxva tomebsa da xalxebSi asimilaciis procesi, rogorc amas imdroindeli aRweris masalebi uCveneben. qsnis xeobaSi `sof. zodexis ZiriTadi mkvidrni 1774 wels iyvnen odiSvilebi... sainteresoa eTnografiuli masala odiSvilebis Sesaxeb. `Cveni warmoSoba sul sxva gvari iyo. Zir-gvari yofila cecxlaZe. Tavidan mejudis xeobis sofel ardisSi ucxovriaT. mand yofilan sami Zmani cecxlaZeebi (aRsaniSnavia, rom cecxlaZeebi 1744 wlis aRweris Tanaxmad WurTisxe-
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vis mkvidrni arian _ r.T. ixileT javax. gv. 184). erTs erqva bedo, meores _ mela, mesames _ odi. eseni Camosulan da daukargavT namdvili gvari ceclxlaZe da gadakeTebulan sam gvarad: odiSvilad, bedoSvilad da melaZed. melaZis winapari dasaxlda WerTSi, odiSvilisa _ zodexSi, bedoSvilisa _ safarSeTSi. melaZeebi da bedoSvilebi _ gaosdnen. xevSic arian odiSvilebi. papaCemis gadmocemiT isini zodexSi modiodnen salocavad~.255 `XIV saukunidan qarTlis mTaSi iwyeba osuri nakadis SemoRweva~.256 osebi jer didi da patara liaxvis saTaveebTan, xolo ufro mogvianebiT qsnis xeobis saTaveebSi esaxlebian. dvaluri mosaxleoba osuri dafenebis qveS eqceva. osuri dafenebis qveS moeqca adgilze mosaxle qarTveloba, romelTac osebisagan Seiswavles salaparako ena da gadmoiRes maTi zneCveulebani, es procesi daiwyo XIV saukunidan da dRemde grZeldeba.257 rogorc aRiniSna, XIX saukuneSi qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmebis Semdeg qarTvelTa gagrigorianebas farTo xasiaTi hqonia _ ès SeRavaTi da kidev bevri sxvac (rom mahmadianuri samyaro somxur eklesias naklebad aviwroebda) qarTvelTaTvis erTgvar satyuaras warmoadgenda, rasac Raribi glexoba Tu Raribi qarTveli moqalaqe advilad etaneboda. am niadagze bevrma qarTvelma miiRo grigorianoba da somexad mogvevlina. gasomxeba mimdinareobda ara marto qalaqebSi, aramed soflebSic. XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi batonymobis gadavardnis Semdeg, mravali qarTveli mebatonis mamuli uvardeboda somex didvaWars. zogjer am mamulze msxdomi glexebi axali mebatonis sarwmunoebasac Rebulobdnen~.258 eTnograf n. volkovas 1976 wels dmanisis raions sof. vardisubanSi aseTi saintereso masala aqvs dafiqsirebuli: vardisubanSi cxovroben qarTvelebi da somxebi. somxebi ewerebian minasiancebad, miqeliancebad, avaqianebad da marqarianebad, pasportSic uweriaT, rom arian somxebi. maT somxuri ena ar ician. maTi mSobliuri ena qarTulia. yofiTi wes-CveulebiT da kulturis yvela niSniT qarTvelebi arian, somxur yofasTan araferi akavSirebT. TiTqos iseTi suraTi iqmneboda, rom somxebis qarTvelebTan asimilacias unda hqonoda adgili, sinamdvileSi ki es ase ar ariso, wers n. volkova. gamokiTxvis Sedegad gairkva, rom aqauri somxuri gvarebis matareblebi warmoSobiT qarTvelebi arian da aq asiode wlis win mosulan sxvadasxva raionebidan. ase, magaliTad, minasiancebis da miqaeliancebis winapari diRmeli TeTraZeebi yofilan, romlebic diRmidan sami Taobis win gadasulan. marqarovebis winapari goreli menabdiSvilebi yofilan. marqarovebs vardisubanSi axlac menabdianTs eZaxian (patronimiul saxels) da ara marqarovebs. aqaurebs kargad axsovT, Tu rogor Seucvala adgilobrivma somexma memamulem qarTvelebs qarTuli gvarebi somxurad. Cvens mier 1985 wels amave sofelSi igive masala iqna damowmebuli. mag. simoniSvilebs somexma mebatonem simoniancebad gadaukeTa gvari.
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somxebi imTaviTve xels hkidebdnen vaWroba-xelosnobas. grigorianuli eklesia qarTuli eklesiisgan erTgvarad ganze idga. somxur mosaxleobas mRvdelmsaxurebisaTvis XX saukunis dasawyisSi Sida qarTlis raionebSi 133 eklesia da 137 mRvdeli tertera emsaxureboda. maTi mrevli 100 aTasamde kacs Seadgenda~.259 `...gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia XIX saukuneSi ramdenjerme Catarebuli mosaxleobis kameraluri aRweris masalebi da 1886 wlis saojaxo siebi (ss). qarTveli monofizitebi (grigorianebi) xSir SemTxvevaSi somxuri erovnebisadmi arian miTvlili. am SemTxvevaSi gadamwyveti azri aRmwerTa mier sarwmunoebriv momentzea gadatanili. Tu qarTveli, marTlmadidebluri rwmenis garda aRiarebda sxva sarwmunoebas, is mosaxleobis SexedulebiT qarTveli aRar iyo. ase moinaTlnen somxebad aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis garkveuli nawili, frangebad (da somxebad) _ kaTolike qarTvelebi samcxe-javaxeTSi, ingiloebad _ mahmadiani qarTvelebi istoriul hereTSi, Turqebad _ mahmadiani qarTvelebi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi... cnobilia, rom saqarTveloSi monofizituri qristianoba gavrcelda qarTvelTa Sorisac da Camoyalibda qarTvel grigorianTa Taviseburi jgufi... goris mazris Tarianis sazogadoebis sofel axaldabaSi sxvadasxva gvaris qarTvelebTan erTad mosaxleoben papuaSvilebi, TaTriSvilebi, nacvliSvilebi, TandilaSvilebi, giorgaSvilebi, kutiSvilebi, javaxiSvilebi. CamoTvlil gvarTa warmomadgenlebi somxuri eTnikuri fenisadmi arian mikuTvnebuli. Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, sarwmunoebrivi momentis gamo, aRniSnuli gvar-saxelebis matarebelni amave ss-is mixedviT saqarTvelos sxva regionebSic arian gansaxlebulni da yvelani qarTvelebs ekuTvnian... saerTod, 1886 wlis ss-iT SeiZleba gamoTvla, Tu ramdeni komli, gvari, suli aris Camocilebuli xelovnurad qarTul eTnoss da meqanikurad sxva eTnosze, am SemTxvevaSi somxurze miwerili... axalqalaqi (qarTlis) somxuri gvarsaxelebis CamoTvlas aq ar SevudgebiT, magram unda davasaxeloT zogierTi `somxuri~ gvarsaxeli: mamasaxliSvili, qvriviSvili, xuciSvili, mezurniSvili, goginaSvili, oqromWedliSvili, CalaSvili, tatanaSvili, abuaSvili, gabrieliZe, wverianaSvili, mWedliSvili, nasyidaSvili, iverianovi, firaliSvili, goderZiSvili, mamacaSvili... CamoTvlil gvarsaxelebs qarTuli Zirebi aqvT, eTnografiuli masalebiTac isini grigoriani qarTvelebi iyvnen... goris mazris sof. berbukSi mosaxleobdnen gigaurebi. ss-iT gigaurebi somxurgrigorianuli sarwmunoebis gamo, somxuri eTnosisadmi arian mikuTvnebulni... verxviaSvilebis erTi komli Tu somxuri grigorianuli sarwmunoebis mimdevari da erovnebiT `somexia~, meore _ marTlmadidebelia da qarTvelia. goris mazris sofel vayaSi somxuri eTnosisadmi arian mikuTvnebulni imedaSvilebi, mamulaSvilebi, mekariSvilebi... grakalSi _ papuaSvilebi, goginaSvilebi, durgliSvilebi, tatiaSvilebi; did garejvarSi _ TuSiSvilebi, munjiSvilebi, dirbSi _ kulumbegaSvilebi (am gvaris warmomadgenlebi, saerTod,
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osebi arian), doliaSvilebi, moZmanaSvilebi, TeTruaSvlebi, qoTuaSvilebi, berianaSvilebi, paataSvilebi... zemorexSi _ kakitaSvilebi, mamukelaSvilebi, qarTveliSvilebi, kabulaSvilebi (es gvaric osuria), tyviavSi _ qarelebi, merabiSvilebi, giguaSvilebi, xabaziSvilebi da mravali sxva. sof. kavTisxevSi somxur-grigorianuli rwmenis gamo somxuri erovnebisadmi arian mikuTvnebulni: nanikaSvilebi, qsovrelebi, iremaSvilebi, basiaSvilebi, biWikaSvilebi... qvaxvrelSi _ berikaSvilebi, papiaSvilebi, gogolaSvilebi, meTiaSvilebi, xuciSvilebi, gigolaSvilebi... axalgorSi mosaxleoben iseTi gvarebic, romlebic somxuri eTnosisadmi konfesiuri mikuTvnebulobis gamo arian miwerili. aseT grigorian qarTvelebs Soris SeiZleba davasaxeloT: mzareulovi, burdinovi, mearayovi, kakilovi, kikolaSvili, xubaSvili (ZiriTadad osi), xocuelaSvili, beriaSvili, loseuraSvili, gaTenaSvili, geliaSvili, daTiaSvili, gremelaSvili, cagareli. eTnografiuli masalebiTac, CamoTvlili gvarebi qarTvelebi arian, romlebmac garkveuli mizezebis gamo miiRes somxur-grigorianuli sarwmunoeba da Sesabamisad, miekuTvnen somxur erovnebas... qarTveli grigorianebis CamoTvla 1886 wlis ss-is mixedviT SeiZleba gagvegrZelebina agreTve Tbilisis, Telavis, siRnaRis mazrebidan... aviRoT magaliTad, Tbilisis mazris sofeli _ axalsofeli, sadac mosaxle kazarovebis erT nawils miwerili aqvT _ èseni maTiaSvilebi arian~. meore nawils _ èseni marTiaSvilebi arian~. sofel kumisSi mkvidrobda~ keklovi (eseni alaverdaSvilebia)~. kumisis mosaxleobis didi nawili qarTvelebi iyvnen (grigorianuli rwmenis gamo ki somxebad arian Cawerili)... babalaSvili, guraspaSvili (Seadare guraspauli), sayvarelaSvili, maTuraZe, TaTaraSvili, gziriSvili, garsevanovi, xoritovi, guramovi, gabievi, JuJiaSvili, tetiaSvili, kaxelaSvili, qobulaSvili, olqiaSvili, dedilaSvili, niniaSvili, soziaSvili, maisuraZe, sayevarovi, kaxurovi, rostiaSvili... patara ergneTSi _ `griquraSvili (eseni mestviriSvilebi arian)~, sarTiWalaSi _ `stefanovi (eseni garsiaSvilebia)~, sanioreSi _ òxanaSvili (orkodaSvilebia)~, `sarqisaSvili (kikuaSvilebia)~, yandaurSi _ `kuzanaSvili (gamtkiculaSvilebia)~; CumlaySi _ `demurovi (menabdiSvilebia)~; ananaurSi _ `stepanovi (muxaSvilebia)~... mTeli Sua saukuneebis manZilze saqarTveloSi somxuri mosaxleoba iyo, da Sesabamisad, qarTveli grigorianebic, magram am ukanasknelTa raodenobis zrda gansakuTrebiT igrZnoba XIX saukunis Sua xanebidan (araerTi magaliTi SeiZleboda mogvetana XIX saukunis sxvadasxva periodis kameraluri aRwerebidan, romlebSic esa Tu is gvarebi jer marTlmadideblebad da qarTvelebad, Semdeg ki grigorianebad da somxebad arian Cawerili). saqarTveloSi XIX saukuneSi qarTveli grigorianebis zrda, Cveni azriT, dakavSirebuli unda iyos qveyanaSi kapitalisturi urTierTobis swraf zrdasa da 1811 wlidan saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesiis avtokefaliis dakargvasTan~.260 zemoT aRwerili procesi saqarTveloSi XX saukuneSic unda gagrZelebuliyo, magaliTad, aviRoT mesxeTi. aq 5 raionSi axalqalaqis, bogdanovkis, aspin-
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Zis, axalcixisa da adigenis raionebSi, 1923-24 wlebidan 1980 wlamde, aRar moqmedebda arc erTi qarTuli eklesia (arc marTlmadidebluri da arc qarTul-kaTolikuri), 1980 wels, axalcixis wmida marines eklesiis gaxsnamde, amave periodSi ki aq uwyvetad moqmedebdnen somxur-grigorianuli eklesiebi axalqalaqsa da axalcixeSi da somxur-kaTolikuri eklesia _ axalcixis raionis sof. sxvilisSi. amis gamo, mTeli mosaxleoba (da 1944 wlidan aq Camosaxlebuli imerloba) monaTluli iyo somxur eklesiebSi. am ambis TviTmxilveli meca var da amJamad mcxovrebTa umravlesobac amas adasturebs. 19241980 wlebSi qarTvelebi somxebTan inaTlebodnen qarTuli eklesiis umoqmedobis gamo, im motiviT, rom `mironi xom mainc erTiao~. `mironi xom mainc msoflioSi yvelgan somxeTidan modis, Cvenc xom somxuri mironi gvaqvso~. cxadia, aseTi Tvalsazrisi arasworia da SeiZleba gangeb gavrcelebuli. qarTvelTa armenizaciis sxvadasxva meTods Soris SeiZleba gamoirCes: mosaxleobis darwmuneba da ekonomiuri zemoqmedeba. pirvelis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs 1813 wels qarTul enaze eCmiaZinSi dabeWdili da saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli sigeli. am sigels xels aweren (TavianTi beWdiT adastureben) somexTa 6 arqiepiskoposi da 2 varTapeti, magram samwuxarod, sigelSi sicrue simarTledaa gamocxadebuli, kerZod, TiTqosda rostom mefe somxuri warmoSobisa iyo, TiTqosda misi Svili qarTvelebma mokles, samarTali gamomJRavnda, qarTvelebi daisajnen da ganidevnen xelmwifis karidan, xolo Tbilis-qalaqis mmarTveloba da ufrosoba somxebs gadaecaT.261 ekonomiuri zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb wers q. SaraSiZe, matenadaranSi daculi qarTuli xelnawerebis erT nawilze muSaobis Semdeg. àm jgufSi sayuradRebod iyo ramdenime sabuTi, romlebic cxadyofdnen, rom somexTa eklesia, saqarTvelos zogierT raionSi, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, fuladi Tanxis gamsesxebeli dawesebulebebis funqcias asrulebda ara marto somexi, aramed qarTveli mosaxleobisaTvisac~.262 `sayuradReboa somexTa kaTalikos nerses humanuri pirovneba (1760-1857)... man daaarsa somxuri seminaria da dawyebiTi skolebi TbilisSi, umaRlesi saswavlebeli... nersesi daxmarebis xels uwvdida qvriv-oblebs. Telaveli qvrivis, somxis qalis mimarTva xsenebuli pirovnebisadmi mowmobs, rom nersesis daxmarebiT izrdebian, Sesabamis asakSi mziTvdebian da qorwindebian qvrivis oboli gogonebi da sxva. aRsaniSnavia, rom nersesis qvelmoqmedeba ar aris Semofargluli nacionaluri da religiuri zRudeebiT. nersesma Cinebulad icis qarTuli... sayuradReboa, rom nersesi, etyoba, piradad midioda qarTlis soflebSi zogierTi saqmis mosagvareblad. XIX saukunis I naxevarSi am kaTalikoss nivTieri daxmarebisa da mfarvelobisaTvis qarTvelebic mimarTaven... nersess mimarTavs vinme Tamari. etyoba, didi Tavadis meuRle, romlis qmaric tyveobaSi daRupula. daRupuli, Cans, garkveul politikur rols TamaSobda, vinaidan misi ojaxisTvis CamourT-
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meviaT yma da mamuli, qvrivi sastik siRaribeSi Cavardnila. Tamari metad Tavdaxrilad sTxovs nersess nugeSs da daxmarebas.263 aRsaniSnavia, rom am qarTveli Tavadis meuRle qarTul enaze mimarTavs somxuri eklesiis meTaurs. amave dros ki gauqmebuli qarTuli eklesiis meTauri rusi egzarxosebi sastikad devnidnen qarTul enas. Tavadis qvrivisaTvis qoneba swored ruseTis (marTlmadidebelTa) xelisuflebas CamourTmevia, somexi xelisufali ki mas xels umarTavs. cxadia, gasomxebisaTvis pirobebi Seqmnilia. q. SaraSiZe wers _ àxali ambavi ar aris, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi somxebisaTvis qarTuli ena saukuneebis manZilze mSobliuri ena gaxda da qarTuli mwignobroba maTi udidesi nawilisaTvis erTaderTi iyo, romelsac isini flobdnen. matenadaranis Cven mier anotirebuli sabuTebi erTxel kidev adastureben am faqts. qarTulad iwereba mokiTxvis baraTebi, qarTulad warmoebs saqmiani mimowera ojaxis wevrebs Sorisac, qarTulad iwereba ara Tu kerZo pirebis angariSebi, davTrebi, Tamasuqebi, aramed somexTa eklesiebis oficialuri angariSebic. sayuradReboa, rom sami vaWari Zma, romelTagan erTi TbilisSi vaWrobs, meore _ erevanSi, da mesame kidev _ yarsSi, erTmaneTTan qarTuli mimoweriT arian dakavSirebuli. am TvalsazrisiT CvenTvis yvelaze sayuradRebo iyo nerses kaTalikosis mimarT 1826 wlis axlos dawerili baraTi...~264 XIX saukuneSi, im dros, roca qarTuli ena amierkavkasiis da saqarTvelos mosaxleobis umTavresi ena iyo, TbilisSi ar arsebobda arc erTi qarTulenovani skola Tu saswavlebeli (XIX s-is 60-70-ian wlebamde) maSin, roca imave TbilisSi arsebobda somxurenovani seminaria, sxvadasxva somxuri saxelosno saswavlebeli da umaRlesi saswavlebelic ki. mosaxleoba, da maT Soris qarTveli mosaxleobac (gansakuTrebiT moqalaqeni), TavianT Svilebs am somxur saswavlebelSi abarebdnen, sadac isini swavlobdnen kidec somxur enas, maTTvis ucxo enas. unda davaskvnaT, rom erTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwifos daSlis Semdeg (XV s) erTiani qarTveli xalxic ganicdis denacionalizacias, sxvadasxva qarTul samefo-samTavroebSi danawilebul qarTvelobas uCndeba kuTxuri patriotizmi, yalibdeba imerloba, qarTleloba, kaxeloba Tu megreloba, amave dros qarTvelTa erTi nawili `TaTrdeba~, `frangdeba~, `somxdeba~, gansakuTrebiT ki mimdinareobda qarTvelTa armenizacia. mTiani nawilis qarTvelobac denacionalizacias ganicdida. es procesi gagrZelda XIX saukuneSic, Tumca amave saukunis bolos daiwyo konsolidaciis procesi. am dros qarTvelTa erovnuli konsolidaciisadmi antagonisturad ganewyo somxuri burJuazia. g. meliqiSvili wers _ `meore mxriv, qarTvelTa erovnuli konsolidaciis procesisadmi antagonisturad ganwyobili aRmoCnda agreTve Zlieri somxuri burJuazia, romelic gabatonebul mdgomareobas aRwevs am xanis saqarTveloSi da kavkasiis zog sxva raionSi~.265 da es cxadia xels uwyobda grigorianeli qarTvelebis somxebSi asimilacias.

საქართველოს სამოციქულო ეკლესიის ისტორია - II

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საქართველოს სამოციქულო ეკლესიის ისტორია - II

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432

qarTuli eklesia VII saukuneSi

... m a m u l i d a e r o v n e b a m i aS v e l a samRvdeloebam rjuls, rjuli _ mamulsa d a e r o v n e b a s a d a e gr e T m o Z R v r e b u l m a e r m a e s s a m e b a wa i m ZR v a r a wi n . ..

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movses kalankatuacis mier aRwerili VII saukunis ambebi

Tavi XI. herakle xazarebs ixmobs sparseTze salaSqrod

berZenTa da xazarTa laSqari ` qarTvelTa qveynis winaaRmdeg ~

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

berZnebi da xazarebi Tbiliss ver iReben

ukandaxeul berZen-xazarTa mefeebs Tbiliselebi dascinian

Tavi XIV. Tbilisis aReba da dasja dacinvisaTvis

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

Tavi XIX. qarTvelebi exmarebian alvanelebs

Tavi X LII. honTa qveyanaSi `sapatriarqo taxtis~ daarsebis survili

Tavi X LVI. somxeTis sapatriarqo taxtis gayofa VI saukunis bolos

Tavi X LVII. qarTvelTa da somexTa ` ganyofa ~

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

Tavi X LVIII. cxra saeklesio xarisxis Sesaxeb

wigni III Tavi III. albanelTa qalkedoniti kaTalikosis Sesaxeb

Tavi IV. albanel monofizitTa werili somexTa kaTalikoss

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

Tavi V. somexTa kaTalikosi arab amirasTan uCivis albanel qalkedonitebs

Tavi VI. arabi amira pasuxobs somexTa kaTalikoss

Tavi VII. somexTa kaTalikosi albaneTSi sjis albanTa kaTalikoss

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

albaneTis kaTalikosi somxeTSi unda ekurTxos

Tavi IX. somexTa kaTalikosi SeTanxmebis werils aZlevs alvanelebs

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

Tavi XXIV. albanelTa mamamTavrebi

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

qarTuli eklesia VIII-X saukuneebSi

` C v e n m a s a m R v d e l o e b a m k a r ga d i c o d a , rom mamuli da erovneba rjulTan erTad S e e r T e b u l i , r j u l T a n S e x o r c- T v i s e b u l i , u Z l e v e l i x m a l i a d a S e u l ewe l i f a r i m t r i s a wi n aS e~.

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

qveynis zogadi mdgomareoba VIII-X saukuneebSi

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria