Agolden necklace from Gostilj near Podgorica

MILENA ZIVKOVIC, Archaeological Treasury ofMontenegro, Podgorica

As a rule, the cemetery of Velje Ledine is noted in
archaeological publications dealing with the Late Iron Age
of the Skadar Lake basin. It is a well known site in the
plain of Zeta, at the village of Gostilj near Podgorica. At
the same time it is asingle Hellenistic flat cemetery which
is archaeologically recorded in the area of Labeatae. D.
Basler! published the results ofarchaeological excavations
and M. Garasanin? made a chronological division of the
cemetery into two phases based upon burial practice and
grave inventory. The later phase was further divided into
two subgroups. M. Garasanin hence established a term -
the cemeteries of Gostilj type - which include also the
cemeteries at Gaitan near Scodra and Medun. Apart from
these, another two cemeteries inthe plain of Zeta at the
villages ofSukuruc' and' Mahala,' also belong to this type.
The cemetery of Gostilj was uncovered in 1956 inthe
course of earthworks. Grave No. 122 was discovered on
this occasion with anelderly female placed into a burial
pit insupine position. The grave was rich inofferings and
I D. Basler, Nekropola na Velim Ledinama (Donja Zeta) u
Gostilju, Glasnik Zemaljskog Muzeja (GlM) XXIV, 1969,5-107. The
name of the site is Velje Ledine, and not Vele Ledine or Vel ike
Livade, asit was noted inprevious literature.
2M. Garasanin, Die spateisenzetliche Nekropolen Gruppe vorn
Typ Gostilj im Labiatenlande, Gcdisnjak Centra za Balkanoloska
ispitivanja (GeBI) XI,1973,27-28.
3Documentation ofthe Montenegrian Academy of Sciences and
Arts. Asurvey of theTitograd district in 1979-1982, card file No.
202.
4 O. Velimirovic-Zizic and V. Drecun directed the exploration of
a cemetery at Golubovci and the hamlet of Vujacica Mahala at the
location of Uskokovica guvno in 1982. 14 graves were unearthed.
The objects from these graves arenow inthe Museums and Galleries
at Podgorica. Research results are not published.
especially valuable among them was a necklace inpoly-
chrome style with endings inthe shape ofNegroid heads,
as well as a golden ring with an amber gemma with
carved representation ofwoman (fig. 1-2). Apart from the
noted decorative jewelry inpolychrome style, the grave
also contained silver decorations for clothes: two large
fibulae of wire, three small spear-head fibulae (one of
them ofiron), three small fibulae ofwire ofthe Middle La
Tene design, and the spherical pendants with chain.
Ceramic vessels were also found - ajug, a balsamarium,
and two skyphoi.' According tothe chronological division
by M. Garasanin, this grave could belong to the phase Ila,
i.e., toaperiod between 160-125 b.c.
One of the most attractive objects in this grave, and
also inthe whole cemetery, isthe necklace inpolychrome
style. In previous literature it was interpreted separately
from the ear-rings in the shape of Negroid heads. V.
Bitrakova-Grozdanova' was the first to note that "ear-
rings" from grave 122 were in fact endings of the neck-
lace chain.
The chain consists of alternately inserted rings-beads
and golden loops, generally known as"loop inloop links"
in the rhythm of 1: 1. The chain was broken at several
spots, and hence 14 amber beads ofunequal size were pre-
served along with 17 golden beads (fig. 1).
Golden loop inloop links were made oftwisted wire.
The terminal amber beads are transfixed by rectilinear
5D. Basler, op. cit., 42, 1. XXIV. The jewelry from the Gostilj
cemetery isplaced inthe Museums and Galleries at Podgorica, and
the remaining material is in the Archaeological Treasury of
Montenegro.
6V. Bitrakova-Grozdanova, Spomenici odhelenistiikiot period
vo SR Makedonija, Skopje 1987, 72.
224
wire which was twisted spirally at the ends. The wire then
transfixes the terminal elements, mechanically connecting
them, and issoldered to the heads made ofgolden sheet. It
ends inthe form of a loop, i.e., a catch, creating thus a
Fig. 1- Necklace from grave 122 at Gostilj near Podgorica.
clipping system. The terminal elements are represented by
ahem and aNegroid head. The ham consists oftwo cylin-
ders ofgolden sheet. Acylinder closer tothe head islarger
and encircled by double twisted wire in its middle part,
with a cylinder-shaped amber bead in between. The
Negroid head is made of amber with a "cap" of golden
sheet. Parts ofthe cap are slightly drawn towards the tem-
ples, and it isconcave at the nape. It represents abase for
the so-called melon coiffure, with abun gathered high on
the top ofhead, made of spirally coiled wire. Segments of
Milena Zivkovic
melon are also made of spirally coiled wire, spreading
radially from the bun. Face is encircled by densely
arranged granulae which follow the contour of sheet,
becoming larger atthe basis ofneck.
Anon-destructive chemical analysis of the necklace
confirmed that it was made ofelectrum - anatural alloy of
gold and silver. The dark brown mass was not pate-de-
Fig. 2- Ring from grave 122 at Gostilj near Podgorica.
verre as it was previously assumed but the natural organic
resin, i.e., amber.
7
All elements regarding the size ofthe necklace are as
follows:
Chain: the preserved length ofchain is25 em.
Ending with a loop: length ofthe loop - 6mm; height
of the head - 10 mm; upper cylinder - 5 x 5 mm; lower
cylinder 2.5 x4mm.
Ending with a catch: Length of the catch - 14 mm;
height of the head - 12 mm; upper cylinder - 6 x 6 mm;
lower cylinder - 2.5 em; length ofthe bead - 8mm.
The necklaces of gold and coloured material with
Negroid endings were previously recorded inthe territo-
ries ofGreece, Epirus and Illyria, representing the female
grave inventory.
8
71. Petkovic, 1. Grzetic, B. Jovanovic, Hemijska analiza nausnica
i ogrlice izgroba 122 nakropole naVelikim Livadama uGostilju, in:
Radionice i kovnice srebra, Monografije knj. 9, Narodni muzej
Beograd, Beograd 1995, 63-70.
8 F. H. Marshall, Catalogue of the Jewellery, Greek, Etruscan,
and Roman in the Departmens of Antiquities, British Museum,
Oxford 1911,216, cat. 1961, P1.XXXVI; D. Budina, Foinike ne
kerkimet e reja arkeologjike, Iliria XVI, 1-1986, 117, Fig. 5; D.
Rendic- Miocevic, Ziatni nakit iz helenisticko-ilirske nekropole u
Agolden necklace from Gostilj near Podgorica
Various terminal elements of the necklaces with chain
- zoomorphic, anthropomorphic or in the shape of
Heracle's knot - were worn at the front." If the necklace
ended with loops, then it was worn upon a dress, high
.
.. r: 1
.. I

Fig. 3- Golden necklace from Budva.

upon the breasts. The loops were either sewn tothe dress
orwere fastened across it byfibulae, such as the specimen
from the collection of H. Stathatos." However, Negroid
heads appeared as a terminal motive onjewelry - neck-
laces, ear-rings and pins - in II century b.c. for the first
time."
The necklace from Gostilj is not a single find in the
noted region. Apart from golden jewelry from grave 122,
Budvi, Opuscula archeologica IV, 1959, 15-16, T IV/1; D. Kurti,
Tumat IV, V, VI, VII te Burrelit, lliria XVll, 1-1987,99, Tll/l-3; Lj.
Popovic, Antiikgrcka zbirka (katalog Narodnog muzeja), Beograd
1994,188, kat. br. 256.
9H. Hoffmann, P. F. Davidson, Greek Gold. Jewelryfrom the Age
of Alexander Mainz 1965,5; Gli ori di Taranto in Eti Ellenistica,
196.
10 P. Amandry, Collection Helene Stathatos, Lesbijoux antiques.
Strasbourg 1953, 139, cat. 277, PI. LI.
III P. Amandry, Collection Helene Stathatos, Les bijoux antiques,
Strasbourg 1953,139, cat. 277, PI. LI.
II G. Becatti, Negro, Enciclopedia dell'Arte Antica, 1963,399.
225
the Gostilj cemetery also contained two ring-like ear-rings
in polychrome style with Negroid endings which were
probably a part ofgrave inventory. 12 D. Rendic-Miocevic
and P. Lisicar noted that the collection ofDr. P. Meixner
o 1 2 3 4

Fig. 4- Necklace from Burrel (Albania).
from Zagreb contains two golden ear-rings with Negroid
endings (in combination with amber) assumed to come
from Gostilj.!' In a rich repertory of Hellenistic golden
jewelry from Budva we may mark a necklace in poly-
chrome style with Negroid, respective male and female
head endings, along with a ring-like ear-ring with the
same type of endings (both specimens are inprivate col-
lections).!' The necklace in combination of gold and
amber in the National Museum at Belgrade, which was
probably also unearthed at Budva, ends with ring-like ear-
rings. They were at a later time inserted as the necklace
endings in the shape of Negroid heads. 15 The results of
archaeological excavations at Budva in 1980 and 1981 are
still unpublished. However, the explored cemetery con-
tained two golden necklaces and a pair of ear-rings with
Negroid endings incombination with coloured material."
All pieces ofjewelry were recorded inthe coastal region
and the area of Skadar Lake, i.e., the regions where the
effects ofHellenization were the most powerful.
12 D. Basler, op.cit., 8,T XXX/3,4.
13 D. Rendic-Miocevic, op.cit., 26, nap. 41; P. Lisicar, 0 nekim
tipovima antickih nausnica iznasih nalazista, lira antika IX, 1959,
242.
14 D. Rendic-Miocevic, op. cit., 15-16,25-26, fig. 5,TIV/l-2, T
V, 6.According tothis author the necklace and the ear-ring represent
an ensemble, a part ofsingle grave inventory. However, archaeologi-
cally recorded finds imply that necklaces or ear-rings were separately
placed into graves
15 D. Rendic-Miocevic, op.cit., 38; Lj. Popovic, op.cit., 188, Kat.
257.
C. Markovic assumes thatear-rings were probably manufac-
tured in combination with amber, while the necklaces were combined
with garnet. I wish to thank him kindly for providing me with the
data.
226
Necklaces of the polychrome type appear also in a
broader area. Two necklaces in polychrome style are
known from Albania, one of them found at the site of
Burrel, a mound inthe Mati valley (fig. 4). The Foinike
specimen came from a grave dated by coinage into the end
ofIV and thebeginning of III century b.c." Apart from
that, another specimen of the same type of necklace was
found at the island of Melos inGreece, dated to II century
b.c." Chance finds ofsimilar necklaces may also be noted
in certain museum assemblages or private collections,'?
with unknown provenience.
Similarly, golden ear-rings of the same type are well
know inAlbania. We shall note three specimens from the
monumental tomb at Lower Selce,20 aswell as the golden
ear-rings from museums at Belsa and Drac." However, a
majority ofthese finds was recorded inMacedonia inthe
Ohrid Lake area, inthe area ofThessalonike and its neigh-
bourhood and at Veria." It have tobenoted that the ear-
rings of this type were frequent in Southern and Central
Italy. One specimen was registered in Asia minor
(Cumaej.t'
It is significant that silver ear-rings with Negroid end-
ings ofpate-de-verre, some of them half-products.v were
17D. Kurti, op. cit.,1. II, 1-3, nodata onthe kind of stone; D.
Budina, op. cit; 117, fig. 5, no data on the kind of stone.
IX F. H. Marshall, op.cit.. 216, Cat. 1961, PI. XXXVI; M.
Pfrommer, Untersuchungen zur Chronologie Friih-und Hochhelleni-
stischen go!dschmucks, Tubingen 1990,328, TK 109.
19E. Goring, Museum supplement: The Royal Scottish Museum,
JHSCV, 1985,266, 1.IX,a; H. Hoffmann, op.cit., 462, kat. 213; P.
Amandry, op.cit., 139, cat. 277. PI. U; F. H. Marshall, op.cit.. 216-
217, Cat. 1962, 1963, PI. XXXVI.
20 N. Ceka, La ville illyrienne dela Basse-Selce, Iliria 11, 1972,
183, fig. 11.
21 N. Ceka, Qyteti Ilir prone Selces se Poshtme, Tirana 1985,
116; M. Pfrommer, op.cit., 388, OR 456-458.
23 M. Pfrommer, op.cit., 1990,387-388, OR 449-453; A. De
Ridder, Catalogue sommaire des Bijoux antiques, Paris 1924, 17, Cat.
176-182; F. H. Marshall, op.cit., 186, cat. 1709, PI. XXXI.
22 V. Bitrakova-Grozdanova, Zlatni nakit izhelenistickie nekro-
pole kod Crvejnce, ARR IV-V, 1967, 383-392, T. I/3-9, 1. IIII0-11,
14-16; V. Bitrakova-Grozdanova, NekropoIa kaj Delagozda-Struga
1979, MAA 6,1983,64,1. IIII7; V. Bitrakova-Grozdanova, 1987,71-
73,1. II; M. Pfrommer, op.cit.. 388, OR 455, 460; Treasures of
Ancient Macedonia, Thessalonike 1978,43, kat. 58, 60; 45, kat. 70;
81, kat. 329; M. Pfrommer, op.cit., 1990,388-389, OR 462.
24 D. Rendic-Miocevic, Oko datiranja srebrnog zoomorfnog
nabla iz goricke ostave, Iliri i antick! svet, lliroloike studije, Split
1989,59-72.
Milena Zivkovic
found west from the Skadar basin, inthe famous Gorica
hoard. D. Rendic-Miocevic" dated the hoard, and hence
the ear-rings too, into the end ofIII century b.c. and speci-
fied them as a provincial manufacture. M. Pfrommer
revised the dating of Gorica hoard into II century b.c.,
after an analysis of the jewelry style." P. Lisicar noted
that a silver ring-like ear-ring with Negroid head ending
was found inIstra."
It must be noted that, apart from necklaces and ear-
rings, only two pins with Negroid endings manufactured
of gold and coloured material are known for the time
being. One ofthem came from Theodosia, and the other is
ofunknown provenience. The specimen from Theodosia
was dated into II century b.c., according to M.
Pfrommer.e
Aside from jewelry with Negroid endings, the pen-
dants inthe shape ofNegroid heads made ofgolden sheet
or faience have to be noted. Aspecimen from Bari was
made ofmodeled golden sheet and was dated to II century
b.c.. The faience specimens ofthe same type from Crimea
are from II century b.c.>
Inorder togive a more precise chronological determi-
nation of the Gostilj necklace, it is necessary to analyze
both elements: the chain and the endings.
Details inmanufacture ofall previously known speci-
mens of necklaces with Negroid endings vary both in
respect tothe chain and the endings. Thus, a chain from
Foinike (III century) was made of golden loops in the
shape of twisted "eight" with golden beads and coloured
mass. Specimens with a chain ofcircular beads enveloped
25 D. Rendic-Miocevic, Umjetnost Ilira u antiiko doba,
Simpozijum "Duhovna kultura Ilira ", Sarajevo 1984, 75-76.
26 M. Pfrommer, op.cit., 185.
27 P. Lisicar, op.cit.. 243.
2X S. Reinach, Antiquites du Bosphore Cimmerien, Paris 1892,
54, XIIaIl4; K. SchefoId, Meisterwerke griechischer Kunst, Basel
und Stuttdard, 1960,316, Cat. 603; M. Pfrommer, op.cit., 389, OR
463.
29E. M. DeJulius, Il Museo Archaeologico di Bari, Bari 1983,
140,1.XXXIV. The specimen from Canoza from Vcentury b.c. was
made inthesame manner. Compare to F. H. Marshall, op. cit., 258,
cat. 2272, PI. XLV; V. N. Korpusova, Nekropol'Zolotos, Kiev 1983,
100, mound 14, grave 3, 1. IX/2-4. Another faience pendant is inthe
Regional Museum at Kerc, probably from Pantikapaion, Inv. No.
4511975, -B-1284. Agolden pendant in the shape of Negroid head
from III century b.c., also came from this region. Compare to S.
Reinach, op. cit. 83, 1. XXXII/6.
Agolden necklace from Gostilj near Podgorica
by golden sheet from the British Museum and Royal
Scottish Museum are, as most ofthe jewelry with Negroid
endings, dated to II century according to M. Pfrommer.
The Gostilj chain is formed of double golden loops of
twisted wire (as the specimen from the Royal Scottish
Museum) and the amber rings are inthe shape of twisted
"eights". The sequence of alternate loops and rings isdif-
ferent: inthe case ofGostilj, Budva (National Museum at
Belgrade), the Burrel specimens, aswell as the one from
H. Stathatos collection, the alternation follows a rhythm of
1: 1; at the specimen from the Museum des Beaux Arts,
the rhythm is 2: 1; and at the specimen from Budva (pri-
vate collection) it is3: 1. The alternation ofrings, however,
does not seem significant for the chronological determina-
tion ofnecklaces.
The hems at our necklace, similarly to a majority of
necklaces with Negroid endings, are combined oftwo var-
iously decorated golden cylinders ofdifferent size, with a
bead of coloured material inserted. However, the speci-
mens from Foinike and the Museum des Beaux Arts have
only one cylinder of golden sheet. It implies an age of
middle III century b.c., when the hems in polychrome
style have replaced the golden ones. On the other hand, a
specimen from Burrel has only one Negroid ending, and
thus only one hem made inthe polychrome style, decorat-
ed by filigree wire in a specific way. Characteristic
arrangement of the ending and the hem decoration indi-
cate a provincial manufacture, and, according to other
objects in the grave inventory, the necklace could bedated
into the middle II century b.c.
Incontrast tothe necklace from Gostilj with a clipping
system with a catch at one ending and a loop at another,
the necklace from Stathatos collection is the only one with
two loops. Thus it was distinguished as another type of
necklaces worn upon the clothes.
Negroid heads at the Gostilj specimen are marked by
rough facial traits. Their manufacture coincides with that
of the ear-rings from the same site, as well aswith manu-
facture of specimens from Budva, Burrel and the Ohrid
district. The coiffure is made of golden sheet, a very
smooth spirally coiled wire with segments radically
spreading from the top of the head, i.e., the bun. The face
isencircled with granulae. This type ofcoiffure, known as
the melon coiffure, was favoured inthe art ofAntiquity.
Among the noted specimens, it appears at necklaces from
Budva and Lower Selce, at the specimens from
Macedonia, the Ohrid Lake district, Thessalonike, Melos,
227
the collection ofH. Stathatos and inSouthern Italy. Atall
of the noted specimens, the melon segments are tightly
arranged inparallel rows, with the exceptions of Gostilj
necklace and an ear-ring from Lower Selce. Apart from
the manufacture of melon coiffure, they are also distin-
guished bygranulae - the stylized hair locks encircling
the face, i.e., the bun. As concerns this matter, one may
note that the coiffure onNegroid heads at the necklaces
and ear-rings was modeled intwo basic ways: either as a
short curly hair, or as a long hair gathered inabun.vThe
earliest melon coiffure appeared at the head of Artemis
represented at Kyzikos coins from 450-400 b.c." This
coiffure is especially favoured inEgypt, worn byPtolemy
queens Berenice I, Arsinoe I and Berenice II represented
in sculptures, coins and rings." They were divinized as
Isis-Aphrodite or Demetre and Athena" Representations
of Arsinoe II on coins and the sculpture of Berenice II
from Cyrene are significant for this study because they
wear a melon coiffure with characteristic locks encircling
the face.> The same coiffure may be noted at anthropo-
morphic endings onjewelry from III century. The Pyrrhus
coinage from Syracuse is also interesting because it bears
representation ofArtemis wearing the melon coiffure with
hair locks same as the sculpture of Berenice II from
Cyrene." The cult ofArtemis, i.e., Artemis-Atalante was
confirmed in Epirus, and a syncretic deity deriving from
Artemis and a local goddess appeared in the Illyrian
30Arealistic Negroid appearance was achieved byimitation of
the locks bycoiled wire ongolden sheet, granulation orhammering.
Along hair gathered into a bun was arranged byspirally coiled wire
and granulation. There are other specimens made only ofthe coloured
mass, as inthe case of Gorica specimens. The latter case perhaps
imply tothe new provincial type, which may eventually beconfirmed
bythe specimen from Burrel. The first two types ofcoiffure could not
imply a sex with precision. Apart from themelon coiffure, another
type could be noted - plaited locks of hair of spirally coiled wire
arranged paralelly along the head. Compare toD. Rendic-Miocevic,
op. cit. 15-16,1. IV/I; Gli ori di Taranto inEta Ellenistica, Milano
1984,191, Cat. I30b.
31 Lexicon lconographicum Mythologiae Classicae, ZUrich und
Munchen, Basel 1984, II/2, 50, cat. 61.
32 M. Rostovzev, Storia economica esociale del mondo ellenisti-
co, I, Torino 1966,1. VII2, 1. XXXVIII; O. J. Neverov, Ponretnye
gemy i perstni iz Severnogo Pricernomor 'ja, Kul'tura i isskustvo
anticl1ogo mira, (Trudy Ermitaza 17), 1976, 168-169,1. II/1-7.
33 0.1. Neverov, op.cit., 168.
34
0. 1. Neverov, op.cit., 168-171,178,1. II/5.
35C. M. Kraay, Greek coins, London 1966, 339-340, Cat. 476,
P1.219.
228
regicn.> Representations ofgoddess could be noted at the
coinage of Lissos, and the coins of Genthios and
Ballaios." At the obverse of the latter Illyrian ruler
coinage, Artemis has a coiffure gathered ina bun, but it is
not the melon coiffure. Apart from the noted representa-
tions on coins, the representation ofArtemis may be noted
on certain other objects from Gostilj, i.e., at the silver ring
from grave 10, the waist-band plaques from grave 119,
and from square D-3.
3x
At Trebinje, in Herzegovina, a
terra-cotta figurine ofArtemis-Diana was found, also with
a melon coiffure."
Therefore, the noted representation essentially con-
cerns a local deity interpreted as Artemis, i.e., Artemis-
Diana. Characteristic style of coiffure at the Gostilj neck-
lace as well as the ear-rings from Lower Selce may all
speak infavour ofthis cult.
The Gostilj specimen does not represent awell accom-
plished piece ofjewelry, regarding the technical level of
execution. Amber beads areof irregular size, the coils of
smooth wire at hems are irregular, the cap with modeled
coiffure was battered at the nape in order to be fixed to
amber head, and the hair locks - melon segments - are
loose. On the other hand, our specimen is much better
executed if compared to the one from Budva (at the
National Museum) and the one from Burrel. At the same
time it is less well manufactured than the Budva specimen
from private collection.
All noted necklaces belong toII century b.c., but the
complex problem of their origin, production and distribu-
tion remains open. According to M. Pfrommer, golden
necklaces inNegroid style could not derive from the earli-
er, III century b.c. golden necklaces with female heads,
although both types belong toaMacedonian circle ofpro-
duction. However, the noted scholar did not discuss the
specimens from Gostilj, Budva, Burrel which are dated
into II century b.c. Neither he discussed the necklace from
Foinike dated into III century b.c. He assumed that a
36About an association ofthe cult ofArtemis tothe local one in a
broader region, see: A. Jovanovic, Prilog proucavanju plocica sa
ilirskog prostora, Godiinjak' CEI XXV1I!25, 1989, 129, note 53.
37 A. Jovanovic, Mogucnost koriscenja principa elementarne
simetrije pri interpretaciji Apolonovog kulta izpredrimskog perioda
nanasoj teritoriji, Glasnik Srpskog arlieoloskog drustva 2, 1985,52;
A. Jovanovic, op.cit., 128-129.
3X A. Jovanovic, op.cit., 130.
39 V. J. Korac, Trebinje, Trebinje 1966, 15-25, sl. 3.
Milena Zivkovic
simultaneous appearance ofnecklaces, ear-rings and pins
with Negroid heads represents anew creation dating from
the period of Hellenistic flourish. On the basis of large
number of ear-rings, this author made a distinction
between the Italic and Macedonian forms. The
Macedonian form was assumed tobeolder than the Italic,
and the finds from Illyria, i.e., the Ohrid district, were
associated to this type. The oldest specimens are those
from Lower Selce, from II-III century b.c.. The Gostilj
necklace from grave 122 was dated into 160-127 b.c."
However, as it was made of precious metal it could be
assumed that it was manufactured even before that time. A
fact that the necklace was placed into the grave after it
was already broken in fragments may reinforce such an
assumption.
The same grave, as it was noted above, contained a
golden ring with an inserted amber bead with carved rep-
resentation of woman, typical for II-III century b.C.
41
Along with these finds there was also the silver jewelry,
and two large silver fibulae ofthe LaTene design with an
arch decorated bytwisted wire have to besingled out. A
fact that the upper cylinder ofthe hem at our necklace was
decorated in the same manner as the arch of the noted
fibulae is also significant. The style of silver and golden
jewelry manufacture from grave 122 implies toa contem-
poraneous fabrication, and perhaps to the work of the
same artisan. On the other hand, small spear-head fibulae
ofthe Middle LaTene design from the same grave, repre-
sent apart of the barbarian heritage and their origin have
to be sought in the area of Labeatae according to P.
Popovic.
Only five necklaces are recorded in the noted area
according to previous research. These finds have to
40M. Pfrommer, op.cit., 93-95, 185-187.
41 F. Henkel, Die Riimischen fingerringe del' Rheinlande und der
benachbarten gebiete, Berlin 1913,21-22,27, Cat. 131, 182, PI.
VlI/ab, IX/ab. It concerns a child ring found ina grave ofadult per-
son. It isof the same type asthe golden ring with inserted carnelian
gemma found inthe vicinity of Podgorica. Compare to K. Pac, Iz
Crne Gore, GZMVIII, 1896,464, fig. 4; D. Rendic-Miocevic, op. cit.,
28, cat. 24, fig. 17,1. II!? Apart from thenoted pieces from grave
122 and a chance find ofear-rings, the cemetery at Gostilj also con-
tained a golden ear-ring ofring-like type with lion-shaped ending. It
was found above the head of a female in grave 98. Golden jewelry
from the National Museum at Belgrade with a provenance from
Southern Montenegro must also be noted. It was dated by Balaios'
coins. Compare D. Basler, op. cit., 39,1. XX, 98; D. Garasanin, op.
cit. 65-73, figs. 1-2.
Agolden necklace from Gostilj near Podgorica
include also the necklace from Burrel inAlbania. These
necklaces are marked by a difference inthe technical level
ofmanufacture and decoration. The above noted facts may
imply that one orseveral local workshops may have exist-
edfabricating jewelry for the needs ofIllyrian clientele.
Several types and varieties of ear-rings with Negroid
heads were registered in the Ohrid district. However they
differ from the Macedonian forms. Thus we may assume
that either the Macedonian artisans worked inthis area, or
that the local artisans produced jewelry under a strong
influence from the East. Aspecial attention have to be
229
paid to the ear-rings from Lower Selce from III-II century
b.c., which probably served asa model for manufacture of
the Gostilj necklace. This influence could also be traced in
other archaeological material, i.e., the waist-band plaques.
Inthis way, a second wave ofHellenistic influences from
Macedonia may be noted in Montenegro and northern
Albania. Therefore, the Ohrid district would represent a
separate region.
Translated by
Ivana RADOVANOVIC
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