Formulating Rations in Dairy Herds +roups to onsider in a dairy herd Ca()es on (iquid diets (mi(.& mi(. rep(a er!

birth to (1/0! 1 months o" age Isometri mammary growth 2ei"ers 1 months to 3 months o" age 2ei"ers 3 months to puberty and breeding de)e(oping rumen and growth Isometri a((ometri mammary growth growth rate a((ometri to 10-11 months (puberty! Isometri growth to 4 m o" gestation

2ei"ers pregnant to 1 months prior to a()ing ontinued growth a((ometri 4 m gestation to a()ing 5a tating ows *ge grouping 6rodu tion grouping 5a tating ows 5a tating ows Dry ows 8 "ar o"" Dry ows 8 (ose-up 9ransition ows *nima( +roup de"ine requirements produ tion grouping "irst )ersus 1+ (a tation high produ tion (100 days! mid to (ow produ tion (7100 days! 110 to130 days gestation three wee.s prior to a()ing -pringing hei"ers 4 wee.s prior to : wee.s post a()ing Nutrient Constraints Meet energy and protein requirements within DMI boundaries (+/- 10% predi ted! set boundaries "or #anges$ ND%& N%C& % %orage Minimi'e rumen N (oss Ca( u(ate minera( and )itamin ontent

%orages and %eeds ,sed *)ai(abi(ity on "arm -torage "a i(ities %eeding method

%eeding Methods 9ota( Mi;ed #ation (9M#! Ca"eteria sty(e 9M# + top dress 9M# 8 group "ed rations <(ended de(i)ery o" "eed ingredients =a h mouth"u( is >ba(an ed? %eed groups o" ows e""i ient(y Cannot hand(e (ong dry materia( (hay! without hopping to mi; in 9M# Moisture (e)e( idea((y :0% to 30% Cha((enge is to "ormu(ate "or representati)e produ tion (e)e(s (mi(. and growth! %eeding sheet "or amounts o" "eeds to add -ensiti)ity o" mi;ing s a(es "or amounts added "or group 1& 0& 10 (b sensiti)ity is typi a( "or most s a(es (bs/ ow ; number o" ows @ (bs to add amount to add by "ront end (oader& s.id steer or bu .et 2ow many produ tion groups are being "ed and managed depends on housing system Ca"eteria sty(e 8 indi)idua( ow "eeding systems *(( ingredients "ed separate(y Aeigh ea h ingredient "or ea h ow %eeding sequen e is important %orage be"ore on entrate %eed energy on entrate with protein on entrate %eed to mi(. produ tion B"ten a "eed hart "rom :0/00 (bs to 110 (bs o" mi(. in 10 (b in rements >%(oating? "orage whi h is "ed "ree hoi e B(der systems wou(d o""er "orage "ree hoi e "rom a bun.& or gra'e att(e and then o""er grain at mi(.ing "rom par(or "eeders/ * on)eyor be(t wou(d run "orage out to a "eed manger/ Ca(ibrate "eed o""ered per time o" un(oading/ 2ay o""ered "ree hoi e "rom a hay "eeder/ Catt(e on pasture/ %orage inta.e "ree hoi e/ 9hen supp(ement in par(or at mi(.ing/ Ma;imum inta.e in par(or about 10 (bs o" grain at a mi(.ing Combination 8 base 9M# "ormu(ated to a moderate mi(. (e)e( a(( "eed ingredients mi;ed together most "eed ingredients "ed separate(y 9M# "ormu(ated to a moderate produ tion (e)e( top dress grain depending on produ tion abo)e moderate (e)e(

9op dressed with energy and protein supp(ements to a higher produ tion (e)e( 2ousing system in"(uen es "eeding method 9ie sta(( barn 8 indi)idua( ow "eeding or a 9M# or ombination +roup system 8 need to "eed a 9M# or "orage "rom a manger 6rodu tion (e)e(s and age groups 6hysi a( "a i(ity determines group possib(e Aater 8 one waterer per 10 ows C Consumption greatest a"ter mi(.ing 8 40% to 00% o" dai(y water inta.e within 1 hour o" mi(.ing 8 Dai(y drin.ing time is as (itt(e as D minutes to :0 minutes a day C Depends on "(ow rate$ 1/1 to 3/0 ga((ons/minute : to 0 (bs o" water/(b o" mi(. C E/4: (bs/ga((onF D/:E ga((ons/ ubi "oot 8 G to 14 ga((ons to support maintenan e (1/0E to 1/03 (bs! C 4/DE0 (iters/ga((on 8 in"(uen ed by temperature& mi(. produ tion& dry matter inta.e& and Na ontent C 1/:0 ( / .g o" mi(. (1/:0 (b/(b mi(.! C :/4G ( / .g dmi (:/4G (b/(b dmi! C 1/10 ( / C in rease in minimum temp C /11 ( / g Na in diet 1 water bow( per 10 to 10 ows 1 waterers / (oa"ing area #ate - : - 10 ( /min onsumption rate *dequate (inear "eet and re"i(( rate 8 waterers - 0 m/ ow (ength with a G0 m height C 1/1 to 4/3 (inear in hes/ ow (1 in hes/ ow! C 1 "eet o" tan. spa e/10 ows C 2eight o" waterer 1: to 41 in hes C Aater depth a minimum o" 4 in hes C Aaterer within "i"ty "eet o" "eed bun. and mi(.ing par(or e;it

C C C C

=nergy density o" (a tating diets Hou typi a((y ba(an e a 9M# ration to an energy density to support a (e)e( o" produ tion 9his wi(( be represented as what (e)e( o" produ tion is this ration ba(an ed toI %or e;amp(e se(e t a produ tion (e)e($ G0 (bs& D0 (bs& * representati)e anima( des ription is used to des ribe the ow *n a)erage body weight 6rodu tion is des ribed by mi(. produ tion and a)erage mi(. omposition * target days in mi(. and days o" gestation is des ribed *n age& a representati)e (a tation number& is hosen 1st or 1nd usua((y 2ow to hoose a target mi(. produ tion to "ormu(ate to

Cha((enge what to se(e t "or high mi(. produ tion Hou donJt want to under"eed and diminish pea. mi(. produ tion Hou donJt want to o)er"eed or supp(y e; essi)e N%C and (ow ND% Maintain adequate "orage and ND% and pro)ide su""i ient energy -ome strategies to se(e t produ tion target 5ead "a tor Mean produ tion o" ows in the group and add one -D <a(an e group to a)erage produ tion at third test day 6ea. produ tion minus 10 (bs Choose E0 to G0 (bs as target Midd(e to (ow group 10 to 10 (bs (ower than high group 6rotein density wi(( depend on the (e)e( o" produ tion ba(an ed "or #anges in ND%& N%C& -6 ND% minimum N#C 13 to 1E%

#ather (ow when hopped "orages are in diet Ma;imum 41 to 4:% to high produ ers

Ma;imum ND% inta.e is e;pressed as a % o" body si'e by some +uide(ines out(ined by Chase 6rodu tion (e)e( Ma; ND% Dietary ND% (:% %CM& (b! % o" <A9 (% DM! Non(a tating 1/11 0G 0 to 41 1/10 :D 41 to :3 1/10 :0 :3 to 3: 1/10 40 3: to E0 1/10 41 7E0 1/10 1E ----------------------------------------------------------Dietary ND% based on D0% ND% "rom "orage Ma;imum wi(( )ary with (e)e( o" produ tion and other ow groups Bther onsiderations to ensure adequate "iber % "orage ND% in ration 8 usua((y at (east D0% o" ND% "rom "orage 10% - 11% o" "orage ND% in DM % physi a((y e""e ti)e ND% (peND%! 8 11% o" DM

% ND% retained on a 1/1E mm sie)e Considered si'e at whi h materia( passes "rom the #umen (Mertens KD- E0$1:34-1:E1F 1GGD! #etained on %eed ND%(%! 1/1E sie)e peND% -tandard 100 1/00 100/0 +rass hay 30 0/GE 34/D 5egume hay 00 0/G1 :3/0 5egume hy(g 00 0/E1 :1/0 5egume hy(g %ine hop 00 0/3D 44/0 Corn -i(age 01 0/E1 :1/0 <rewers grain :3 0/1E E/4 Corn& ground G 0/:E :/4 -<M 1: 0/14 4/1 -oybean hu((s 3D 0/04 1/0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------No standard method o" measurement is a prob(em

peNDF and Fat %

4.5 4.3 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 peNDF 0.4 0.5 0.6

peND% and % "at in mi(. ("rom Mertens KD- 1GGD! 4/:% "at orresponds to a peND% o" 1E/3% peND%

Fat, %

peNDF and Rumen pH

6.5 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.1 6 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 peNDF 0.4 0.5 0.6

#umen p2 o" 0/G is asso iated with a peND% o" 1E/0%

Rumen pH

Data B

%orage % o" DM 8 another method to ensure adequate rumen mat :0% to 30% o" tota( ration DM Depends on "orage qua(ity how high "orage in (usion may be

N%C 8 non"iber arbohydrate in the ration Ca( u(ated )a(ue by di""eren e (100-ND%-==-C6-*sh! -tar h& sugars& water so(ub(e "iber& and si(age a ids =; ept si(age a ids& a(( are rapid(y "ermented in rumen Ma;imum Minimum typi a((y :0% o" DM to redu e ris. o" rumen upset May go up to :0% under ertain onditions typi a((y 40% in (a tating rations Need su""i ient N%C to dri)e rumen mi robia( synthesis

6ro essing 8 as "or ND% the pro essing o" N%C is important In genera( "iner not oarser in reases rumen digestion -team pro essing an impro)e rumen "ermentation Depends on sour e o" grain what is appropriate pro ess In addition to N%C& onsider star h and sugar ontent -tar h 14 to 1E% o" DM -ugar 4 to 10% o" DM 6rotein +oa( is to pro)ide su""i ient metabo(i'ab(e protein and minimi'e wastage "rom e; ess ammonia produ ed in the rumen 6rotein needed in the diet wi(( depend on e""i ien y o" arbohydrate "ermentation in the rumen #umen degradab(e protein -o(ub(e protein p(us ><? protein "ra tion ><? "ra tion has a moderate rate o" protein degradation -o(ub(e protein 10% to 40% o" C6 <e(ow 10%& may not ha)e su""i ient rapid(y a)ai(ab(e ammonia *bo)e 40%& may ha)e too mu h e; ess ammonia #umen undegradab(e protein -u""i ient amount to omp(ement mi robia( protein produ tion =ssentia( amino a ids$ methionine and (ysine as per ent o" M6 Methionine 1/00% o" M6 or higher 5ysine 3/0D% o" M6 0r higher C6MDairy #umen ammonia and peptide N ba(an e 110% to 110% Can o)er o)er 110%& but wastage o" Nitrogen wi(( be in reased Che . urea ost on the metabo(ism page in C6MDairy

5east ost "ormu(ation *((ow the omputer program to determine "eed in (usion 5imit the amount o" ertain "eed ingredients to a ma;imum based on pa(atabi(ity and a)ai(abi(ity "or e;amp(e& ma;imum amount o" si(age may depend on "eed in)entory suggestions minimum ma;imum DMI ranges G0 100 % o" requirement M= 100 100 % o" requirement M6 100 100 % o" requirement ND% 1E 4: % o" DM -tar h 14 1E % o" DM %orage :0 30 % o" DM 6eptides 110 110 % o" requirement *mmonia 110 110 % o" requirement Methionine E0 100 % o" #u(quin ratio 5ysine G1 100 % o" #u(quin ratio Minera(s and )itamins 6ro)ide su""i ient ontent$ % and ppm o" diet Ahen "ormu(ating& in (ude >min)it? as a "eed ingredient to a((ow room to add minera(s when other ingredients ha)e been a ounted "or to supp(ement needed minera(s and )itamins -upp(ement ma ro minera(s a"ter "eed ingredients ha)e been a( u(ated to meet requirements and ration ontent *dd tra e minera(s and )itamins as i" no amounts "rom "eed ingredients a(ways add /0% DM sa(t a(ways o""er white sa(t "ree hoi e either as a b(o . or (oose "rom a tub *dditi)es 9his is a(ways a di""i u(t hoi e 8 what additi)e shou(d you use *(ways -odium bi arbonate /0% o" tota( ration dry matter Magnesium o;ide 1/4 o" bi arbonate addition -trong onsideration Ionophore su h as rumensin 400 mg/ ow/day =spe ia((y in (ose-up and transition ows Heast 8 impro)e ND% digestibi(ity Bthers 8 youJre on your own

*s target mi(. in reases& ND% (and *D%! de reases& energy density and #,6 both in rease& star h and C6 hange in a non(inear "ashion/ Leeping DMI to mode( predi tion and (imiting N%C to :0%/ *t E0 (b o" mi((.& "at sour es must be a((owed to enter so(ution& or N%C in reased to :4/G% and star h to 40/E% o" ration DM/ *t 100 (b o" mi(.& M6 must be o)er"edF at 110 (b o" mi(.& N%C and star h must be a((owed to go abo)e (imits and rumen N ba(an e to drop to 100%/ 9his is with good to e; e((ent "orages/ 9arget energy density 8 suggested high group targets$ 10&000 1E&000 10&000 11&000 1:&000 B)er 5a tation 1 /D4 /D3 /DE /E0 /E1 1E&000 11&000 14&000 10&000 1D&000 5a tation 1+ /D3 /DE /E0 /E1 /E1 mi(.& (b D0 E0 100 100 110

0/DD m a(/(b& need to in (ude "at 0/E1 m a(/(b& need to in (ude "at and in rease N%C and star h& or o)er"eed #,6

9hese were a( u(ated with e; e((ent "orages