CHAPTER 4 PART 2 COOLING LOAD CALCULATION FOR COLD STORAGE The factors that will affect the total

heat load of the cold storage is the same as the factors used in the calculation made in the total heat load on the freezing tank. However, the internal load of the cold storage includes the heat produced by lights, electric motors, and the people working on the cold storage space. The total heat load is the summation of heat load from transmission load, product load, internal load, and finally the infiltration air load. The equation of the total heat load in the cold storage is shown below.

Design parameters for the computation of the total heat load of the cold storage are shown on the table4.1 and 4.2 below. Table 4.1: Design Parameters ICE PLANT CAPACITY COLD STORAGE TEMPERATURE WAREHOUSE TEMPERATURE SOIL TEMPERATURE COLD STORAGE DIMENSIONS 12 tons/day -12 OC 25 OC 20 OC (13004.8x9271x2700)mm (LXWXH)

Table 4.2: Air Resistance Surface Position Walls, horizontal heat flow Ceiling, vertical heat flow
Source: Stoecker, 1982

Surface Conductance (W/m2 K) 8.33 6.25

4.1 Transmission Load The transmission load is the heat gain through walls, ceiling and flooring of the cold storage therefore total transmission load will be

4.1.1 Walls The wall gain load is divided into 2 parts; Wall A is the opposite wall with a single horizontal sliding door and Wall B is the two opposite plane walls. Table 4.3 below shows the materials that composes the walls along with their thermal conductivities. Table 4.3: Specification of the Wall Materials Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m K) 0.331 0.721 0.161 0.761 0.0232 0.721

Wall Materials Polyethylene film (PF) Cement Plaster (CP) Gypsum Board (GB) Concrete (CC) Polyurethane foam (PUF) Cement Plaster (CP)
1 JP Holman, 2002 2 ASHRAE, 2006

Thickness, x (mm) 0.254 12.7 15 100 100 12.7

Since the walls are named into 2 parts the total heat gain through walls will be the summation of the wall heat gain in each part of the wall.

Wall A:

] (

Wall B:

Total heat gain on the wall:

4.1.2 Ceiling The ceiling is composed of the almost the same materials as the walls. Table 4.4 shows the specifications of the materials on the ceiling. Table 4.4: Specification of ceiling materials Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m K) 0.331 0.761 0.0232 0.721

Wall Materials Polyethylene film (PF) Concrete (CC) Polyurethane foam (PUF) Cement Plaster (CP)
1 JP Holman, 2002 2 ASHRAE, 2006

Thickness, x (mm) 0.254 50.8 100 12.7

4.1.3 Flooring Flooring has almost the same materials as the walls but the gypsum board is removed and replaced by the concrete slab. Table 4.5 below shows the specifications of the flooring materials. Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m K) 0.331 0.761 0.0232 1.633

Wall Materials Polyethylene film (PF) Concrete (CC) Polyurethane foam (PUF) Concrete Slab (CS)

Thickness, x (mm) 0.254 50.8 100 150

1 JP Holman, 2002 2 ASHRAE, 2006, 3 www.virtualmaths.org

Total Transmission Load:

4.2 Product Load The produced ice blocks with -6oC temperature is stored in a cold storage with -8oC (based on the storage range given by ASHRAE Handbook, Refrigeration 2006 which is between 12 and -4oC). In this case the product will be stored below freezing its temperature. The total product load is calculated as ( )

where

)(

)(

)(

4.3 Internal Load The calculation of the total internal load will be composed only of heat gain from lighting and from the people working in the cold storage, because the design has no machineries inside the cold storage. Total internal load will be calculated as

4.3.1 Lights The primary source of heat from lighting comes from light-emitting elements, or lamps, although significant additional may be generated from associated appurtenances in the light fixture that house such lamps. Generally, the instantaneous rate of heat gain from electric lighting may be calculated from using the formula below.

where

For the number of lights:

where

4.3.2 People People working or entering and leaving in the cold storage room are also part of the internal load. According to ASHRAE Handbook, Refrigeration 2006, the heat load coming from people depends on factors such as room temperature, type of work being done, type of clothing worn, and the size of the person. And this can be estimated as

where

When people first enter the cold storage they bring in additional surface heat. Thus, when many people enter and leave every few minutes, the load will be greater. Because of this adjustment must be made multiplying the people load by 1.25 (ASHRAE Handbook, Refrigeration 2006). This adjustment must be considered in the design ice block cold storage because of the continuous loading and unloading, when the harvest and delivery time is needed. For the design cold storage four people will suffice the work effort of loading and unloading the ice blocks.

Therefore,

4.4 Air Infiltration Load In refrigerated spaces with constantly or frequently open doorways or other throughthe-room passageways, this air flows directly through the doorway. The effect is identical to that of open doorway exposed to wind, and heat gain may be very large (ASHRAE Handbook, Refrigeration 2006). Air infiltration load can be calculated using the equation below based from direct inflow of every portion of the day that the door is open

where

Air infiltration can be reduced by using doorway protective device like strip curtains. By some estimates, this device can reduced outside air infiltration by 75 percent (stripcurtains.com). Therefore the equation can be express as

](

Enthalpies

and

are taken from psychrometric chart:

At 25oC warehouse temperature and relative humidity of 71% At -8oC cold storage temperature and relative humidity of 90%

)] (

)(

Therefore the total cooling load in the cold storage is

Generally, the calculated load is increased by a factor of 10% to allow for possible discrepancies between design criteria and actual operation. Therefore, considering the safety factor,

Table 4-5 Summary of Heat Load Heat Load Component Transmission Load Product Load Internal Load Air Infiltration Load Safety Factor Total Heat Load Total Heat Load in TOR Heat Load 2709.26 W 1054.67 W 3236 W 14198.42 W (21190.38 W)(1.1) 23309.42 W 6.63 TOR