Adverbs of manner

Adverbul de mod descrie o aciune. Spre deosebire de adjective (care determin substantive), adverbele determin verbe (sau adjective). Majoritatea adverbelor de mod din limba englez se formeaz prin adugarea terminaiei ly la adjectivul din care este derivat adverbul

Adjective

Adverb

Example

bright

brightly

The sun shines brightly.

gentle

gently

The wind blows gently.

gradual

gradually

The sun rises gradually.

happy

happily

The monkey plays happily.

heavy

heavily

The rain falls heavily.

loud

loudly

The lion roars loudly.

patient

patiently

The tiger waits patiently for its prey.

quick

quickly

The horse runs quickly.

quiet

quietly

The butterfly flies quietly.

slow

slowly

The snail moves slowly.

soft

softly

The snow falls softly.

Exist i adverbe de mod neregulate: good He is a good driver. He drives well. well

fast She drives a fast car. She drives fast. hard This is a hard job. I work hard. high The mountain is high. I can jump very high.

fast

hard

high

Adverbul high are i forma highly, dar aceasta nseamn extrem de, foarte i se folosete n structuri precum: I value him highly. (l preuiesc foarte mult.)

Surprise!
Lista adjectivelor care devin adverbe de mod prin adugarea terminaiei ly este mult mai lung dect lista exemplelor din aceast lecie. Enumerm, n continuare, toate adjectivele din lecia Ruby is a beautiful girl Adjectives care devin cu uurin adverbe de mod prin adugarea terminaiei ly. bad - badly beautiful - beautifully bright - brightly cheap - cheaply easy - easily happy - happily heavy - heavily loud - loudly new - newly nice - nicely poor - poorly quick - quickly quiet - quietly rough - roughly sad - sadly slow - slowly smooth - smoothly soft - softly strong - strongly weak - weakly

Body parts

This is the face of a man. We can notice his forehead, his eyes and eyebrows, his nose, his ears, his cheeks, his mouth, his beard and moustache.

head face hair forehead eyes eyelids eyebrows eyelashes ears nose nostrils mouth tooth, pl. teeth lips tongue cheeks cheekbones dimples chin moustache beard arm elbow

cap fa pr frunte ochi pleoape sprncene gene urechi nas nri gur dinte buze limb obraji pomei gropie brbie musta barb bra cot

hand mn fingers degetele de la mini (finger)nails unghiile (de la mini) leg picior knee genunchi foot, pl. feet laba piciorului toes degetele de la picioare (toe)nails unghiile (de la picioare) body skin neck shoulders back chest waist hips corp piele gt umeri spate piept talie olduri

Adjectives
good bun happy vesel, fericit big mare young tnr beautiful frumos tall nalt fat long thick heavy hard smooth full hot bright cheap new clean gras lung gros greu tare fin plin fierbinte luminos ieftin nou curat bad sad small old ugly short slim short thin light soft rough empty cold dark expensive old dirty ru trist mic btrn urt scund slab, subire scurt subire uor moale aspru gol rece ntunecat scump vechi murdar

easy quick loud

uor rapid zgomotos

difficult slow quiet

dificil lent silenios

strong puternic weak slab rich bogat poor srac smart iste stupid prost intelligen inteligent t pretty drgu (aspectul fizic) nice drgu (obiecte, aciuni, idei etc.) kind (to) binevoitor (cu)

PAST SIMPLE
1. Past Simple is the tense that refers to actions completed in the past. 2. Past Simple requires the second form of the verb. 3. Verbs may be regular or irregular. This is reflected in their second form.

When do I use Past Simple?

Past Simple is used for actions that started and finished in the past.

one action in the past: I watched TV yesterday. a series of actions in the past: I woke up, then I had breakfast and read the newspaper. historical facts: The Second World War started in 1939. generalizations in the past: People watched less TV 10 years ago.

How do I recognize Past Simple?

Past Simple is often marked by explicit or implicit adverbs or time expressions.

yesterday, yesterday morning, the day before yesterday last evening, last week, last month, last September, last summer, last year one week ago, two months ago, three years ago specific dates or months (if they are in the past): on the 1st of March, in May implicit reference (it is obvious that we are referring to the past): As a teenager, he played video games a lot.

Regular and irregular verbs

English verbs may be regular or irregular. This is linked to their second form. For Past Simple, we need the second form of the verb, which is formed like this:

Regular verbs have regular second forms. They take an -ed at the end of the first form. e.g.: (to) watch - watched

Irregular verbs have irregular second forms. These can only be learned by heart or by practice. e.g.: (to) drink drank

Affirmative / Interrogative / Negative

Regular verb: to watch
Affirmative
Singular Plural

1st person

I watched TV yesterday.

We watched TV yesterday.

2nd person

You watched TV yesterday.

You watched TV yesterday.

He watched TV yesterday. 3 person

rd

She watched TV yesterday. It watched the birds yesterday.

They watched TV yesterday.

Interrogative

Singular

Plural

1st person

Did I watch TV yesterday?

Did we watch TV yesterday?

2nd person

Did you watch TV yesterday? Did he watch TV yesterday?

Did you watch TV yesterday?

3 person

rd

Did she watch TV yesterday? Did it watch the birds yesterday?

Did they watch TV yesterday?

Negative

Singular

Plural

1st person

I did not watch TV yesterday.

We did not watch TV yesterday.

2nd person

You did not watch TV yesterday. He did not watch TV yesterday.

You did not watch TV yesterday.

3 person

rd

She did not watch TV yesterday. It did not watch the birds yesterday.

They did not watch TV yesterday.

Irregular verb: to drink

Affirmative
Singular Plural

1st person

I drank whiskey yesterday.

We drank whiskey yesterday.

2nd person

You drank whiskey yesterday.

You drank whiskey yesterday.

He drank whiskey yesterday. 3 person

rd

She drank whiskey yesterday. It drank milk yesterday.

They drank whiskey yesterday.

Interrogative

Singular

Plural

1st person

Did I drink whiskey yesterday?

Did we drink whiskey yesterday?

2nd person

Did you drink whiskey yesterday? Did he drink whiskey yesterday?

Did you drink whiskey yesterday?

3 person

rd

Did she drink whiskey yesterday? Did it drink milk yesterday?

Did they drink whiskey yesterday?

Negative

Singular

Plural

1st person

I did not drink whiskey yesterday. We did not drink whiskey yesterday.

2nd person

You did not drink whiskey yesterday. He did not drink whiskey yesterday.

You did not drink whiskey yesterday.

3 person

rd

She did not drink whiskey yesterday. It did not drink milk yesterday.

They did not drink whiskey yesterday.

How do I form Past Simple? Affirmative

Subject + Verb II + (...)

e.g.: I (subject) watched (verb) TV yesterday. 1st person, sg. I watched TV yesterday. 1st person, sg. I drank whiskey yesterday.

3rd person, sg. She watched TV yesterday. 3rd person, sg. She drank whiskey yesterday.

Remember that:

At Past Simple, the verb remains unchanged for all persons, singular and plural (including the 3rd person sg.).

Interrogative
Did + Subject + Verb I + (...) + ?

e.g.: Did I (subject) watch (verb) TV yesterday? 1st person, sg. Did I watch TV yesterday? 1st person, sg. Did I drink whiskey yesterday? 3rd person, sg. Did she watch TV yesterday? 3rd person, sg. Did she drink whiskey yesterday?

Remember that:

In interrogative sentences, the auxiliary did contains the past form of the verb structure. The main verb (to watch or to drink) is used in its FIRST form.

The auxiliary did is the same for all persons, singular and plural.

The short answer for a Past Simple question is:

o Affirmative: Yes, I did (for all persons Yes, I did; Yes, you did; Yes, he did etc.) o Negative: No, I didn't = No, I did not (for all persons No, I didn't; No, you didn't;

No, he didn't etc.)

Negative
Subject + Did Not + Verb I + (...)

e.g.: I (subject) did not watch (verb) TV yesterday. 1st person, sg. I did not watch TV yesterday. 3 person, sg. She did not watch TV yesterday.
rd rd

1st person, sg. I did not drink whiskey yesterday. 3 person, sg. She did not drink whiskey yesterday.

Remember that:

In negative sentences, the auxiliary did contains the past form of the verb structure. The main verb (to watch or to drink) is used in its FIRST form.

The short form of did not is didn't. e.g.: I didn't watch TV.

Surprise!

The second form of the verb is also called the past simple form.

Past Simple is only used for finished actions. If an action started in the past, but is not finished at present, we do not use Past Simple.

fresh proaspt tasty gustos delicious delicios hot fierbinte chilled rece sweet dulce bitter amar sour acru salty srat spicy condimentat sober dizzy drunk cheap expensive bright dark treaz ameit beat ieftin scump luminos ntunecat

&

Had

&

Did

on verbs ~
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Was, had, did are the second (past simple) forms of the verbs to be, to have, to do. These verbs also function as auxiliary verbs, to build other verb structures. Therefore, it is very important to know them well. See below how to use these three verbs to be, to have and to do at Present Simple and Past Simple, in affirmative, interrogative and negative sentences.

To be Was / Were
Affirmative
Present Simple Past Simple

1st person Singular

I am at school.

I was at school.

2nd person Singular

You are at school.

You were at school.

3rd person Singular

He is at school. She is at school. It is in the yard.

He was at school. She was at school. It was in the yard.

1st person Plural

We are at school.

We were at school.

2nd person Plural

You are at school.

You were at school.

3rd person Plural

They are at school.

They were at school.

Interrogative

Present Simple

Past Simple

1st person

Am I at school?

Was I at school?

Singular

2nd person Singular

Are you at school?

Were you at school?

3rd person Singular

Is he at school? Is she at school? Is it in the yard?

Was he at school? Was she at school? Was it in the yard?

1st person Plural

Are we at school?

Were we at school?

2nd person Plural

Are you at school?

Were you at school?

3rd person Plural

Are they at school?

Were they at school?

Negative

Present Simple

Past Simple

1st person Singular

I am not at school.

I was not at school.

2nd person Singular

You are not at school.

You were not at school.

3rd person Singular

He is not at school. She is not at school. It is not in the yard.

He was not at school. She was not at school. It was not in the yard.

1st person Plural

We are not at school.

We were not at school.

2nd person Plural

You are not at school.

You were not at school.

3rd person Plural

They are not at school.

They were not at school.

To have Had
Affirmative
Present Simple Past Simple

1st person Singular

I have a course.

I had a course.

2nd person Singular

You have a course.

You had a course.

3rd person Singular

He has a course. She has a course. It has a bone.

He had a course. She had a course. It had a bone.

1st person Plural

We have a course.

We had a course.

2nd person Plural

You have a course.

You had a course.

3rd person Plural

They have a course.

They had a course.

Interrogative

Present Simple

Past Simple

1st person Singular

Do I have a course?

Did I have a course?

2nd person Singular

Do you have a course?

Did you have a course?

3rd person Singular

Does he have a course? Does she have a course? Does it have a bone?

Did he have a course? Did she have a course? Did it have a bone?

1st person Plural

Do we have a course?

Did we have a course?

2nd person Plural

Do you have a course?

Did you have a course?

3rd person Plural

Do they have a course?

Did they have a course?

Negative

Present Simple

Past Simple

1st person Singular

I do not have a course.

I did not have a course.

2nd person Singular

You do not have a course.

You did not have a course.

3rd person Singular

He does not have a course. She does not have a course. It does not have a bone.

He did not have a course. She did not have a course. It did not have a bone.

1st person Plural

We do not have a course.

We did not have a course.

2nd person Plural

You do not have a course.

You did not have a course.

3rd person Plural

They do not have a course.

They did not have a course.

To do Did
Affirmative
Present Simple Past Simple

1st person Singular

I do exercises.

I did exercises.

2nd person Singular

You do exercises.

You did exercises.

3rd person Singular

He does exercises. She does exercises.

He did exercises. She did exercises.

It does tricks.

It did tricks.

1st person Plural

We do exercises.

We did exercises.

2nd person Plural

You do exercises.

You did exercises.

3rd person Plural

They do exercises.

They did exercises.

Interrogative

Present Simple

Past Simple

1st person Singular

Do I do exercises?

Did I do exercises?

2nd person Singular

Do you do exercises?

Did you do exercises?

3rd person Singular

Does he do exercises? Does she do exercises? Does it do tricks?

Did he do exercises? Did she do exercises? Did it do tricks?

1st person Plural

Do we do exercises?

Did we do exercises?

2nd person Plural

Do you do exercises?

Did you do exercises?

3rd person Plural

Do they do exercises?

Did they do exercises?

Negative

Present Simple

Past Simple

1st person Singular

I do not do exercises.

I did not do exercises.

2nd person Singular

You do not do exercises.

You did not do exercises.

3rd person Singular

He does not do exercises. She does not do exercises. It does not do tricks.

He did not do exercises. She did not do exercises. It did not do tricks.

1st person Plural

We do not do exercises.

We did not do exercises.

2nd person Plural

You do not do exercises.

You did not do exercises.

3rd person Plural

They do not do exercises.

They did not do exercises.

Present Continuous
We form Present Continuous like this: To

Be + [Verb + ING]

We use the verb to be at the correct person/number: am, are, is We add the termination -ing to the main verb, e.g.: walking, swimming, taking photos

Note that: Present Continuous is also called Present Progressive because it refers to actions that are in progress.

When do I use Present Continuous?

We use Present Continuous in the following situations: 1. When the action is happening right now.

e.g.: I am reading a book on the beach. 2. When the action is happening at present, even if it takes more time.

e.g.: He is studying to become a doctor. 3. When we refer to plans for the close future.

e.g.: Clara is meeting Ruby tomorrow. (Read more) 4. When we refer to a repetitive and, most often, annoying action. e.g.: He is always arriving late. How do I recognize Present Continuous? There are several adverbs of time that help us understand that the action is taking place right now and that we should expect to find Present Continuous in the sentence:

now, e.g.: A: What are you doing now? B: I am packing for the holiday. right now, e.g.: They are getting on the plane right now. in this (very) moment, at the moment, e.g.: The plane is taking off in this very moment. at present, e.g.: At present, he is living with his friends, until he finds his own place.

Past Continuous
We form Past Continuous like this: Was/Were

+ [Verb + ING]

The verb to be is in the past: was or were, depending on the person/number. We add the termination -ing to the main verb.

Note that: Past Continuous is also called Past Progressive because it refers to actions that were, at a certain moment in the past, in progress.

When do I use Past Continuous?

We use Past Continuous when we refer to interrupted actions in the past. e.g.: He was talking to Jeremy when I took that photo. He was talking to Jeremy the interrupted action (Past Continuous)

when I took that photo. the action that causes the interruption (Past Simple) Use cases:

a past action interrupted by another past action: He was talking to Jeremy when I took that photo.

a past action interrupted by a specific time: They were watching a movie yesterday at 10 p.m.

parallel actions in the past: The girls were preparing the meat while the boys were chopping sticks for the fire.

to describe the atmosphere in the past: When I arrived at Ruby's place, Ruby was playing with the cats, Clara was making a cake and Brian and Jeremy were discussing politics.