Heat and Mass Transfer and Breakage of Particles

in Drying Processes
M. Mezhericher, A. Levy, and I. Borde
Pearlstone Centre for Aeronautical Engineering Studies, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
An advanced theoretical model of unsteady coupled heat and
mass transfer and breakage of wet particles in two-stage drying
processes is presented. The numerical simulations of drying of silica
slurry droplets have shown that both temperature and mechanical
stresses emerge in the wet particle during drying. It has been found
that mechanical stresses play a substantial role at the beginning of
the second drying stage, whereas the thermal stresses are much more
considerable at the end of drying. In addition, tangential stresses in
the crust of wet silica particles are predominant over the radial com-
ponent (approximately ve times greater). Compared to the pro-
posed breakage criterion, the model predicts that the total stresses
can be a reason for wet particle cracking/breakage and this depends
on granule diameter, drying agent temperature, and size of primary
particles. To prevent granule breakage at given drying conditions,
the slurry droplets with primary particles as small as possible are
recommended for drying.
Keywords Breakage; Drying; Heat transfer; Mass transfer;
Particle
INTRODUCTION
Formation processes involving drying of droplets
containing small solid particles are used today in many
industries such as food and dairy manufacturers, chemical
and biochemical industries, the pharmaceutical industry,
ceramics production, and others.
[1]
Theoretical modeling
of the process is based on descriptions of simultaneous heat
and mass transfer of individual droplets that turn into wet
porous particles during drying.
Though many studies have been devoted to transport
phenomena in droplets,
[2]
coupled heat and mass transfer
and breakage of wet particles still remain broad areas for
research. Generally, complicated phenomena occurring
within the single droplet during drying involve diffusion
of liquid through small solid particles (also called primary
particles) toward the droplet surface and diffusion and
agglomeration of primary particles leading to formation
of a porous solid crust at the droplet outer surface. After
the onset of crust formation (when droplet is turned into
wet particle), the drying process is governed by diffusion
and ow of liquid from inside the wet particle through
the porous crust. Unfortunately, the present experimental
methods do not allow measuring of temperature distribu-
tions and concentration and pressure proles within the
dried droplet=wet particle. However, this information is
necessary for the analysis of wet particle cracking=
breakage due tointernal thermal andmechanical stresses,
[3,4]
prediction of thermal degradation, and structure of the
nal product. On the other hand, most of the available
experimental data were obtained only for low or moderate
temperatures of droplet drying (up to about 200

C), and
there is a lack of experimental results for higher drying
temperatures that are typical in some industries (e.g., in
ceramics
[1]
). Therefore, the development of an advanced
theoretical model of heat and mass transfer and the study of
wet particles breakage indrying processes is anessential task.
OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENT STUDY
The objective of the present work was to study heat and
mass transfer and breakage of particles during the transient
process of droplet=wet particle drying. A theoretical study
was performed using the developed drying model of single
droplet, containing small solid particles.
[4]
Numerical simu-
lations allowed us to investigate the mechanisms of heat
and mass transfer, time evolutions of vapor mass fraction,
and pressure proles within the pores of wet silica particle.
Applying the theory of elasticity and solid mechanics, a
criterion of particle cracking=breakage was proposed and
the studies of silica particle breakage under different drying
conditions were performed.
HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER OF WET
PARTICLE DRYING
In the present study, two-stage drying in atmospheric air
of droplets containing small solid particles is considered. In
the rst drying stage, the process is controlled by
evaporation of pure liquid. The second drying stage begins
when droplet moisture content reduced to the critical value
Correspondence: A. Levy, Pearlstone Centre for Aeronautical
Engineering Studies, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva
84105, Israel; E-mail: avi@bgu.ac.il
Drying Technology, 27: 870877, 2009
Copyright # 2009 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISSN: 0737-3937 print=1532-2300 online
DOI: 10.1080/07373930902988163
870
and a thin layer of a dry porous solid crust is formed at the
droplet surface. From this point onwards, the droplet is
referred to as a wet particle with permanently growing
crust and shrinking wet core regions. In the second stage,
liquid evaporation takes place inside the wet particle at
the receding interface between the crust and wet core (see
Fig. 1a). The vapor, generated over the interface, diffuses
through the crust pores toward the particle outer surface
and forms a thin boundary layer. From the surface, vapor
is taken away by the convection of drying air. The process
of particle drying stops when the desired value of moisture
content is obtained.
Because of space limitations, the mathematical descrip-
tion of the rst drying stage is omitted and the reader is
referred to our previously published papers.
[3,4]
Although
a more detailed explanation on the current modelling of
heat and mass transfer in the second drying stage is given
in our recent work,
[4]
the key equations are presented here
for the readers convenience.
After the onset of crust formation, the wet particle in the
second drying stage is treated as a two-region sphere with
isotropic physical properties. The particle outer diameter
remains unchangeable as the drying proceeds, whereas
the particle wet core shrinks due to evaporation from its
surface (called crustwet core interface or, simply, the
interface in the present article), and the thickness of crust
region increases. The region of porous crust is assumed
to be pierced by identical straight cylindrical capillaries
of small diameter (see Fig. 1).
The equations of energy conservation in spherical coor-
dinates for the crust and wet core regions of wet particle
are the following (the coordinate origin coincides with
the particle center):
v Crust region:
@T
cr
@t
=
a
cr
r
2
@
@r
r
2
@T
cr
@r

; R
i
(t) _ r _ R
p
; (1)
k
cr
@T
cr
@r
= k
wc
@T
wc
@r
h
fg
_ mm
v
A
i
; r = R
i
(t);
T
wc
= T
cr
; r = R
i
(t);
h(T
g
T
cr
) = k
cr
@T
cr
@r
; r = R
p
:
8
<
:
(2)
v Wet core region:
q
wc
c
p;wc
@T
wc
@t
=
1
r
2
@
@r
k
wc
r
2
@T
wc
@r

; 0 _ r _ R
i
t ( ):
(3)
@T
wc
@r
= 0; r = 0;
k
cr
@T
cr
@r
= k
wc
@T
wc
@r
h
fg
_ mm
v
A
i
; r = R
i
(t);
T
cr
= T
wc
; r = R
i
(t):
8
<
:
(4)
The initial condition for both Eqs. (1) and (4) is the droplet
temperature at the end of the rst drying stage.
Generally, heat transfer from the drying air to the
droplet=wet particle occurs due to simultaneous convection
and radiation. Recently, Mezhericher et al.
[5]
showed that
for small initial droplet diameters up to 0.25 mm and ambi-
ent temperatures <750

C as well as for initial droplet dia-

meters <2.5 mm and ambient temperatures up to 200

C,
the effect of thermal radiation can be neglected. At the
same time, for droplets with initial diameter greater than
1 mm and temperatures of the drying agent higher than
400

C, thermal radiation plays a substantial part in the

drying process.
[5]
In the present study, the drying process
of 2 mm silica slurry droplet in air temperatures of
150750

C is considered, and therefore the inuence of

thermal radiation is taken into account. Consequently,
the coefcient of heat transfer is given by:
h = h
c
h
r
: (5)
The coefcient of convection heat transfer is determined
by means of the Nusselt number using the modied
Ranz-Marshall correlation:
[6]
Nu
d
= d
d
h
c
=k
d
= (2 0:6Re
1=2
d
Pr
1=3
)(1 B)
0:7
(6)
FIG. 1. Scheme of a wet particle drying in the second drying stage (a)
and (b) capillary pore within the particle crust.
HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER AND PARTICLE BREAKAGE 871
The coefcient of radiation heat transfer is calculated by
the expression:
[7]
h
r
= r
B
e
r
(T
4
g
T
4
d
)=(T
g
T
d
): (7)
The crustwet core interface is shrinking with the rate:
[6]
d(R
i
)
dt
=
1
eq
wc;w
4pR
2
i
_ mm
v
: (8)
Here the rate of evaporation, _ mm
v
is determined by mass
convection from the droplet surface to the ambient.
[4]
The processes of liquid evaporation from the crustwet
core interface and subsequent vapor motion through the
crust pores toward the particle outer surface are described
by the laws of mass, momentum, species, and energy con-
servation applied to the capillary pores volume. For indivi-
dual straight capillary pore of the particle crust (Fig. 1b),
the origin of a cylindrical coordinate system is placed at
the crustwet core interface and the z axis coincides with
the line of pore symmetry. Airvapor mixture is assumed
to ow along the z axis only. Hence, the mass conservation
law is given by:
@q
@t

@
@z
(qt
z
) = 0; (9)
where z =(r R
i
)=(R
p
R
i
) and 0 _z _1.
The momentum conservation equation for airvapor
mixture in the pore reduces to well-known Darcys law:
[8]
t
z
=
B
k
l
A
total
A
pores
@p
@z
=
B
k
le
b
@p
@z
: (10)
By determining the vapor mass fraction of airvapor
mixture as
x
v
= q
v
=q; (11)
and assuming that it changes along z-axis only, the diffu-
sion process within the crust pore is described by equation:
q
@x
v
@t
t
z
@x
v
@z

=
@
@z
qD
v
@x
v
@z

: (12)
Here the coefcient of vapor diffusion, D
v
, is evaluated
according to:
[9]
D
v
= 2:302 10
5
p
0
=p(T=T
0
)
1:81
; (13)
where p
0
=0.98 10
5
Pa and T
0
=256 K.
Because the length of the capillary pore is very short and
the diffusion movement of gas molecules is quick, the spa-
tial change of the temperature within the pore is neglected.
As a result, the temperature of airvapor mixture in the
pore is assumed to be close to the temperature of
the crustwet core interface. Considering the airvapor
mixture as an ideal gas, the following equation of energy
conservation is derived:
qc
p
dT
dt
=
@p
@t
t
z
@p
@z
: (14)
The set of Eqs. (9), (10), (12), and (14) is rearranged to give:
1
cp
dp
dt
=
M
a
M
v
M
a
M
v
M
dx
v
dt

B
k
le
b
@
2
p
@z
2
(15)
dx
v
dt
= D
v
@
2
x
v
@z
2

M
a
M
v
M
a
M
v
M
@x
v
@z

2
" #
(16)
The following boundary conditions are utilized:
v at z =0:
qD
v
@x
v
@z
= (1 x
v
)e
1b
q
wc;w
R
i
R
p
d(R
i
)
dt
(17)
x
v
= q
v;sat
(T
wc;s
)=q (18)
p = p
v;sat
(T
wc;s
)M
v
=(x
v
M) (19)
v at z =L
p
:
D
v
@x
v
@z
x
v
(qt
z
)
1T
wc;s
p
g
M
= h
D
(x
v
x
v;
)
R
p
R
i
e
b
(20)
p[
z=L
p
= p
g
(21)
MODELING OF WET PARTICLE CRACKING/BREAKAGE
Thermal Stresses
In our previous studies
[3,4]
it was shown that elevated
drying air temperatures resulted in steep temperature gra-
dients in the particle crust. Because the crust thickness is
on the order of micrometers at the beginning of the second
drying stage and up to an order of millimeters at the end of
drying, considerable thermal stresses can emerge. The
radial and tangential thermal stresses in porous crust are
calculated by assuming that the inner and outer surfaces
of the particle crust have free radial strains:
[10]
r
T;r
(r; t) =
2a
T;cr
E
cr
(1 n
cr
)r
3
r
3
R
3
i
(R
3
p
R
3
i
)
Z
R
p
R
i
s
2
T
cr
(s; t)ds
"

Z
r
R
i
s
2
T
cr
s; t ( )ds

; (22)
872 MEZHERICHER ET AL.
r
T;h
(r; t) =
a
T;cr
E
cr
(1 n
cr
)r
3
2r
3
R
3
i
R
3
p
R
3
i
Z
R
p
R
i
s
2
T
cr
(s; t)ds
"

Z
r
R
i
s
2
T
cr
(s; t)ds r
3
T
cr
(r; t)

(23)
The Youngs modulus for porous crust structure can be
determined as follows:
[11]
E
cr
= C
1
E
s;0
(1 a
m
T
cr
=T
m;s
)(1 e)
n
: (24)
In this study, C
1
=1, n =2, and a
m
=0.35. The value of
silica melting point is taken as T
m,s
=1600

C and the
Youngs modulus is set to E
s,0
=73 GPa; the crust thermal
expansion coefcient and the Poissons ratio are assumed
to be equal to a
T,cr
=5 10
7
K
1
and n =0.17.
[12]
Mechanical Stresses
One of the features of the current drying model is its
ability to predict the pressure gradient inside the crust
capillary pores. From the pressure equilibrium require-
ments it can be deduced that the pressure established at
the crustwet core interface inside the crust pores is equal
to the pressure acting on the region of the porous crust
from the side of wet core. Hence, the region of the particle
crust can be treated as pseudo-solid spherical container
under internal pressure. The corresponding mechanical
stresses in radial and tangential directions are estimated
according to:
[10]
r
r
(r; t) = Dp(t)[
z=0
R
3
i
(R
3
p
r
3
)
r
3
(R
3
p
R
3
i
)
; (25)
r
h
(r) = Dp(t)[
z=0
R
3
i
(2r
3
R
3
p
)
2r
3
(R
3
p
R
3
i
)
; (26)
where
Dp(t)[
z=0
= p(t)[
z=0
p
g
: (27)
Total Stresses
The total radial and tangential stresses in the crust emer-
ging during wet particle drying can be found by summing
the corresponding components of thermal and mechanical
stresses:
v Total radial stress:
r
r;tot
(r; t) = r
T;r
(r; t) r
r
(r; t): (28)
v Total tangential stress:
r
h;tot
(r; t) = r
T;h
(r; t) r
h
(r; t): (29)
Particle Strength and Breakage Criterion
In the current work the dried slurry consists of water
and insoluble primary particles, which are on the order of
micrometers or even smaller. In the second drying stage the
temperature of the crust of silica wet particle can potenti-
ally exceed the value of water boiling point under atmos-
pheric pressure. In spite of this, the primary particles in the
crust remain connected to each other. Therefore, in the abs-
ence of special binder in slurry, it can be suggested that van
der Waals forces (and not capillary liquid bridging) are the
dominating binding mechanism between the primary parti-
cles in the silica crust.
[13]
Such an agglomeration mechan-
ism is typical, for example, in ceramics processing.
[14]
Using
the above assumption, the tensile strength of the particle
crust can be considered to be equal to the upper bound of
agglomerate strength due to van der Waals forces and this
strength strongly depends on the size of primary particles.
[13]
For brittle materials like ceramics, one of the well-
known failure criteria can be utilized: either maximum nor-
mal stress criterion or Mohrs theory.
[15]
In the present case
of wet particle drying, the largest total radial and tangential
stresses in the isotropic spherical crust coincide with the
principal directions and, based on our previous experi-
ence,
[3]
are expected to be tensile. Consequently, both fail-
ure criteria result in the following wet particle breakage
criterion:
max(r
r;tot
) or max(r
h;tot
) _ r
t
; (30)
where r
t
is particle crust tensile strength.
NUMERICAL SOLUTION AND VALIDATION
OF THE MODEL
A computer program was developed to solve the
mathematical model numerically. For both drying stages,
the procedure of numerical solution was based on the algo-
rithm proposed by Moyano and Scarpettini.
[16]
The details
on numerical method applied in the rst drying stage can be
found in our previous reports, see Mezhericher et al.
[4,17]
To solve the set of nonlinear partial differential equations
of the second drying stage (1), (3), (15), and (16), a
predictor-corrector method
[18]
was applied and the derived
algebraic equations were coupled using the compatible
boundary conditions at the crustwet core interface.
The validation of the present model was performed by
comparing the calculated evolution of the particle tempera-
ture and mass with the theoretical data predicted using our
previously developed and validated model.
[3]
The results of
validation showed a good agreement and consistency; see
Mezhericher et al.
[4]
for additional details.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Numerical simulations of drying of silica slurry droplet
in atmospheric air have been performed. The slurry
HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER AND PARTICLE BREAKAGE 873
consists of monodispersed amorphous silica spherical par-
ticles (median size of primary particles 272 nm, density
1950 kg=m
3
), deocculated in water with initial volume
fraction of 0.10.
[19]
No specic binder is utilized. The
emissivities of liquid and solid fractions of the slurry are
treated as xed values equal to e
r,w
=0.96 and e
r,s
=0.8,
correspondingly.
[12]
The studied drying air temperatures
range is between 150 and 750

C, the air velocity is set to

1.4 m=s, the initial droplet diameter is equal to 2 mm, and
the particle crust porosity is assumed to be 0.4.
A number of the theoretical results predicted by the cur-
rent model for the studied range of temperatures have been
already presented in our previously published report.
[4]
Among these results are the simulated evolution of the
temperature and mass of 2 mm silica slurry droplet, the
time-change of the pressure and vapor mass fraction over
the crustwet core interface in the second drying stage,
and typical distributions of the pressure and vapor mass
fraction within the capillary pores at the end of the drying
process. It has been demonstrated that at air temperatures
>400

C the temperature differences in the crust can attain

values above 30

C and thus considerable thermal stresses

can emerge. Another important outcome is the calculated
behavior and values of vapor fraction and pressure in the
crust pores. Both the vapor fraction and the pressure over
the crustwet core interface are growing and, at the same
time, they are decreasing gradually along the pore length
toward the particle outer surface.
Figures 25 illustrate the predicted time evolution of the
proles of pressure, vapor mass fraction, and stresses in the
second drying stage when air temperature is set to
T
g
=600

C.
FIG. 2. Predicted drying evolution of typical distributions of the pres-
sure (a) and vapor fraction (b) in the pores of silica wet particle
(T
g
=600

C).
FIG. 3. Predicted drying evolution of typical distributions of the radial
(a) and tangential (b) mechanical stresses in the crust of silica wet particle
(T
g
=600

C).
874 MEZHERICHER ET AL.
The results presented in Fig. 2 prove that both pressure
and vapor mass fraction in the crust pores gradually grow
as drying proceeds.
Figure 3 demonstrates that at the crust inner surface the
absolute value of radial mechanical stress increases,
whereas the corresponding value of tangential stress com-
ponent decreases during drying (in this gure and onwards,
s is the dimensionless time of wet particle drying in the
second drying stage). Such behavior can be explained by
simultaneous shrinkage of the particle wet core and the
crust thickening.
The simulated evolution of the thermal stresses is illu-
strated in Fig. 4. It can be observed that both radial and
tangential components of the thermal stress are growing
in the drying process. Moreover, the tangential component
of thermal stress is substantially greater than radial.
Comparing the data given in Figs. 3 and 4, it can be seen
that the absolute values of the radial component of both
mechanical and thermal stresses are of the same order dur-
ing the whole second stage of silica droplet drying. At the
same time, the absolute values of the tangential component
of mechanical and thermal stresses are of the same order
only at the beginning of the process, whereas at the end
of drying the tangential thermal stress signicantly prevails
over the tangential mechanical stress.
The predicted evolution of total tangential and radial
stresses in the crust of silica wet particle is shown in
Fig. 5. It is observed that in the course of the drying
process the total tangential stress in the crust of silica wet
particle is 510 times greater than the corresponding radial
component. The maximum stress value is tensile and it is
located at the inner surface of the particle crust. Figure 5b
also demonstrates that near the crust inner surface the
FIG. 4. Predicted drying evolution of typical distributions of the radial
(a) and tangential (b) thermal stresses in the crust of silica wet particle
(T
g
=600

C).
FIG. 5. Total radial (a) and tangential (b) stresses in the crust of silica
wet particle in the second drying stage (T
g
=600

C).
HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER AND PARTICLE BREAKAGE 875
calculated total tangential stress is greater that the particle
strength. Therefore, according to the breakage criterion
Eq. (30), the theoretical model predicts that in the simu-
lated conditions the dried wet particle will be broken or
at least cracked during the drying process.
The results of calculations of maximal stresses in the
crust of silica granules (wet particles with nal moisture
content) as a function of different granule diameters are
illustrated in Fig. 6 (droplet initial temperature T
d,0
=19

C,
initial moisture content X
0
=4.62, nal moisture content
X
f
=0.05, drying air velocity u
g
=1.40 m s
1
). The pre-
sented curves were obtained for primary particles with
median size equal to 272 nm. For primary particles with
diameter in the range 100900 nm the calculated maximum
discrepancy from the presented data is smaller than 0.2%.
Comparing the stress curves given in Fig. 6, it can be
found that tangential total stresses in the particle crust
are substantially greater than corresponding radial com-
ponents (approximately ve times). On the other hand,
agglomerates consisting of smaller primary particles have
greater tensile strength (see curve r
t
in Fig. 6). For that
reason, slurries containing primary particles as small as
possible should be utilized in order to prevent wet particle
cracking or breakage due to emerging tangential stresses in
the drying processes.
CONCLUSIONS
An advanced theoretical model of heat and mass
transfer and breakage of single wet particles during drying
has been presented. The model enables prediction of
stresses emerging in wet particle crust in the second drying
stage.
Two origins of the stresses in the wet particle have been
observed: thermal differences and pressure differences in
the region of the particle porous crust.
In the present study it is suggested that van der Waals
forces are the dominating binding mechanism between
the primary particles in the crust of silica slurry droplets
during the second drying stage. Such an assumption allows
us to propose a breakage criterion, according to which the
nal particle is predicted to be damaged if one of the total
stress components in the crust is greater than crust agglom-
erate strength determined by the van der Waals forces
binding mechanism.
The numerical simulations demonstrate that mechanical
stresses play a substantial role at the beginning of the
second drying stage, but at the end of drying the thermal
stresses are much more considerable. It is also found that
the total tangential stress in the crust of wet silica particle
prevails over the radial component (approximately ve
times greater during drying).
Comparing the stresses to the proposed breakage criter-
ion of wet particles, it is concluded that the total stresses
can be a reason for particle cracking=breakage and this
depends on particle diameter, drying agent temperature,
and diameter of primary particles. To prevent the granule
breakage at given drying conditions, the slurry droplets
with primary particles as small as possible are recom-
mended to be dried.
NOMENCLATURE
A Surface area (m
2
)
A
pores
Pores area in crust cross section (m
2
)
A
total
Total area of crust cross section (m
2
)
B Spalding number
Bi Biot number
B
k
Crust permeability (m
2
)
c
p
Specic heat at constant pressure (Jkg
1
K
1
)
D
v
Coefcient of vapor diffusion (m
2
s
1
)
d Diameter (m)
E Youngs modulus (Pa)
E
s,0
Youngs modulus of solid fraction (Pa)
h Heat transfer coefcient (Wm
2
K
1
)
h
c
Coefcient of convection heat transfer
(Wm
2
K
1
)
h
fg
Specic heat of evaporation (Jkg
1
)
h
r
Coefcient of radiation heat transfer
(Wm
2
K
1
)
k Thermal conductivity (Wm
1
K
1
)
L
p
Length of crust pore (m) (R
p
R
i
)
M Molecular weight (kg mol
1
)
m Mass (kg)
_ mm
v
Rate of evaporation (kg s
1
)
Nu Nusselt number
n Empirical coefcient
Pr Prandtl number
p Pressure (Pa)
p
0
Reference pressure (Pa)
FIG. 6. Calculated maximal total stresses in the silica granules at differ-
ent temperatures of the drying air.
876 MEZHERICHER ET AL.
R Radius (m)
1 Universal gas constant (Jmol
1
K
1
)
Re Reynolds number
r Radial coordinate (m)
s Space coordinate (m)
T Temperature (K)
T
m
Temperature of melting point (K)
T
0
Reference temperature (K)
t Time (s)
u
g
Velocity of drying agent (m s
1
)
X Moisture content (dry basis) (kg kg
1
)
z Axial coordinate (m)
Greek Letters
a Thermal diffusivity (m
2
s
1
)
a
m
Empirical coefcient
a
T
Coefcient of thermal expansion (K
1
)
b Empirical coefcient
c Ratio of specic heats
e Crust porosity
e
r
Emissivity
h Angular coordinate
l Dynamic viscosity (kg m
1
s
1
)
n Poissons ratio
q Density (kg m
3
)
r Mechanical stress (Pa)
r
B
Stefan-Boltzmann constant (Wm
2
K
4
)
r
t
Particle tensile strength (Pa)
r
T
Thermal stress (Pa)
s Dimensionless time of wet particle drying
t Velocity (m s
1
)
x
v
Vapor mass fraction
Subscripts
a Air, dry air fraction
cr Particle crust
d Droplet
f Final point of drying process
g Drying agent
i Crustwet core interface
p Particle
r Radial direction
s Solid fraction or surface
sat Saturated
tot Total
v Vapor, vapor fraction
w Water
wc Particle wet core
z Axial direction
0 Initial point of drying process
Bulk of drying agent
h Tangential direction
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