The compact hydraulic excavator can be a tracked or wheeled vehicle with an approximate operating weight of 13,300 pounds.

Normally, it includes a standard backfill blade and features an independent boom swing. The compact hydraulic excavator is also known as a mini excavator. compact hydraulic excavator is different from other types of heavy machinery in the sense that all movement and functions of the machine are accomplished through the transfer of hydraulic fluid.The work group and blade are activated by hydraulic fluid acting upon hydraulic cylinders.The rotation and travel functions are also activated by hydraulic fluid powering hydraulic motors. !ost types of compact hydraulic excavators have three assemblies " house, undercarriage, and the work group.

House The house structure contains the compartment for the operator, engine compartment, hydraulic pump and also the distribution components. The house structure is attached to the top of the undercarriage via swing bearing. long with the work group, them house is able to rotate upon the undercarriage without limit due to a hydraulic distribution valve that supplies oil to the undercarriage components. Undercarriage The undercarriage of compact excavators consists of rubber or steel tracks, drive sprockets, rollers,idlers, and associated components and structures.The undercarriage is also home to the house structure and the work group. Work group The work group consists of the boom, dipper or arm, and attachment. #t is connected to the front of the house structure via a swinging frame that allows the work group to be hydraulically pivoted left or right in order to achieve offset digging for trenching parallel with the tracks. Independent boom swing The purpose of the boom swing is for offset digging around obstacles or along foundations, walls, and forms. nother use is for cycling in areas that are too narrow for cab rotation. nother ma$or advantage of the compact excavator is the independent boom swing.

Backfill blade The backfill blade on compact excavators are used for grading, leveling, backfilling, trenching, and general do%er work. The blade can also be used to increase the dumping height and digging depth depending on it&s position in relation to the workgroup. The most common place you&ll find compact excavators is in residential dwellings. 'hen digging phone lines or other things, these pieces of e(uipment are very common for getting between houses. )ue to their small si%e, they can fit almost anywhere.*ver the years, the capabilities for compact excavators have expanded far beyond the tasks of excavation. 'ith hydraulic powered attachments such as breakers, clamps, compactors and augers, the compact excavator is used with many other applications and serves as an effective attachment tool as well. +erving many purposes, the compact excavator is a great addition to any $ob that re(uires the use of machinery. This article is submitted by " ,r. -ikrant .iled under /onstruction ,(uipments 0 1 /omments

Bulldozer Construction Equipment

The bulldo%er is a very powerful crawler that is e(uipped with a blade. The term bulldo%er is often used to mean any type of heavy machinery, although the term actually refers to a tractor that is fitted with a do%er blade. *ften times, bulldo%ers are large and extremely powerful tracked vehicles. The tracks give them ama%ing ground mobility and hold through very rough terrain. 'ide tracks on the other hand, help to distribute the weight of the do%er over large areas, therefore preventing it from sinking into sandy or muddy ground. 2ulldo%ers have great ground hold and a tor(ue divider that&s designed to convert the power of the engine into dragging ability, which allows it to use its own weight to push heavy ob$ects and even remove things from the ground. Take the /aterpillar )3 for example, it can easily tow tanks that weight more than 40 tons. )ue to these attributes,bulldo%ers are used to clear obstacles, shrubbery and remains of structures and buildings. The blade on a bulldo%er is the heavy piece of metal plate that is installed on the front. The blade pushes things around. Normally, the blade comes in 3 varieties5 1. straight blade that is short and has no lateral curve, no side wings, and can be used only for fine grading. 6. universal blade, or 7 blade, which is tall and very curved, and features large side wings to carry more material around. 3. combination blade that is shorter,offers less curvature, and smaller side wings.

Modifications *ver time, bulldo%ers have been modified to evolve into new machines that are capable of things the original bulldo%ers weren&t. good example is that loader tractors were created by removing the blade and substituting a large volume bucket and hydraulic arms which will raise and lower the bucket, therefore making it useful for scooping up the earth and loading it into trucks.*ther modifications to the original bulldo%er include making it smaller to where it can operate in small working areas where movement is very limited, such as mining caves and tunnels. -ery small bulldo%ers are known as calfdo%ers. Histor The first types of bulldo%ers were adapted from farm tractors that were used to plough fields. #n order to dig canals, raise earth dams, and partake in earthmoving $obs, the tractors were e(uipped with a thick metal plate in the front. 8ater on, this thick metal plate earned the name blade. The blade of the bulldo%er peels layers of soil and pushes it forward as the tractor advances.The blade is the heart and soul of the bulldo%er, as it was the first accessory to make full use for excavation type $obs. s the years went by, when engineers needed e(uipment to complete larger $obs, companies such as / T, 9omatsu, :ohn )eere, /ase, and :/2 started to manufacture large tracked earthmoving e(uipment.They were very loud, very large, and very powerful and therefore earned the nickname ;bulldo%er<.*ver the years, the bulldo%ers got bigger, more powerful, and even more sophisticated. The important improvements include better engines,more reliable drive trains, better tracks, and even hydraulic arms that will enable more precise manipulation of the blade and automated controls. s an added option, bulldo%ers can come e(uipped with a rear ripping claw to break up pavement or loosen rocky soil.The best known manufacturer of bulldo%er is / T,which has earned a vast reputation for making tough and durable, yet reliable machines.,ven though the bulldo%er started off a modified farmtractor, it rapidly became one of the most useful pieces of e(uipment with excavating and construction.

A concrete mixer (also commonly called a cement mixer) is a device that homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and water to form concrete. A typical concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to mix the components. For smaller volume works portable concrete mixers are often used so that the concrete can be made at the construction site, giving the workers ample time to use the concrete before it hardens. An alternative to a machine is mixing concrete or cement by hand. This is usually done in a wheelbarrow however, several companies have recently begun to sell modified tarps for this purpose

The acceptance criteria of (uality of concrete is laid down in #+5=1>?6000. The criteria is mandatory and various provisions of the code have to be complied before the (uality of concrete is accepted. #n all the cases, the 6@?days compressive strength shall alone be the criterion for acceptance or re$ection of the concrete. #n order to get a relatively (uicker idea of the (uality of concrete, optional test for 4 days compressive strength of concrete be carried out. > /ubes of 110 x 110 x 110 mm si%e Athe nominal si%e of aggregate does not exceed 3@ mmB shall be cast, 3 for 4?days testing and 3 for 6@?days testing. set of 3 cubes AspecimenB average strength will be a sample. The individual variation of a set of 3 cubes should not be more than C 11D of the average. #f more, the test result of the sample is invalid. Note5? .or aggregates larger than 3@ mm, bigger than 110 mm moulds are to be used. +ee #+5100@>?13@6 CUBE M!U"#$ The cube moulds of re(uired si%e A110 mm for nominal si%e of aggregate not exceeding 3@ mmB shall be made in such a manner as to facilitate their separation into two parts. /ube moulds shall be provided with a base plate and they shall be as per #+5100@>?13@6. The dimensions, tolerance and materials of cube moulds shall be as given in table?1. %able&'$ #imension( tolerance and materials of ')* mm cube mould+

Following are the procedure for Compressive strength test of Concrete Cubes

,--,.,%U/ /ompression testing machine -.E-,.,%I!0 !1 CUBE /-ECIME0/ The proportion and material for making these test specimens are from the same concrete used in the field. /-ECIME0 > cubes of 11 cm si%e !ix. !11 or above MI2I03 !ix the concrete either by hand or in a laboratory batch mixer H,0# MI2I03 AiB!ix the cement and fine aggregate on a water tight none?absorbent platform until the mixture is thoroughly blended and is of uniform color AiiB dd the coarse aggregate and mix with cement and fine aggregate until the coarse aggregate is uniformly distributed throughout the batch AiiiB dd water and mix it until the concrete appears to be homogeneous and of the desired consistency

/,M-"I03 AiB /lean the mounds and apply oil AiiB .ill the concrete in the molds in layers approximately 1cm thick AiiiB /ompact each layer with not less than 31strokes per layer using a tamping rod Asteel bar 1>mm diameter and >0cm long, bullet pointed at lower endB AivB 8evel the top surface and smoothen it with a trowel CU.I03 The test specimens are stored in moist air for 6=hours and after this period the specimens are marked and removed from the molds and kept submerged in clear fresh water until taken out prior to test. -.EC,U%I!0/ The water for curing should be tested every 4days and the temperature of water must be at 64E?6o/. -.!CE#U.E A#B Femove the specimen from water after specified curing time and wipe out excess water from the surface. A##B Take the dimension of the specimen to the nearest 0.6m A###B /lean the bearing surface of the testing machine A#-B Glace the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be applied to the opposite sides of the cube cast. A-B lign the specimen centrally on the base plate of the machine. A-#B Fotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it touches the top surface of the specimen. A-##B pply the load gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of 1=0kgHcm6Hminute till the specimen fails A-###B Fecord the maximum load and note any unusual features in the type of failure.
NOTE

!inimum three specimens should be tested at each selected age. #f strength of any specimen varies by more than 11 per cent of average strength, results of such specimen should be re$ected. verage of there specimens gives the crushing strength of concrete. The strength re(uirements of concrete.

C,"CU",%I!0/ +i%e of the cube I11cm x11cm x11cm rea of the specimen Acalculated from the mean si%e of the specimen BI661cm6 /haracteristic compressive strengthAf ckBat 4 days I ,xpected maximum load Ifck x area x f.s Fange to be selected is JJJJJJJ.. +imilar calculation should be done for 6@ day compressive strength !aximum load applied IJJJ.tones I JJJJ.N /ompressive strength I A8oad in NH rea in mm6BIJJJJJNHmm6 IJJJJJJJJJ.NHmm6 .E-!.% aB #dentification mark bB )ate of test cB ge of specimen dB /uring conditions, including date of manufacture of specimen fB ppearance of fractured faces of concrete and the type of fracture if they are unusual .E/U"% verage compressive strength of the concrete cube I JJJJ.NH mm6 Aat 4 daysB verage compressive strength of the concrete cube IJJJ. NHmm6 Aat 6@ daysB
Percentage strength of concrete at various ages:

The strength of concrete increases with age. Table shows the strength of concrete at different ages in comparison with the strength at 6@ days after casting.

CU.I03 $ The casted cubes shall be stored under shed at a place free from the vibration at a temperature 660/ to 330/ for 6= hours covered with wet straw or gunny sacking. The cube shall be removed from the moulds at the end of 6= hours and immersed in clean water at a temperature 6=0/ to 300/ till the 4 or 6@?days age of testing. The cubes shall be tested in the saturated and surface dry condition.

.or the true representation of actual strength of concrete in the structure, extra cubes shall be cast, stored and curded as per the identical conditions of that structure, and tested at re(uired age. %E/%I03 !1 C!0C.E%E CUBE/$ The dimensions of the specimens to the nearest 0.6 mm and their weight shall be noted before testing. The bearing surfaces of the testing machine shall be wiped clean and any loose sand or other materials removed from the surface of the specimen which are to be in contact with the compression platens. The cube shall be placed in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be applied to opposite sides of the cubes as cast that is not to the top and bottom. The axis of the specimen shall be carefully aligned with the centre of the thrust of the spherically seated platen. No packing shall be used between the faces of the test specimen and the steel platen of the testing machine. s the spherically seated block is brought to bear on the specimen, the movable portion shall be rotated gently by hand so that uniform seating may be obtained. The load shall be applied without shock and increased continuously at a rate of approximately 1=0 kgHs( cmHmin until the resistance of the specimen to the increasing load breaks down and no greater load can be sustained. The maximum load applied to the specimen shall then be recorded and the appearance of the concrete and any unusual features in the type of failure shall be noted, see fig?1and fig?6. The compressive strength of concrete shall be calculated from5!aximum loadH/ross?+ectional area of cube To be reported to the nearest 0.1NHmm 6

With the advanced technology of electric motor concrete pump in the world, Dayu integrates with the improved experience and product concept to meet the requirement of high efficiency and low consumption of modern construction. The hydraulic system adopts double-pump double-circuit, and the pumping unit adopts the original high-pressure and large displacement variable oil pump. The product is widely used in urban construction, water conservancy, and tunnel construction. Concrete pump !T"#$-%&-'# is one (ind of electric motor concrete pump. )eatures of Concrete *ump !T"#$-%&-'# With the advanced technology of electric motor concrete pump in the world, Dayu integrates with the improved experience and product concept to meet the requirement of high efficiency and low consumption of modern construction. The hydraulic system adopts double-pump double-circuit, and the pumping unit adopts the original high-pressure and large displacement variable oil pump. The product is widely used in urban construction, water conservancy, and tunnel construction. %.*ower system Hydraulic oil pump !ermany "exroth or #apan $awasa%i are ad&usted. 'lectric (ortor Domestic famous brands. The main power could be ad&usted by the users. +.,lectronic control system #apan (itsubishi )rogrammable *ogic +ontroller ,)*+electronic control system. (ain electric elements are imported original .chneider, .iemens, /("/0, *! etc. The control mode manual operation and wireless remote control Humanity and intelligent electronic control system optimi1es the person-machine interface.2-digital pumping time accumulation timer provides exact data for the user, 3utomatic anti-pump function and optimi1ed program design. 3utomatic trouble monitoring function. &. ydraulic system The unique open hydraulic system and hydraulic cushion technology contribute to the smaller exchange impact and less heat of the system. (eanwhile, with the famous brand of main pump and hydraulic valve, the safety and reliability of the concrete pump are guaranteed. The hydraulic pipeline selects the high performance seamless steel pipes and all pipe &oints and high-pressure hoses are of the famous brands. 3 number of high pressure accumulators and their excellent cushion performance reduce the requirement of . pipe vale for the concrete. The concrete is delivered freely. -.*umping system )umping displacement variable ad&ustment +hange the pumping displacement according to the construction to meet the requirement of the condition. "educing design of the hopper could release the reducing pressure of the concrete into the delivery pipe maximally, and prolong the service life of the . pipe outlet. #..ubrication "ystem The patented central automatic lubrication system comes with a piston grease-pump, features high pressure and reliability, which can reali1e automatic lubrication of piston. The filters at the outlet and the inlet of oil ports as double protections guarantee the system reliability. /.Cooling "ystem +ompulsory air-cooled heat exchanger %eeps the temperature of the hydraulic oil below 45 that ensures the whole hydraulic system wor%s at normal status.

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