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) (
where
0
Newtons Second Law
} }
= =
=
sys
sys
mass
sys
d V dm V P
momentum linear P
dt
P d
F
) (
:
The First Law of Thermodynamics
sys
dt
dE
W Q
dE W Q
=
=
form rate the in
o o The total energy of the system is given by
gz
v
u e
d e edm E
sys
sys
mass
sys
+ + =
= =
} }
2
2
) (
1
basis rate the on
>
>
o
Total entropy of the system is
} }
= =
) ( ) ( sys sys
mass
sys
sd sdm S
6
RELATION OF SYSTEM DERIVATIVES TO THE CONTROL VOLUME
FORMULATION
The above equations involve the time derivative of an extensive
property of the system (mass, momentum, energy, entropy). All the
above equations can be expressed in terms of a general intensive
property q. Thus
} }
= =
) ( ) ( sys sys
mass
sys
d dm N q q
Comparing this with the above equations, we see that when
N=M then q=1 N=E then q=e
N= then q= N=S then q=s
Consider a system and control volume whose boundaries coincide at t
0
.
P
A +
A
0 0
0
lim (1)
At t+At, the system occupies regions II and III, at t
0
, the system and the
control volume coincide, we can write
7
) ( )
}
= =
C
t C t s
d N N q
0 0
(2)
) ( ) ( )
t t III I C t t III II t t s
N N N N N N
A + A + A +
+ = + =
0 0 0
)
t t
III
t t
I
t t
C
t t s
d d d N
A + A + A +
A +
(
+
(
=
} } }
0 0 0
0
q q q (3)
Substituting these expressions nto the definition of the system derivative
t
d d d d
dt
dN
t
C
t t
III
t t
I
t t
C
t
system
A
(
+
(
=
|
.
|
} } } }
A + A + A +
A
0 0 0 0
0
lim
q q q q
or
3
0
2
0
1
0
0 0 0 0
lim lim lim
t
d
t
d
t
d d
dt
dN
t t
I
t
t t
III
t
t
C
t t
C
t
system
A
(
A
(
+
A
(
=
|
.
| A +
A
A +
A
A +
A
} } } }
q q q q
(4)
Term 1 in Eq. 4 simplifies to
}
} }
c
c
=
A
(
A +
A
d
t t
d d
t
C
t t
C
t
q
q q
0 0
0
lim (5)
)
t
N
t
d
t t III
t
t t
III
t
A
=
A
(
A +
A
A +
A
}
0 0
0 0
lim lim
q
To evaluate N
III
)
to+At
, let us look at an enlarged view of a typical subregion of
region III.
)
)
t t
CS
t t III
t t
III
t t III
III
dA l N
dA l d
d N
A +
A +
A +
A +
(
(
A =
A =
(
=
}
}
0
0
0
0
cos
cos
o q
o
q
8
Note: The angle o will always be less than t/2 over the entire area of the
control surface bounding region III.
In the above expression, Al is the distance travelled by a particle on the
system surface during the time interval At along the streamline that
existed at t
0
.
}
}
A
A
=
A
(
A
A +
A
III
CS
t
t t
III
t
dA
t
l
t
d
o q
q
cos lim lim
0 0
0
Note: A d dA V
t
l
t
= =
A
A
A
and lim
0
Hence
}
}
=
A
(
A +
A
III
CS
t t
III
t
A d V
t
d
o q
q
cos lim
0
0
(6)
The term 3 in Eq. 4 simplifies to
)
t
N
t
d
t t I
t
t t
I
t
A
=
A
(
A +
A
A +
A
}
0 0
0 0
lim lim
q
To evaluate )
t t I
N
A +
0
, look at an enlarged view of a typical subregion
EKL VAR
dA l d ) cos ( o A =
} }
}
}
+ =
A
A
+ =
A
A
=
A
(
A
A
A +
A
I I
I
CS CS
t
CS
t
t t
I
t
A d V dA
t
l
t
dA l
t
d
o q o q
o q
q
cos cos lim
cos
lim lim
0
0 0
0
(7)
9
Substituting Eqs. (5),(6) and (7) into (4)
} } }
+ +
c
c
=
|
.
|
I III
CS CS C sys
A d V A d V d
t dt
dN
o q o q q cos cos
III I
CS CS CS + =
Hence we can write,
} }
+
c
c
=
|
.
|
CS C sys
A d V d
t dt
dN
o q q cos
Recognizing that A d V A d V
= o cos
} }
+
c
c
=
|
.
|
CS C sys
A d V d
t dt
dN
q q
It is important to recall that in deriving the above equation, the limiting
process (taking the limit as At0) ensured that the relation is valid at the
instant when the system and control volume coincide.
sys
dt
dN
|
.
|
: the total rate of change of any arbitrary extensive property of the
system.
}
c
c
C
d
t
q : the time rate of change of the arbitrary extensive property N
within the control volume
}
CS
A d V
q : the net rate of flux of the extensive property N through the
control surface.
Evaluating the scalar product
10
BASIC EQUATIONS FOR A CONTROL VOLUME
Basic equations for a control volume are obtained by combining the basic
equations for a system and Reynolds transport theorem.
CONSERVATION OF MASS (Continuity Equation)
Combining the law of conservation of mass with the transport theorem
yields one of the most useful equations in all fluid mechanics: the continuity
equation. Recall that conservation of mass states simply that the mass of a
system is constant,
}
= =
|
.
|
SYS
d M
dt
dM
sys
sys
, 0
The system and control volume formulation of the conservation of mass are
related by Reynolds transport theorem. Setting, N=M thenq=1, we obtain
0 = +
c
c
=
|
.
|
} }
CS C
sys
A d V d
t dt
dM
0 = +
c
c
} }
CS C
A d V d
t
Continuity equation for a finite control volume
}
CS
A d V
c
c
C
d
t
rate of change of mass within the control volume
NOTE: V
. A d V
is positive where flow is
out through the control surface, negative where flow is in through the
control surface, and zero where flow is tangent to surface.
11
Special Cases
1. Incompressible Flow
For incompressible flow, = constant
| |
| |
(
=
=
=
c
c
= +
c
c
= +
c
c
}
} }
constant
constant
0
0
0
t
A d V
t
A d V d
t
CS
CS C
0 =
}
CS
A d V
}
A d V
is called the volume flow rate of flow over a section of the
control surface.
2. Steady Flow
Hence the continuity equation becomes,
0 =
c
c
t
0 =
}
CS
A d V
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
2
0
1 1
Y
y
l
x
u u
where u
0
=1.0 m/s
Show that the flow field satisfies the continuity equation.
Solution:
13
Example:
Water is being added to a storage tank at the rate of 2000 lt/min. At the
same time, water flows through a 5 cm inside diameter pipe with an
average velocity of 18 m/s. The storage tank has an inside diameter of 300
cm. Find the rate at which the water level rises or falls.
in flow rate 2000 lt/min.
storage tank diameter 300 cm
discharge pipe diameter 5 cm
discharge velocity 18 m/s
Solution:
14
MOMENTUM EQUATION FOR INERTIAL CONTROL VOLUME
In this section we will develop mathematical formulation of Newtons
Second Law for an inertial control volume.
Inertial control volume is the control volume that is not accelerating
relative to a stationary frame of reference.
Recall that Newtons second law for a system moving relative to an inertial
coordinate system was
sys
dt
P d
F
|
|
.
|
=
=
sys
d V P
linear momentum
F = total resultant force
Using the relation between the system and control volume formulations
} }
+
c
c
=
|
.
|
CS C
sys
A d V d
t dt
dN
q q
and setting N=P and q = V , we obtain
} }
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|
CS C
sys
A d V V d V
t dt
P d
Note:
)
sys on
sys
F
dt
P d
=
|
|
.
|
Since, in deriving the relation between the system and control volume
formulation, the system and control volume coincided at t
o
) )
volume control on sys on
F F
=
Hence, we can write,
} }
+
c
c
= + =
CS C
B S
A d V V d V
t
F F F
MOMETUM EQUATION
15
This equation states that the sum of all forces (surface and body forces)
acting on a nonaccelerating control volume is equal to the sum of the rate of
the change of momentum inside the control volume and the net rate of
efflux of momentum through the control surface.
}
=
A
S
A d p F
surface force due to pressure
}
=
C
B
A d g F
} }
= =
1
A CS
x
A d V u A d V u R
{ }
}
=
1
1
A
x
dA V u R
At 1 , , since
direction of are 180 apart.
dA V A d V
1
=
1 1 1
A V u R
x
=
| | m
m
m
kg m
R
x
01 . 0
sec
15 999
sec
15
3
(
=
| | kN R
x
25 . 2 =
| | kN R K
x x
25 . 2 = =
Force on the support
{properties uniform over A
1
}
{R
x
acts opposite to positive direction}
18
II. Use C
II
}
=
CS
S
A d V u F
x