Migration Patterns Different types of migrants: Displaced- refugees/asylum seekers forced to move for reasons like persecution, war

war Voluntary- moving for quality of life reasons usually for work. May be temporary or permanent Illegal- avoids border and immigration controls entering illegally. Volunteered individual or part of criminal activity

These different types of migrants may end up gaining citizenship, deportation or repatriation (returning to original country) Lees push and pull theory for migration- migrants take into account push and pull factors as well as obstacles they may encounter like language barriers, travel costs etc. Facts: o o o By 2005: 191 million international migrants In 2007: +8% of UK was foreign born UK has seen mass migration since WW2 due to: o Persecution o Reconstruction in UK desperately wanted Economic migrants from Jamaica, Tobago etc. as wanted to fill labour shortages o Soldiers from British colonies decided to stay in UK e.g. from Caribbean

History of Migration: Diaspora- group of people moving from their homeland e.g. Israel for Jews People living from colonies lived in UK o From 1970s, 480,000 Black Africans from former colonies for work o Conflict in Balkans caused forced migration of Croatians, Bosnians

Illegal Migration Estimates suggest 4-8 million African immigrants in EU with 0.5 in UK EU popular for work, better quality of life Cost for illegal immigrants: o Pay traffickers 1000-4000 each o Sahara desert route very dangerous o Poor quality of transport like cargo ships o Being caught means deportation

Case Study: Malta Joined EU in 2004 Population of 400,000- very small Immigrants from Africa 2006: 1700 illegal immigrants by boat EU patrol boats cant turn them back as theyre obliged to help Malta has 3 detention centre, immigrants must be detained for up to 18 months Solution: speak to Libya about controlling waters

Asylum Seekers: o o o o Refugee is someone who fears for their life (for reasons like religion) in the country they live Asylum can be claimed in a country and either allowed to stay or deported Claims in EU peaked in 1990s and 2001-2 but now dropping Many from Iraq, Afghanistan, Somalia where there is continuous conflict

Consequences of migration Host Country

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Benefits Economic
Fills worker shortages for less skilled. Economic growth as migrants consume Can open new markets like ethnic foods

Social Population growth Multicultural societies Easy access to other cultures -

Economic Reduces wages or jobs for original workers Low skilled may need training Demand for healthcare, education, housing Key workers leave slowing economy Innovation slows as young leave -

Costs Social Language barriers Discrimination or prejudice

Environmental Increased pollution like congestion, air pollution - Reduction in resources -

Source Country

Remittances sent home Bring back skills Less pressure on resources Unemployment reduced

More jobs available as less competition

Family break-up Culture of emigrationleaving is a good thing ( cause undervaluing) More elderly