Report SI Before Soil Improvement

FECON -SHANGHAI HABOUR Report on Additional Geotechnical
JOINT OPERATION Investigation before Soil Improvement

Project: 2x600 MW Long Phu 1 Coal fired Power Project 3
Package: Soft Soil Improvement
1. GENERAL....................................................................................................4
2. SUMMARY OF THE WORKS...................................................................4
3. STANDARDS TO BE APPLIED................................................................5
4. DETAILS OF THE WORKS ......................................................................6
4.1 Boring ...........................................................................................................6
4.2 Sampling.......................................................................................................7
4.3 Standard Penetration Tests .........................................................................8
4.4 Vane Shear Tests..........................................................................................9
4.4.1 Scope of vane shear test...............................................................................9
4.4.2 Quantities of vane shear test .......................................................................9
4.4.3 Specification of equipment ........................................................................10
4.4.4 Procedure...................................................................................................10
4.5. Electrical Cone penetration test (CPTu) and Dissipation test.................11
4.5.1 Quantities of CPTu and dissipation test ...................................................11
4.5.2. Equipments ................................................................................................11
4.5.3. Procedure...................................................................................................12
4.6 Ground water Monitoring.....................14
5. LABORATORY TESTING......................................................................14
6. SOIL INVESTIGATION RESULTS........................................................14
6.1 Site Condition.............................................................................................14
6.2 Subsurface profile ......................................................................................14
6.3 Vane Shear test results...............................................................................17
6.4 Electrical Cone penetration test results ....................................................19
6.5 Ground water condition table.22
7. ENGINEERING ASSESSMENT & RECOMMENDATION.................22
8. CONCLUSION..........................................................................................22
9. APPENDICES ...........................................................................................23
1. GENERAL
- This report presents results of the geotechnical investigation for The 2x600
MW Long Phu 1 Coal fired Power Project in accordance with the Contract
No.018-2011/PTSC-BDALP/HD signed on 24
th
January 2011 between
PetroVietnam Technical services Corporation (PTSC) and Fecon-Shanghai
harbour J.O.
- The project site is located in Long Duc Commune - Long Phu District - Soc
Trang Province.
- The Geotechnical Investigation Work of the Project shall be carried out to
collect additional geotechnical data of subsoil before soil improvement work.
2. SUMMARY OF THE WORKS
The works were implemented according to approved method statement in order
to provide sufficient detail data of soil properties and layers for assessing of soft
soil improvement work and for designing foundations.
The field works were commenced on 17
th
January 2011 and completed on 14
th
Fbruary 2011. Summarized of the works is shown on below Table 1.
Table 1: Summarized Quantities of the works
No. WORK ITEMS UNIT Quantity
A FIELD WORKS
1 Setting out borehole, CPTu nos. 10
2
Rotary Wash Boring
(6 boreholes x 30m/hole)
m 180
3 Standard Penetration Test (SPT) nos. 91
4 Vane Shear test (2m interval) point 38
5
Cone Penetration Test (CPTu)
(4 CPT x30m)
m 120
6 Dissipation test nos. 12
7 Sampling Sample 90
B LABORATORY WORKS
8 Undisturbed sample tests Sample 41
9
Unconsolidated Undrained Triaxial Compression Test
(UU)
Sample 12
10 Consolidated Undrained Triaxial Compression Test (CU) Sample 06
11 One Dimensional Consolidation Tests Sample 12
Table 2: Detail quantity of works in each borehole
8orehole
8equlred
depth
urllllng
depth
undlsturb
sample
ulsturb
sample
S1
test
undlsturb
sample
test
Consolldatlon
test
1rl-axlal
compresslon
test
uu Cu
(m) (m) (Sample) (Sample) (1est) (1est) (1est) (1est) (1est)
A-L01 30.0 30.0 14 1 13 7 2 2 1
A-L02 30.0 30.0 13 13 7 2 2 1
A-L03 30.0 30.0 13 1 16 7 2 2 1
A-L04 30.0 30.0 13 13 8 2 2 1
A-L03 30.0 30.0 13 13 6 2 2 1
A-L06 30.0 30.0 13 13 6 2 2 1
1ota| 180.0 180.0 89 2 91 41 12 12 6
3. STANDARDS TO BE APPLIED
- TCXDVN 194:2006 High rise building - guide for Geotechnical
Investigation;
- TCVN 4419:1987 Investigation for construction - principal fundamental;
- TCXD 160:1987: Geotechnical Investigation for designing and executing
pile foundation;
- TCXD 45-78: Standard of designing foundation and project;
- 22 TCN 259:2000: Procedure of drilling in geology survey;
- 22 TCN 262:2000: Procedure of Investigation and design of the motorway
embankment on soft soil;
- ASTM D1586: Standar test method for standar penetration test of soil (SPT);
- ASTM D2573: Standar test method filed vane shear test in cohesive soil
(VST);
- ASTM D5778: Standard Test Method for Performing Electronic Friction
Cone and Piezocone Penetration Testing of Soils (CPTu);
- ASTM D2216: Determination of Moisture Content;
- ASTM D4318: Determination of Atterberg Limits;
- ASTM D854: Determination of Specific Gravity;
- ASTM D422: Determination of Particle Size Distribution;
- ASTM D4253: Unit weight;
- ASTM D2850: Unconsolidated Undrained Triaxial Compression Test (UU);
- ASTM D4767: Consolidated Undrained Triaxial Compression Test (CU);
- ASTM D2435: One-Dimensional Consolidation Test
- TCXD 226:1999 Soil for building - In - situ testing - Standard Penetration
test;
- 20TCN 74:87 Soil for building - The method of statistic analysis in results of
soil properties;
- ASTM D1587: Standard of thin wall tube sampling for geotechnical
propose;
- ASTM D2488: Standard Practice for Description and Identification of Soils.
- TCVN 5308-91: Vietnames Code for Safety Technic in Construction.
4. DETAILS OF WORKS
4.1 Boring
- Borehole shall be carried out in accordance with ASTM D2113.
- Wash drilling method shall be applied with betonies liquid, diameter of
borehole shall be at least 91mm. If necessary, casing pipe shall be used to
prevent collapse of bore-wall.
- Description of soil during drilling work shall be in accordance with ASTM
D2488.
- The limitation of borehole depth shall be followed requirement for soft soil
treatment. The depth of borehole consists of 30 m for all boreholes.
- If sand lens is met, SPT is performed with 1m interval.Sand lens section have to
be determined and ploted in layout of project plan.
- Measuring groundwater level after finishing drilling work for each borehole.
- Drilling was implemented on this site using a XY-1 drilling rig Made in China
with the following technical specifications:
Diameter of borehole 75-150 mm
Rotation speed 150-650 R/min.
Hydraulic capacity 2.0 Ton
Max. compressive pressure 1.5 Ton
Max. drilling depth 100 m
- Procedure of drilling process shall be done as orders bellow:
Mark the drilling location, confirm the Coordinate and Elevations.
Check the drilling location according to plan.
Take photographs of the site together with the drilling rig in position.
Use Appropriate Drilling Bit or equivalent cutting bit.
Level Drilling Rig
Center Drilling Rod before drilling (Important for coring).
Mark on drilling rod the required drilling depth.
Drill to required depth, flush the hole with water until the bottom is clean.
Use Bentonite if Sand particles cannot be lifted.
Use Bentonite if the hole collapsed.
- All detail Boring results are presented in the log of the borehole in Appendix 2.
Picture 1: Boring
4.2 Sampling
- Prior to sampling the bottom of the borehole was cleaned by pressured water.
- Undisturbed samples were carried out in all boreholes with every 2m interval
and instructed directly by the Engineer (alternatively with SPT). The open
sampler shall be used for stiff clay and the thin walled samples must be used for
soft organic clay. Minimum sample diameter to be used must be 60cm and
minimum sample length must be 20cm.
- Disturbed samples were recovered in split spoon sampler (from SPT) with a
spacing of every 2.0m.
Picture 2: Sampling
4.3 Standard Penetration Tests
- Standard penetration tests - SPT and split - barrel sampling of soil were carried
out in the boreholes in accordance with ASTM D1586.
- For the standard penetration tests a 51mm diameter thin-wall split barrel
sampler was used, which was driven down into the bottom of borehole by using
a 63.5kg hammer with a high of fall of 760mm. The number of blow (N)
required to drive the sampler down to 30cm was counted discounting the first
15cm. This N value (Blows/30cm) is so-called the penetration resistance of the
soil. The N value was recorded and presented in the boring logs. The testing
was conducted at 2.0m intervals when encountered medium soils or as directed
by the Engineer.
- The samples collected from the split-barrel sampler were checked carefully
then kept in plastic bags and labeled as disturbed samples and placed in wooden
boxes
- All detail SPT results are presented in the log of the borehole in Appendix 4.
Picture 3: Standard Penetration Tests
4.4 Vane Shear Tests
4.4.1 Scope of vane shear test
- The test was carried out according to ASTM D 2573 Standard.
- This test method covers the field vane test in soft, saturated, cohesive soils. The
vane shear test basically consists of placing a four-bladed vane in the
undisturbed soil and rotating it from the surface to determine the torsional force
required to cause a cylindrical surface to be sheared by the vane; this force is
then converted to a unit shearing resistance of the cylindrical surface.
- Vane shear test is performed inside boreholes. During the test, record undrained
shear strength at both nature and failure state are recorded at the different depth.
The soil sensitive characteristics are calculated based on the test results.
4.4.2 Quantities of vane shear test
Table 3: Summary of vane shear test quantities
No. Test number Max. depth of
testing, m
The number of
Vane shear testing
1 A-VST 01 17.2 7
2 A-VST 02 15.2 6
3 A-VST 03 14.2 6
4 A-VST 04 15.2 6
5 A-VST 05 15.2 7
6 A-VST 06 13.2 6
Summary 90.2 38
4.4.3 Specification of equipment
- Testing equipment: Geonor H-70 (Made in England). Serial number: B040705
- Vane size (D/H): 60mm/120mm
- Load cell for measuring torque has maximum capacity of (016)ton/m2. It can
be measured undrained shear strength with vane diameter of 60mm.
4.4.4 Procedure
- Undrained shear strength is determined from Vane shear test for soft soil layers
to provide data for designing requirement.
- Vane shear test is performed inside boreholes. During process of shearing
record, recode undrained shear strength at both nature and failure state
following the different depth. Testing results is based to calculate soil sensitive
characteristics.
- Test is applied with rotary speed rate of vane 0.1degree/second (0.10/s)
- Value is recorded concretively until max value.
- The test is performed at both nature and failure static
Picture 4: Vane shear Test
4.5. Electrical Cone penetration test (CPTu) and Dissipation test
- The CPTu and Dissipation test were carried out according to ASTM 5778.
4.5.1 Quantities of CPTu and dissipation test
Table 4: Quantities of CPTu and dissipation test
No. Name test Depth of testing, m
The number of
dissipation of pore
water pressure
Remarks
1 A-CPT 01 30 3
2 A-CPT 02 30 3
3 A-CPT 03 30 3
4 A-CPT 04 30 3
Summary 120 12
4.5.2. Equipments
The required field test apparatus that made in Netherlands is as follows:
CPT rig with engine/pump unit and the reaction system can be achieved to a
maximum of 150kN;
- Electronic cone: C10CFIIP type;
- Push/pull clamp with proximity switch;
- Sounding tube: Ext. diameter of 36mm, int. diameter of 16mm, length of
1000mm;
- Sounding cable: standard or with interconnector, diameter of 8,8mm; length
of 50m;
- Data acquisition system: GME500 IP65 type;
- Computer with CPT test and CPT task software;
- Miscellaneous Tools
Picture 5: Electrical Cone penetration test
4.5.3. Procedure
- A penetrometer tip with a conical point having a 60 apex angle and a cone
base area of 10 cm
2
is advanced through the soil at a rate of about 20
5mm/s. The force on the conical point (cone) required to penetrate the soil is
measured by electrical methods, at a minimum of every 10 mm of
penetration. Stress is calculated by dividing the measured force (total cone
force) by the cone base area to obtain cone resistance, qc.
- A friction sleeve is present on the penetrometer immediately behind the cone
tip, and the force exerted on the friction sleeve is measured by electrical
methods at a minimum of every 10 mm of penetration. Stress is calculated
by dividing the measured force by the surface area of the friction sleeve to
determine friction sleeve resistance, fs.
- Penetrometers are capable of registering pore water pressure induced during
advancement of the penetrometer tip using an electronic pressure transducer.
These penetrometer are called piezocones. The piezocone is advanced at a
specific rate, and readings are taken at a minimum of every 10 mm of
penetration. The dissipation of either positive or negative excess pore water
pressure can be monitored by stopping penetration, unloading the push rod,
and recording pore pressure as a function of time. It is frequently
recommended that the dissipation be continue until to at least U = 50%. The
degree of dissipation (U) is determined as following [3]:
% 100
0
0
=
u u
u u
U
i
t
Where:
ut: pore pressure at time t;
u0: equilibrium pore pressure in situ;
ui: pore pressure at start of dissipation test or Max. pore pressure.
- Checking before starting a CPT test:
Check if sounding rig and motor/pump unit are working properly;
Check if CPT acquisition software is installed on the computer;
Check if the depth encoder is properly installed;
Check if proximity switch on the push/pull clamp is in proper condition.
- Prepare the cable, tubes and cone and saturation of a piezocone for CPTu.
- GME500 IP65 cabling:
Position the GME500 IP65 facing the front;
Connect the 110/230Vac or 12/24Vdc to the GME500 IP65;
Connect the depth encoder cable to the connection box and GME500 IP65;
Connect the proximity switch cable to the connection box and push/pull
clamp, or pressure head;
Connect the depth/alarm cable to the connection box and GME500 IP65;
Connect the sounding cable to the front of the GME500 IP65. In this case, a
10 pin lemo is plugged into the 10 pin connector.
Connect the computer to the GME500 IP65, using the interface cable;
Connect the computer cable to the appreciate serial port of the computer;
Switch on the main power supply.
- Starting a CPTu test:
Switch on the computer;
Start the CPTu acquisition software: To start the program, open the Start
menu, choose Programs and then the folder where you have installed CPT
test. Then click on CPTest, and the program will be started.
Before starting CPTu test, the Zero values are displayed. Now the
program will proceed to record an actual calibration the cone or measuring
head. This means that outputs of the cone/measuring head will be
synchronized to a load of zero. The calibration process is completed when
the bar is completely blue. If the current values deviate too much from the
zero values in the calibration data, the program will produce an error
message. If the calibration process runs without problems, the program will
automatically start the sounding screen.
4.6 Ground water Monitoring
The underground water level was monitored in the borehole during drilling
operation and after completion of drilling. Stable data was recorded.
5. LABORATORY TESTING
- All the laboratory tests shall be carried out by testing equipment following
existing standard which are originated and transferred from USA, Japan,
West European Countries, Russia and China.
- Laboratory soil tests were carried out in the laboratory of Center for lab for
the south of Vietnam (LAS-XD261). The lab test requirements were
instructed by the Engineer.
- The following laboratory soil and water tests were performed:
ASTM D2216: Moisture Content;
ASTM D4318: Atterberg Limits;
ASTM D854: Specific Gravity;
ASTM D422: Particle Size Distribution;
ASTM D4253: Unit weight;
ASTM D2850: Unconsolidated Undrained Triaxial Compression Test (UU);
ASTM D4767: Consolidated Undrained Triaxial Compression Test (CU);
ASTM D2435: One-Dimensional Consolidation Test
- The details of tests were shown in the Appendix 7
6. SOIL INVESTIGATION RESULTS
6.1 Site Condition
The existing site levels of Project is +1.00m to +3.08m in elevation. The
locations of soil investigation points are shown on Appendix 1.
6.2 Subsurface profile
The subsurface profile encountered in the investigated site is shown in borehole
logs, geological section drawings and described below:
a) Layer 1: Fill sand: fine sand, brownish grey, yellowish grey, loose. This layer
distributes on the ground surface. The elevation of top layer is +1.00m (A-
LP06) to +3.08m (A-LP03). The thickness is varies from 1.0 m (A-LP05) to 3.5
m (A-LP01), average thickness is 1.92m. SPT value in average N = 6.5 blows.
b) Layer 2a: (CH): Fat clay, brownish grey, yellowish grey, firm. SPT value in
average N = 7. This layer encountered in three boreholes (A-LP02, A-LP03, A-
LP04). The begining depth of the layer varies from 1.3m (A-LP04) to 2.2m (A-
LP02). The completed depth of the layer varies from 3.0m (A-LP03) to 3.7m
(A-LP02). The average thickness is 1.43m.
Table 5: Summary of soil test results in soil layer 2a
Soil Properties Symbol Unit
Value
Average Max Min
Particle
Size
(mm)
Coubble >75.0
P %
Gravel
Coarse 75.0-19.0
Fine 19.0-4.75
Sand
Coarse 4.75-2.00
Medium 2.00- 0.425 2
Fine 0.425-0.075 3
Silt
0.075-0.02 32
0.02-0.005 18
Clay <0.005 45
Moisture content W 36.5 40.3 33.0
Wet Density
W
g/cm
3
1.85 1.91 1.79
Dry Density
d
g/cm
3
1.36 1.43 1.27
Specific Gravity
S
g/cm
3
2.71 2.73 2.68
Void Ratio e
o
- 1.001 1.105 0.905
Porosity n % 49,9 52,5 47,5
Degree of Saturation G % 98,7 99,5 97,6
Liquid limit LL 64,7 67,3 63,0
Plastic limit PL 28,4 30,3 26,5
Plasticity Index PI 36,4 37,0 35,6
Liquidity Index LI - 0,22 0,38 0,13
c) Layer 2: (CH,CL): Fat clay sometimes Lean clay, brownish grey, blackish
grey, very soft. SPT value in average N = 1. This layer encountered in all
boreholes (06 boreholes). The beginning depth of the layer varies from 1.00
m (A-LP05) to 3.70m (A-LP02). The completed depth of layer varies from
13.90m (A-LP06) to 17.60m (A-LP01). The average thickness of the layer is
13.35m.
Table 6: Summary of soil test results in soil layer 2
Value
Averag
e
Max Min
Particle
Size
(mm)
Coubble >75.0
P %
Gravel
Coarse 75.0-19.0
Fine 19.0-4.75
Sand
Coarse 4.752.00
Medium 2.00 0.425
Fine 0.4250.075 3
Silt
0.0750.02 41
0.02 0.005 13
Clay <0.005 43
Moisture content W 56.4 68.9 42.0
Wet Density
W
g/cm
3
1.65 1.75 1.56
Dry Density
d
g/cm
3
1.06 1.23 0.92
Specific Gravity
S
g/cm
3
2.67 2.67 2.66
Void Ratio e
o
- 1.526 1.891 1.159
Porosity n % 60.2 65.4 53.7
Degree of Saturation G % 98.5 99.9 95.1
Liquid limit LL 66.9 79.5 46.0
Plastic limit PL 29.6 33.9 22.9
Plasticity Index PI 37.3 47.4 23.1
Liquidity Index LI - 0.72 1.05 0.56
Triaxial compression test
UU
Cohesion C kG/cm
2
0.103 0.169 0.067
Internal friction angle degree 1
0
54 2
0
49 0
0
35
CU
Cohesion C kG/cm
2
0.130 0.200 0.097
Internal friction angle Degree 13
0
05 15
0
20 11
0
34
Cohesion C kG/cm
2
0.119 0.168 0.082
Internal friction angle Degree 20
0
24 22
0
07 18
0
08
Consolidation test:
Pre-consolidation pressure P
C
kG/cm
2
0.56 0.67 0.47
Coefficient of vertical consolidation C
v1-2
10
-4
cm
2
/s 4.39 8.34 2.39
Compression Index C
c
0.57 0.73 0.41
Recompression Index C
r
0.094 0.126 0.055
Coefficient of horizontal consolidation C
h
10
-4
cm
2
/s 45.07 79.75 12.62
Coefficient of permeability K 10
8
cm/s 3.06 4.56 2.17
e) Layer 3: (CL, CH): Lean clay with sand to Fat clay, bluish grey, stiff to very
stiff. SPT value in average N = 11. This layer encountered in all boreholes. The
beginning depth of the layer is varies from 13.90 (A-LP 06) to 17.60m (A-LP
01). The completed depth of layer hasnt determined yet, because the boring
hasnt penetrated this layer. However, in the area of investigation, the
completed depth is 30.0 in five boreholes (A-LP02, A-LP03, A-LP04, A-LP05,
A-LP06) and 30.65m in A-LP01 borehole. The thickness is viaries from
30.00m to 30.65m.
Table 7: Summary of soil test results in soil layer 3
Value
Average Max Min
Particle
Size
(mm)
Coubble >75.0
P % Gravel
Coarse 75.0-19.0
Fine 19.0-4.75
Sand Coarse 4.75-2.00
Medium 2.00-0.425 1
Fine 0.425-0.075 11
Silt
0.075-0.02 44
0.02-0.005 11
Clay <0.005 33
Moisture content W 26,3 31,8 20,6
Wet Density
W
g/cm
3
1,96 2,01 1,91
Dry Density
d
g/cm
3
1,55 1,67 1,45
Specific Gravity
S
g/cm
3
2,70 2,72 2,68
Void Ratio e
o
- 0,740 0,876 0,611
Porosity n % 42,4 46,7 37,9
Degree of Saturation G % 95,7 99,6 90,8
Liquid limit LL 51,7 64,7 34,7
Plastic limit PL 24,9 29,7 19,7
Plasticity Index PI 26,9 35,0 13,2
Liquidity Index LI - 0,08 0,33 -0,10
6.3 Vane Shear test results
The VST test was carried out for 06 places, namely A-VST01 to A-VST06, and
results were shown on the attached plots with the following information:
- Location of test and test reference number;
- Ground level and coordinates;
- Plot of shear strength versus of turning angle and depth;
- Plot of shear strength (Su) and residual shear strength (Sr) versus of depth;
+ Vane Shear test results were corrected according to Bjerrum as follow:
Su (h/c) = Su*:
Where:
+ Su(h/c): Corrected value
+ Su: Measured value
+ : Corrected factor depending on plasticity index of soil (with PI = 37.3%,
chosen = 0.91).
Detailed vane shear test results on soil are shown in Appendix 5. A summary test
results is given in the Table 8.
Table 8: Summary of vane shear test result
Vane shear test
number
Depth
(m)
Undrained shear
strength at nature
static, Su (kPa)
Undrained shear
strength at failure
static, Sr (kPa)
VST01
5.2 9.1 1.8
7.2 9.1 1.8
9.2 9.1 1.8
11.2 13.7 4.6
13.2 14.6 4.6
15.2 15.5 2.7
17.2 17.3 3.6
VST02
5.2 7.6 1.8
7.2 8.7 1.9
9.2 10.9 4.2
11.2 14.5 3.6
13.2 13.2 3.3
15.2 13.9 4.0
VST03
4.2 8.4 2.5
6.2 8.3 2.7
8.2 9.6 2.7
10.2 11.8 2.9
12.2 12.6 2.7
14.2 12.3 3.2
VST04
5.20 7.7 2.7
7.20 8.7 2.9
9.20 10.1 3.9
11.20 10.1 3.6
13.20 11.2 3.5
15.20 11.5 2.6
VST05
3.20 8.2 2.7
5.20 9.1 2.7
7.20 9.6 2.7
9.20 10.9 2.5
11.20 10.0 3.2
13.20 11.8 2.6
15.20 11.6 3.2
VST06
3.20 8.4 3.2
5.20 8.2 2.7
7.20 9.1 3.2
9.20 10.9 2.7
11.20 10.0 2.3
13.20 11.8 3.6
6.4 Electrical Cone penetration test results
The CPTu test was carried out for 04 location, namely A-CPT01 to A-CPT04, and
results were shown on the attached plots with the following information:
- Location of test and test reference number;
- Data and time of start and finish of test;
- Ground level and coordinates;
- Plot of cone point resistance versus of depth;
- Plot of local sleeve friction (f
s
) versus of depth;
- Plot of pore pressure (u
2
) versus of depth;
- Plot of friction ratio (f
s
/q
c
) versus of depth;
- Numerical values q
c
, f
s
, and u at depth of intervals of 5cm
- Soil profile based on interpretation of the CPT data.
- The cone resistance, q
c
The cone resistance, q
c
, is the force per unit area which is obtained by dividing
the total axial force acting against the tip by the cross section area of the tip
base (A
T
= 10 cm
2
)
T
T
c
A
F
q = (MPa)
The corrected cone resistance, q
t
2
) 1 ( u q q
s c t
+ = (MPa)
- The sleeve friction, fs
The sleeve friction, f
s
is obtained by dividing the total friction force acting
axially on the friction sleeve by the outer surface area of the sleeve, A
s
= 150
cm
2
.
s
s
s
A
F
f = (MPa)
- Friction Ratio, Rf
The friction ratio is the ratio between the sleeve friction and the cone resistance
at the actual level.
(%) 100 =
t
s
f
q
f
R
- Soil classification
Soil classification based on the friction ratio and/or the chart of Robertson and
others (1986) of pore pressure ratio, B
q
and the corrected cone resistance, q
t
(Table 9).
Table 9: Soil classification based on the pore pressure and the cone resistance
Zone Soil type Zone Soil type Zone Soil type
1
Sensitive fine
grained
5
Clayey silt to
silty clay
9 Sand
2 Organic material 6
Sandy silt to
clayey silt
10
Gravely sand to
sand
3 Clay 7
Silty sand to silty
clay
11
Very stiff fine
grained
4 Silty clay to clay 8 Sand to silty sand 12 Sand to clayey sand
Fig. 1- Soil classification based on q
t
and B
q
(Robertson et al., 1986)
Calculate the coefficient of consolidation C
h
based on data of the dissipation of
pore water pressure
From the data of the dissipation of pore water pressure, calculate the coefficient
of horizontal consolidation of soil, Ch based on the Houlsby and Teh formula
(1988) as following [4]:
2
0
50
*
50
r
T
I T
C
r
h

=
Where:
T
*
50
: Modified time factor is found from the Houlsby and Teh solutions, from
table 5.10 [4], chosen T
*
50
= 0,245;
r
0
: Penetrometer radius, r
0
= 0,0178m;
I
r
: Rigidity index, G/S
u
, from figure 3.56 [4], determined I
r
= 66,7.
T
50
: The measured time for 50% dissipation;
The calculated results of the coefficient of consolidation C
h
for the soils are
listed in the table 10.
Iable 10: Results of CPIu and Pie:ocone dissipation test
Number
of CPTu
Depth
Max.
pore
water
pressure
Initial
pore
water
pressure
The time of
dissipation
50%
Coefficient of
consolidation
Soil type
(based on
CPT)
H, m u
i
, MPa U
0
, MPa T
50
, s C
h
, 10
-4
cm
2
/s
CPTu 01
6,0 0,181 0,030 3256 19,47 Soft clay
10,0 0,318 0,707 946 67,00 Soft clay
14,0 0,364 0,110 795 79,75 Soft clay
CPTu 02
5,0 0,098 0,020 5026 12,62 Soft clay
9,0 0,245 0,060 2296 27,62 Soft clay
13,0 0,326 0,100 1216 52,13 Soft clay
CPTu 03
6,0 0,150 0,050 3985 15,92 Soft clay
9,0 0,153 0,080 795 79,75 Soft clay
12,0 0,190 0,110 855 74,14 Soft clay
CPTu 04
4,0 0,132 0,030 4875 13,00 Soft clay
8,0 0,287 0,070 1845 34,37 Soft clay
12,0 0,347 0,110 975 65,04 Soft clay
6.5 Ground water condition table
The underground water level was monitored in the hole during site construction
time and after completion of drilling. Stable water level is Elevation (EL)+0.7m
to Elevation (EL) +2.23m
Table 11: Water level at borehole and CPT
No Borehole No Depth (m)
Ground
water level
(m)
1 A-LP01 1.0 2.02
2 A-LP02 0.8 2.23
3 A-LP03 0.9 2.18
4 A-LP04 1.0 2.04
5 A-LP05 0.3 1.2
6 A-LP06 0.3 0.7
7. ENGINEERING ASSESSMENT & RECOMMENDATION
According to the above results of the soil investigation, the recommendation is as
follows:
Soil layer 1 is fill sand layer.
Soil layer 2a is firm, with small capacity and medium deformation.
Soil layer 2 is very soft with very small capacity and high deformation.
Soil layer 3 is stiff to very stiff with quite high capacity and medium
deformation.
The 2x600 MW Long Phu 1 Coal fired Power Project has included so many items
construction and different capacity.
For structures with light load, shallow foundation should be only constructed after
suitable soil treatment and consolidation methods.
For structures with heavy load, piled foundation should be applied, piles size and
length should be calculated based on each location and load on its foundation.
8. CONCLUSION
This report has been completed in accordance with requirements of design for Soft
Soil Improvement.
The investigation result shown that the proposed site condition is comfortable for
construction of Project.
For structures with light load, shallow foundation should be only constructed after
suitable soil treatment and consolidation methods.
For structures with heavy load, piled foundation should be applied, piles size and
length should be calculated based on each location and load on its foundation.
However, pile toe penetrating into Layer 3 should be the best pile option for heavy
structures.
However, the Design Engineer shall choose the most appropriate foundation option
for each location structure of the Project depending on calculating load of the
structures on bearing foundations.
9. APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1: Location of Investigations Points
APPENDIX 2: Borehole Logs
APPENDIX 3: Summary table of soil properties by layers (all tested soil samples)
APPENDIX 4: Geological Section Drawing
APPENDIX 5: Details of Vane Shear Test Results
APPENDIX 6: Details of Cone penetration test results (CPTu)
APPENDIX 7: Details of Laboratory Test Results

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JOINT OPERATION Investigation before Soil Improvement

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