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5 Solutions by Substitutions
2. Letting y = ux we have
(x + ux) dx + x{u dx + x du) = 0 (1 + 2u ) dx + x du = 0 dx du - h --- = 0 x 1 + 2u In | x | + - In | 1+ 2 u \= c rr2 ( l + 2 | ) = C x1 + 2xy = ci. 3. Letting x = vy we liavc vy{v dy + y dv) + (y - 2vy) dy = 0 vy2dv + y (y2 - 2v + l) dy = 0 vdv + rfy = () (u - l )2 y In \ v1 | In x
y
1 v-l
+ In \ y \= c
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v>
In |.t| + = c u In Irrl + = c V y In \ x \ + x = cy. 6. Letting y - ux and using partial fractions, we have (^u2x2 + ux2'} dx + x2(u dx + x du) = 0 x2 (v? + 2it} dx + x3du = 0 dx du + 7 --= 0 x u(u + 2) In | jc | + ^ In | w [ ^ In \ u+ 2 |= c ci
\x
,2 _ xry = c \ (y + 2x). 7. Letting y = ux wc have (ux x) dx (ux + x) (udx + x du) = 0 (u 2 + l) dx + x(u + 1) du = 0 dx u+1 , + -s - du = 0 x u2 + 1 In jx| + ^ In (u2 + l) + tan-1 u = c ln x 2 + 1^ + 2 tan-1 - = c
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\ (V 3/2 + i1 U , + dx * =0 V u) x 2w-1/2 + In \ u \ + In | x |= c In \ y /x \+ In |xj = 2\jxfy + c y(ln \ y \- c)2 = 4x. Letting y = ux we have (u z + \ jx2 (ux)2 ) da: x(udx + xdu) du = 0 \ /x2 u2x2 dx x2 du = 0 x\ j 1 u2 dx x2 du 0, dx
X
(x > 0)
du
V l ti 2
= 0
In x sin-1u = c sin 1u = In x + ci
S ill
' =
111 X
= sm(in x + c '2 )
,,
y = x sin (In x + C 2 ). See Problem 33 in this section for an analysis of the solution. 11. Letting y ux we have (x3 w3x3) dx + u2x^(u dx + x du) 0 dx + u2x du = 0 dx x
9 , h u du = 0
, | ,x <+ -u 1 3= c In | o 3.x3 In | x |+ y3 = cix3. Using y(l) = 2 we find c \= 8. The solution of the initial-value problem is 3x:i In | x | + yi 8x3. 12. Letting y ux we have (x2 4 - 2u?x2)dx ux2(udx -f xdu) = 0 x2(l + u2)dx ux3 du = 0 dx X u du 1 + u2
In | x [ ^ ln (l -f u 2) = c x2 1 + u2
X4
Cl
- ci(x 2 + y2).
Using y(1) = 1 we find ci 1/ 2. The solution of the initial-value problem is 2x4 = y2 + x2. 13. Letting y = ux we have (x + uxeu) dx xe(u dx + x du) = 0 dx xeu du = 0 dx zz _ eu du = 0 x
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x3w = x3 + c or t/3 = 1 + cx~A . From y' y exy2 and w = y~l we obtain I-w = ex. An integrating factor is ex so that dx f:xw ~ Ie 2x + c . or y~l = \ ex + ce~x. From y' + y = xy4 and w = e~'ixw = xe~ ix + From y we obtain 3u> = 3x. An integrating factor is e~ix so that dx + c or ;ty _a = x + ^ i-cejx. + ^1 + w = 1. An integrating factor is
(IZU
mtcgratmg
^*
2
X = + c or y~* = 1 + c ( l + t2).
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dtxi. 3
26. Let u x + y so that du/dx = 1 + dy/dx. Then bv (1 sin if)/(1 sin u) we have
c tc c
tan u sec u = x + c or tan(x + y) sec(x + y) = x + c. 27. Let u = y 2.x + 3 so that du/dx = dy/dx 2. Then ^ + 2 = 2 + v/^ or ~t = du = dx. Thuax yw 2y /w= x + c and 2^/y 2x + 3 = x + c. du 28. Let u = y x + 5 so that du/dx = dy/dx 1. Then - I- 1 = 1 + eu or e~udu = dx. Thi;.dx e~u = x + c and ey~x+ 5 = x + c. ctu 1 29. Let u = x + y so that du/dx = 1 + dy/dx. Then -- 1 cos u a n d ----: - du. = dx. Now fix 1 + cos u 1 1 cos u 1 COS u O ---------------------------------------- = CSC u CSC u cot u 1 + cos u 1 cos2 u sin2 u so we have f (csc2 u-c.sc u cot u)du = / dx and cot w+csc u = x+c. Thus cot(x+ y) +csc(x+y) - | x + c. Setting x = 0 and y = tt/4 we obtain c =
a/
1.
The solution is
csc(x + y) - cot(x + y) = X + V 2 1. 30. Let u = 3x + 2y so that du/dx = 3 + 2 dy/dx. Then ^ = 3+ - = ~ r~ and ^ du d.i y ' Jl dx u +2 u +2 5u + 6 Now bv long division u +2 1 4 ^ + 5u + 6 5 25u + 30
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Id
D
+~ ^ ) du = dx 2bu + 30,
and
Setting x = 1 and y = 1 we obtain c = ^ In 95. The solution is 1 4 4 -(3a: + 2y) + In \ 7 ox + 50y + 3 0| = x + In 95 o 25 2o 5y 5x + 2 In |75.x + 50y + 30) = 2 In 95. We write the differential equation M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 as dy/dx f(x, y) where f u v) = / l ,W
Jl'
N(x. y) '
The function fix , y) must necessarily be homogeneous of degree 0 when M and N are homogeneous jf degree a. Since M is homogeneous of degree a, M (tx7ty) = taM (x,y ), and letting t = 1/x we have M (l,y /x ) = Thus iy = f(T dx = rf*M{l,y/x) xaN (l,y /x ) M (l,y /x ) N (l,y /x ) fy\ \x) M(x, y) or M (x, y) = xaM (1, y/x).
^
and divide by xy, so that
dx
= 5*2-25,*
dy x ^y -r = 5 - - 2 - . dx y x We then identify X/ \ x -) XJ
(a) By inspection y = x and y = x are solutions of the differential equation and not members of the family y ~ x sin (In a; + 02)(b) Letting x = 5 and y = 0 in sin-1 (y/x) = In x + 0 2 we get sin-1 0 = In 5 + c or c = In 5. Then sin-1 (y/x) = In x In 5 = ln(,x/5). Because the range of the arcsine function is [ 7 r/2, tt/ 2] we
< ln - < 2 ~ 5~ 2 e-7r/2 < - < e* /2 5 5e_ ^/2 < a: < 5ew/2. The interval of definition of the solution is approximately [1.04,24.05]. 34. As x * oc. 0 and y * 2x + 3. Now write (1 I-ce6* )/(l ce6x) as (e~bx + c)/(e~6x Then, as x >oo, (?~ f x T >0 and y > 2x 3. 35. (a) The substitutions y yi + u and dy _ clyi | du dx dx dx lead to dx or ~ ~ { Q + 2yi R)u = Ru2. dx This is a Bernoulli equation with n = 2 which can be reduced to the linear equation div h (Q + 2 y \R)tv R dx bv the substitution w = u -l 1 4 - + - )w = - 1. .-j x x, -l 2 \ x + cx~3 . Thus, y ~ h u. integrating factor is a3 so that x^w = |x4 + e or u = x 36. Write the differential equation in the form x(y'/y ) In x +In y mid let u lny. Then du/dx = y' j and the differential equation becomes x(du/dx) = lnx j-u or du/dx u/x = (lnx)/x. which j first-order and linear. An integrating factor is e~J dx/a: = 1/x. so that (using integration by par:lnx u ! = 7T and r/ dx x J The solution is In y = 1 In x -r cx 37. Write the differential equation as dx - - v = 32v x or y=
X
7 T
-k
d_
u - = x
1 x
lnx + c. x
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or
The latter differential equation is linear with integrating factor cJ y - [x2, u] 64x2 dx -.nd
9 64 o x"u = x + c 3
or
0 64 c v~ = x + r 3 :rJ
".'. rite the differential equation as dPjdt aP = bP2 and let u = P 1 or P = u -1. Then
dp _ 9 du = u , dt dt du + au = b. dt
_9 = bit "
or
a
P ~l = -
+ c e - at
P =
b/a + ce at
b\ C \ e~ al
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